knowledge under threat in war - torn mali 29 aug 12 the destruction of mausoleums and shrines in timbuktu by islamic militias caused international outrage and drew attention to a war that has destroyed not only monuments but also many human lives. mali ’ s cultural heritage is under threat, and so is its heritage of traditional knowledge linked to agriculture and food. before the conflict exploded, slow food was working with the fao and the italian ministry for foreign affairs ( italian development cooperation ) to promote traditional products from the country, and from guinea - bissau, sierra leone and senegal. this project led to the creation of the timbuktu and gao katta pasta presidium. the towns of timbuktu and gao are in the northern azawad region, where the tuareg and the mnla ( mouvement national pour la liberation de l ' azawad ) are demanding independence. katta pasta is shaped by women from a dough made with local wheat flour, and recalls the shape of italian trofie. dried and toasted, it is usually eaten cooked in a sauce of dried fish, tomato, meat and spices. almahdi al ansari, the presidium coordinator, reports : “ currently in timbuktu the women cannot go out unless they are accompanied by a man from their family and completely veiled. the government army units were concentrated here and so the ‘ pale - skinned ’ population fled, fearing retribution because they were believed to support independence. some of the presidium ’ s women are now among the refugees in camps in mauritania and burkina faso. the economy has stalled, agriculture has been destroyed, and no - one is sowing or harvesting. ” almahdi does have some positive news : “ a few of the darker - skinned women have remained. they are still making katta pasta, and production has increased, maybe even doubled, because the people have had to stop eating rice, which came from the south. instead there is an abundance of flour from algeria. ” find out more : download the publications produced by slow food as part of the project with the fao. discover the presidium at the salone del gusto and terra madre, in turin from october 25 to 29, 2012. photo : timbuktu and gao katta pasta presidium by paola viesi latest food for thought articles italy | 21 / 05 / 2013 | carlo petrini and journalist stefano liberti talk about land grabbing in the african continent......


air quality may be unhealthy for some through thursday the ohio epa is predicting that the air quality in northeast ohio will be unhealthy for some sensitive groups of people because of pollution. pollution in the air in northeast ohio may be a concern for those who have asthma, lung disease or older adults and children wednesday, thursday and possibly friday this week. the akron regional air quality agency, the cleveland deptartment of public health and welfare and ohio environmental protection agency are predicting the air quality will be unsafe for some sensitive groups of people through march 22. the air quality index as of 5 p. m. march 21, was a 78, which is considered " moderate. " there are six ratings that range from " good " to " hazardous. " on friday, the above organizations are predicting the quality will move from " moderate " to " unhealthy to sensitive groups. " " unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion, " according to a press release from airnow. " residents, businesses and local governments should voluntarily reduce activities that contribute to ozone air pollution. be proactive by reducing or eliminating unnecessary motor vehicle trips, and consider carpooling or use public transportation. consider setting your home or office air conditioning thermostat slightly higher. " the agencies that have issued the alert recommend that people wait until after 7 p. m. to do prolonged outdoor activities, like exercising and mowing the lawn. click here to learn more about the alert, how to reduce air pollution and more.


in the free software movement, we believe computer users should have the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use. the “ free ” in free software refers to freedom : it means users have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software. free software contributes to human knowledge, while non - free software does not. universities should therefore encourage free software for the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage scientists and scholars to publish their work. alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards software ( and towards science ) ; they see programs as opportunities for income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. free software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20 years. when i started developing the gnu operating system in 1984, my first step was to quit my job at mit. i did this specifically so that the mit licensing office would be unable to interfere with releasing gnu as free software. i had planned an approach for licensing the programs in gnu that ensures that all modified versions must be free software as well, an approach that developed into the gnu general public license ( gnu gpl ), and i did not want to have to beg the mit administration to let me use it. over the years, university affiliates have often come to the free software foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who see software only as something to sell. one good method, applicable even for specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an existing program that was released under the gnu gpl. then you can tell the administrators, “ we ’ re not allowed to release the modified version except under the gnu gpl — any other way would be copyright infringement. ” after the dollar signs fade from their eyes, they will usually consent to releasing it as free software. you can also ask your funding sponsor for help. when a group at nyu developed the gnu ada compiler, with funding from the u. s. air force, the contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the free software foundation. work out the arrangement with the sponsor first, then politely show the university administration that it is not open to renegotiation. they would rather have a contract to develop free software than no contract at all, so they will most likely go along. whatever you do, raise the issue early — certainly before the program is half finished. at this point, the university still needs you, so you can play hardball : tell the administration you will finish the program, make it usable, if they


. whatever you do, raise the issue early — certainly before the program is half finished. at this point, the university still needs you, so you can play hardball : tell the administration you will finish the program, make it usable, if they have agreed in writing to make it free software ( and agreed to your choice of free software license ). otherwise you will work on it only enough to write a paper about it, and never make a version good enough to release. when the administrators know their choice is to have a free software package that brings credit to the university or nothing at all, they will usually choose the former. not all universities have grasping policies. the university of texas has a policy that, by default, all software developed there is released as free software under the gnu general public license. univates in brazil, and the indian institute of information technology in hyderabad, india, both have policies in favor of releasing software under the gpl. by developing faculty support first, you may be able to institute such a policy at your university. present the issue as one of principle : does the university have a mission to advance human knowledge, or is its sole purpose to perpetuate itself? whatever approach you use, it helps to have determination and adopt an ethical perspective, as we do in the free software movement. to treat the public ethically, the software should be free — as in freedom — for the whole public. many developers of free software profess narrowly practical reasons for doing so : they advocate allowing others to share and change software as an expedient for making software powerful and reliable. if those values motivate you to develop free software, well and good, and thank you for your contribution. but those values will not give you a good footing to stand firm when university administrators try to tempt you to make the program non - free. for instance, they may argue that “ we could make it even more powerful and reliable with all the money we can get. ” this claim may or may not come true in the end, but it is hard to disprove in advance. they may suggest a license to offer copies “ free of charge, for academic use only, ” which would tell the general public they don ’ t deserve freedom, and argue that this will obtain the cooperation of academia, which is all ( they say ) you need. if you start from “ pragmatic ” values, it is hard to give a good reason for rejecting these dead - end proposals, but you can do it easily if


this week we celebrate congress passing the judiciary act of 1789 which established the supreme court of united states. president george washington signed the bill into law and nominated john jay as the chief justice. the whole process - passing the bill, signing the bill into law, and the nomination and approval of the justices — took two days. this moonday ’ s heroic hunk in history is john jay ( 1745 - 1829 ). from a wealthy new york family with huguenot and dutch roots, jay was a conservative lawyer who supported a strong centralized federal government. jay with alexander hamilton and james madison wrote the federalist papers that helped frame the constitution. he was an ardent supporter of the anti - slavery movement. jay was an american patriot, founding father, legislator, and diplomat. he served as a member and president of the continental congress during the revolutionary war, ambassador to spain and france, chief justice of the supreme court, and governor of new york. today ’ s the last day of my ’ name that character contest ’ for my contemporary fantasy short story nimue ’ s daughter. it ’ s a rescue from armageddon based on the arthurian mythology. it ’ s also a work in progress for shared whispers, the freebie anthology from champagne authors that will be published and available for free download in january. please visit ritabay. com and help me name my character. for more info click on the image below :


once affordable only among the wealthy, brick homes became more easily available to the average american in the early years of the twentieth century. this book, originally published in 1920 by a member of the common brick manufacturers ' association, served as a practical guide for prospective homeown... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : 500 small houses of the twenties by henry atterbury smith perspective drawings, floor plans, and descriptions of principal features of outstanding ' 20s designs, many by leading architects of the period. 1, 135 black - and - white line illustrations, 262 black - and - white photographs and tone drawings. radford ' s house designs of the twenties by wm. a. radford co. floor plans and exterior photos of nearly 100 homes, among them the charming amity, a two - story dutch colonial with 4 bedrooms and 3 fireplaces. 189 black - and - white illustrations. 124 distinctive house designs and floor plans, 1929 by national building publications meticulous reproduction of rare catalog offers a beautifully illustrated look at homes intended for budgets from $ 3, 500 to $ 15, 000. designs include such special features as built - in cabinets and clothes chutes. 370 black - and - white illustrations. the most popular homes of the twenties by william a. radford, daniel d. reiff based on a rare 1925 catalog, this architectural showcase features floor plans, construction details, and photos of 26 homes, plus articles on entrances, porches, garages, and more. 250 illustrations, 21 color plates. once affordable only among the wealthy, brick homes became more easily available to the average american in the early years of the twentieth century. this book, originally published in 1920 by a member of the common brick manufacturers ' association, served as a practical guide for prospective homeowners from working class families. many soon found that attractive, durable, and comfortable homes - - made from nature ' s own building material - - were easily within their financial reach. thirty - five sets of floor plans, elevations, and specifications in this excellent reproduction of that now - rare volume depict a wide variety of brick houses, bungalows, cottages, garages, and multi - dwelling buildings - - from the four - bedroom pocatello to the handsome saratoga, featuring a wraparound porch and two bathrooms. this practical guide will appeal to anyone wanting to buy or renovate an existing home of the period. it will also serve as a how - to manual for all desiring to build their own


better pollution control technology needed to cut voc emissions by summit voice frisco — ongoing studies of winter ozone formation in the uinta basin shows the need for better pollution control technology on oil and gas drilling rigs and other equipment used for fossil fuel development. an emissions inventory developed for the study found that oil and gas operations are responsible for 98 - 99 percent of the volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), and for 57 - 61 percent of the nitrogen oxide emissions. vocs and nitrogen compounds are the key ingredients for ozone - laced smog, which has been clearly identified as a human health threat. the collaborative study led by university of utah scientists was aimed at better understanding winter ozone formation and the scientists found that snow - covered ground, along with specific atmospheric conditions, are the key factors for ozone formation. c urtailing industrial operations during certain weather patterns could be one way to reduce the formation of ozone, but that might prove costly for companies working with leased drilling gear, officials said during a press conference this week. before developing a comprehensive mitigation strategy, researchers want to develop more accurate weather and photochemical models to accurately simulate winter ozone formation. only then will they know which mitigation strategies are most effective. but in general, the study team said voc controls hold the most promise for effectively reducing ozone production and would have other health benefits, considering that cancer - causing substances like benzene and tuolene are health threats in their own right. the study was partly supported by the western energy alliance with funding from several fossil fuel development companies adding up to $ 2. 125 million. “ ironically, after gathering a very impressive research team and deploying them into the basin with a vast array of scientific instruments, there were no high ozone occurrences in 2012, ” said kathleen sgamma, vice president of government & public affairs. “ the weather conditions necessary for ozone formation did not exist last winter, but as a result, the scientists were able to gather extensive baseline data, ” she said. “ industry remains committed to protecting air quality while continuing to develop domestic energy in the west, and proud to be a part of this scientific endeavor, ” sgamma said. the final 2011 - 2012 study report and the 2012 / 2013 plan are online at http : / / www. deq. utah. gov / locations / uintahbasin / index. htm.


posted on august 4, 2012 by bob berwyn parts of the cascadia subduction zone may be overdue for a large earthquake. map courtesy usgs. new research documents timeline of pacific northwest fault activity by summit voice summit county — the pacific northwest could be due for a monster earthquake sometime in the next 50 years, with oregon ’ s southern coast pinpointed as the most vulnerable area, according to oregon state university researchers who recently finished studying the pattern of historical quakes in the region. the comprehensive analysis of the cascadia subduction zone confirms numerous earthquakes during the past 10, 000 years and estimates that a new quake could approach the intensity of the tohoku quake that devastated japan in march 2011. “ the southern margin of cascadia has a much higher recurrence level for major earthquakes than the northern end and, frankly, it is overdue for a rupture, ” said chris goldfinger, a professor in osu ’ s college of earth, ocean, and atmospheric sciences and lead author of the study. “ that doesn ’ t mean that an earthquake couldn ’ t strike first along the northern half, from newport, ore., to vancouver island. ( more … ) filed under : world news | tagged : cascadia subduction zone, earthquakes, oregon, oregon state university, pacific northwest | leave a comment » posted on june 23, 2012 by bob berwyn western snowy plover. photo courtesy usfws. settlement may partially protect breeding plovers from encroaching sea level rise by summit voice summit county — slowly but surely, federal biologists are undoing some of the most egregious decisions by the bush administration with regard to endangered species. in a settlement announced this week, the u. s. fish and wildlife service designated about 38 square miles of critical habitat for western snowy plovers in washington, oregon and california. snowy plovers were listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act in 1993, when the coastal population dropped to 1, 500 birds. the listing enabled the population to recover to more than 3, 600 adults by 2010. ( more … ) filed under : biodiversity, endangered species, environment | tagged : california, center for biological diversity, endangered species act, oregon, united states fish and wildlife service, washington, western snowy plover, western snowy plover critical habitat | leave a comment » posted on april 13, 2012 by bob berwyn research links ocean acidification with stunted larval growth if you enjoy fresh oysters, eat up


, washington, western snowy plover, western snowy plover critical habitat | leave a comment » posted on april 13, 2012 by bob berwyn research links ocean acidification with stunted larval growth if you enjoy fresh oysters, eat up, because global warming and ocean acidification are taking a toll on the reproduction of the popular shellfish. photo by bob berwyn. summit county — an oregon oyster farm may have to shut down because increasing increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in sea water has stunted larval growth, making the operation “ non - economically viable. ” researchers found that the sea water is becoming more corrosive, inhibiting larval oysters from developing their shells and growing at a pace that would make commercial production cost - effective. as atmospheric co2 levels continue to rise, the oregon oysters may be the proverbial canary in the coal mine for other ocean acidification impacts on shellfish, according to oregon state university scientists. ( more … ) filed under : biodiversity, climate and weather, environment, global warming | tagged : climate, global warming, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, netarts bay, ocean acidification, oceanography, oregon, oregon state university, oysters | leave a comment » posted on march 9, 2012 by bob berwyn cultural shift needed to ensure safety of coastal residents tsunami flooding on the sendai airport runway. photo courtesy u. s. air force. by summit voice summit county — the one - year anniversary of the devastating tsunami in japan offers some sobering lessons for parts of the u. s. that could one day face a similar disaster. the fact that 90 percent of the coastal region ’ s residents and visitors evacuated effectively is a tribute to planning and community drills, said patrick corcoran, an oregon state university education and outreach specialist, who just returned from a disaster symposium at united nations university in japan. if the same magnitude earthquake and tsunami hits the pacific northwest, the death toll will be much higher because of the lack of comparable preparation, he said. that 90 percent rate could be the number of victims, not survivors. ( more … ) filed under : world news | tagged : 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami, japan, japan tsunami anniversary, oregon, oregon state university, pacific northwest | 3 comments » posted on november 26, 2011 by bob berwyn gray wolf. photo courtesy usfws. sanctioned oregon killings on hold pending appeals court review of state wildlife laws by summit voice summit county — as a species, we humans like to think we ’


the cam - wizard tape editor is used to edit the tape code that is normally created by the post processor. the tape editor is normally run by typing tape while running cam or by selecting it from other programs. this program can also be run directly from the operating system by using the tape command. the tape editor uses many special keys. on the right side of the keyboard there are eight special keys, up arrow, down arrow, left arrow, right arrow, home, end, pgup, and pgdn, that are used for moving the blinking cursor. the arrow keys are used for moving the cursor around on the screen. the [ home ] key is used to move to the beginning of the line. the [ end ] key can is used to move to the end of the line. the user can scroll up and down a page at a time with the [ pgup ] and [ pgdn ] keys. also on the keypad are the [ ins ] and [ del ] keys. pressing the [ ins ] key will toggle the insert mode. when in insert mode typing any character will move the part of the line to the right of the cursor to the right and insert the character, otherwise the character will " type over " the existing characters on that line. pressing [ del ] will move the part of the line to the right of the cursor, to the left, deleting the character over the cursor. because the editor has been designed to accept anything that is typed into it as pure input to be included in the text file it creates, all functions other than the input of that data must be executed by pressing special function keys. these keys are located on the top row of the keyboard. the [ f1 ] key is used to insert a line into the text. pressing this key causes the line that the cursor is on to move down one line, creating a blank line to type on. the [ f2 ] key causes the line that the cursor is on to be deleted. the [ f3 ] key is used for the search function. pressing [ f3 ] will cause the program to stop and input a character string from the user. the editor will then search from its current position in the program for that string. entering nothing at the " find string? " will cause the last string to be searched for again from the current cursor position on. the [ f4 ] key is used for the replace function. when this key is


program for that string. entering nothing at the " find string? " will cause the last string to be searched for again from the current cursor position on. the [ f4 ] key is used for the replace function. when this key is pressed, the user is asked what string to search for. after typing in this string and pressing [ enter ], the user is asked what string to change it to. all occurrences of the first string will then be highlighted, and the user will be asked " replace? ( y / n / g / esc )? ". pressing [ y ] will replace that occurrence of the search string. pressing [ n ] will skip that occurrence. pressing [ g ] will replace all remaining occurrences. pressing [ esc ] will abort the replace function. the [ f5 ] key must be used with care. when [ f5 ] is pressed, the program will ask " are you sure? ( y / n )? ". pressing [ y ] will then erase the entire tape ; if it has not been saved it will be lost. this key is used to erase everything in order to start new. the [ f6 ] key is used to exit the editor, save the current text, and run the programs that appear when the key is pressed. the programs available from the editor will be listed on the screen with a single character to the left of each. pressing the key corresponding to any of those characters will cause the related program to be run. pressing an invalid key will return operation to the editor as if nothing had happened. the [ f7 ] key is used to read in a previously stored file from the disk. after pressing this key, the user is asked for a file name. entering the file name and pressing [ enter ] will cause that file to be appended to the text already loaded into the editor. entering a cam - wizard device name will cause the text to be read from that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f8 ] key is used to write a file to a disk or to the printer. entering a valid ms - dos file name causes the text to be saved on a disk file and typing the word printer will cause the text to be sent to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the


to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f9 ] key is used for block editing functions. blocks of text can be copied and deleted using the block edit command. when pressed, the system will prompt you for the function, either mark block start, mark block end, copy block, or delete block. blocks must be defined before they can be copied or deleted. the [ f10 ] key is used to renumber a tape. this function will ask the increment to use for renumbering the tape. at this time the user can specify the number to be counted by and the number of digits to use on the tape. for instance if you type 005, then the tape will be numbered by 5 and each n number on the tape will take up 3 digits. ( 005, 010, 015, 020... ). send mail to email @ example. com with questions or comments about this web site. please read our usage rules before using any information from this site. copyright © 2000 swe engineering last modified : june 10, 2002


this book is at the opposite end of the spectrum, so to speak, from the previously - mentioned source. in this book, williamson and the other authors discuss music from an expertise on the art itself. there is no mention of digital music, sampling, file - sharing, or other similar topics to be found anywhere in the book. in their places are excerpts from sheet music and examples of lyrics. they offer their expert commentary on subjects ranging from chopin to snoop dogg, from dante to the beatles, and each is approached with the same level of intellect and scholarship. multiple chapters cover the creation of music from scratch – as told from the songwriter ’ s point of view, and it is this unique perspective that offers a new form of insight into the practice of digital sampling. another important factor in this work is the chapter entitled “ mimesis, gesture, and parody in musical word - setting. ” this chapter not only explores the implications that a parody has on an original work but sets the framework for parody with an historical narrative about its origins. at first, this seemed to be irrelevant to the topic of digital sampling and copyright law, but after further inspection, it became apparent that this knowledge is very important to the understanding of parody and its stance in copyright law. words and music discusses at length many different styles and genres of modern music, primarily “ gangsta, ” or hardcore, rap. this genre is a unique example because not only is it arguably the heaviest on lyrical content out of all kinds of music, but also because it is notorious for its sampling practices and is quite possibly the realm in which the most copyright infringement cases take place. reading a scholarly assessment on such genres is especially helpful for this topic seeing as it provides a critical, but not condemning eye on the subject. this is all - to - rare in today ’ s academic and scholarly publications, and to have a source such as this is very useful in the terms of this research paper.


who should speak first when evaluating a lesson in the post - observation feedback session, the observer or the observed? this was the subject of an extended and impromptu debate at an external training session i attended last week. the person leading the session stood back in true ‘ facilitator ’ style while a room of teachers explained to each other why their preferred way is better than the other. i was fascinated and decided to blog some of their points. why the observer should speak first the observer is often ( but not always ) more experienced and has plenty of good advice for the observed teacher, why not get straight to the point? if the observed teacher spoke first and evaluated their own lesson inaccurately, they could have their confidence dented when the observer disagreed with what they ’ d said. everyone needs praise, and if the observer goes first they can start by highlighting the good aspects of the observed teacher ’ s lesson and establish a positive and nurturing atmosphere. why the observed teacher should speak first if they spoke second, they would be influenced by the feedback from the observer, so the observer would not hear a genuine self - evaluation. this means that they will miss an opportunity to develop their ability to judge lesson effectiveness. if the observed teacher speaks first they are forced into a reflective state of mind in which they ’ ll be more receptive to advice. allowing the observed teacher to speak first makes it clear that the evaluation of the lesson is a shared experience and establishes a more supportive environment. the observer ’ s feedback can be targeted more effectively if they hear the observed teacher ’ s point of view first, for example focusing on an aspect in which they put the most effort. teachers are often too hard on themselves, and if the observed teacher starts by criticising aspects of their own lesson it can be a confidence boost when the observer highlights some good aspects. lesson observations are subjective, and the observer may have missed something that the teacher didn ’ t. speaking second allows them to give better - informed feedback. if you can ’ t tell from my completely biased paraphrasing of the points, i prefer letting the observed teacher speak first. any arguments about the observed teacher getting the evaluation wildly wrong seem flawed to me because without the opportunity to highlight those inaccuracies, they will never learn to adequately evaluate the effectiveness of their own teaching, nor that of others. have i missed any arguments either way? let me know ( @ teachgr ). thanks to @ grevster73, @ coope83, @ leedonaghy, @


what is the toeic? the toeic or test of english for international communication, is a standardized, paper - and - pencil test given to non - native english speakers. who uses toeic results? - corporations and government agencies recruiting new hires - educational institutions establishing placement in english classes. the traditional toeic only tests two skills : listening and reading. however, ets, the makers of the toeic, have added this test, the toeic speaking and writing exam, to its english language test repertoire. here ' s what you can expect to see on the computer - based toeic speaking and writing test : how long is the toeic speaking and writing test? - about 1 ½ hours - 20 minutes for toeic speaking - 60 minutes for toeic writing how ' s your ability to speak english? the toeic speaking test measures your ability to use english in your own life and throughout the course of your career. anyone can take the test – it ' s designed so that people highly skilled with the english language and others not so skilled can both perform. you ' ll have 11 different tasks during this test, but will spend only about 20 minutes on it. again, the toeic writing test examines testers newly writing in english all the way through proficient english writers. here, you ' ll have 8 tasks to complete and about an hour to spend working on them.


jamsetji nusserwanji tata was born into a clerical parsi family in nausari. his father, nusserwanji tata, moved to bombay and started trading. jamsetji joined the elphinstone college in bombay in 1856. he was considered to be a promising enough student to have his fees remitted. married while still a student, he passed out in 1858, and joined his father ' s trading firm a year later. his first venture was to open the hong kong branch of his father ' s firm in december of the same year, in partnership with premchand roychand and others. this firm did extremely well during the cotton boom, and jamsetji was soon involved in many financial deals. however, with the end of the american civil war, and the subsequent collapse of the bombay boom in 1864, many of these businesses went into liquidation. he and his father regained their fortunes as suppliers to the british - indian army during the abyssinian war ( 1867 - 68 ). his reputation as an industrialist was based on the cotton mills he started. in 1871 he began to promote the " central india spinning, weaving and manufacturing company, limited ", and built from scratch the empress mills in nagpur. opened on new year ' s day, 1877, this immensely successful cotton mill developed business practises which remained the hallmark of the tatas for years to come. an astute judge of people, jamsetji hired his managers with good care. the firm also did developmental work in machinery. new policies towards labour were developed, including training, guaranteed pensions and gratuities, medical care and creches for women employees. his financial genius was evident in the way he took over and turned around the pernially sick dharamsi mill in kurla. he changed its name to the swadeshi mill when he purchased it in 1887, and produced cloth that was extensively exported to china, korea, japan and the levant. he was the first pioneer entrepreneur in the country, and recognised the implications of the industrial revolution for india. since textile manufacturing had taken root and the country was being linked by railways and the telegraph, he believed that he should concentrate his means and efforts on three key areas - - the iron and steel industry, electrical power generation and technical education. he was close to the indian national congress, and was strongly influenced by dadabhai naoroji, pherozeshah mehta and dinshaw wacha. however, contrary to them, he believed that


engineering for the future in carbondale carbondale - several groups of students gathered along the edge of the classroom, some poring over equipment that simulated a magnetic - powered transportation system. students hardly noticed the door opening in brandon dodson ' s classroom. a window on the opposite side of the room provided a view of a 3 - d printer in the process of crafting a prototype. the printer and other machines in the technology education rooms were all added to the department as part of the recent upgrade and renovation project in the carbondale area high school. although there were already hand - drafting and computer - drafting programs, about $ 241, 000 worth of new technology has upped the educational ante, according to acting superintendent david cerra, who called the program one of the most advanced in the area. " it ' s an extreme paradigm shift from hobbyist level vocation skills to more of a focus on science and math and engineering, " mr. dodson said. in a traditional shop or industrial arts program, students completed tasks like building a table, mr. dodson continued. " we never really focused on the theory behind it, " he said. " it shows them what the drafting is for. we made better connections between our classes. " principal joseph farrell credits joseph szymaszek, the head of the technology education department, for pushing to include the upgrades in the renovation project - the final details of which are wrapping up. mr. szymaszek walked through the new classrooms, pointing out a row of computers, each equipped with a different module - the specific topic it centered around. " it might only be 10 to 15 days for each module, but it ' s going to open a new world to them, " he said. the program also differs from vocational schools because it offers a wide range of exposure, rather than in - depth extended coursework. the increased programming in the school ranges from computer graphic animation, where students can learn to make a cartoon, to auto diagnostics and home remedies where students can learn to repair a sink. contact the writer : firstname. lastname @ example. org, @ rbrowntt on twitter


by jennifer johnsen last week, i was privileged to attend the 3rd international workshop on hiv and women in toronto, canada. it was a wonderful gathering of researchers, clinicians, and others committed to forwarding our knowledge and understanding of how hiv affects women. the two - day conference focused on four areas : - hepatitis c - hiv and aging it should be no surprise that contraception was an important topic, since there are 1. 75 billion women worldwide of child - bearing age. of those, an estimated 150 million are using hormonal contraceptives ( hcs ). recently, some hiv studies have suggested that hcs may increase a woman ’ s risk for getting hiv. a review of 17 studies meeting minimum quality standards found that two of the 17 show an increased risk of getting hiv for those taking oral contracteptives ( ocs, or birth control pills ) while six show an increased risk for getting hiv for women using depo - provera ( dmpa, or the birth control shot ). based on the unclear picture painted by existing research results, there is an urgent need for high - quality evidence to answer the question of if / how hcs affect women ’ s risk of getting hiv. there is also very limited evidence available on whether hc use among women living with hiv ( hiv + ) changes their risk of spreading hiv to others. what does seem clear, however, is that hc use effects neither hiv disease progression nor women ’ s viral load or cd4 cells. other encouraging news included presentations suggesting that : - viramune ( nevirapine ), an hiv drug commonly included in first - line treatments recommended by the world health organization ( who ), does not decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives - there was no spread of hiv between members of heterosexual serodiscordant couples in which the hiv + partner ’ s viral load was fully suppressed on hiv drugs in a review of several research studies - there are some anti - inflammatory agents ( il - 22 and curcumin ) that have been shown to protect female genital tract cells against hiv in the lab our introduction to this topic began with a presentation that painted a grim picture of the hepatitis c ( hcv ) epidemic in eastern europe and russia. worldwide, the two primary risk factors for getting hepatitis c continue to be injection drug use ( idu ) and sexual contact. on a more promising note, new hcv treatment regimens including victrelis ( boceprevir ) and inciveck ( telaprevir ) are proving to


c continue to be injection drug use ( idu ) and sexual contact. on a more promising note, new hcv treatment regimens including victrelis ( boceprevir ) and inciveck ( telaprevir ) are proving to be highly effective in women. approximately 40 percent of study participants in phase 3 clinical trials of these drugs have been women, and researchers have not seen any sex - based differences in effectiveness. another exciting development is a once - daily oral treatment for hcv that does not contain interferon ( inf ). this is likely to be available within the next few years, would spare many the side effects of inf, and would give new treatment options to those still infected with hcv after treatment with inf - containing regimens. hiv and aging this subject has been getting quite a bit of attention lately, due to the growing numbers of people living and aging with hiv. while aging is a normal process that affects everyone, frailty is disease state characterized by decreased bone and muscle mass, mild anemia, thinking problems, depression, and / or increased inflammation. several of frailty ’ s features occur among hiv + people who have been taking hiv drugs for 20 years or more and appear to be the result of ‘ accelerated aging. ’ so far, there have not been any sex - based differences in hiv - associated accelerated aging. estrogen, which is protective in regards to aging, exists in much smaller amounts after menopause. in a way, menopause can be thought of as an “ end of warranty ” period after which the effects of aging increase. therefore, it is important when conducting research not to divide women simply into pre - and post - menopausal groups, but to include time since menopause. this topic featured some excellent presentations, including one that showed how the same set of research results could lead to different conclusions and different country guidelines for the prevention of mother - to - child transmission of hiv ( us department of health and human services v. british hiv association ). another presentation introduced research in canada that is exploring poor pregnancy outcomes ( low birth weight and pre - term birth ) among hiv + women by looking at blood samples throughout pregnancy and placenta collection at delivery. lastly, a discussion of pre - exposure prophylaxis ( prep ) and microbicides for women revealed how a closer look at the different groups of women studied in several of the prep trials ( e. g., femprep, partners prep, tdf2 ) and


prophylaxis ( prep ) and microbicides for women revealed how a closer look at the different groups of women studied in several of the prep trials ( e. g., femprep, partners prep, tdf2 ) and microbicide studies ( e. g., caprissa 004, voice ) may help to explain conflicting results. the effectiveness of a given prevention method among young women living in urban areas may be quite different from the effectiveness of the same method among older women in rural areas. one of the most important points made about prevention is that any method that women want to use will be much more successful. no matter how safe or effective a prevention method may be, it will not work if women do not use it. therefore, it is crucial that women be included in the development of future methods to prevent the spread of hiv. the international workshop on hiv and women featured the research and experience of many top - quality presenters working diligently on topics specific to women living with hiv. as many of them pointed out, the relative lack of good hiv research and evidence by, for, and about women needs immediate attention. women ’ s involvement is crucial if we are to answer many of the outstanding questions that will help us all ‘ get to zero. ’


a commercial airline? or a rogue geoengineering experiment? the world economic forum has put out a new report on global risks for 2013, and the report ’ s chapter on “ x factors ” — concerns more remote than the report ’ s primary risks, but still worthy of note — includes a section on rogue “ geoengineering ” experiments. geoengineering involves large - scale efforts to either remove carbon from the atmosphere, or to remake the atmosphere ’ s chemical or physical make - up to offset the effects of climate change. the most plausible scenario mentioned by the report uses aircraft to inject particles into the atmosphere to mimic the way eruptions of volcanic ash block sunlight, and thus cool the climate. more far - fetched scenarios go so far as deploying mirrors into orbit to reflect sunlight. such projects involve a host of funding and deployment problems, as well as the serious risk of unintended consequences for both the climate and the billions of humans who rely on it. for instance, a project at the uk - based stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering project, or “ spice, ” working on the idea to mimic volcanic ash, was delayed in october over environmental concerns. unfortunately, this leaves an opening for smaller nations or even commercial interests to begin experimenting with geoengineering unilaterally, say researchers at the world economic forum : nobody envisions deployment of solar radiation management anytime soon, given the difficulties in resolving a suite of governance issues ( evidenced by the fact that even the relatively simple spice experiment in the uk foundered in the midst of controversy ). beginning with britain ’ s royal society, many academic and policy bodies have called for cautious research as well as broader conversation about the implications of such technologies. but this has led some geoengineering analysts to begin thinking about a corollary scenario, in which a country or small group of countries precipitates an international crisis by moving ahead with deployment or large - scale research independent of the global community. the global climate could, in effect, be hijacked by a rogue country or even a wealthy individual, with unpredictable costs to agriculture, infrastructure and global stability. [... ] for example, an island state threatened with rising sea levels may decide they have nothing to lose, or a well funded individual with good intentions may take matters into their own hands. there are signs that this is already starting to occur. in july 2012 an american businessman sparked controversy when he dumped around 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the pacific ocean off the


a well funded individual with good intentions may take matters into their own hands. there are signs that this is already starting to occur. in july 2012 an american businessman sparked controversy when he dumped around 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the pacific ocean off the west coast of canada in a scheme to spawn an artificial plankton bloom. the plankton absorb carbon dioxide and may then sink to the ocean bed, removing the carbon – another type of geoengineering, known as ocean fertilisation. satellite images confirm that his actions succeeded in produce an artificial plankton bloom as large as 10, 000 square kilometres. the july 2012 incident was first reported by the guardian in october, noting the gambit may have violated two international agreements and possibly involved misleading the local indigenous population about the nature and risks of the experiment. russ george, the american businessman who oversaw the iron sulphate dump, is the former chief executive of planktos inc., and has been involved in other failed efforts to pull off large commercial dumps near the galapagos and canary islands. those attempts led to a warning from the epa and to his ships being barred from ports by the spanish and ecuadorean governments. george had apparently hoped to net lucrative carbon credits. the basic problem with geoengineering is that portions of the climate cannot be walled off to perform small - scale tests. this means geoengineering projects essentially have to jump straight from the experimental and computer modeling phases to a full - on implementation phase — as russ george recently attempted. this means, at best, that geoengineering is last - resort, break - glass - in - case - of - emergency response to climate change, to be attempted when all other efforts have failed. at worst, geoengineering is a distraction jumped on by interest groups, who wish to delay far more technologically and economically feasible efforts to tackle climate change by simply reducing the amount of carbon human beings emit into the atmosphere.


| francisco vasquez de coronado | the first thanksgiving in the new world was held at palo duro canyon on ascension thursday, may 23, 1541. on that day, spanish explorer francisco vasquez de coronado and his men held a day of thanksgiving after " coronado ' s expedition had left mexico in search of the seven cities of cibola, but instead of a mythical city of gold, coronado and his men found the llano estacado, where there were no cities, no trees and very little water. " ( from homepages. vvm. com ) the rest of that story can be found here. this series of events has been verified by historians the world over, so this is the first instance of thanksgiving as we know it in the new world. on april 21, 1598, another thanksgiving took place in texas. that story can be found here. now we have two " thanksgivings " quite a few years before the pilgrims celebrated their own day of thanks at plymouth rock. i know this story may ruffle a few turkey feathers, but history is history. i don ' t bring this up to in any way diminish the importance of the thanksgiving at plymouth rock in 1621 as it was certainly one of the most historic days of the american story. three groups of people came to the new world for various reasons and independent of each other by miles and by years, found a reason to celebrate a day of thanksgiving in what is now the united states of america, long may she live.


motifs using characters, creatures, and settings from classic fairy tales to represent characters or ideas, for example, a love interest being equated with a knight in shining armor. modern day cinderella stories commonly mine this fairy tale trope as well. many of them are, in fact, dead unicorn tropes. dragons, unicorns, fairies, and knights are in fact exceedingly rare in fairy tales. for tropes actually found in fairy tales, see fairy tale tropes fairytale motifs are used to add romance to a story, especially one set mainly in the grim and gritty real world. the fact that most people have read the fairy tales means that the symbolism isn ' t likely to be lost. fairytale motifs differ slightly from mythological motifs. while the former features specific fairy tale characters — such as rapunzel and sleeping beauty — it also includes general, archetypal examples, usually a " species " rather than one particular person / animal. the latter tends to use specific characters belonging to a recognizable mythology. for example, most people recognize a unicorn when they see one, but the creature itself has a rather vague history and there is no named unicorn who was the " first of its kind. " therefore, it ' s a fairytale motif. pegasus, the winged horse, on the other hand, is one specific character from greek myths with a canon history, making it a mythological motif. some fairytale motifs include : - dragons : western dragons can be used to represent very strong or fierce characters, where as eastern dragons are more likely to be wise. - fairies : the more popular versions of the fairy are carefree, innocent creatures, usually associated with little girls. may indicate a cloud cuckoo lander, since " away with the fairies " is another way to say " constantly daydreaming " or " slightly crazy. " the fairies taken from older traditions, such as celtic mythology, aren ' t quite so cutesy — in fact they ' re downright malevolent at times. modern literature increasingly employs this version of the fairy - folk, usually as tricksters. - knights : often, a very noble character, akin to the knight in shining armor, however, the symbolism linked to a knight could easily be used for a knight templar character as well ( perhaps due to the association in the trope name ). - royalty : generally used to represent power, wealth or prestige. these are often used in high school settings to refer to " the popular kids ". - princess : often the alpha bitch,


perhaps due to the association in the trope name ). - royalty : generally used to represent power, wealth or prestige. these are often used in high school settings to refer to " the popular kids ". - princess : often the alpha bitch, however, a wealthy or popular girl of any sort will often be equated to a princess ( for an example of this comparison, look no farther than this site ). a queen will often refer to the same stereotype, especially if there is a corresponding? - king : generally the leader of a group or organization or the reigning champion of something ( i. e. " the king of table tennis " ). in the aforementioned high school settings, the king will often be a jerk jock. - unicorn : the mythological " horse with a horn, " although many different descriptions of them exist. usually pure, gentle and noble, although subversions do exist. being able to draw a unicorn ' s attention is generally a virgin power. strongly associated with chastity, and often a motif for young girls. - wolves : while the wolf ' s image has been getting better in recent times, increasingly being seen as a " spirit of the wild, " people can ' t quite get over " little red riding hood ". while the wolf is an animal motif at the same time, the wolf as a threat to young girls / sexual predator seems to have its roots in the fairy tale. - in germanic countries, the wolf is ( or was historically ) the equivalent of the devil - they even have an expression about them that ' s interchangable with " speak of the devil ". open / close all folders anime and manga - revolutionary girl utena uses a fairytale motif in order to deconstruct the romance fairytale of the prince as male love interest saving the princess. - skip beat!! ' s kyouko seems to believes that fairies are real, and very often acts following cinderella - like fairy tales tropes, seeing the ( mostly villainous ) characters she interprets as princesses under a curse. there is not wrong genre savvyness, just a girl whose life has been so horrible she just prefer to believe she could be rescued and become a real princess, even if she knows it isn ' t. pity nobody had informed her how the fair folk and the old fairy tales truly are... - princess tutu mixes magical girl tropes and fairy tale motifs with references to specific stories and ballets. the first season mostly plays the


t. pity nobody had informed her how the fair folk and the old fairy tales truly are... - princess tutu mixes magical girl tropes and fairy tale motifs with references to specific stories and ballets. the first season mostly plays the typical fairytale structure straight ( outside of the fact that the princess is saving the prince ), only to deconstruct it in the second season when the characters rebel against their assigned fairy tale roles as the prince, princess, villain and knight and decide to ( literally ) rewrite the story. - jin - roh : the wolf brigade draws on ( and quotes ) the more traditional darker version of " little red riding hood " for its story of a relationship between a young terrorist girl, and a ' wolf ' from the elite kerberos panzer police. the anime film makes the point that such relationships are always fated to end badly. - monster uses a fairy tale ( or several ) to foreshadow the antagonist ' s modus operandi. - cowboy bebop uses the tale of urashima taro as a constant recurring motif and theme, with most of the characters having connections to it, most literally faye. - pretear, plain and simple. although, considering it ' s based on " snow white ", maybe that ' s not really surprising. - cyber team in akihabara invokes many fairy tales motifs, but the main one is the wish of 13 year old protagonist hibari for meeting and falling in love with a fairy tale prince and live happily ever after with him. her character development is essentially to get rid of that mindset, usually via be careful what you wish for. - : city of london police ' s special crimes investigator uses a great many motifs from fairy tales and mythology in general, and it tends to go with the older versions of the stories. - gaba kawa actually follows the theme / basic plot of " the little mermaid ", becoming more obvious about it in the final two chapters. - puella magi madoka magica follows the theme / basic plot of " the little mermaid " in sayaka ' s arc, to tragic conclusion. the other motif is faust, but that ' s most definitely not a fairytale. - mawaru - penguindrum has had allusions to various fairytales involving apples, but so far the most prominent motif seems to be the resemblance of the siblings ' lives to an in - universe fairytale about a man named mary and his three little lambs off


penguindrum has had allusions to various fairytales involving apples, but so far the most prominent motif seems to be the resemblance of the siblings ' lives to an in - universe fairytale about a man named mary and his three little lambs offending a goddess. - alice from mahou tsukai no yoru possesses magic which revolves around fairy tales. - the manga akagami no shirayukihime is based on the tale of " snow white ". ( the title literally means " red - haired snow white ". ) the first chapter in particular has a lot of tributes to the original story. live action television - homestuck in sburb, all players are given a particular class and aspect that determines their powers. the classes are themed around typical high fantasy character types such as ' prince ', ' witch ', and ' knight '. then there ' s the kingdoms of derse and prospit who double up this trope with chess motifs, as well as the fact that all sburb players are considered to be princes or princesses of one or the other. then there ' s terezi loving dragons and tavros liking fairies ( and since god tier trolls possess wings, they ' re sort of fairies as well ) and feferi being an actual princess. of course, all the fantasy elements are mixed with a good deal of science fiction and technology as well. - the " such stuff as dreams are made on " arc of roommates has both general fairy tale motifs and more specifically swan lake allusions in it ' s dream sequences to symbolically communicate information to the main character ( jareth ) note. the fair folk don ' t do simple.


part of twisted. python view source these are methods which you can register pre - call and post - call external functions to augment their functionality. people familiar with more esoteric languages may think of these as " method combinations ". this could be used to add optional preconditions, user - extensible callbacks ( a - la emacs ) or a thread - safety mechanism. the four exported calls are : all have the signature ( class, methodname, callable ), and the callable they take must always have the signature ( instance, * args, * * kw ) unless the particular signature of the method they hook is known. hooks should typically not throw exceptions, however, no effort will be made by this module to prevent them from doing so. pre - hooks will always be called, but post - hooks will only be called if the pre - hooks do not raise any exceptions ( they will still be called if the main method raises an exception ). the return values and exception status of the main method will be propogated ( assuming none of the hooks raise an exception ). hooks will be executed in the order in which they are added. | class | | hookerror | | an error which will fire when an invariant is violated. | | function | | addpre | | hook. addpre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | addpost | | hook. addpost ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepre | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepost | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | pre | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a pre - hook - method - name | | function | | post | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a post - hook - method - name | | function | | orig | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into an ` original ' identifier | | function | | _ xxx | | string manipulation garbage. | | function | | _ addhook | | ( private ) adds a hook to a method on a class | | function | | _ removehook | | ( private ) removes a hook from a method on a class | | function | | _ enhook | | ( private )


exactly located ( exactlylocated ) the actual, minimal location of an object. this is a subrelation of the more general predicate sumo / base - ontology related wordnet synsets - the precise location of something ; a spatially limited location ; " she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street " agar obj is partly located in region, to yah kuch subobj nahin, ki subobj is a part of obj aur subobj is exactly located in region. ( partlylocated? obj? region ) ( part? subobj? obj ) ( exactlylocated? subobj? region ) ) ) ) agar obj is exactly located in region, to yah kuch otherobj nahin, ki otherobj is exactly located in region aur otherobj is not equal to obj. ( exactlylocated? obj? region ) ( exactlylocated? otherobj? region ) ( equal? otherobj? obj ) ) ) ) ) ) " thing ki jagah time tha " is equal to region agar hai thing is exactly located in region during time. ( wherefn? thing? time ) ( exactlylocated? thing? region ) ) )


the missouri river remained swollen through parts of nebraska, iowa, missouri, and kansas in early august 2011. the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa ’ s terra satellite captured the top image on august 2, 2011. for comparison, the bottom image shows the same area one year earlier, on august 3, 2010. both images use a combination of visible and infrared light to increase contrast between water and land. water is navy blue. vegetation is green. clouds range in color from off - white to pale glue - green. compared to the previous year, the missouri river is substantially swollen in 2011, especially along nebraska ’ s eastern border. the river has also pushed over its banks in parts of kansas and missouri. on august 5, 2011, the advanced hydrological prediction service ( ahps ) of the u. s. national weather service reported major flooding in st. joseph, missouri. the ahps also reported moderate flooding in the kansas communities of atchison and leavenworth ; in the missouri community of napoleon ; and in the nebraska communities of blair, omaha, plattsmouth, brownville, and rulo. high - resolution imagery acquired on august 1, 2011, shows flooded agricultural fields around blair, nebrasa. - national weather service. advanced hydrologic prediction service. accessed august 5, 2011.


the budapest you ' ll see today is the result of many years of rich history, with traces of inhabitation dating back as far as the second millennium bc. hungarian tribes arrived at the end of the ninth century and the hungarian kingdom was established in 1000. the city as we know it today was formed through the joining of buda, pest and old buda, back in 1873. follow the budapest history time line below to see the many events leading up to the city ' s formation. archaeological finds indicate that the first settlement in the location of present - day budapest was built by celts. the romans occupied this town in the first century bc. 1st century bc to 5th century ad – western hungary is part of the roman empire. aquincum is founded and quickly becomes the largest town and one of the capitals of pannonia. 5th century to 9th century – the roman era ends in the 5th century and the age of huns begins. attila, king of the huns, builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. following the huns several tribes ( lombards, avars and slavs ) pass through hungary until the arrival of magyars. arrival of the magyars : the hungarian tribes arrived to the carpathian basin in 896. arpad, leader of the magyars, settled on csepel sziget, an island in the southern part of budapest. 1000 – st. stephen is crowned ; he becomes the first king of hungary. hungary converts to christianity and becomes an independent kingdom. 1046 – bishop gellert dies at the hands of pagans on present - day gellert hill in the fight against christianity. 12th century – the development of buda and pest starts thanks to the french, walloon and german settlers who migrate here and work and trade along the banks of the danube. 1241 - 42 – the mongolian invasion destroys both cities. 1248 – king bela iv builds the first royal castle on castle hill in buda and city walls surround pest. 14th century – the angevin kings from france established buda as a royal seat, building probably the largest gothic palace. 1458 – the noblemen of hungary elect matthias corvinus as king. under his reign, buda becomes a main hub of european renaissance. it is truly an age of prosperity. he dies in 1490, after capturing vienna in 1485. 1541 – the beginning of the turkish occupation. multiple mosques and baths are built in buda ; churches ( such as matthias church )


renaissance. it is truly an age of prosperity. he dies in 1490, after capturing vienna in 1485. 1541 – the beginning of the turkish occupation. multiple mosques and baths are built in buda ; churches ( such as matthias church ) are converted. the turkish occupation lasted almost 150 years. 1686 – buda and pest are re - conquered from the turks with habsburg leadership. the habsburg rule begins. both towns are destroyed completely in the battles. 1773 – election of the first mayor of pest. 1777 – maria theresa of austria moves the first university to castle hill. 1783 – joseph ii places the acting government to the city of buda. 1825 – pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country. the first national theatre is built, along with the hungarian national museum and the szechenyi chain bridge ( lanchid ). 1838 – the year of the biggest flood in recent memory. the entire pest side is under water. 1848 - 49 – revolution and war of independence. pest replaces bratislava as the new capital of hungary and it becomes the seat of the first prime minister, its government and the parliament. 1849 – the austrians occupy the city and the habsburg army captures the two towns. lajos batthyany, the first hungarian prime minister is executed on the present - day szabadsag ter. 1867 – the austro - hungarian compromise, beginning of the austro - hungarian empire, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day budapest. 1873 – the former cities pest, buda and obuda are united, and with that the hungarian capital is established with the name of budapest. 1896 – year of the millennium, celebrations are held all over the city. the millennium underground is inaugurated, and the franz josef bridge ( today ' s liberty bridge ) is opened. 1910 – according to census the population of budapest is 880, 000 1918 – world war i ends the austro - hungarian empire and the development of budapest is slowed down by political upheavals. budapest in the 20th century : 1918 - 19 – revolution in budapest and the 133 days of the hungarian soviet republic. this was the first communist government to be formed in europe after the october revolution in russia. 1919 - 44 – status quo was restored by a charismatic leader in the person of admiral horthy a self - appointed regent for the exiled king karl iv. hungary was a kingdom without a king. 1920 – the trianon treaty re - sized hungary. three - fifth of the country was assigned to surrounding successor states. 1924 –


horthy a self - appointed regent for the exiled king karl iv. hungary was a kingdom without a king. 1920 – the trianon treaty re - sized hungary. three - fifth of the country was assigned to surrounding successor states. 1924 – the hungarian national bank is founded. 1941 – entry into world war ii as an ally of germany. 1944 – budapest is occupied by the germans. at the time of the occupation, there were around 200, 000 jews in the city. fewer than half of them survived the following 11 months. dec. 1944 - feb. 1945 – soviet and romanian troops besiege budapest. the retreating germans destroy all danube bridges. the buda castle falls. world war ii took the lives of close to 200, 000 budapest residents and caused widespread damage to the buildings in the city. 1945 - 48 – hungary is declared a republic, practicing a multi party parliamentary democracy. 1948 – a soviet friendly communist government takes over and hungary is declared a people ' s republic. oct. 1956 – the hungarian revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large soviet force, killing civilians and damaging buildings in budapest ( traces of the gunfire can still be seen on the facades of several buildings ). 1956 - 58 – revenge and forceful restoration of soviet power. 1960s – conditions normalize ; reforms create a so called ' goulash communism ' in hungary, a communism with elements of free market and improved human rights. wartime damages are largely repaired ; the elizabeth bridge is finished in 1965. 1970 - 72 – construction of the east - western subway line ( m2 ) begins. 1982 – construction of the north - southern subway line ( m3 ) begins. 1987 – buda castle hill and the banks of the danube are added to the unesco world heritage sites. 1989 - 1990 – the ' changes ', transition to free elections and a democratic government. hungary ' s changeover to a western - style democracy was one of the smoothest among the former soviet bloc. 1990 – according to census the city is home to 2, 000, 000 residents. present day budapest : 2002 – andrassy avenue is added to the world heritage sites, along with the millennium underground railway, heroes ' square and city park. 2002 – inauguration of the new national theatre. 2004 – hungary joins the european union. 2008 – according census, budapest is home to 1, 700, 000 residents. 2010 – inauguration of budapest ’ s ‘ mainstreet ’ ( a belvaros foutcaja ), a project that re - shapes a 1


jean de court, marguerite de france as minerva painted enamel, limoges, 1555 ( iiif253 ) in this remarkable portrait, marguerite de france ( 1523 - 1574 ), daughter of francois 1 ( d. 1547 ) and sister of henri ii ( d. 1559 ), is depicted as pallas / minerva, classical goddess of war and wisdom. this alludes to her role as protectress of contemporary french culture against ‘ le vilain monster ignorance ’, the mantle bestowed upon her after she defended pierre ronsard ’ s poetry against attack in 1549. poets referred to henri ii ’ s court as the ‘ nouvel olympe ’ and to marguerite as ‘ la nouvelle pallas ’. limoges was the principal centre producing painted enamels in the 16th century. the bust of henri d ’ albret ( no. 24 ) is typical of mid - century portraits. d ’ albret was married to marguerite ’ s aunt, the authoress marguerite d ’ angouleme. marguerite ’ s head is after a drawing attributed to francois clouet, now at chantilly, which may have been the official image of the princess. portraits in enamel were often modelled on drawings attributed to clouet ’ s workshop and may have been incorporated into panelling. marguerite ’ s costume and attributes as pallas / minerva are derived from a print by rene boyvin after luca penni. the armillary globe alludes to marguerite ’ s fame and to her motto, ‘ wisdom, guardian of the world ’. as goddess of war, she wears a breastplate, holds a spear and her shield decorated with the head of the gorgon medusa, and has a plumed helmet at her feet. as goddess of wisdom, marguerite ’ s foot rests on some books surmounted by an owl. dramatised portraits were an established form of selfpropaganda, but examples in enamel are rare. the portrait is painted in opaque and translucent enamel colours on a copper base. silver foil below translucent blue enriches marguerite ’ s costume. the image was built up in successive kiln firings at diminishing temperatures. for the first firing, both sides of the metal were coated with enamel. enamelling the back equalises the stress between the metal and the enamel on cooling, minimising distortion. firing fuses the enamels to the base and produces their vivid colours and glossy surface. the gold, fusing at the lowest temperature, is applied last. this is


meter is the organization of speech rhythms ( verbal stresses ) into regular patterns, in terms of both the arrangement of stresses and their frequency of repetition per line of verse. poetry is organized by the division of each line of verse into " feet, " metric units which each consist of a particular arrangement of strong and weak stresses. the most common metric unit is the iambic foot, in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed one ( as in the words " revrse " and " compse " ). here is a table of meters and their names. meter is also determined by the number of feet in a line. a line with five feet is called pentameter ; thus, a line of five iambs is known as " iambic pentameter " ( the most common metrical form in english poetry ). the most common line lengths are : trimeter : three feet tetrameter : four feet pentameter : five feet hexameter : six feet ( an " alexandrine " when iambic ) heptameter : seven feet ( a " fourteener " when iambic ) naturally, there is a degree of variation from line to line, as a rigid adherence to the meter results in unnatural or monotonous language. a skillful poet manipulates breaks in the prevailing rhythm of a poem for particular effects. john donne, for example, rarely held to the meter of his lines for more than a few feet at a time. these lines from his holy sonnet 14 ( 1633 ) are written in iambic pentameter, but the stress patterns vary a great deal : that i may rise and stand, o ' erthrow me, and bend your force to break, blow, burn and make me new.


about the fsa the food standards agency is responsible for food safety and food hygiene across the uk. we work with local authorities to enforce food safety regulations and have staff who work in uk meat plants to check that the requirements of the regulations are being met. we also commission research related to food safety. the department of health is responsible for nutrition policy, including nutrition labelling, in england. defra ( the department for environment, food and rural affairs ) is responsible for food labelling not related to food safety or nutrition in england. it is also responsible for animal welfare. the fsa retains responsibility for labelling policy in scotland, wales and northern ireland, and for nutrition policy in scotland and northern ireland. responsibility for nutrition policy in wales lies with the welsh government. you can get answers to several frequently asked questions about what we do at the links below. - putting the consumer first - openness and transparency - science - and evidence - based - acting independently - enforcing food law fairly the agency is led by a board that has been appointed to act in the public interest and not to represent particular sectors. board members have a wide range of relevant skills and experience. although the fsa is a government agency, it works at ' arm ' s length ' from government because it doesn ' t report to a specific minister and is free to publish any advice it issues. we are, however, accountable to parliament through health ministers, and to the devolved administrations in scotland, wales and northern ireland for our activities within their areas. our uk headquarters are in london, but the agency also has offices in york, scotland, wales and northern ireland. we base our decisions and advice on the best evidence available, including commissioning research and obtaining advice from independent advisory committees. we also aim to ensure that our decision - making process is as open and transparent in as possible. whenever possible, we seek the views of interested parties before reaching conclusions, and always explain the reasons for a decision or advice in a straightforward manner. the six outcomes the fsa aims to deliver are : - foods produced or sold in the uk are safe to eat - imported food is safe to eat - food producers and caterers give priority to consumer interests in relation to food - consumers have the information and understanding they need to make informed choices about where and what they eat - regulation is effective, risk - based and proportionate, is clear about the responsibilities of food business operators, and protects consumers and their interests from fraud and other risks - enforcement is effective, consistent, risk - based and proportionate and is


knowing how to code is becoming increasingly valuable in the technology - driven world we live in today, but not everyone has the time or money to invest in a sold computer science or programming education. most people who have no experience in programming tend to think that learning to code would be an intimidating task, requiring a high iq and a good teacher. in reality, anyone can really do it, which is why two students from columbia university founded codeacademy – a free, interactive website for beginners who want to learn how to code at their own pace. a breakdown of what codeacademy offers codeacademy offers its users a set of tutorials in a variety of different programming languages that they can follow along with and actually plug in the code to get firsthand experience. it ’ s been designed for the complete beginner in mind who ’ ve never taken a computer class before. there ’ s a “ show hint ” button at the bottom of each step if you get stuck, and a “ run ” button for you to pull up the result of what you created with your code. if you made a mistake, you can hit the red “ reset ” button to try again. every step progresses from simplest to more advanced in a sequential way that you can understand it, using skills learned from the previous step as you move on. courses are divided into sections, and sections have a number of steps to be completed. codeacademy makes the whole process really fun by offering you points and badges to earn when you complete a section. it may also ask you to share your completed results with your friends on social media. the codeacademy community and resources although the site serves people who basically want a self - taught approach to learning code, we still can ’ t entirely replace knowledge and skills from real people with computers. codeacademy has a q & a forum for its users who need to ask questions when they get stuck on any part of the course that they can ’ t figure out. and if you ’ re already an experienced programmer willing to teach newbies, there ’ s a great new “ teach ” section that gives the experienced an opportunity to build their own courses. memorizing everything right off the bat can be tough, so there ’ s a convenient glossary section that pertains to each programming language, which you can refer to if you need a friendly reminder about something you ’ re working on. finally, there ’ s the “ scracth pad, ” which is a template form similar to what you


that pertains to each programming language, which you can refer to if you need a friendly reminder about something you ’ re working on. finally, there ’ s the “ scracth pad, ” which is a template form similar to what you find in each lesson that you can use to just experiment writing code and apply what you ’ ve learned so far. codeacademy full review i have to give codeacademy almost five full stars because i ’ ve taken beginner courses in programming, but i could never grasp the concepts or lessons because it just didn ’ t work for me in a classroom environment. i learned so much more with codeacademy, and i can ’ t believe i got to do it for free. i found that each step in the course would build upon the concepts learned as you progressed, which i really liked, and the instructions were simple enough to follow. it ’ s really rewarding to press “ run ” and see that you ’ ve correctly written your code. i remember doing it in class with the command prompt and never fully understood what i was doing. personally, i ’ d love to see a course in php available from codeacademy. i know they ’ re adding new stuff all the time and have done a lot of growing up over the past couple years, so i ’ m pretty satisfied for now. i ’ m actually really excited to get started on some of the other sections where i left off. if you have any interest in learning to code, codeacademy is a great place to get started. i highly recommend it for absolutely everyone.


failure - to - thrive is when a child is not growing as expected. it does not include children who are small for their age. the exact definition is not completely agreed upon. children grow quickly in the first few years of life. a child with failure - to - thrive will have a height and weight that is well below other children of their age. your child may have also had a normal growth pattern that began to slow down. initially the child has similar height and weight than their peers but at follow - up appointments the child ' s height and weight does not keep up with their peers. in general, failure - to - thrive means that a child : - is at or below the 3rd to 5th percentile for height and weight. t - has failed to grow as expected. this is shown by dropping two growth percentiles. for example, the child goes from the 75th percentile to below the 25th percentile. failure - to - thrive is split into several types according to the cause. types include : - organic failure - to - thrive — caused by some other medical condition - nonorganic failure - to - thrive — occurs in children with no known medical condition - mixed failure - to - thrive — occurs when the child has features of both organic and nonorganic failure - to - thrive gastrointestinal disease may make it difficult for your child to eat or absorb food. this may include : - reflux — stomach acid backs up into the throat. this can make it uncomfortable to swallow. - pyloric stenosis — valve on the stomach can not close properly, this can lead to reflux. - cleft lip and / or palate — birth defects of the lip and roof of the mouth, this condition can make it difficult to eat solid foods. - hirschsprung ' s disease — a condition that can cause a blockage in the intestines - hepatitis — liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - cirrhosis — liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - pancreatic insufficiency — pancrease helps digestion of fats, if there is a problem, food may not be properly absorbed into the body - malabsorption — general problem in the intestines ability to absorb food - milk protein intolerance — inability for the baby to digest proteins found in milk, even if the baby is taking in enough milk it is not getting to the body kidney disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - ur


- milk protein intolerance — inability for the baby to digest proteins found in milk, even if the baby is taking in enough milk it is not getting to the body kidney disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - urinary tract infection - kidney failure - diabetes insipidus heart and lung disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth mucus blockage in lungs and pancreas due to cystic fibrosis - contributes to failure to thrivecopyright © nucleus medical media, inc. endocrine disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite or how the body processes food - thyroid problems - pituitary disease - growth hormone deficiency - infectious disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - breastfeeding difficulties including insufficient milk supply syndrome - chromosomal birth defects - fetal alcohol syndrome - lead poisoning - child abuse or negligence - parental ignorance factors that may increase your child ' s risk of failure - to - thrive include : - untreated medical conditions - poverty, including lack of available food - poor parenting skills - depression in the parent - severe family stress - slowed growth in a young child, including height and weight - slowed development, including late rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking, and talking - small muscles - weakness, low energy - hair loss - loose folds of skin - other symptoms related to an underlying medical condition failure - to - thrive is diagnosed based on following a child ' s growth. the doctor will plot your child ' s weight, height, and head circumference on standard growth charts. if the child falls below a certain weight range or drops two percentiles on the growth chart, the doctor will evaluate the child further. if a medical condition may be the cause, the doctor will order further tests. the type of tests will depend on the condition. sometimes, a child must be hospitalized for a period of time to find the cause of failure - to - thrive. during this time the doctor will : - monitor the relationship between parent and child, paying particular attention to their behavior around feeding - set up a feeding schedule with an adequate amount of calories - make sure that an appropriate feeding technique is used if the child can gain weight under these circumstances, this supports the diagnosis of nonorganic failure - to - thrive. treatment may include : treating a medical condition treating the underlying medical condition may correct failure - to - thrive. providing extra calories children who are malnourished may need liquid supplements.


posted last year in dev platform category by dongsun choi there are various techniques to improve the performance of your java application. in this article i will talk about statement pooling configuration and its effect on garbage collection process. statement pooling allows to improve the performance of an application by caching sql statements that are used repeatedly. such caching mechanism allows to prepare frequently used statements only once and reuse them multiple times, thus reducing the overall number of times the database server has to parse, plan, and optimize these queries. a well - configured number of statements ( maxstatements ) to be cached can be as good as tuning the garbage collection. now let ' s see how statement pooling can affect the garbage collection. why check the number of statement in the pool? often the size of the jdbc statement pool is set to the default value. using the default value, of course does not usually lead to any special issue. but a well - configured maxstatements value can be as effective as gc tuning. if you are using the default maxstatements value and would like to optimize the use of memory, let ' s think about the correct statement pool value before attempting gc tuning. as was discussed in understanding java garbage collection, a weak generational hypothesis ( most objects quickly become unreachable and a reference from an old object to a new object is rare ) was used as the precondition when creating garbage collector in java. for the majority of nhn web services there should be a response within 300ms at the latest, unless it is a special case. therefore, nhn web services are more applicable to the above situations than the general stand - alone type applications. the gc process between http request and response when developing a web service using web containers like tomcat and other frameworks, the lifespan of objects created by a developer tend to be either very short or very long. web developers usually write codes like interceptor, action, bo, or dao ( bo and dao are generated and used as singletons from applicationcontex in spring, and are not the target of gc ). the objects generated from these codes stay alive for a very brief time that exists between the time http is requested and the time it has responded. for this reason, such objects are usually collected during young gc. there are also objects, such as singleton objects, that stay alive long enough to exist for the lifecycle of tomcat. such objects will be promoted to the


it has responded. for this reason, such objects are usually collected during young gc. there are also objects, such as singleton objects, that stay alive long enough to exist for the lifecycle of tomcat. such objects will be promoted to the old area soon after tomcat starts running. yet, when continuously monitoring web applications through jstat and the like, there are always some objects promoted to the old area during young gc. these objects are usually used after being stored in the cache used for improving the performance of frameworks in most of the containers and projects. whether the cached objects become the target of gc or not is determined by their cache hit ratio, not their age, so unless the hit ratio is 100 %, they cannot avoid being promoted to the old area, even when the young gc cycle is set to be long. among these caches, statement pooling affects the memory usage the most. if you are using ibatis, as ibatis processes all sqls as preparedstatment, you will be using statement pooling. if the size of statement pooling is smaller than the number of sqls being used, the cache hit ratio will decrease and result in cache maintenance cost. objects that are reachable in the old area become the target of gc and will be retrieved, then will be regenerated during the http request process, only to be cached and promoted to the old area. the full gc cycles are affected by this process. size of the statement objects it would be safe to say that the size of a single statement object is proportional to the length of the sql code processed by the same statement. even for a long and complex sql, the size of the object should be around 500 bytes. the object ' s small size would seem to have little effect on the full gc cycles, but such an assumption would be incorrect. when you look at the jdbc specifications, each connection has its own statement pool ( maxstatementsperconnection ), as described in figure 1 below. so, although a statement object is as small as 500 bytes, if there are many connections, the statements cache may occupy the proportional amount of the heap. figure 1 : relationship between the connection and the statement. ( though the statement has the resultset, it should be clarified that resultset is not an object for caching. resultset is allocated as null when rs. close ( ) is called by ibatis, then retrieved in the young area during young gc


statement has the resultset, it should be clarified that resultset is not an object for caching. resultset is allocated as null when rs. close ( ) is called by ibatis, then retrieved in the young area during young gc. ) the effect of statement pool ' s cache hit ratio on the full gc a simple test program was created to assess the effect of cache hit ratio on the full gc. one cache hit ratio was set to 100 % while the other was set to 50 %. when the same amount of load was applied, the results presented in table 1 and 2 were obtained. in both cases, the occurrences of young gc were very similar but the results for the full gc was different. when the cache hit ratio was 100 %, full gc occurred only once, because the number of objects promoted to the old area during young gc was small. when the ratio was 50 %, full gc occurred 4 times because the number of statement objects promoted to the old area during young gc was high, as the objects were cached in the statement pool, then removed from the pool in lru way, then cached again at the next request. table 1. cache hit ratio = 100 %. table 2. cache hit ratio = 50 %. i would like to add one more thing. when the cache hit ratio is 50 %, it violates the 2nd category of weak generational hypothesis i introduced previously. when low cache hit ratio causes frequent pool registration and subsequent removal, it means the statement object generated in the young area is being referenced in the pool from the old area, which leads to additional strain during gc because the card marking technique is used to manage the references separately. in lucy ( nhn ' s internal java framework ), the maxstatements value for statement pooling in oracle and mysql is 500. in most cases, 500 should be enough. however, when more sql is being used, increasing the default value to meet such demand would be a way to improve the system efficiency ( when using $ ( string replacement ) for query on ibatis for the reason of table partitioning and the like, the number of queries must be multiplied by the number of partitioned tables ). however, when the default value is higher than necessary, this leads to a different problem. a higher value means more memory usage and higher likelihood of an out of memory ( oome ) occurrence. in a situation where the number of sqls are 10, 000


207. yugoslavia faces the millennium : conflict and continuity a decade after the fall of communism, there remains little discussion within the public sphere of the fundamental differences that separate the states and societies of western and eastern europe. this oversight is regrettable not only because it limits our ability to resolve problems in the balkans, but also because that region is far more representative of the world at large than is western europe. a case in point is the region ' s multiethnic demography, for which there are many historical and current parallels the world over. the uncritical, century - long rush to adopt the west european nation - state model has resulted in a steady succession of secessions, civil wars, and partitions not only in central europe, but throughout the former soviet union, as well as in east timor, eritrea, and palestine. today, many statesmen, journalists and scholars advocate ethnic separation as the only solution, even though it would involve population exchanges. will " peace through partition " become the final solution to ethnic conflict in afghanistan, chechnya, chiapas, cyprus, kurdestan, macedonia, the philippines, rwanda, sri lanka, sudan, and western sumatra? for the most part, granting autonomy has acted as a " safety valve " in retarding centrifugal forces among concentrated ethnic minorities. the examples of kosovo, northern ireland, quebec, republika srpska, slovakia, and the six republics of tito = s yugoslavia however, suggest that such a solution is never truly " permanent " since it simultaneously perpetuates separate identities and offers career opportunities to those politicians who choose to exploit nationalism as a populist tool for coming to power. in seeking entry into the european union, the yugoslav and other central european successor states need to accept not only multiethnicity in their own countries, but recognize its reemergence in western europe and the rest of the " post - industrial " world. the past century offers numerous examples of the triumph of ethnic coexistence, especially in places like the bukovina, srem, vojvodina, and prewar bosnia, where a balance of power between ethnic groups simultaneously allayed minority paranoia while encouraging all groups to cooperate with one another. where no such balance exists, interethnic stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident


stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident in distinctive manifestations of nationalism and liberalism. whereas western media and statesmen routinely attribute serb atrocities to a carefully nurtured " persecution complex, " few observers recognize the pervasive sense of a deprived manifest destiny that weighs on the historical consciousness of all of the successor nations of the former multiethnic habsburg, ottoman and tsarist / soviet empires. one consequence is a militant and intolerant brand of nationalism that has justified discrimination and, sometimes, violence against neighboring ethnic groups. another consequence is the inclusion of a purely nationalist agenda in the basket of borrowed western enlightenment ideas, adopted by east europeans without the necessary region - specific modifications. the unfortunate result has been the simplistic equation of democracy with majority rule, shorn of such indispensable attributes as the rule of law, freedom of thought and expression, individual rights and toleration, and the obligations of civic responsibility. admittedly, the combined ottoman and communist heritage partly explains the political immaturity of balkan liberalism. but foreign critics who scoff at what robert hayden terms " constitutional nationalism " and the inevitable tyrannies of the majority that it creates forget that western europe ( and its north american progeny ) never experienced a prolonged period of foreign oppression. this distinction suggests that much of the yugoslav successor states and eastern europe ' s other newly independent states will need a prolonged period of national independence before they can purge the demons of their subjugation by foreign multiethnic empires. these states could perhaps obviate or minimize the need for this evolutionary step by demythologizing their own history, redefining nationality to include all citizens regardless of ethnicity, and enriching the public perception of " democracy " with those attributes and obligations that protect the rights of all citizens. mass media and visual imagery it takes considerable optimism to advocate remolding a society ' s mentality, in this case to conform with western models of nationalism and liberalism ; to force an entire region to do so requires equally heavy doses of ethnocentrism and arrogance. yet, if central europe is keen on integrating with the west, then it is incumbent on the region ' s elites to go beyond their uncritical appropriation of the nation - state model to embrace those patently universal enlightenment values that make nationhood and popular sovereignty