of management, as elements of cost — is a state in which the gross gains of the different industrial groups are brought to pro rata equality, that is, to a condition in which the returns of all groups yield the same amounts per unit of capital and also the same amounts per unit of labor. cost prices, then, are those that give equalized earnings. it is comparative gains, and not the gains of any one group, that test prices, and determine whether they are normal. thus, the present price of wheat is such as to afford a larger product per unit of capital than is afforded in some other industries ; it is above the natural standard, and would be so even if wages and interest were locally so high that entrepreneurs got nothing above cost of production. if the result of this should be should be to draw men and capital from other occupations to the raising of this cereal, the operation would end by reducing to nothing the excess of gains that is now secured in this occupation. prices would then be normal, provided that no other causes had meanwhile noted to disturb the equality of the earning power of labor and capital in the group system. it is because the prices then realized would afford to the different industrial groups equalized returns, that the prices themselves are to be called normal. the term really signifies that group distribution is in a natural state. equal products everywhere per unit of labor and equal products per unit of capital — this is the condition that affords natural prices of goods. incidentally, this condition gives what have been defined as cost prices. when, therefore, men have no further inducement to move from one group to another, — that is, when group distribution is natural, — prices are natural. this requires that labor and capital shall be so apportioned among the various industries that there is neither overproduction of one article nor underproduction of another. society must, in short, so direct its productive energies as to make different goods in the right quantities. the production of each specific article must be normal in amount, in order that the prices of it may be normal. the influence that brings production to this natural state is the effort of laborers and capitalists to seize any special gain that maybe offered to them, by moving to any group in which the price of the product is high. this is clearly an operation in group distribution. thus an influence that originates in distribution brings about a state of social production in which exchange values are normal. where, then, within the four traditional divisions of economic science should the study of exchange value


high. this is clearly an operation in group distribution. thus an influence that originates in distribution brings about a state of social production in which exchange values are normal. where, then, within the four traditional divisions of economic science should the study of exchange value be located? the phenomenon itself is directly connected with exchange : the proximate cause of it is a state of production ; the ultimate influence that controls it is an action of the forces of distribution. it is clear that the study of market value falls within the science of distribution. on the surface it is current market prices that control the distribution which takes place among different groups or specific industries. these prices, however, are transient, and they fluctuate about certain more permanent standards. the tendency of group distribution to become normal — that is, to bring wages and interest to an approximate equality in different industries — draws prices toward the normal standard. what, then, is left to be treated under the title, exchange? only the actual passing of goods from hand to hand. this process results in ranging men in distinct groups, each of which has its part to play in the process of social production. exchange fixes the form of organization of industrial society. back of each finished article that the shops offer to us there is ranged a series of specialized producers, each of whom has taken his turn in putting a touch upon it. intricate, indeed, is the organization of society for productive purposes ; but the principles that give shape to it are simple. they are the subjects of the theory of exchange, which is the theory of the organization of industrial society. when we examine the system of groups of which society is composed, we shall perceive the full meaning of this statement. for the present, be it noted that exchanges divide and subdivide industry : they range its forces in groups and sub - groups, the functions of which are determined by natural law. it is, further, clear that all this disposing of the agents of production — this putting of some labor and capital here, and other labor and capital there — is a phenomenon of social production, a part of the social productive organization. it is a certain marshalling of the productive forces, placing them where they will do the most good. production, in fact, embraces every economic operation except consumption. exchange is merely the typical feature of production, as carried on by groups. under this head we shall describe the group system of industry. we have seen that an influence which acts in distribution fixes the sizes of the groups and the amount of


consumption. exchange is merely the typical feature of production, as carried on by groups. under this head we shall describe the group system of industry. we have seen that an influence which acts in distribution fixes the sizes of the groups and the amount of goods that each shall create. in the way that we have just noted, it guards against the production of too much of one commodity and too little of another. this is also a part of the all - embracing process of social production. there is another and an even more important kind of distribution that falls within production. the distribution which connects itself with values, and the study of which gives a science of value, is that which takes place between different industries in their entirety. thus, a high price for wheat makes the raising of that cereal a well - paid occupation, and puts a large sum into the possession of the group of laborers, capitalists and entrepreneurs who jointly raise it. how much of this large return goes to laborers? hew much goes to capitalists? how much remains in the hands of entrepreneurs? these, as we noted, are questions involving distribution of another kind. within each industry there is this final division to be made. after the returns of each sub - group, taken as a whole, have been determined, this lump sum is to be apportioned among different claimants within it ; and this is the final process in the distributing of the social income. in the final division that takes place within the sub - groups — the division that separates the gross earnings of each of them into wages, interest and profits — a law of production rules. so far as natural laws are unperverted, labor tends to get, as its share, what it separately produces ; and capital does the same. the laborer who has helped a farmer to raise wheat naturally gets the value of that part of the wheat crop which is separately due to his labor. this statement requires proof, and will receive it : but it must stand for the present, as a thesis to be established by a later study. what is now clear is that, if it should be established, the whole of distribution as well as the whole of exchange, would be included within the organized process of producing wealth. unravel the web of the social product, tracing each thread to its source, and you will have solved the problem of distribution. this is an analytical study. it traces backward, step by step, the synthesis by which, through the putting together of many different things, the great social dividend of usable goods


to its source, and you will have solved the problem of distribution. this is an analytical study. it traces backward, step by step, the synthesis by which, through the putting together of many different things, the great social dividend of usable goods is created. it first traces to each group its share in the creating of the grand total ; then it traces the part of this that each sub - group has contributed : : and finally it attributes to labor and capital their several shares in the creating of the sub - group product. we may, then, gather into the comprehensive science of production all the economic processes that go on in an organized or social way. there is, then, it appears, no separating of the processes that traditional theories have treated as distinct divisions of the science. here, for example, working in a shoe shop, is a man who gets two dollars a day. let us set before ourselves the problem of accounting for the amount of his wages. he is a part of a sub - group ; and we have first to account for the way in which society has thrown itself into the systematic shape of groups and sub - groups, which exchange products with each other. we discuss the theory of exchange, in the narrow and accurate sense of the term, when we account for this group arrangement which is brought about for the sake of carrying on production in an organized way. in treating exchange, therefore, we are entering on the treatment of production. what the man gets is a part of what his sub - group gets ; and this is fixed by the law of group distribution — the law of market value. market value, however, depends on the relative quantities of the different articles that are produced ; and this is saying that it depends on comparative group production. we are, then, still within the more general science of production when we thus try to trace to its causes the income of the sub - group from which the shoemaker ' s wages are taken. when we have discovered the influences that act on the sub - group ' s income, we must see why the shoemaker ' s share of that income is two dollars a day. this will take us into a further study of specific production. we shall have to find out, first, whether the man ' s pay tends to equal what he separately produces ; and, secondly, what fixes the amount that he is able to produce. this is the study of distribution in its final stage, but it is also a study of production. we have, then, studied in part each of the


separately produces ; and, secondly, what fixes the amount that he is able to produce. this is the study of distribution in its final stage, but it is also a study of production. we have, then, studied in part each of the four traditional subjects except consumption, in investigating the causes of the two dollar wage for the shoemaker ' s labor ; and yet we have been, all the while, within the subject of social production. consumption alone remains an individualistic process. we produce our food cooperatively, but we eat it each one for himself. society makes our clothing, builds our houses, etc. ; but when we get our clothes, we wear them without assistance ; and we dwell under our roofs in the same independent way. society, however, reacts on our natures, and changes and multiplies our wants. a desire to associate with others, while consumption is going on, may even give a kind of collectivity to the process by which some products are used. thus, we enjoy dining together ; and we listen to music and addresses in assemblies, getting a part of our pleasure from the presence of others ; but there is no cooperation in the consumption of goods that resembles what takes place in the production of them. there is no obvious group system, and no cooperation of agents such as labor and capital. it is to the sensibilities of individuals that products address themselves ; and therefore consumption is the individualistic part of social economy. if we look, then, at the relations of man to man, we find that production and consumption are not on the same plane. one is a collective operation : it is nothing, if not organized. the other is an individualistic operation : it consists in the using by each man of what society, by its intricate system of production, has made for him. in an accurate sense, the one process is a part of social economy and the other is not. if we look at the relations of man to nature, we find that production and consumption are entirely coordinate, — that one of them is the reversal of the other. man acts on nature in the one case, and nature acts on man in the other. cultivate the earth till it gives you food, and you have produced a kind of wealth by acting on nature ; but the food restores your wasted tissues and your lost energy by acting on you. man making wealth and wealth making man constitute the whole economic operation. humanity takes the active and aggressive attitude in the former part of the process, and it takes the passive


but the food restores your wasted tissues and your lost energy by acting on you. man making wealth and wealth making man constitute the whole economic operation. humanity takes the active and aggressive attitude in the former part of the process, and it takes the passive and recipient attitude in the latter part. in the simplest mode of living these two processes are the only ones that take place. a primitive man, living alone, would kill game and eat it ; he would make clothing and wear it ; he would build a hut and live in it : in short, he would act on nature and let nature react on him, and that would constitute the whole of his economy. he would have nothing to do with exchange and distribution. this, indeed, is all that an economic society does, if we consider it only as a unit. it produces its food, its clothing, its shelter and its myriad of articles of comfort and luxury ; and then it uses them. it produces them in an organized way, indeed, and it uses them in an unorganized way. incidental to the making of them are the trading and sharing processes that are termed exchange and distribution ; but production and consumption still exhaust the whole economy : there is no phenomenon of wealth that lies outside of them. these are the facts to be recognized in entering on the study of distribution. in carrying that study to completion we cannot get outside of the field of social production, and we cannot avoid including within our more limited field the subject of exchange. value is the chief subject that has customarily been treated in the division of exchange ; but the theory of value and that of group distribution are one and the same. notes for this chapter an article is not finished, in the economic sense, till the retail merchant has found the customer whose needs it satisfies. the sale of completed articles is thus the terminal act of social production. end of notes return to top


today ' s starting point? atlanta. destination? florida. although the family in " a good man is hard to find " lives in atlanta, their journey to florida takes them along the relatively new highways of the 1950s, including rural country roads. the following images of georgia highways and rural roads can give you a better idea of highway and country road travel. though these images are from the 1930s and 1940s, the highways and rural roads would have been similar to those described in " a good man is hard to find. " at the edsitement - reviewed american memory website ' s farm security administration - office of war information collection, examine the following images ( found by searching keywords : " georgia highways " ) : now view the following images ( found by searching " rural roads georgia " ) : next turn to the edsitement - reviewed smithsonian institution ' s national museum of american history ' s virtual exhibition america on the move. explore in particular the following sections of the exhibition : you are looking out the window of the sedan when the grandmother points out " the cute little pickaninny! " this is an offensive, slang term to describe an african - american child. the grandmother also users other terms that are considered quite offensive to us, even though they were quite common for her generation. consider the following questions, keeping in mind the historical context of o ' connor ' s story, before examining some of the websites listed below : while the grandmother ' s racial views seem outdated and racist to us now, o ' connor ' s story reflects the complex and difficult relationships of the 1950s south. change was afoot not only in terms of race, but also in terms of gender, as roles for and stereotypes of women are evolving at this time as well. go to the edsitement - reviewed american memory project and examine the following images : in her essay " the catholic novelist in the protestant south, " flannery o ' connor writes : " i think it is safe to say that while the south is hardly christ - centered, it is most certainly christ - haunted. " let ' s continue our journey through the " christ - haunted " south. the plot of " a good man is hard to find " ultimately is about being saved, literally and figuratively, along a rural southern road. let ' s explore images of " christ - haunted " georgia from the era between the depression and wwii. visit the edsitement - reviewed library of congress american memory ' s " america from the great depression to wwii " collection and browse these images :


an afghan resistance fighter on christmas eve, 1979, soviet antonov transport planes began landing at the airport in kabul, capital of afghanistan, disgorging tanks and trucks and thousands of troops. meanwhile, mi - 6 and mi - 8 helicopters ferried in several thousand elite commandos, some of whom, led by colonel boyarinov, head of the kgb ' s department 8 ( special ops ), stormed the presidential palace. president hafizullah amin was entertaining a young lady in a sitting room ; both amin and his guest were gunned down. within hours the entire city was under soviet control. the radio station, airport, and other key locations had been secured. four motorized infantry and armored divisions crossed the afghan - soviet border, negotiating the hindu - kush, a formidable range of mountains that for centuries had been a barrier to invasion from the north - - until the soviets built the salang highway through it. in a matter of days all the major afghan towns had been seized by the soviet invaders. barbak karmal was installed as the new president, and the ussr quickly executed numerous trade and economic agreements with the puppet government. the kgb revamped the afghan secret police, renamed the khad, which promptly embarked on a bloody reign of terror in which torture and mass executions became commonplace. by early 1980 nearly 30, 000 people had been killed in the poli charki concentration camp alone - - many of them doctors, teachers, diplomats and other members of the educated elite. soviet troops and units of the afghan army committed untold atrocities in the years to come in order to cement their control over a rebellious populace. the result : by 1986 over four million afghans had fled the country, an almost unprecendented mass exodus. ( one study shows that since there were 10 million displaced persons worldwide, this meant that nearly one out of every two refugees on the planet at that time was an afghan. ) by mid - decade, only 10 million people remained in afghanistan, a nation of 15 million back in 1978. russian imperialism in that region had a long history. in the 19th century, czarist russia competed with its chief rival, great britain, for control of the area, a rivalry historians have described as the great game. the british sought to protect their rich indian empire. the czars wanted to expand their empire to the shores of the indian ocean. after world war ii the task of curtailing russian expansionism fell to the united states. in the early decades of the cold war, the u


rich indian empire. the czars wanted to expand their empire to the shores of the indian ocean. after world war ii the task of curtailing russian expansionism fell to the united states. in the early decades of the cold war, the u. s. and the ussr competed for afghanistan ' s favor with economic aid and development. " the russians built an airport for kabul, the americans one for kandahar, " wrote journalist anthony paul. " the russians raised a massive grain elevator in kabul, the americans filled it with wheat. the russians built the 66 - mile salang highway through the hindu kush, the americans countered with aid for the national airline. " but in the sixties and seventies, while the u. s. was bogged down in the vietnam quagmire, the soviets gained the upper hand. they trained young afghan officers - - training that incorporated indoctrination in marxist - leninist tenets. the ussr supported the communist people ' s democratic party ( pdp ) in afghanistan, and backed the april 1978 coup that ousted the neutral government of mahammed daoud, which was replaced by a pdp government headed first by mohammad taraki and then hafizullah amin. but afghan mullahs ( religious leaders ) declared a jihad ( holy war ) against the pro - soviet regime. the mujahedin resistance to communist control grew ever stronger. when it appeared that amin would lose control of afghanistan, the soviets launched the invasion - - though of course they claimed an invitation had been extended by the karrmal puppet government they installed. the mujahedin proved to be redoubtable guerrilla fighters while the afghan regular army, weakened by several purges and riddled with pro - mujahedin factions, became a liability for the ussr, which had to commit more and more military assets to the struggle. in just 15 months the soviet occupation force had grown to 85, 000. ( in a few years that number would increase to 120, 000. ) arrayed against them were as many as 500, 000 holy warriors. the mujahedin were poorly armed and segmented into rival factions. and yet the russians could never legitimately claim to control more than half the country. the carter administration responded to the invasion with a grain embargo and a boycott of the upcoming summer olympics in moscow. the president complained that soviet leader leonid brezhnev had deceived him, but pundits suggested that the administration had deceived itself into believing that the


a grain embargo and a boycott of the upcoming summer olympics in moscow. the president complained that soviet leader leonid brezhnev had deceived him, but pundits suggested that the administration had deceived itself into believing that the kremlin was committed to the " peaceful coexistence " premise of detente. the u. s. had turned a blind eye to russian adventurism in africa and the mideast that resulted in pro - soviet regimes in angola, ethiopia and south yemen. carter had challenged the presence of a soviet combat brigade in cuba - - and then backed down. he had initially urged cuts in defense spending in spite of an unprecedented military buildup by the ussr, while curtailing military and economic aid to friendly countries threatened by soviet - backed marxist insurgencies. experts feared that the afghanistan invasion was just the first step in a soviet campaign to control the approaches to the oil - rich persian gulf, with an eye to executing a stranglehold on oil exports essential to western industry. ( in addition, moscow predicted that by the mid - eighties its own oil production would be insufficient to meets its demands as well as those of its eastern block satellites. ) members of saudi arabia ' s royal family were not alone in their conviction that the next target of the soviets after afghanistan was iran. although the cia and the pentagon believed that the afghan resistance would eventually be crushed by the soviet military, the reagan administration was far more active in support of the mujahedin than the carter team had been. cia director william casey took the lead. ( the state department lagged behind in its enthusiasm for the afghan cause ; though the courage of the mujahedin was admired, said one diplomat, it was " like being a fan of the cleveland indians - - why get your hopes up? " ) casey and the cia became active in providing logistical and economic support to pakistan, which struggled to provide for 3. 5 million afghan refugees. while the cia did not usually get involved in humanitarian efforts, casey ' s theory was that the afghan men would not fight the soviets unless they knew their families were being provided for. the british ( afghan aid uk ) and the french ( medicin sans frontier ) helped with food, medicine, shelter - - and intelligence links for the resistance. but by 1988, 90 percent of the funding for all foreign aid groups was being provided by the u. s., funneled through the united nations or the united states agency for international development. the u. s. was also


for the resistance. but by 1988, 90 percent of the funding for all foreign aid groups was being provided by the u. s., funneled through the united nations or the united states agency for international development. the u. s. was also engaged in providing weapons to the mujahedin. in 1980 - 81 the cia purchased soviet weapons from the egyptians - - some $ 50 million worth - - and funneled them to the resistance groups with pakistan ' s cooperation. this armament proved to be of poor quality, so the cia found new sources. by 1985 the agency was supplying the mujahedin via three conduits : arms purchased on the international market with saudi funds were flown into islamanad, pakistan ; more weapons were airlifted in from china ; contributions from egypt, britain and israel arrived by sea at the port of karachi. moving 65, 000 tons of war materiel annually, the cia operation became, according to peter schweizer, " one of the most extensive and sophisticated covert operations in history. " it was also the largest covert war in american history, costing $ 100 million a year. thanks in large part to the efforts of casey, heavier weapons, including 122 - mm rocket launchers and sam - 7 ( surface - to - air ) missiles went into the pipeline, while the cia supplied spy satellite images to assist the mujahedin in their campaigns. the cia encouraged the resistance to focus their efforts on northern provinces, in particular to target the oil and gas facilies as well as copper, iron and gold mines the russians were exploiting, extracting those resources and transporting them to the soviet union while paying ridiculously low prices - - or nothing at all - - for them. the cia also tried to pave the way for increased cooperation between the rival resistance groups. the agency trained thousands of holy warriors. the american goal was summarized by one pakistani official who pointed out that the soviets had " kept the vietcong supplied with hardware to kill... americans. so the united states would now do the same for the mujahedin so they could kill soviets. this view was prevalent among cia officials, particularly william casey. " by early 1983, estimates placed soviet casualties in afghanistan at between 12, 000 and 15, 000. in time the kremlin began to contemplate dividing afghanistan, annexing the northern half. casey proposed turning the situation to the west ' s advantage by stirring up ethnic dissent in the heavily - islamic southern republics of the ussr. the cia purchased


in time the kremlin began to contemplate dividing afghanistan, annexing the northern half. casey proposed turning the situation to the west ' s advantage by stirring up ethnic dissent in the heavily - islamic southern republics of the ussr. the cia purchased several hundred rubber zodiak boats to transfer propaganda and mujahedin raiders across the amu river into uzbekistan. meanwhile, cia - trained resistance fighters conducted bombings and ambushed soviet leaders in kabul. the national security agency recast its electronic eavesdropping assets to concentrate on afghanistan. a kh - 11 spy satellite was redirected out of standard orbit to gather more intel on soviet activities, which included night assaults against mujahedin strongholds by elite spesnatz commandos. the freedom fighters were supplied with advanced burst communicators which enhanced coordination of resistance operations while making their communications virtually undetectable by the enemy. despite a soviet offensive that year, 1985 saw the mujahedin achieve some stunning victories. commander ahmad shah massoud, the lion of the panjshir valley, seized heavily defended peshgohor. mujahedin raids forced the soviets to abandon kandahar airfield. a major pipeline moving afghan natural gas to the ussr was repeatedly sabotaged. limpet mines supplied by british military intelligence ( mi6 ) were used to send soviet transport barges to the bottom of the amu river. and in 1986 the reagan administration provided the afghan resistance with stingers, the best surface - to - air missiles in the world. " when we start knocking $ 20 million planes out of the sky, " casey assured his aides, " the kremlin will get nervous. " soviet pilots surely did - - the mujahedin became so skilled in the use of the stingers that russian airmen sometimes refused to fly combat missions. the cia - mujahedin operation designed to encourage anti - soviet nationalism in the ussr ' s central asian republics met with success, too. on 8 february 1988, mikhail gorbachev announced that soviet forces would be withdrawn from afghanistan. an aggressive american policy and the daring of defiant afghan freedom fighters had turned the tide. afghanistan had become the soviet union ' s vietnam - - and the ten - year debacle contributed in no small measure to the collapse of the ussr. atrocities in afghanistan " there are no human rights in afghanistan. " this was the conclusion of a team from the u. s. helsinki watch committee that interviewed more than 100 afghan refugees in september 1984. " they tied them up and piled


the ussr. atrocities in afghanistan " there are no human rights in afghanistan. " this was the conclusion of a team from the u. s. helsinki watch committee that interviewed more than 100 afghan refugees in september 1984. " they tied them up and piled them like wood, " said a doctor who saw the soviets punish an entire village after afghan troops defected. " then they poured gasoline over them and burned them alive. they were old and young, men, women and children. forty people were killed. " a resistance leader spoke of two old, blind men who stayed behind when a village was abandoned. " the russians tied dynamite to their backs and blew them up. " another described how russians held a child over a fire while questioning afghan villagers about the mujahedin. in 1985, soviet troops encircled five villages in northern afghanistan, entered every house, and killed 600 civilians, including women and children, before putting the houses to the torch. such atrocities were commonplace, and the devastation wrought by the soviets resulted in near - famine conditions in many provinces ; infant mortality caused by malnutrition reached 85 percent in the panjsher valley in 1985. soviet tanks rolling into afghanistan " agony in afghanistan " jean - francois revel & rosanne klass, national review ( 4 october 1985 ) " the real stakes in afghanistan " william e. griffith, reader ' s digest ( june 1980 ) " report from afghanistan : will we hear their cry? " anthony paul, reader ' s digest ( april 1981 ) afghanistan : soviet vietnam vladislav tamarov ( san francisco : mercury house, 1992 ) among the afghans arthur bonner ( durham, nc : duke university press, 1987 ) caught in the crossfire jan goodwin ( new york : e. p. dutton, 1987 ) holy war, unholy victory : eyewitness to the cia ' s secret war in afghanistan kurt lohbeck ( washington dc : regnery gateway, 1993 ) turmoil and triumph : my years as secretary of state george p. shultz ( new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1993 ) victory : the reagan administration ' s secret strategy that hastened the collapse of the soviet union peter schweizer ( new york : atlantic monthly press, 1984 )


the selection of works from the suna and inan kırac orientalist painting collection included in the “ istanbul : the city of dreams ” exhibition thus emerge as outstanding visual documents that feature, largely though the perspective of western artists, a view of the ottoman world stretching from the 17th to the early 20th century. organized under three major headings, the exhibition expands from life in the household and private domains to urban space and into more general views of istanbul. consequently, as the city is reflected on the canvasses of european artists in its entirety through its topography, architecture, people, traditions, and ways of life, such a revival allows us partake in the “ eastern journey ” of these travellers and rediscover in their company - and through their eyes - istanbul and the ottoman world of unrivalled wonders. daily life of the interior a significant majority of the city ’ s scenes from daily life is comprised of domestic life and the women who shape the home interior. women often constituted one of the fundamental themes of orientalist painting. the infatuation with accessing the harem, namely the private living space of the eastern woman, was almost tantamount to penetrating the mysteries of the east. the failure to see this intimate domain at their will naturally caused hundreds of western men, including travellers, writers, painters, and poets, to fantasize about the eastern woman and to conjure up glimpses of an imaginary life. since western artists could not freely access the muslim household, they often selected their models from non - muslim families for their paintings of the household interior where women were present


the surface inspector and the texture browser are the tools you will be using when texuring your maps. to use the texture browser, simply press t. to bring up the surface inspector for a surface, select a brush or surface and press s. with the controls above you can either fit a texture to fit on a brush, or use axial to apply it 1 : 1. the buttons on top row are used for brushes, the ones on the bottom row for patches. use the cap button for endcaps. here you can change how the texture is aligned on the brush or surface selected. you can shift ( scroll ) the texture, stretch ( zoom ) it, or simply rotate it. the value in the step boxes control how much each value is incremented as the little arrow buttons are pressed. this is the folder list. here you see all found texture folders listed, double - click a folder name and you will be able to see the contents of the folder to the right. in the texture list, all textures ) in the current texture folder are listed. note that the border can be either green or none. white means the texture is a shader means the texture is used in the current map, and both green means the texture is a shader and currently in use.


| elections in california | | part of a series on | | lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) california proposition 6 was an initiative on the california state ballot on november 7, 1978, and was more commonly known as the briggs initiative. sponsored by john briggs, a conservative state legislator from orange county, the failed initiative would have banned gays and lesbians, and possibly anyone who supported gay rights, from working in california ' s public schools. the briggs initiative was the first failure in a movement that started with the successful campaign headed by anita bryant and her organization save our children in dade county, florida, to repeal a local gay rights ordinance. openly gay san francisco native and politician harvey milk was instrumental in fighting the measure, and opposition from a variety of public figures from california governor ronald reagan to president jimmy carter helped to defeat it. public opinion swung fairly quickly from general support of proposition 6 to what became overwhelming opposition. singer and florida citrus commission spokesperson anita bryant received national news coverage for her successful efforts to repeal a dade county, florida, ordinance preventing discrimination based on sexual orientation. this success sparked additional efforts to repeal legislation that added sexual orientation or preference as a protected group to anti - discrimination statutes and codes. in a step beyond repeal of anti - discrimination measures, oklahoma and arkansas banned gays and lesbians from teaching in public schools. the idea for the briggs initiative was formed during the success of the repeal of the dade county anti - discrimination language. the initiative provided that a public school teacher, teacher ' s aide, administrator, or counselor could be fired if the employee was found to have engaged in either ( 1 ) " public homosexual activity, " which the initiative defined as an act of homosexual sex which was " not discreet and not practiced in private, whether or not such act, at the time of its commission, constituted a crime, " or ( 2 ) " public homosexual conduct, " which the initiative defined as " the advocating, soliciting, imposing, encouraging or promoting of private or public homosexual activity directed at, or likely to come to the attention of, schoolchildren and / or other employees. " the employee would be terminated if the school board, after a hearing, determined by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee had engaged in " public homosexual activity " or " public homosexual conduct " and " that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the employee unfit for service. " the factors that the board would consider in the determination of " unfitness for service " would " include, but not be


activity " or " public homosexual conduct " and " that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the employee unfit for service. " the factors that the board would consider in the determination of " unfitness for service " would " include, but not be limited to : ( 1 ) the likelihood that the activity or conduct may adversely affect students or other employees ; ( 2 ) the proximity or remoteness in time or location of the conduct to the employee ' s responsibilities ; ( 3 ) the extenuating or aggravating circumstances which, in the judgment of the board, must be examined in weighing the evidence ; and ( 4 ) whether the conduct included acts, words or deeds, of a continuing or comprehensive nature which would tend to encourage, promote or dispose schoolchildren toward private or public homosexual activity or private or public homosexual conduct. " the initiative further provided that a person could not be hired as a public school teacher, teacher ' s aide, administrator, or counselor if the person had " engaged in public homosexual activity or public homosexual conduct should the board determine that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the person unfit for service. " a coalition of activists including sally gearhart gwen craig, bill kraus, openly gay san francisco supervisor harvey milk, teacher ( later president of san francisco board of supervisors ) tom ammiano, and hank wilson mobilized under the slogan " come out! come out! wherever you are! " to defeat the initiative. in what became the no on 6 campaign, gay men and lesbians went door to door in their cities and towns across the state to talk about the harm the initiative would cause. gay men and lesbians came out to their families and their neighbors and their co - workers, spoke in their churches and community centers, sent letters to their local editors, and otherwise revealed to the general population that gay people really were " everywhere " and included people they already knew and cared about. in the beginning of september, the ballot measure was ahead in public - opinion polls, with about 61 % of voters supporting it while 31 % opposed it. the movement against it initially succeeded little in shifting public opinion, even though major organizations and ecclesiastical groups opposed it. by the end of the month, however, the balance of the polls shifted to 45 % in favor of the initiative, 43 % opposed, and 12 % undecided. some gay republicans also became organized against the initiative on a grassroots level. the most prominent of these, the log cabin republicans, was founded in 1977 in california, as a rallying point


initiative, 43 % opposed, and 12 % undecided. some gay republicans also became organized against the initiative on a grassroots level. the most prominent of these, the log cabin republicans, was founded in 1977 in california, as a rallying point for republicans opposed to the briggs initiative. the log cabin club then lobbied republican officials to oppose the measure. the former state governor ( and later us president ) ronald reagan moved to publicly oppose the measure. reagan issued an informal letter of opposition to the initiative, answered reporters ' questions about the initiative by saying he was against, and, a week before the election, wrote an editorial in the los angeles herald - examiner opposing it. the timing of reagan ' s opposition is significant because he was then preparing to run for president, a race in which he would need the support of conservatives and moderates who were very uncomfortable with homosexual teachers. as reagan biographer lou cannon puts it, reagan was “ well aware that there were those who wanted him to duck the issue ” but nevertheless “ chose to state his convictions. ” extensive excerpts from his informal statement were reprinted in the san francisco chronicle of september 24, 1978. reagan ' s november 1 editorial stated, in part, “ whatever else it is, homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles. prevailing scientific opinion is that an individual ' s sexuality is determined at a very early age and that a child ' s teachers do not really influence this. ” while polls initially had showed support for the initiative leading by a large margin, it was defeated by a landslide following opposition by the lgbt community and prominent conservatives, moderates, and liberals alike. the initiative was defeated on november 7, 1978 and lost even in briggs ’ own orange county, a conservative stronghold. | invalid or blank votes | | 339, 797 | | 4. 7 % | see also - ruth shack - proposition 8 - section 28 - national gay task force v. board of education, a court decision that partially struck down a law identical to the briggs initiative. - stockton - san joaquin county public library. " ballot propositions june 1978 – june 1998 ". stockton - san joaquin county public library. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - rimmerman, craig ( november, 2001 ). " from identity to politics : the lesbian and gay movements in the united states ". temple university press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - lipkin, arthur ( december, 2000 ). " understanding homosexuality, changing schools ". westview press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08


lesbian and gay movements in the united states ". temple university press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - lipkin, arthur ( december, 2000 ). " understanding homosexuality, changing schools ". westview press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - shilts, randy ( 1988 ). " the mayor of castro street : the life and times of harvey milk ". st. martin ' s griffin. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - for the full text of the initiative, see pages and 29 and 41 of the california voters ' pamphlet prepared by the secretary of state of california for the november 7, 1978 general election. retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14. - id. at 29, 41. - id. at 41. - id. at 29. - miller, rachael ; rose, rebecca ; kaushall, justin neville ; and labounty, aimee ( 2007 ). " guide to the sally miller gearhart papers ". finding aid. northwest digital archive. retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09. - milk memorial march brings out hundreds - mckinley, jesse ( november 1, 2008 ). " back to the ramparts in california ". nyt. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - reagan, levay ( 1997 ). " city of friends : a portrait of the gay and lesbian community in america " ( in simon ). mit press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - reagan, ronald ( 1978 - 11 - 01 ). " editorial : two ill - advised california trends ". los angeles herald - examiner. p. a19. - back to briggs : latest no on 8 ad with sen. diane feinstein brings back memories of another referendum - perfect enemies : the religious right, the gay movement, and the politics of the 1990s - secretary of state ( 1978 ). statement of vote. state of california. - jones, cleve, with dawson, jeff ( 2000 ). stitching a revolution : the making of an activist. isbn 0062516426 - milk, harvey ( 2012 ). the harvey milk interviews : in his own words, vince emery productions. isbn 978 - 0 - 9725898 - 8 - 8 ( includes transcripts from three debates between harvey milk and john briggs, and an interview with milk about the briggs initiative. ) - shilts, randy ( 1982 ). the mayor of castro street : the life and times of harvey milk, st. martin ' s press. isbn 0 - 312 - 52330 - 0 - california ballot


| a statue of maitreya buddha in budai form in emei, hsinchu, taiwan | | alternative chinese name | | literal meaning | | laughing buddha | | vietnamese alphabet | | bo đai | budai or pu - tai ( chinese : ; pinyin : budai ), or hotei in japanese, bo đai in vietnamese, is a chinese folkloric deity. his name means " cloth sack, " and comes from the bag that he is conventionally depicted as carrying. he is usually identified with ( or as an incarnation of ) maitreya, so much so that the budai image is one of the main forms in which maitreya is depicted in east asia. he is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in chinese, the laughing buddha ( chinese : ). many westerners confuse budai with gautama buddha. budai is traditionally depicted as an obese, bald man wearing a robe and wearing or otherwise carrying prayer beads. he carries his few possessions in a cloth sack, being poor but content. he is often depicted entertaining or being followed by adoring children. his figure appears throughout chinese culture as a representation of contentment. his image graces many temples, restaurants, amulets, and businesses. according to chinese history, budai was an eccentric chan monk ( chinese : ; pinyin : chan ) who lived in china during the later liang dynasty ( 907 – 923 ce ). he was a native of fenghua, and his buddhist name was qieci ( chinese : ; pinyin : qieci ; literally " promise this " ). he was considered a man of good and loving character. the term buddha means " one who is awake ", connoting one who has awakened into enlightenment. over the history of buddhism, there have been several notable figures who would come to be remembered as, and referred to as, buddhas. later followers of the chan school would come to teach that all beings possess buddha nature within them, and are already enlightened, but have yet to realize it. this teaching would continue into zen. budai is often conflated with ( or simply replaces ) the historical buddha, siddhartha gautama, in spite of the distinct visual differences in how each has been depicted. in india, nepal, and throughout southeast asia, gautama ( who lived during the 6th century bce ) is commonly depicted as being tall and slender in appearance. in contrast, in china


of the distinct visual differences in how each has been depicted. in india, nepal, and throughout southeast asia, gautama ( who lived during the 6th century bce ) is commonly depicted as being tall and slender in appearance. in contrast, in china and those areas to which chinese cultural influence spread, the depiction of budai ( who lived during the 10th century ce ) is consistently short and round. traditions that revere budai budai in folklore is admired for his happiness, plenitude, and wisdom of contentment. one belief popular in folklore maintains that rubbing his belly brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. maitreya, the true maitreya has billions of incarnations. often he is shown to people at the time ; other times they do not recognize him. the primary story that concerns budai in zen ( chan ) is a short koan. in it, budai is said to travel giving candy to poor children, only asking a penny from zen monks or lay practitioners he meets. one day a monk walks up to him and asks, " what is the meaning of zen? " budai drops his bag. " how does one realize zen? " he continues. budai then takes up his bag and continues on his way. i kuan tao statues of budai form a central part of i kuan tao shrines, where he is usually referred to by the sanskrit name maitreya. according to i kuan tao, he represents many teachings, including contentment, generosity, wisdom and open kindheartedness. he is predicted to succeed gautama buddha as the next buddha, and helps people realize the essence within, which connects with all beings. conflation with other religious figures angida arhat angida was one of the original eighteen arhats of buddhism. according to legend, angida was a talented indian snake catcher whose aim was to catch venomous snakes to prevent them from biting passers - by. angida would also remove the snake ' s venomous fangs and release them. due to his kindness, he was able to attain bodhi. in chinese art, angida is sometimes portrayed as budai, being rotund, laughing, and carrying a bag. in nepali, he is also called hasne buddha ( " laughing buddha " ). phra sangkajai / phra sangkachai in thailand, budai is sometimes confused with another similar monk widely respected in thailand, phra sangkajai or sangkachai ( thai : ). ph


buddha " ). phra sangkajai / phra sangkachai in thailand, budai is sometimes confused with another similar monk widely respected in thailand, phra sangkajai or sangkachai ( thai : ). phra sangkajai, a thai rendering of maha kaccana or mahakaccayanathera ( thai : ), was a buddhist arhat ( in sanskrit ) or arahant ( in pali ) during the time of the lord buddha. lord buddha praised phra sangkadchai for his excellence in explaining sophisticated dharma ( or dhamma ) in an easily and correctly understandable manner. phra sangkajai ( maha kaccana ) also composed the madhupinadika sutra ( madhupindika sutta mn 18 ). one tale of the thai folklore relates that he was so handsome that once even a man wanted him for a wife. to avoid a similar situation, phra sangkadchai decided to transform himself into a fat monk. another tale says he was so attractive that angels and men often compared him with the buddha. he considered this inappropriate, so disguised himself in an unpleasantly fat body. although both budai and phra sangkajai may be found in both thai and chinese temples, phra sangkajai is found more often in thai temples, and budai in chinese temples. two points to distinguish them from one another are : - phra sangkajai has a trace of hair on his head ( looking similar to the buddha ' s ) while budai is clearly bald. - phra sangkajai wears the robes in theravadin buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. budai wears the robes in chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered. - cook, francis dojun. how to raise an ox. wisdom publications. pp. 166 note 76. isbn 9780861713172. - " the laughing buddha ". about. com. retrieved april 20, 2013. - mark schumacher. " hotei god of contentment & happiness ". onmarkproductions. com. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26. - " hotei, pu - tai, maitreya, all known as the laughing buddha ". newsfinder. org. 2002 - 06 - 16. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26. - " the laughing buddha ". religionfacts. com. retrieved 2011 -


| elevation | | 758 ft ( 231 m ) | | area | | 0. 55 sq mi ( 1 km2 ) | | - land | | 0. 55 sq mi ( 1 km2 ) | | - water | | 0. 00 sq mi ( 0 km2 ) | | density | | 1, 829. 4 / sq mi ( 706 / km2 ) | | - summer ( dst ) | | cdt ( utc - 5 ) | | wikimedia commons : colfax, illinois | colfax is located at ( 40. 566290, - 88. 615304 ). according to the 2010 census, the village has a total area of 0. 55 square miles ( 1. 4 km2 ), all land. colfax was laid out on march 22 1880 by james e. wood ( 22 october 1818 – october 1908 ). anderson was born in indiana and had come to mclean county about 1855 as state missionary for the christian church. he stayed and became a farmer, a banker, and a lifelong promoter of colfax. to locals, anderson was affectionately known as “ uncle billy. ” the northeastern townships of the county were among the last to be served by railroads. after many false starts the clinton, bloomington, and northwestern railroad began making its way westward from kankakee, illinois. it was aided by contributions in cash and land for the right - of - way by many local farmers. cropsey, anchor, and cooksville were all laid out at the same time as colfax. the first train arrived in colfax on 4 july 1880. for two years the track extended only from kankakee to colfax and a turntable was installed to send the trains back eastwards. eventually the tracks ware completed to bloomington. the railroad soon became part of the illinois central system. colfax is one of several communities in the united states named for grant ' s vice president schuyler colfax. others include colfax, california ; colfax, indiana ; colfax, louisiana ; colfax, north carolina and colfax, washington. original design and early growth the original town of colfax was a rectangle on the north side of the tracks. there were twelve blocks, each with eight or sixteen small lots, and an additional four blocks, each with a single larger lot, were located along the western edge of the original town., for a total of one hundred lots. these


the tracks. there were twelve blocks, each with eight or sixteen small lots, and an additional four blocks, each with a single larger lot, were located along the western edge of the original town., for a total of one hundred lots. these faced a widened area of railroad land, which ran the full length of the original town. no other public spaces were designated, but main street, which ran parallel to the tracks and one block to the north, was wider than the other streets. the depot was on the north side of the tracks and the early elevator, lumber yard and stock yard were on the south side. william rinker erected the first store, which sold groceries. another grocery store, wilson and santee, followed. the third store was a somewhat larger two - story structure built by d. a. green, who had moved his operation into colfax from potosi near the mclean county – livingston county border ; green sold groceries, dry goods and drugs. first coal mines in 1886 a company was formed to open the first of two coal mines at colfax. the first to be opened was the shaft just west of town. frank seymour and sons were paid fourteen dollars a foot to sink the shaft. they encountered problems with water, with cave ins and were soon slowed by the need to blast their way through limestone layers before reaching the coal seems. the railroad was unable to bring in sufficient shoring for the shaft and additional timber had to be hauled in by wagon. at 140 feet ( 43 m ) they struck a narrow vein of coal, but excavators had to go down to 392 feet ( 119 m ) before finding a productive 5 - foot - thick ( 1. 7 m ) seam of coal. miners were brought in, and the first coal was taken in june 1888. financial troubles and rapid changes of ownership soon followed. 1⁄2 the organization of a company to open a second shaft, this one east of town, shaft began in december 1891, but it was june 1894 before digging could begin. problems with the mines the east shaft encountered great difficulties with water and with layers of quicksand. after many delays and extensive pumping, coal was found in 1895, but trouble with financing delayed production for two years. the 200 miners who flooded into colfax encountered an acute shortage of housing, which was not solved until a large number of small miner ’ s cottages could be built : a few of these may still be found in colfax. financial troubles quickly mounted in may 1892 the east shaft


, 0. 20 % from other races, and 0. 20 % from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 1. 42 % of the population. there were 395 households out of which 28. 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55. 7 % were married couples living together, 6. 3 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 35. 7 % were non - families. 32. 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 39 and the average family size was 3. 06. in the village the population was spread out with 25. 3 % under the age of 18, 6. 5 % from 18 to 24, 27. 0 % from 25 to 44, 18. 3 % from 45 to 64, and 23. 0 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 40 years. for every 100 females there were 93. 5 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83. 4 males. the median income for a household in the village was $ 41, 544, and the median income for a family was $ 50, 500. males had a median income of $ 31, 875 versus $ 23, 438 for females. the per capita income for the village was $ 17, 993. about 0. 8 % of families and 3. 1 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 2 % of those under age 18 and 5. 6 % of those age 65 or over. - " us gazetteer files : 2010, 2000, and 1990 ". united states census bureau. 2011 - 02 - 12. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23. - " 2010 census u. s. gazetteer files for places – illinois ". united states census. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13. - historical encyclopedia of illinois and history of mclean county illinois. ( chicago : munsell ; 1908 ) p. 902. some sources give james e. wood as co - founder of the town ; see edward callery, place names of illinois ( champaign : university of illinois press, 2008 ) p. 76. - transactions of the mclean county historical society ( volume 1 ; bloomington, 1900 ) p. 505. - gilbert m. johnson, colfax illinois and its coal mines ( normal : illinois state normal university, 1954 ) pp. 2 - 9.


francois - andre danican philidor portrait from l ’ analyze des echecs. london, second edition, 1777. | full name | | francois - andre danican philidor | | born | | september 7, 1726 | died | | august 31, 1795 francois - andre danican philidor ( september 7, 1726 – august 31, 1795 ), often referred to as andre danican philidor during his lifetime, was a french composer and chess player. he contributed to the early development of the opera comique. he was also regarded as the best chess player of his age ; his book analyse du jeu des echecs was considered a standard chess manual for at least a century, and a well - known chess opening and a checkmate method are both named after him. musical family francois - andre danican philidor came from a well - known musical family, which included : - jean danican philidor ( c. 1620 – 79 ), andre danican philidor ' s grandfather, was a musician at the grande ecurie ( literally, the great stable ; figuratively, the military band ) in paris. the original name of his family was danican ( d ' anican ) and was of scottish origin ( duncan ). philidor was a later addition to the family name. jean danican philidor was given the nickname of philidor by louis xiii because his oboe playing reminded the king of an italian virtuoso oboist coming from siena named filidori. - michel danican ( died c. 1659 ), andre danican philidor ' s great - uncle, was a renowned oboist and, together with jean hotteterre, coinvented the oboe by modifying the shawm so that the bore was narrower and the reed near could be held near the end by the player ' s lips. - andre danican philidor ( c. 1647 – 1730 ), francois - andre danican philidor ' s father, was also known as philidor l ' aine ( philidor the elder ). he was an oboist and crumhorn player. he was a member of the grande ecurie military band and later performed at the court, at the royal chapel, in the employ of louis xiv. - jacques danican philidor ( 1657 – 1708 ) was the younger brother of andre danican philidor ( philidor the elder ) and, being a musician


court, at the royal chapel, in the employ of louis xiv. - jacques danican philidor ( 1657 – 1708 ) was the younger brother of andre danican philidor ( philidor the elder ) and, being a musician, too, was logically known as philidor le cadet ( philidor the younger ). - pierre danican philidor ( 1681 – 1731 ), also a musician, was the son of jacques danican philidor. - anne danican philidor ( 1681 – 1728 ) was francois - andre danican philidor ' s oldest brother. anne danican philidor is best remembered today for having founded the concert spirituel, an important series of public concerts held in the palace of the tuileries from 1725 to 1791. francois - andre danican philidor was born to his father ’ s second wife, elizabeth le roy, whom he wed in 1719 when she was 19 years old and he 72. when francois - andre was born, his father was 79 years old ; he died 4 years later and left his son fatherless. music career philidor joined the royal choir of louis xv in 1732 at the age of six, and made his first attempt at the composition of a song at the age of 11. it was said that louis xv wanted to listen to the choir almost every day, and the singers, while waiting for the king to arrive, played chess to relieve their boredom ; this may have sparked philidor ' s interest in chess. from around 1740 he lived and worked in paris as a performer, teacher and music copyist. he was the teacher of the bohemian composer and pianist ludwig wenzel lachnith. during this time he met diderot, who calls him ' philidor le subtil ' in le neveu de rameau. he spent much of the period 1745 – 54 in london after a concert tour of the netherlands collapsed, and moved in the same circles as dr johnson and dr burney. he returned to the french capital in 1754, although his music was found by some to be too italianate ( as a result of his travels ). however he scored several triumphs at the fair theatres, starting with blaise le savetier in 1759. his three most successful works were le sorcier ( 1764 ), tom jones ( after henry fielding, 1765 ), and ernelinde ( 1767 ). for a time philidor was among the leading opera composers in france, and


. his three most successful works were le sorcier ( 1764 ), tom jones ( after henry fielding, 1765 ), and ernelinde ( 1767 ). for a time philidor was among the leading opera composers in france, and during his musical career produced over 20 operas comiques and two tragedies - lyriques. he also wrote secular cantatas and motets. chess career philidor started playing regularly around 1740 at the chess mecca of france, the cafe de la regence. it was also there that he famously played with a friend from ' new england ', mr. benjamin franklin. the best player in france at the time, legall de kermeur, taught him. at first, legall could give philidor rook odds, a handicap in which the stronger player starts without one of his rooks, but in only three years, philidor was his equal, and then surpassed him. philidor visited england in 1747 and decisively beat the syrian phillip stamma in a match + 8 = 1 −1, despite the fact philidor let stamma have white in every game, and scored all draws as wins for stamma. the same year, philidor played many games with another strong player, sir abraham janssen, who was then the best player in england, and with the exception of m. de legalle, probably the best player philidor ever encountered. he could win on an average one game in four off philidor, at even terms ; and philidor himself declared that he could only give to janssen the pawn for the move. in 1754, philidor returned to france, after nine years of absence spent mostly in holland and england. he was now a much stronger player, having successfully played with opponents of the calibre of philip stamma and abraham janssen, but, as g. allen reports in the life of philidor, it was not until his match with de legal in 1755 that he can be considered the strongest player in the world. when philidor left paris, in 1745, although he had for some time been playing even games with m. de legal... he had not ceased to recognize his old master as still his master and superior. but nine years of practice, with a great variety of players, had authorized him to look for neither superior nor equal ; and when, in 1755, a match was arranged between the pupil and his master, who was still at


his master and superior. but nine years of practice, with a great variety of players, had authorized him to look for neither superior nor equal ; and when, in 1755, a match was arranged between the pupil and his master, who was still at the height of his strength, the result placed the crown firmly and indisputably upon the head of philidor. in 1771 and 1773 philidor made brief stays in london to play at the salopian coffee - house, charing cross and at the st james chess club. in 1774 the parloe ' s chess club, on st james street, in london, was created and philidor obtained a remuneration as a chess master every year, for a regular season from february to june. philidor stayed faithful to this agreement until the end of his life and he was replaced by verdoni only after his death. it is rightly in this place philidor encountered mr. george atwood, famous mathematician and physician, lecturer at cambridge university. in an article of j. j. o ' connor and e. f. robertson, devoted to george atwood, there is the following passage : atwood was a renowned amateur chess - player and among other opponents played games against the famous french player philidor, who was regarded as the unofficial world champion. h e bird records : of the players who encountered philidor, sir abraham janssens, who died in 1775, seems to have been the best, mr. george atwood, a mathematician, one of pitt ' s secretaries came next, he was of a class which we should call third or two grades of odds below philidor, a high standard of excellence to which but few amateurs attain. one of most interesting features of atwood as a chess player is that he recorded and preserved some of his games, an unusual practice at that time. these records have survived, among them the last games that philidor played which were against atwood at parsloe ' s club in london on 20 june 1795. in england, philidor astounded his peers by playing three blindfold chess games simultaneously in the chess club of st. james street in london on 9 may 1783. philidor let all three opponents play white, and gave up a pawn for the third player. some affidavits were signed, because those persons who were involved doubted that future generations would believe that such a feat was possible. today, three simultaneous blindfold games would be fairly unremark


and gave up a pawn for the third player. some affidavits were signed, because those persons who were involved doubted that future generations would believe that such a feat was possible. today, three simultaneous blindfold games would be fairly unremarkable among many chess masters. even when he was in his late years, when he was 67 years old ( 1793 ), he played and won two blindfold games simultaneously in london. philidor, both in england and france, was largely recognized in each of his fields and got a lot of admirers, protectors and also friends, like were the french philosophers voltaire, rousseau and the famous english actor david garrick ( 1717 – 1779 ). in december 1792, however, when he was age 65, philidor had to definitively leave france for england. he was fleeing the french revolution ( 1789 – 1799 ), because his name figured on the revolutionary banishment list, established by the convention nationale. this was not probably due to his ideas ( indeed it seems philidor was rather reserved about his opinions apart from music and chess ), but very likely in view of the traditional attachment of his family to the king ' s family service. andrew soltis writes that philidor " was the best player in the world for 50 years. in fact, he was probably about 200 rating points better than anyone else yet alive — set apart by the mysteries of the game he had solved. " 500 years ago chess was different from today. pawns didn ' t cost as much as they do today. the best players started games with the gambits. pawns were only a small price to : open a file or diagonal ; create an immediate attack on an opponent ' s king. it was the italian style of chess. all positions of the king ' s gambit were very popular... the best chess player of his day was francois andre danican - philidor... his published chess strategy stood for a hundred years without significant addition or modification. he preached the value of a strong pawn center, an understanding of the relative value of the pieces, and correct pawn formations... in the same web - article, alterman also noticed, analyzing the game count bruehl – philidor, f, 0 – 1, london 1783, that philidor understood very well modern concepts like : power of passed pawns ; bad and good pieces ; space advantage ; open files ; pawn structure ; importance of center. l ' analyse du jeu des


0 – 1, london 1783, that philidor understood very well modern concepts like : power of passed pawns ; bad and good pieces ; space advantage ; open files ; pawn structure ; importance of center. l ' analyse du jeu des echecs | this section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. | in 1749, philidor published his famous book analyse du jeu des echecs. he printed a second edition in 1777, and a third edition in 1790. the book was such an advance in chess knowledge that by 1871, it had gone through about 70 editions, and had been translated into english, german, russian and italian. in it, philidor analyzed nine different types of game openings. most of the openings of philidor are designed to strengthen and establish a strong defensive center using pawns. he is the first one to realize the new role of the pawn in the chess game ; and his most famous advice was the saying " the pawns are the soul of chess. " more precisely philidor said : mon but principal est de me rendre recommandable par une nouveaute dont personne ne s ' est avise, ou peut - etre n ' a ete capable ; c ' est celle de bien jouer les pions ; ils sont l ' ame des echecs : ce sont eux - memes qui forment uniquement l ' attaque et la defense et de leur bon ou mauvais arrangement depend entierement le gain ou la perte de la partie. translation : my main purpose is to make myself commendable by a novelty of which no one was aware or perhaps was capable [ of discovering ] ; this is to play the pawns well ; they are the soul of chess : it is they which uniquely determine the attack and the defence, and on their good or bad arrangement depends entirely the winning or losing of the game. it was said that the reason why philidor emphasized the pawns in the chess game was related to the political background during the eighteenth century of france, and that he regarded pawns as the " third rank " on the chess board ( citizens were regarded as the third rank of the society before the french revolution started in 1789 ). he also included analysis of certain positions of rook and bishop versus rook, such analysis being still current theory even today. he is most famous for showing an important drawing technique with a rook and pawn versus rook endgame,


french revolution started in 1789 ). he also included analysis of certain positions of rook and bishop versus rook, such analysis being still current theory even today. he is most famous for showing an important drawing technique with a rook and pawn versus rook endgame, in a position known as the philidor position. the philidor defense ( 1. e4 e5 2. nf3 d6 ) is named for him. philidor ’ s book was the very first ( 1 ) that gave detailed annotations on how to play the middlegame, ( 2 ) that presented chess strategy as a whole, and ( 3 ) that presented the concepts of the blockade, prophylaxis, positional sacrifice, and mobility of the pawn formation. early critics of the analyse du jeu des echecs include those of the modenese school ( ercole del rio, lolli or ponziani ), who in contrast to the french, advocated a free piece play, gambit openings and tactical complications ; they also found some of the variations reported in the analyse to be unsound ( in particular those related with f7 – f5 push in the philidor defence 1. e4 e5 2. nf3 d6 3. d4 f5?! ). some of philidor ' s disciples - - bernard, carlier, leger, and verdoni, who met at the cafe de la regence under the name of societe des amateurs — also criticized his work. in their book, traite des amateurs, they expressed many criticisms and comments on his earlier printed book, arguing that the variations reported in philidor ' s analyse are more instructive than correct. nevertheless, the games of the traite can be regarded, together of those of philidor, as typical examples of the understanding of chess during the enlightenment, and the societe des amateurs was much closer to philidor than to the modenese school. notable chess games - captain smith vs francois andre philidor, london, england 1790, bishop ' s opening : berlin defense ( c24 ), 0 – 1 good sample of philidor ' s ideas about pawns ; plus a nice mating combination at the end - francois andre philidor vs nn, unknown 1749, bishop ' s opening : boi variation ( c23 ), 1 – 0 this game — possibly a composition by philidor — demonstrates the value of passed pawns final years philidor was stranded in england


vs nn, unknown 1749, bishop ' s opening : boi variation ( c23 ), 1 – 0 this game — possibly a composition by philidor — demonstrates the value of passed pawns final years philidor was stranded in england when the french revolution occurred. because of many of his social connections mentioned above, the revolutionary government put him on the banned list. he died on august 31, 1795, in london and was buried in st james, piccadilly. a few days later, his relatives succeeded in getting his name removed from the list. chess topics named after him philidor ' s name is used for three well - known chess topics : - the philidor defence, an opening he advocated ; - philidor ' s legacy, a type of smothered mate ( in fact invented centuries before philidor ) ; - philidor ' s position, an endgame position. battez philidor! a one - act opera - comique with music by amedee dutacq and libretto by abraham dreyfus entitled battez philidor! ( beat philidor! ) was premiered on 13 november 1882 at the opera - comique. set in 1777, a poor musician is required to beat philidor at chess before he can win the hand of his sweetheart. although philidor agrees to lose the match to help out, by distraction he nonetheless wins the game, although all turns out well for the lovers in the end. battez philidor! also features philidor ' s sometime collaborator a a h poinsinet. - rushton j. francois - andre danican philidor. in : the new grove dictionary of opera. macmillan, london and new york, 1997. - h. j. r. murray, a history of chess, oxford university press, 1913, p. 862. isbn 0 - 19 - 827403 - 3. - the saturday magazine, volumes 18 – 19 ( 1841 ) page 238 - the chess player ' s chronicle ( 1879 ) page 50 - g. allen and t. von der lasa, the life of philidor, musician and chess - player, philadelphia 1865, page 51 - h. e. bird, chess history and reminiscences ( london, 1882 ) - andrew soltis, " tools of the trade... ", chess life, july 1995, p. 14. - the oxford companion to chess – david hooper and kenneth whyld


history and reminiscences ( london, 1882 ) - andrew soltis, " tools of the trade... ", chess life, july 1995, p. 14. - the oxford companion to chess – david hooper and kenneth whyld ( 1992 ) p. 265 - murray, p. 863. - this quote first appears on pages xiii – xiv of the preface of philidor ' s le jeu des echecs, 1792 edition. - david hooper and kenneth whyld, the oxford companion to chess, oxford university press ; 2nd edition ( november 21, 1996 ) - soubies a, malherbe c. histoire de l ' opera comique — la seconde salle favart 1840 – 1887. flammarion, paris, 1893. - world chess champions by edward g. winter, editor. 1981 isbn 0 - 08 - 024117 - 4 - life of philidor : musician and chess - player by george allen, tassilo von heydebrand und der lasa ; da capo press ; 1971. isbn 0 - 306 - 70075 - 1 - the world ' s great chess games by reuben fine ; dover ; 1983. isbn 0 - 486 - 24512 - 8 - the batsford encyclopedia of chess by nathan divinsky ; 1990. isbn 0 - 7134 - 6214 - 0 | wikisource has original text related to this article : | | wikimedia commons has media related to : francois - andre danican philidor | - francois - andre danican philidor player profile and games at chessgames. com - philidor at res musica ( french ) - free scores by francois - andre danican philidor at the international music score library project - philidor at mjae. com ( french ) - analyse du jeu des echecs ( 1777 edition, london ) at google books. ( french ) - analysis of the game of chess ( 1790 english edition, london ) at google books.


| count / earl | a prince regent, or prince - regent, is a prince who rules a monarchy as regent instead of a monarch, e. g., as a result of the sovereign ' s incapacity ( minority or illness ) or absence ( remoteness, such as exile or long voyage, or simply no incumbent ). while the term itself can have the generic meaning and refer to any prince who fills the role of regent, historically it has mainly been used to describe a small number of individual princes who were regents. prince regent in the united kingdom in the english language the title prince regent is most commonly associated with george iv, who held the style hrh the prince regent during the incapacity, by dint of mental illness, of his father, george iii ( see regent for other regents ). regent ' s park and regent street in london are named after him. this period is known as the british regency, or just the regency. the title was conferred by the regency act on february 5, 1811. subject to certain limitations for a period, the prince regent was able to exercise the full powers of the king. the precedent of the regency crisis of 1788 ( from which george iii recovered before it was necessary to appoint a regent ) was followed. the prince of wales continued as regent until his father ' s death in 1820, when he became george iv. prince regent in germany in germany, the title prinzregent ( literally prince regent ) is most commonly associated with prince luitpold of bavaria, who served as regent for two of his nephews, king ludwig ii of bavaria, who was declared mentally incompetent in 1886, and king otto of bavaria ( who had been declared insane in 1875 ) from 1886 until 1912. the years of luitpold ' s regency were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in bavaria, where they are known after the regencies as the prinzregentenjahre or the prinzregentenzeit. numerous streets in bavarian cities and towns are called prinzregentenstraße. many institutions are named in luitpold ' s honour, e. g., the prinzregententheater in munich. prinzregententorte is a multi - layered cake with chocolate butter cream named in luitpold ' s honour. at luitpold ' s death in 1912, his son prince ludwig succeeded as prince regent. ludwig held the title for less than a year, since the bavarian legislature decided to recognise


chocolate butter cream named in luitpold ' s honour. at luitpold ' s death in 1912, his son prince ludwig succeeded as prince regent. ludwig held the title for less than a year, since the bavarian legislature decided to recognise him as king. prince regent in belgium - the first head of state of belgium after it seceded from the dutch monarchy in 1831 was a regent ( but not a prince in his own right ), baron erasme louis surlet de chokier, before the new nation, which had chosen to become a parliamentary monarchy, had its first king sworn in to the constitution. - prince charles of belgium served as prince regent of belgium from 1944 to 1950 during the german captivity and then exile to switzerland of his elder brother, king leopold iii of belgium. prince regent in bulgaria prince kiril of bulgaria was appointed head of a regency council by the bulgarian parliament following the death of his brother, tsar boris on 28 august 1943, to act as head of state until the late tsar ' s son, simeon ii of bulgaria, became 18. on 5 september 1944 the soviet union declared war on the kingdom of bulgaria and on the 8th - soviet armies crossed the romanian border and occupied the country. on 1 february 1945 the prince regent kyril, and the two other former regents - professor bogdan filov and general nikola mihov, as well as a range of former cabinet ministers, royal advisors and 67 mps were executed. prince lieutenant in luxembourg the heir to the grand duke of luxembourg may be titled prince - lieutenant ( ' prince deputy ' ) during a period in which the incumbent remains formally on the grand ducal throne, but ( progressively, most ) functions of the crown are performed by the ' monarch apprentice ', as prince jean ( still alive ) did 4 may 1961 - 12 november 1964 in the last years of his mother charlotte ' s reign ( she lived until 1985 ), and jean ' s own son prince henri 3 march 1998 - 7 october 2000 until his father abdicated and he succeeded. king or queen regent it has also been known throughout history that when a king is unable to reign or is out of the country for long periods of time, sometimes the consort will step up and will temporarily do the duties of a prince regent. sometimes they are unofficially known as regents themselves. in the kingdom of swaziland, queen mothers have temporarily stepped in when the sovereign was either a minor or unable to reign for other reasons. other notable princes regent - more prince - regents ( often without such specific title ) are


as regents themselves. in the kingdom of swaziland, queen mothers have temporarily stepped in when the sovereign was either a minor or unable to reign for other reasons. other notable princes regent - more prince - regents ( often without such specific title ) are to be found in regent. - crown prince frederick of denmark served as regent from 1784 to 1808 for his father, king christian vii of denmark, who was insane. - prince william of prussia served as regent from 1858 to 1861 for his older brother king frederick william iv of prussia, who had become mentally unfit to rule. - prince charles, count of flanders, served as regent from 1944 to 1950 for his older brother king leopold iii of belgium, whose position had come under scrutiny after the second world war and his marriage to lilian baels. - prince dorgon of the qing dynasty served as regent for his nephew, emperor shunzhi, from 1643 to 1650, because the latter was only six at the time of his ascension. dorgon was instrumental in moving manchu forces into beijing in 1644, proclaiming the qing dynasty to be the legitimate successor to the ming dynasty. in qing dynasty historical records, dorgon was the first to be referred to as shezhengwang 政 王 ( the prince regent ). - zaifeng, prince chun during the qing dynasty served as regent from 1908 to 1911 for his young son puyi, the xuantong emperor. apart from dorgon, zaifeng was the only person in chinese history who was specifically referred to as prince regent. - prince paul of yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941, known in serbian as његово краљевско височанство, кнез намесник ( english : his royal highness the prince regent ) - john, prince of brazil ( 1767 – 1826 ) served as regent of portugal for his mother queen maria i, who had become mentally unfit to rule, from 1799 to 1816. his regency was associated with the famous transfer of the portuguese court to brazil.


swat ( princely state ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | | state of swat | | province of the mughal empire ( 1802 – 1858 ) princely state of the british raj ( 1858 – 1947 ) princely state of pakistan ( 1947 – 1955 ) | wali of swat | | his highness sultan faghal ( first ) | | his highness miangul jahan zeb, wali of swat ( last ) | | historical era | | mughal empire ( 1802 – 1858 ) indian british empire ( 22 february 1858 - 1947 ) princely state of pakistan ( 1947 - 1955 ) part of west pakistan ( 1955 - 1969 ) khyber - pakhtunkhwa ( 1970 - present ) dividing between the swat, buner and shangla | | - | | merged into west pakistan | | 14 october 1955 | | currency | | rupee, pakistan rupee ( after 1947 ) | this article is part of the series the yousufzai state of swat ( urdu : ریاست سوات ) was a province of the mughal empire ruled by local rulers known as the akhunds, then until 1947 a princely state of the british indian empire, which was dissolved in 1947, when the akhwand acceded to pakistan. the state lay to the north of the modern khyber - pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan and continued within its 1947 borders until 1969, when it was dissolved. the area it covered is now divided between the present - day states of swat, buner and shangla. | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( october 2012 ) | - see also history of swat the swat region has been inhabited for more than two thousand years and was known in ancient times as udyana. the location of swat made it an important stopping point for many invaders, including alexander the great and sultan mahmud of ghazni. the second century bce saw swat forming part of the buddhist civilisation of gandhara. swat was a center of hinayana buddhism and of the mahayana school that developed from it. the chinese pilgrim fa - hsien, who visited the valley around 403 ce, mentions 500 monasteries. after him, sun yun ( 519 ce ), hsuan - tsang ( 630 ce ), and wu - kung ( 752 ce ) visited swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit - trees and the respect in which buddhism was held. the kushan dynasty ruled for


wu - kung ( 752 ce ) visited swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit - trees and the respect in which buddhism was held. the kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries until it was overrun by the white huns in the 5th century ce and the glory of the gandhara era came to an end. hsuan - tsang recorded the decline of buddhism. according to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. the monks still quoted from the scriptures but no longer understood them. there were grapes in abundance but cultivation of the fields was sparse. from the 8th century ce onwards, muslim arabs started to exert pressure from the west in the most eastern - iranian lands where the hindu shahi dynasty still ruled. at the beginning of the 8th century, the gabari royal tajik tribe advanced through laghmanat, ningarhar, and dir to invade swat, defeating the bhudists and the hindus. this war was headed by sultan pakhal gabari and later on by sultan behram gabari, both jahangirian sultans. rulers of kuner pich and cousin of rulers of balkh and kashmir. later some dilazak encroached on the area and settled among the gabaris, who in 1519 and 1520 were ousted in their turn by the yusufzais backed by the mughal badshah zahiruddin muhammad baber, the fierce super power. it is a historical paradox that the yusufzais were ousted from kabul by mirza ullegh beg, the uncle of baber, and killed 600 malak of yusufzai, whereas the gabaris warmly welcomed yousofzai refugees and settled them within gabari sultanate areas of bajour, dir and swat. the yusofzais forgot the generosity of the gabaris and encroached on their state with the plotted help of zahiruddin muhammad babar. and thus, in 1519 they demolished the gabar - kot fortress in bajour killed the sultans including sultan mir haider ali gabari. further advanced into swat, forcing the last gabari ruler, sultan awais gabari manglaware fort, to retire to upper dir. he established his rule in upper dir, chitral wakhan, badakhshan and other petty states of the upper oxus. the modern area of swat was ruled sporadically


##yasunddin abdullah khan | | sultan owais jahangeeri | | 1849 - 11 may 1857 | | sayyid akbar shah | | 11 may 1857 - 1863 | | sayyid mubarak shah sahib | | 1863 – 1915 | | state in abeyance | | 1915 - september 1917 | | sayyid abdul - jabbar khan | | september 1917 - 12 december 1949 | | miangul golshahzada abdul - wadud badshah sahib | | 12 december 1949 - 28 july 1969 | | miangul abdul - haqq jahan zeb | | 28 july 1969 | | ( civil administration ) | | miangul abdul - haqq jahan zeb | | 1987 to date | | ( civil administration ) | | miangul aurangzeb | see also - ben cahoon, worldstatesmen. org. " pakistan princely states ". retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03. further reading - the last wali of swat : an autobiography as told by fredrik barth ( asian portraits ), by fredrik barth - sack, john ( 2000 ). report from practically nowhere. isbn 0 - 595 - 08918 - 6. - sultan - i - rome, swat state, 1915 – 1969, from genesis to merger : an analysis of political, administrative, socio - political, and economic development, karachi : oxford university press ( 2008 ), isbn 0 - 19 - 547113 - x - sultan - i - rome. forestry in the princely state of swat and kalam ( north - west pakistan ) : a historical perspective on norms and practices, nccr ip6 working paper no. 6. zurich : department of geography, university of zurich ( 2005 ) - government of khyber pakhtunkhwa - royalark website on general and dynastic history - details on the ruling family of swat - daily times : nwfp religious background - geographic journal article on swat


hurricane irene of 2011 now rated history ' s 6th most damaging hurricane new damage estimates released last month by noaa now place the damage from 2011 ' s hurricane irene at $ 15. 8 billion, making the storm the 6th costliest hurricane and 10th costliest weather - related disaster in u. s. history. irene hit north carolina on august 27, 2011, as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds, and made landfalls the next day in new jersey and new york city as a tropical storm. most of the damage from irene occurred because of the tremendous fresh water flooding the storm ' s rains brought to much of new england. irene is now rated as the most expensive category 1 hurricane to hit the u. s. the previous record was held by hurricane agnes of 1972, whose floods did $ 11. 8 billion in damage in the northeast. noaa also announced that the name irene had been retired from the list of active hurricane names. irene was the only named retired in 2011, and was the 76th name to be retired since 1954. the name irene was replaced with irma, which is next scheduled be used in 2017. figure 1. true - color modis image of hurricane irene over north carolina taken at 11 : 35 am edt august 27, 2011. at the time, irene was a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds. image credit : nasa. at last month ' s 30th conference on hurricanes and tropical meteorology of the american meteorological society, paul ruscher of florida state university explained how irene ' s storm surge came within 8 inches of flooding new york city ' s subway system, which would have caused devastating damage. at the current global rate of sea level rise of 3. 1 mm / year, a repeat of irene 65 years from now would be capable of flooding the subway system, if no action is taken. since sea level rise is expected to accelerate as the planet warms in coming decades, an irene - type storm surge would likely be capable of flooding the nyc subway system much sooner than that. to read more about new york city ' s vulnerability, see andrew freedman ' s analysis at climate central, climate change could cripple new york ’ s transportation, or my november 2011 blog post, hurricane irene : new york city dodges a potential storm surge mega - disaster.


to our enota readers august 1, 2012 one of the many vegetables growing in our organic garden this year is the jalapeno pepper. the jalapeno is a vegetable — or, more properly, a fruit — that can be grown either in a simple garden or in the home. besides this, jalapenos can be used for a variety of recipes and mixtures. like all capsicum peppers, the jalepeno comes naturally from the americas. the jalapeno in particular originates from mexico, and is named after xalapa, veracruz. a mature fruit normally ranges in size from 2 - 3 ½ inches and is normally picked while still green. the juice of the jalapeno has long been used as a remedy for cardiovascular problems or even allergies. incidentally, the chipotle is a just ripe jalapeno that has been smoked. jalapenos have a good source of iron, phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin, and magnesium. also, if you ’ re looking for a good source of vitamin c, jalapenos can help. 1 cup of sliced jalapenos contain as much as 66 % the daily value of vitamin c, along with 14 % the daily value of vitamin a. jalapenos are also thought to have a beneficial effect in alzheimer ’ s disease — mainly by limiting neuronal damage in the brain. most people automatically assume that jalapenos are very hot. in all actuality, the seeds are the hottest part of the pepper. and if you ’ re eating the pepper raw rather than pickled, you ’ ll find a little less heat. if you ’ re looking for a challenge, the jalapeno is definitely not one of the top peppers. the habenero is better for intense heat or — if looking for a touch of true fire — the ghost pepper can feed the flames. so what gives jalapenos their heat? well, the capsaicin flavonoid gives many peppers their characteristic heat, and this is especially true if peppers have been pickled or cooked. also, if you ’ re looking to add a little bit of fresh jalapeno to your stir - fry or other dishes, be careful in cooking these peppers on the skillet or grill : the compounds released can be a big irritant to the eyes and lungs if not careful. food chemists believe this is because the capsaicin evaporates and expands. if you ’


in cooking these peppers on the skillet or grill : the compounds released can be a big irritant to the eyes and lungs if not careful. food chemists believe this is because the capsaicin evaporates and expands. if you ’ re eating jalapenos and feel the heat is a little too much, eating cold yogurt can help cool you down. don ’ t try to drink a lot of water ; this only causes the capsaicin to spread around. the yogurt ( ice cream can also help ) dilutes the capsaicin and helps to keep it from touching the lining of your stomach, which helps in soothing any burning pain. don ’ t get any portion of the pepper near your eye. if dealing with the peppers, wash your hands before getting your hands near your eyes or nose. if this does happen, rinse your eyes out thoroughly with cold water to reduce irritation. of course, eating a large amount of spicy foods over a long period of time can cause ulcers. if you are experiencing any pain after eating spicy foods, give your doctor a call and put the spicy adventures on hold until you know the cause. 1 lb. onions ½ lb. bell peppers 1 tsp salt, optional ½ cup of white vinegar ½ lb. jalapeno peppers 1 large can tomatoes, 16 oz. 1 tsp. garlic powder cut stems and remove seeds from jalapeno peppers. chop fine, wear gloves when handling jalapenos. chop all vegetables, including tomatoes, and place in pot with other ingredients. bring to a boil, then simmer about 1 hour, stirring occasionally until onions are soft and sauce is slightly thickened. to get sauce a little hotter, leave in all jalapeno pepper seeds bottle and refrigerate, or may be put in jars and canned. makes about 3 pints. 12 ounces cream cheese, softened 1 ( 8 ounce ) package shredded cheddar cheese 1 tablespoon bacon bits 12 ounces jalapeno peppers, seeded and halved 1 cup milk 1 cup all - purpose flour 1 cup dry bread crumbs 2 quarts of oil for frying in medium bowl, mix the cream cheese, cheddar cheese, and bacon bits. spoon this mixture into the jalapeno pepper halves. put the milk and flour into two separate small bowls. dip the stuffed jalapenos first into the milk then into the flour, making sure they are well coated with each. allow the


williams, h. paul ( 2009 ) logic and integer programming. international series in operations research & management science. springer, london, uk. isbn 9780387922799 integer programming ( discrete optimization ) is best used for solving problems involving discrete, whole elements. using integer variables, one can model logical requirements, fixed costs, sequencing and scheduling requirements, and many other problem aspects. whether it ’ s taught in or graduate programs or in math or computer science programs ; in courses called " integer programming, " " combinatorial optimization, " " combinatorial optimization and integer programming " or simply " advanced operations management, " it ’ s a part of every or curriculum, and one of its greatest teachers has developed a text that shows how to use logic in integer programming to develop models with much greater precision. paul williams, a leading authority on modeling in integer programming, has written a concise, readable introduction to the science and art of using modeling in logic for integer programming. written for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as academics and practitioners, the book is divided into four chapters that all avoid the typical format of definitions, theorems and proofs and instead introduce concepts and results within the text through examples. references are given at the end of each chapter to the more mathematical papers and texts on the subject, and exercises are included to reinforce and expand on the material in the chapter. chapter 1 gives a basic introduction to logic and its aims, and goes on to explain the propositional and predicate calculus. chapter 2 explains linear programming ( lp ) and integer programming ( ip ) using the machinery of logic ; explains the fundamental structural and mathematical properties of these types of models, along with the main methods of solving ip models ; covers main areas of practical application ; and attempts to distinguish between computationally ‘ difficult ’ and ‘ easy ’ classes of problem. chapter 3 applies logic to the formulation of ip models using the methods explained in chapter 1 and looks at the deeper mathematical concepts involved. chapter 4 then covers the fundamental problem of computational logic : the satisfiability problem, which lies at the heart of the entire book. methods of solving with both logic and ip are given and their connections are described. applications in diverse fields are discussed, and williams shows how ip models can be expressed as satisfiability problems and solved as such. | additional information : | | © 2009 h. paul williams | | library of congress subject classification : | | z bibliography. library science. information resources > za information resources > za4050 electronic