images. the intertwined serpopards ( long - neck creatures on the reverse side with intertwined necks ) are probably related to an elamite design. rice claims in chapter 2 page 58 that, " among these influences are the appearance of strange saurian creatures with heavy bodies and long necks on which are carried feline heads ( plate 30a, 30b, 30c pg. 78 ). these are depicted on some of the decorated palettes produced in egypt and on cylinder seals from mesopotamia and elam at the end of the fourth millennium. " he continues in chapter 3 page 106, " … of ‘ the exotic animals ’ palette is a very remarkable artifact. the entire surface, except for the kohl - grinding area, is filled with animals, some of a very strange appearance. dominating both sides are two great dogs. a good cross - section of the larger fauna of egypt is represented but the strangest, most mysterious figure is that of a dog, or jackal - headed creature, reared up on its hind legs, playing a sort of flute. did orpheus have his origins in predynastic hierakonpolis or is this some masked master of the beast? there can surely be little doubt that it is the enigmatic set who pipes who knows what strange melodies to the whirling animals ( and monsters ) which attend him. " michael rice in chapter 3 page 106 states, " the long - necked beast can also be seen on ‘ the exotic animals ’ or ‘ the oxford ’ and ‘ the two dogs ’ palette from hierakonpolis, is one of the most complex and strange of this type of artifact. " the obverse shows two long saurian necks are surmounted by a bird and seen undulating to hold off two jackals, from the animal between them. the creatures are licking a prone caprid, and have claws on their feet. on the reverse are more fantastic creatures, including a griffin and another long necked beast. some see the above creatures as two mythological camel - leopard - like animals, with their necks enclosing the pigment basin. waddell on page 92 upholds, " here we see the bull, symbolizing naram breaking down a fort, scattering the bricks and trampling upon a fleeing foe. the picture inside the fort is possibly the hieroglyph of the towns name ( sumerian pictograph pisan - mat or gur - mat ). " the great bear or the greater sheepfold comes on the meridian on april 20. there


picture inside the fort is possibly the hieroglyph of the towns name ( sumerian pictograph pisan - mat or gur - mat ). " the great bear or the greater sheepfold comes on the meridian on april 20. there are seven bright stars that form the asterism known as the big dipper, the plough, and the wain, or wagon. like ursa minor, ursa major is neither a dipper nor a bear, rather a greater sheepfold as pictured in most ancient zodiacs [ middle english, from latin ursa major : ursa, bear + maior, comparative of magnus, great ]. al naish is the arabic name of the constellation of ursa major meaning " the assembled together. " to the egyptians the stars of the dipper were the thigh of a bull. a star in ursa major in arabic is the name for the " thigh " of the bear. it is also called phacda meaning " visited, " " guarded, " or " number. " to the egyptians the deity with the bull was apis, the bull of memphis. apis was an actual bull chosen to serve as the earthly vessel of the soul of osiris, god of the sun and of the nile. on the death of each apis, the spirit of osiris transferred itself to a successor. the animal meant to inherit the divine duty was recognized by certain markings : when a bull fitting the description was found, he was called apis and lived as an object of reverence and sacrifice. the living bulls were worshipped in egypt. memphis ( heb. noph, moph, copt. menphe, memphi, gr. memphis ). the first capital of united egypt ( c. 3200 b. c. ) south of modern cairo. legend ascribes the founding of the city to menes, the traditional first king. the original name of the city was " the white wall. " later it was called men - nefer - pepi, after the name of the pyramid of pepi i of the sixth dynasty ; it is from this name that " memphis " is derived. historians divide ancient egyptian history into 30 dynasties. a dynasty is a series of rulers belonging to the same family. egypt ' s pre - dynastic era lasted until 3, 100 b. c., when the dynasties began to rule. sometimes two dynasties ruled different parts of egypt at the same time. groups of dynasties make up periods.


owning animals – specifically cattle – completely changes the meaning of a snow day. for most, snow is a welcomed sight as it means a day at home – away from the office or classroom – in their sweats enjoying daytime television and a warm fire. but for cattle owners, snow days are some of the longest and hardest workdays they encounter each year. cattle were created to withstand cold, snow and wind but that doesn ’ t mean they particularly enjoy the winter weather – especially after a streak of 50 - degree temperatures. we have both heifers ( first - time mothers ) and cows ( experienced mothers ) calving right now. in fact we had about 20 calves born yesterday, five born overnight and another three this morning. more are expected throughout the day. this is peak calving season for our herd and while we never rule out the possibility of snow, snowfall like this doesn ’ t come along every year. during storms like this, it ’ s important that we are out, among our cattle, checking to ensure mothers are doing fine, baby calves are staying warm and eating and expectant mothers get to shelter when possible. when we find a calf that looks like it just can ’ t get warm on it ’ s own, we will bring it inside and allow it to dry off and warm up before returning it to its mother. diet and proper nutrition are also very important for cattle in the winter. like humans, cattle with a normal level of body fat are better able to withstand the cold and nursing mothers need all of the nutrition and calories they can get. even on days like this, we make sure our cattle have all of the feed they need or want. but we are careful to not overfeed them so that all of their energy isn ’ t spent on digestion. derek was up most of last night checking on the cows and caring for a few calves. he and his father will spend the remainder of today and tonight making additional rounds, checking the animals as many times as possible. new calves could come at any time and we strive to be there to ensure all is going well. it ’ s not an easy job and the cattle don ’ t always express their appreciation the way a person would but it ’ s what we do, even on snow days.


nasal surgery includes any surgery performed on the outside or inside of the nose. a common type of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, nasal surgery may be performed to accomplish the following : - improve breathing - correct congenital or acquired deformities - change size or shape of nose ( cosmetic ) - repair nasal injuries the following are some of the different types of nasal surgery : septoplasty is the surgical correction of defects and deformities of the nasal septum ( the partition between the nostrils ). examples of septoplasty include the following : - correction of a deviated septum a deviated septum is a condition in which the partition ( septum ) between the nostrils is not in a straight vertical alignment. a deviated septum can cause obstructed airflow. a deviated septum can be caused by a birth defect or injury. - correction of cleft defects that affect the nose and nasal cavity rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of a defect of the nose, including reshaping or resizing the nose. rhinoplasty may be performed to accomplish the following : - change the size of the nose - change the shape of the nose - narrow the nostrils - change the angle between the nose and lips possible complications associated with nasal surgery may include, but are not limited to, the following : - anesthesia problems the specific type of surgery will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - severity of the deformity - your tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies - your opinion or preference although each procedure varies, generally, nasal surgeries follow this process : - location options may include : - surgeon ' s office - based surgical facility - outpatient surgery center - hospital outpatient - hospital inpatient - anesthetic options may include : - local anesthesia - general anesthesia - average length of procedure : about two hours - recuperation period : - usually up and around in a few days - usually return to school or sedentary work a week or so after surgery - surgeon will provide guidelines for resuming normal activities - some possible short - term side effects of surgery : - a splint may be applied to nose to help maintain the new shape. - nasal packs or soft plastic splints may be placed inside the nostrils to stabilize the septum. - the face will feel puffy. - the nose may ache. - you may experience a dull headache, swelling around the eyes, and / or


myoclonus refers to quick, lightning - like jerks ( contractions ) of a muscle or a group of muscles. myoclonus may involve only one hand, a group of muscles in the upper arm or leg, or a group of facial muscles. or it may involve many muscles at the same time. hiccups are a type of myoclonus that involves only the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. myoclonus may occur normally, often when a person is falling asleep. or it may result from a disorder, such as the following : myoclonus can occur after a person takes high doses of certain drugs such as antihistamines, some antidepressants ( such as amitriptyline ), bismuth, levodopa, or opioids ( narcotics ). myoclonus can be mild or severe. muscles may jerk quickly or slowly, rhythmically or not. myoclonus may occur once in a while or frequently. it may occur spontaneously or be triggered by a stimulus, such as a sudden noise, light, or a movement. for example, reaching for an object or taking step may trigger jerks that disrupt the movement. in creutzfeldt - jacob disease ( a rare degenerative brain disorder — see see prion diseases : creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) ), myoclonus becomes more obvious when people are suddenly startled. if myoclonus is due to a metabolic disorder, it may persist and affect muscles throughout the body, sometimes leading to seizures. diagnosis and treatment the diagnosis is based on symptoms. other tests may be done to identify the cause. the cause is corrected if possible. for example, drugs that can cause myoclonus are stopped. a high or low blood sugar level is corrected, and kidney failure is treated with hemodialysis. if the cause cannot be corrected, valproate or levetiracetam ( anticonvulsants — see seizure disorders : drugs used to treat seizures. ) or clonazepam ( a mild sedative ) sometimes helps. when given with carbidopa, the dietary supplement 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( which is produced by the brain ) may also help. last full review / revision august 2007 by david eidelberg, md ; michael pourfar, md


watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search search the collections male figure ( tiki ) barkcloth panel ( siapo ) browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is currently on display in gallery 353 although most polynesian peoples appear to have made and used human images, few such objects have survived to the present day. most were destroyed under the influence of christian missionaries, who viewed such sculptures as " graven images. " small female figures in ivory were known from the tongan archipelago as early as the late eighteenth century. formerly referred to as goddesses, these figures are now thought to represent important female ancestors. a number of tongan ivories were traded to the neighboring fiji islands, where they were used during religious rites. this particularly expressive example was collected on the fijian island of viti levu by the reverend cyril g. hawdon in 1868. collected by cyril g. hawdon, viti levu, fiji, in 1868 ; [ john j. klejman, new york, until 1957 ] ; nelson a. rockefeller, new york, 1957, on loan to the museum of primitive art, new york, 1957 – 1978 © 2000 – 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.


receptive and expressive language all communication has two aspects : receptive language and expressive language. receptive language is what we hear and understand. expressive language is what we say to others. i believe that empathy is also a form of communication ; one that is as essential to each of us as is spoken, written, or signed language in understanding the feelings of other sentient beings and in conveying our reaction to them. to oversimplify, one might think of language as the cognitive component of communication, whereas empathy is the emotional component. of course, in reality, they overlap and complement each other. receptive empathy is the ability to perceive the feelings that others are experiencing. expressive empathy is the ability to convey that understanding to others. definition of empathy “ empathy ” is a complicated word — it means so many different things to different people. and, a discussion of whether autistic people have a capacity for empathy that is different from most other people further complicates the conversation. a web search on the single word “ empathy ” produced for me these top 5 results, defining the word in 5 different ways : - empathy is the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional being. ( wikipedia ) - the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it ( mirriam - webster ) - the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another ( dictionary. com ) - empathy is the experience of understanding another person ’ s condition from their perspective. ( psychology today ) - identification with and understanding of another ’ s situation, feelings, and motives. see synonyms at pity. ( thefreedictionary. com ) so, which is it? “ recognize emotions ” or “ imaginative projection ” or “ intellectual identification ” or “ vicarious experience of understanding perspective ” or “ identification and understanding ” or “ pity ”? it is probably all of those things and more, including sympathy and compassion. trying to understand what people intend to convey by using the word is a bit like justice potter ’ s infamous definition of pornography. empathy is something you know when you experience it, even though it is hard to describe in words. are there “ types ” of empathy? modifying the word “ empathy ” with “ cognitive ” and “ affective ” represents an ill - advised attempt to deconstruct empathy, in my view. much has been made of the idea that these two aspects of empathy ( to the extent that this dichotom


empathy ” with “ cognitive ” and “ affective ” represents an ill - advised attempt to deconstruct empathy, in my view. much has been made of the idea that these two aspects of empathy ( to the extent that this dichotomy has any validity at all, which i doubt ) arise from different parts of the brain, and that one or the other is deficient in certain personality types. this kind of hair - splitting is a distraction, it seems to me, when it comes to understanding the role and functioning of empathy. i ’ m sure there is a wide range of empathic capacity, both in terms of experiencing empathy ( whatever it is ) and in expressing it. those with alexithymia may have empathic capacity but may not recognize what they are experiencing or be able to express it. and all of my discussion here so far has nothing directly to do with autism. empathy is a universal human trait. and beyond. clearly, many other animals have empathic capacity as well. empathy arises from, or at least is related to, mirror neurons. in the famous incident of the discovery of mirror neurons, a monkey watched an object being picked up, and his brain region for picking things up fired as if he were doing it himself. so, he experienced what it was like to pick up an apple ( or whatever it was ), but not from the perspective of the other monkey ( he ’ s not inside that brain ) but from the perspective of how he would feel if he were doing what he was observing. and what does all of this have to do with autism? now comes the tricky part with respect to autism. it ’ s twofold. the descriptions that follow are experiential ( my own experiences and those of other autistic people i ’ ve spoken with ), and represent my own speculations. what i report here may or may not be generalizable to other autistic people. see the link in the previous paragraph for a discussion of some of the controversy surrounding the linkage ( if any ) between autism and mirror neurons. autism and receptive empathy it may be ( 1 ) that the mirror neuron system in the autistic brain is impaired because of the usual sensory overload that is always going on. it ’ s not that the mirror neurons are defective, it ’ s just that their functioning is clouded by the brain having so much else to deal with at the same time. distractions, if you will. so the autistic person will not have the


s not that the mirror neurons are defective, it ’ s just that their functioning is clouded by the brain having so much else to deal with at the same time. distractions, if you will. so the autistic person will not have the receptive clarity that matches the neurotypical — what is being called by some “ cognitive empathy. ” the emotional state of another being is recorded, but not processed with the same clarity because of the other demands on attention. the tms experiments i participated in at beth israel demonstrated this. the experiment involved suppressing activity in a small area in the right hemisphere of my brain. neuroscientists know that, through a process called neuroplasticity, when one area of the brain is compromised, another area will attempt to take over the lost functionality. that often involves the equivalent region in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. broca ’ s area is heavily involved in language and ( therefore ) social cognition, and much more. it is a complex and important region of the brain that is somewhat imprecisely located in the part of the brain known as brodmann ’ s areas 44 and 45. i say “ it ” although, in my understanding ( i have no formal training in neuroscience ), there are two equivalent areas, one in each hemisphere, and the lion ’ s share of language processing occurs in the dominant hemisphere ( the left one for right - handed people like me ). broca ’ s area, besides its central role in language comprehension and creation, also seems to serve as a bridge between the prefrontal cortex ( cognition ), and regions that control motor and somatosensory ( tactile and other sensory ) systems of the body. it is also thought to be rich in mirror neurons. for all of these reasons, the scientists in the tms lab hypothesized that by temporarily and artificially suppressing the right side of my brain in the area just described, the left hemisphere would be more strongly activated than usual, thereby improving language and social ( empathic ) cognition. how right ( so to speak ) they were! i experienced ( both subjectively and in their computerized measurements ) sharpened ability to interpret emotional content more accurately. the difference in clarity was astounding to me and to others i spoke with who were subjects in the experiment. caitlin, for example, was shocked to find that she could see emotional content in written sentences and in video clips which, with the benefit of hindsight, she had not been able


me and to others i spoke with who were subjects in the experiment. caitlin, for example, was shocked to find that she could see emotional content in written sentences and in video clips which, with the benefit of hindsight, she had not been able to see before. my clarity was more intellectual. i was able to solve ( computerized ) tasks faster than the computer could feed them to me, whereas before i had struggled and was unsure of the answers. subjectively, it was like night and day, although i ’ m sure that the difference in my performance was measured in milliseconds. the difference in what caitlin and i experienced ( and john had a musical revelation, among many other experiences ) was probably a function of where we started. i was relatively better ( compared with her ) at emotional reception. she, for example, had once been floored to find out that her brother knew more ( much more ) about the personal life of her receptionist than she did, although he lived in a distant city. it was just that when he called to speak with caitlin, he would chat with the person who answered the phone about vacation plans and the like. it never occurred to caitlin to make that kind of emotional connection. the irrelevancy of “ cognitive ” versus “ affective ” empathy which brings me around to the other bit ( 2 ) about autism and empathy. take the psychology today definition : “ empathy is the experience of understanding another person ’ s condition from their perspective. ” please. think of the monkey. picking up a banana is probably a pretty universal monkey experience, so it ’ s easy to imagine that the mirror neurons of monkeys allow them to experience watching another monkey and essentially experience ( vicariously ) a nearly identical experience. now, take an autistic brain. not mine, please. i need it. if i watch a neurotypical pick up a banana, i am likely to be less clear about how that feels to them because they experience the world in a way that is very different from mine. i ’ m being metaphorical here, in case you didn ’ t pick up on that ( so to speak ). a physical action is one thing, but a more complex emotional reaction is quite a different level of experience. how can i empathize what you are going through if your way of experiencing the world is vastly different from mine? this works both ways, of course. how can a neurotypical person empathize with me if they have no clue what my brain is experiencing? so,


you are going through if your way of experiencing the world is vastly different from mine? this works both ways, of course. how can a neurotypical person empathize with me if they have no clue what my brain is experiencing? so, it ’ s not a lack of empathy, or a lack of empathic capacity, it ’ s a knowledge or experiential gap. i can tell when my horse is happy to see me, or when he is in a playful mood, or frightened ; these are fairly universal emotions. but my empathy doesn ’ t go too deep because i don ’ t really know what it ’ s like to be a horse. or, maybe at some fundamental level, i do. i don ’ t always grok why he ’ s upset, but i know when he is. now, all of that is about receptive empathy ; taking in and appreciating the emotional state of another being. this may be what is meant by “ cognitive ” empathy. but i also think receptive empathy includes components ( or maybe all ) of what has been termed “ affective empathy ” or “ pity ” or “ compassion ” — not just understanding, but sharing the emotional state of another. i believe this must naturally flow via the mirror neuron system that enables us to take in the feelings of another. if one is truly understanding what another is experiencing, it naturally follows that one is experiencing their emotions, too. from an evolutionary point of view, the value of being able to understand how someone else is feeling is being able to predict their behavior. if someone picks up a banana and smiles, that ’ s pretty non - threatening, but if someone picks up a rock and scowls, it might be better to take protective action. to truly take in another ’ s emotions, in the process i ’ m calling receptive empathy, one must also experience an approximation of those emotions. although i ’ m aware these emotions are yours, and not mine, i experience my version of your anger, your pain, and your joy. it can ’ t be any other way. and yes, there are people who have difficulty comprehending what they are experiencing emotionally, and conveying it, too. but, as alluded to earlier, that is a condition called alexithymia, not autism. although studies about this are scant, i ’ m not aware of any definitive study that shows that alexithymia is more prevalent in the neuroexceptional population than it is in the neuro


alexithymia, not autism. although studies about this are scant, i ’ m not aware of any definitive study that shows that alexithymia is more prevalent in the neuroexceptional population than it is in the neurotypical one. in my work with neuroexceptional couples ( in a support group setting ), i observe a fairly high proportion of alexithymia among the partners who are not neurotypical, but my sample is a highly self - selected subgroup of all neuroexceptional people, and i don ’ t have a control group to compare with. for me, when i experience high receptive empathy ( which includes sympathy, compassion or pity ), such an experience is likely to lead to an emotional state of shock that requires me to tone down my feelings, because the nerves are too raw and exposed. so, i withdraw, i put up barriers to keep the world out, to keep things from getting worse. i can only take so much. most autistic people with whom i have talked about this agree. we have too much empathic capacity. it is paralyzing. why is that? i ’ m not sure. excess myelination? i ’ ll get back to you on that. autism and expressive empathy : the challenge for autistic people the biggest complaint in my couples support groups is that the ( typically ) asperger ’ s partner does not express empathy. i explain the bit that i ’ ve just gone through, that those of us who are autistic experience a high degree of understanding ( what i have called here receptive empathy ), and that our flat affect or silence does not mean we lack comprehension or sympathy. it ’ s just that dealing with these raw emotions is too frightening. thus, we exhibit a lack of what i have come to call expressive empathy. to partners who are feeling emotionally isolated, and are in need of validation, it ’ s not comforting to hear this. to them, there is no empathy if it isn ’ t expressed. and they have a good point. we autistics often stop one step short of what empathy is all about ; connecting with another human being, to validate and comfort them. without that piece, it does not serve its purpose. the result is, from the outside observers point of view, a “ lack ” of empathy. no reaction. or an “ inappropriate ” ( oh, how i hate that word ) reaction. if fact, the reaction is an internal volcano that is


. the result is, from the outside observers point of view, a “ lack ” of empathy. no reaction. or an “ inappropriate ” ( oh, how i hate that word ) reaction. if fact, the reaction is an internal volcano that is about to erupt. sometimes it does, and that is one form of meltdown. sometimes it is contained, and the world is shut out. i remember a time in my second marriage when things were not going well, and i was talking with my shrink about it. at one point, he said to me ( in frustration ), “ can ’ t you just tell her you love her? that ’ s what she wants to hear! ” and, i realized ( for complex reasons ) that, no, i was not capable of that at that time. it seemed like lying to me. yet, it would have been a harmless lie that could have made all the difference to her. i was empathizing with her distress, but i was not able to communicate that to her in a way that would have been helpful. the terms i have used here, receptive and expressive, are often used to describe forms of language communication, which is where i started this post. and that ’ s really what empathy is, in its fullest expression ; communicating emotional states. autistics are really good at receptive empathy, but some of us fall short when it comes to using expressive empathy. this is a failure of execution, not of cognition. our brains work just fine, thank you. we just need to learn how to let other people know that. the good news is called neuroplasticity, and there is a way to use that, in neurally - inspired therapies and techniques that can change our patterns of behavior. stay tuned. much more to come on those subjects. meanwhile, i will be practicing my expressive empathy.


by mary gallagher, opinion columnist published november 20, 2012 it ’ s hard to believe that within the past 100 years, issues like political participation of women and african americans were controversial topics that divided the country. at this point, it seems absurd that anyone would believe women or african americans didn ' t deserve the right to vote, but there were 42 years between the introduction of the 19th amendment and its ratification in 1920. now, if one political party was to oppose the suffrage of women or minorities, the opposing party would overtake them in a landslide victory, no matter how reasonable the anti - suffrage party ’ s views were on the economy or other issues. more like this the nov. 6 election has shown us that a new group of issues may be making the leap from controversial and partisan to accepted facts of life in the united states. of these, the most obvious is same - sex marriage. the battle for gay rights began to gain steam in the late 1960s and has made significant strides since, with same - sex marriage legal in nine states and washington d. c., and the ubiquity of realistic and progressive portrayals of the lgbt community in the media. however, there ’ s still a lot of progress to be made : 41 states continue to reject the validity of same - sex marriage. though, in this election cycle, gay marriage won battles in every single state where it was in question : maine, maryland, washington and minnesota. each of these was a ballot initiative, which means every state voter had a say. because of this, it can ’ t be argued that this is a case of the government usurping popular opinion, as organizations like the national organization for marriage have maintained about similar court rulings or legislative decisions. the people spoke, and they spoke overwhelmingly in favor of same - sex marriage. another oft - publicized point of contention during this campaign was the argument over abortion and access to birth control. although roe v. wade was passed nearly 40 years ago, there ’ s still a significant number of americans who believe that abortion should be made illegal except in cases of rape or incest — some even believe that it should be altogether outlawed no matter the circumstances. however, it seems that most of the population is hesitant to make it completely illegal. in a may 2012 gallup poll, 77 percent of americans responded that abortion should always be legal or sometimes legal. despite this fact, the republican party continued to stand behind their position, seemingly oblivious to the fact that they now represent a minority of the population. in a


gallup poll, 77 percent of americans responded that abortion should always be legal or sometimes legal. despite this fact, the republican party continued to stand behind their position, seemingly oblivious to the fact that they now represent a minority of the population. in a democracy like ours, the government should be ruled by the people, not the other way around. it ’ s easy to lose faith in the system and to believe that individual voices and opinions don ’ t really matter. but then an election like this comes around and reminds us that changing the minds of the voting public really can make an impact on the government. it seemed like the way many people framed this election was around the issues of gay marriage and abortion, rather than on more complex subjects such as the economy or the environment. i prefer these democratic economic models to that of the republican party. however, i ’ d rather hear an election that was a debate between two different plans to actually make the united states a better place to live, rather than bickering over subjects that the majority of the country has come to agree upon. rachel maddow said it best on election night, saying that if the republican party continues to focus on outdated issues, “ we are all deprived, as a nation, of the constructive debate between competing, feasible ideas about real problems. ”


this mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, first - order, and horn - clause logics, together with an analysis of the semantic aspects of the method. it is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains elegant versions and proofs of the fundamental theorems and lemmas in the proof theory of logic programming. advanced topics such as recursive complexity and negation as failure and its semantics are covered, and streamlined setups for sld - and sldnf - resolution are described. no other book treats this material in such detail and with such sophistication. doets provides a novel approach to resolution that is applied to the first - order case and the case of ( positive ) logic programs. in contrast to the usual approach, the concept of a resolvent is defined nonconstructively, without recourse to the concept of unification, allowing the soundness and completeness proofs to be carried out in a more economic way. other new material includes computability results dealing with analytical hierarchy, results on infinite derivations and an exposition on general logic programs using 3 - valued logic.


make a splash with a water workout use water as your medium for an effective workout and you ' ll be joining a diverse group of young and old, male and female, beginners and professional athletes alike who are all wet when exercising. range of goals pregnant women, teenagers, and baby boomers take classes to get in shape, cross - train, or train for a specific sporting event. in fact, people who are at many different levels of fitness can be in the same class ; the advanced participants simply do more repetitions or use equipment that increases resistance. water exercises can use a range of equipment to increase the challenge and difficulty of a basic workout, including flotation belts, water weights, foam noodles, and webbed gloves. work it out although many people enjoy water aerobics classes, you don ' t have to be in a group to work out. you can go solo by walking forward and backward in the pool or doing jumping jacks and other aerobics moves. when exercising in the water, follow these pool rules : exercise in navel - to chest - deep water. keep your abdominal and gluteal muscles tight and your spine neutral, with your hips slightly forward and your back straight, but not arched. wear water shoes for better traction and to protect your feet from rough pool surfaces. work at your own level. always warm up before and cool down after your workout. add equipment, such as weights or water gloves, water paddles, or aquatic hand buoys if the exercise is too easy. because of the water ’ s resistance, traditional weight - lifting exercises, such as bicep curls, triceps extensions, and chest presses are more challenging in the pool.


micro - algae, which is highly nutritious and an excellent source of protein, chlorophyll, vitamins and minerals and amino acids. it has 26 times the calcium of milk, contains phosphorus, b12, rna and dna, and easily digested. it is a safe food with no side effects. it would be good for survival purposes as it is easy to store. has sometimes been called “ manna of the future. ” it has been tested in japan and europe and found to benefit people who suffer from many ailments including : anemia, cataracts, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, glaucoma, hepatitis, physical imbalances, aids weight loss. blue - green micro algae, and its cousins spirulina and chlorella, grow on inland waters throughout the world – visible as greenish scum on still lakes and ponds. the aztecs of mexico ate it as a staple food, dried and spread on tortillas. africans of the sahara region also use dried spirulina with grains and vegetables. these algae are high in protein, carotenoids and minerals. beware, however, of claims that they can provide vitamin b12 in vegetarian diets. nevertheless, the high mineral and protein content of the various algae make them an excellent superfood, a good supplement to the diet and a useful product for the treatment of a variety of health problems. of the three main types of algae, spirulina is said to be the easiest to digest and absorb, because its cell walls are composed of mucopolysaccharides rather than indigestible cellulose. chlorella needs special processing to improve digestibility of a tough outer cell wall, but it is valued for its ability to bind with heavy metals and carry them out of the body. today, spirulina is consumed as a health food and nutritional supplement. it is a highly concentrated source of protein, vitamins and minerals but its price is commensurately high. it contains high quantities of bioavailable iron and all minerals generally. the drawback of spirulina supplements is that you have to consume 10 or more grams daily to get a reasonable amount of nutrients. ten grams is only two teaspoonfuls, which makes spirulina a very concentrated food source. spirulina is an exceptionally potent nutrient substance that has shown strong activity in many areas. it is the source of one of the most easily digestible


local extension agent discusses “ salmonella in songbirds ” by : bobby smith i have received several calls the last few weeks with clients who are distraught over dead songbirds in or around their bird feeders. earlier this spring i received an e - mail from a fellow agent in a county north of morgan county with the same issue. he had observed the same problem in his county. he submitted three birds to southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study ( scwds ) to be tested for salmonella, and all three birds tested positive. if you are seeing dead birds in or around your feeders or birdbaths, i just wanted to make you aware of the problem and share some suggestions from the scwds. the researcher at the scwds lab offered the following information about the outbreak : • salmonella bacteria are naturally found in many wild and domestic bird species • stress from severe weather and high concentrations of birds during spring ( such as those found around bird feeders and bird baths ) contribute to outbreak and disease spread. • because of large congregations of birds at feeders this time of year, this is when we usually see salmonella outbreaks • cats that eat dead birds can pick up the salmonella and possibly spread it to the humans that are caring for them. to help stop the spread of the disease, there are several steps that you can take if you believe the salmonella outbreak has affected your area : 1. remove all bird feeders and bird baths and clean up residual seed. it ' s important for the birds to disperse to help control the spread of disease. 2. disinfect all bird feeders and bird baths with 1 part bleach and 9 parts water 3. do not place the bird seed back out for at least one month after you see the last sick or dying bird on your property 4. clean out feeders at least every two weeks when you start feeding again to help prevent buildup of bacteria and fungi that can contribute to diseases in birds. for information on this and other problems, contact your local uga cooperative extension office or call 1800askuga1 or 18002758421. printed in the may 28, 2009 edition.


a depressive disorder is a whole - body illness, involving the body, mood, and thoughts, and affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things. it is not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. people with a depressive illness cannot merely " pull themselves together " and get better. without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression. during any one year period, nearly 19 million american adults suffer from depressive illness. yet, treatment can alleviate symptoms in nearly 80 percent of cases. women experience depression about twice as often as men. many hormonal factors may contribute to the increased rate of depression in women - - particularly such factors as menstrual cycle changes, premenstrual syndrome ( pms ), pregnancy, miscarriage, postpartum period, perimenopause, and menopause. many women also face additional stresses such as responsibilities both at work and home, single parenthood, and caring for children and aging parents. many women are also particularly vulnerable after the birth of a baby. the hormonal and physical changes, as well as the added responsibility of a new life, can be factors that lead to postpartum depression in some women. while transient " blues " are common in new mothers, a full - blown depressive episode is not a normal occurrence and requires active intervention. treatment by a sympathetic health care provider and the family ' s emotional support for the new mother are prime considerations in aiding her to recover her physical and mental well - being and her ability to care for and enjoy the infant. depressive disorders come in different forms, as do other illnesses, such as heart disease. three of the most prevalent types of depressive disorders include the following : - major depression. a combination of symptoms ( see symptom list ) that interfere with the ability to work, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. these disabling episodes of depression can occur once, twice, or several times in a lifetime. - dysthymia. long - term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep people from functioning at " full steam " or from feeling good. sometimes, people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes. - bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ). a chronic, recurring condition


do not disable, but keep people from functioning at " full steam " or from feeling good. sometimes, people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes. - bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ). a chronic, recurring condition that includes cycles of depression and elation or mania. within these types, there are variations in the number of symptoms, their severity, and persistence. the following are the most common symptoms of depression. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. in general, nearly everyone suffering from depression has ongoing feelings of sadness, and may feel helpless, hopeless, and irritable. the american psychiatric association suggests that professional help is advisable for those who have four or more of the following symptoms continually for more than two weeks : - noticeable change of appetite, with either significant weight loss not attributable to dieting or weight gain - noticeable change in sleeping patterns, such as fitful sleep, inability to sleep, early morning awakening, or sleeping too much - loss of interest and pleasure in activities formerly enjoyed - persistent sad, anxious, or " empty " mood - feelings of hopelessness, pessimism - restlessness, irritability - decreased energy, fatigue, being " slowed down " - feelings of worthlessness - persistent feelings of hopelessness - feelings of inappropriate guilt - inability to concentrate or think, indecisiveness - recurring thoughts of death or suicide, wishing to die, or attempting suicide ( note : individuals with this symptom should receive treatment immediately! ) - melancholia ( defined as overwhelming feelings of sadness and grief ), accompanied by the following : - waking at least two hours earlier than normal in the morning - feeling more depressed in the morning - moving significantly more slowly - disturbed thinking - - for example, severely depressed people sometimes have beliefs not based in reality about physical disease, sinfulness, or poverty - physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain specific treatment for depression will be determined by your health care provider based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the depression - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disorder - your opinion or preference generally, based on the outcome of evaluations, depressive disorders are treated with medication or either psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and therapy. you can also help yourself. depressive disorders can make a person feel exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless. such negative thoughts


depressive disorders are treated with medication or either psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and therapy. you can also help yourself. depressive disorders can make a person feel exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless. such negative thoughts and feelings make some people feel like giving up. it is important to realize that these negative views are part of the depression and typically do not accurately reflect the actual circumstances. negative thinking fades as treatment begins to take effect. in the meantime, consider the following : - set realistic goals in light of the depression and assume a reasonable amount of responsibility. - break large tasks into small ones, set some priorities, and do what you can as you can. - try to be with other people and to confide in someone ; it is usually better than being alone and secretive. - participate in activities that may make you feel better. - mild exercise, going to a movie, a ball game, or participating in religious, social, or other activities may help. - expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately. feeling better takes time. - it is advisable to postpone important decisions until the depression has lifted. before deciding to make a significant transition - - change jobs, get married or divorced - - discuss it with others who know you well and have a more objective view of your situation. - people rarely " snap out of " a depression. but they can feel a little better day - by - day. - remember, positive thinking will replace the negative thinking that is part of the depression and will disappear as your depression responds to treatment. - let your family and friends help you. click here to view the online resources of women ' s health


atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis caused by a build - up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. ( arteriosclerosis is a general term for thickening or hardening of the arteries. ) plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, and can develop in medium or large arteries. the artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity. atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start as early as childhood. however, the disease has the potential to progress rapidly. it is unknown exactly how atherosclerosis begins or what causes it. some scientists think that certain risk factors may be associated with atherosclerosis, including : - elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels - high blood pressure - diabetes mellitus ( type 1 diabetes ) - physical inactivity - high saturated fat diet there is a gradual build - up of plaque or thickening of the inside of the walls of the artery, causing a decrease in the amount of blood flow, and a decrease in the oxygen supply to the vital body organs and extremities. a heart attack may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the heart. a stroke may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is cut off to the brain. gangrene may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the arms and legs. signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis may develop gradually, and may be few, as the plaque builds up in the artery. symptoms may also vary depending on the affected artery. however, when a major artery is blocked, signs and symptoms may be severe, such as those occurring with heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, or blood clot. the symptoms of atherosclerosis may resemble other cardiac conditions. consult your physician for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for atherosclerosis may include any, or a combination of, the following : - cardiac catheterization - with this procedure, x - rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery - to locate the narrowing, occlusions, and other abnormalities of specific arteries. - doppler sonography - a special transducer is used to direct sound waves into a blood vessel to evaluate blood flow. an audio receiver amplifies the sound of the blood moving though the vessel. faint


other abnormalities of specific arteries. - doppler sonography - a special transducer is used to direct sound waves into a blood vessel to evaluate blood flow. an audio receiver amplifies the sound of the blood moving though the vessel. faintness or absent of sound may indicate an obstruction in the blood flow. - blood pressure comparison - comparing blood pressure measurements in the ankles and in the arms to determine any constriction in blood flow. significant differences may indicate a narrowing of vessels which could be caused by atherosclerosis. - muga / radionuclide angiography - a nuclear scan to see how the heart wall moves and how much blood is expelled with each heartbeat, while the patient is at rest. - thallium / myocardial perfusion scan - a nuclear scan given while the patient is at rest or after exercise that may reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood. specific treatment will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the disease - the location of the blockage - your signs and symptoms - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disease - your opinion or preference treatment may include : - modification of risk factors risk factors that may be modified include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels, lack of exercise, poor dietary habits, and elevated blood pressure. medications that may be used to treat carotid artery disease include : - antiplatelet medications - medications used to decrease the ability of platelets in the blood to stick together and cause clots. aspirin, clopidogrel ( plavix ` # 174 ; ), ticlopidine ( ticlid® ), and dipyridamole ( persantine® ) are examples of antiplatelet medications. - anticoagulants - also described as " blood thinners, " these medications work differently than antiplatelet medications to decrease the ability of the blood to clot. an example of an anticoagulant is warfarin ( coumadin® ). - antihyperlipidemics - medications used to lower lipids ( fats ) in the blood, particularly low density lipid ( ldl ) cholesterol. statins are a group of antihyperlipidemic medications, and include simvastatin ( zocor® ), atorvastatin ( lipitor®


, particularly low density lipid ( ldl ) cholesterol. statins are a group of antihyperlipidemic medications, and include simvastatin ( zocor® ), atorvastatin ( lipitor® ), and pravastatin ( pravachol® ), among others. bile acid sequestrants — colesevelam, cholestyramine and colestipol — and nicotinic acid ( niacin ) are two other types of medications that may be used to reduce cholesterol levels. - antihypertensives - medications used to lower blood pressure. there are several different groups of medications which act in different ways to lower blood pressure - coronary angioplasty with this procedure, a balloon is used to create a bigger opening in the vessel to increase blood flow. although angioplasty is performed in other blood vessels, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ( ptca ) refers to angioplasty in the coronary arteries to permit more blood flow into the heart. there are several types of ptca procedures, including : - balloon angioplasty - a small balloon is inflated inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area. - atherectomy - the blocked area inside the artery is " shaved " away by a tiny device on the end of a catheter. - laser angioplasty - a laser used to " vaporize " the blockage in the artery. - coronary artery stent - a tiny coil is expanded inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area and is left in place to keep the artery open. - coronary artery bypass most commonly referred to as simply " bypass surgery, " this surgery is often performed in people who have angina ( chest pain ) due to coronary artery disease ( where plaque has built up in the arteries ). during the surgery, a bypass is created by grafting a piece of a vein above and below the blocked area of a coronary artery, enabling blood to flow around the obstruction. veins are usually taken from the leg, but arteries from the chest or arm may also be used to create a bypass graft. click here to view the online resources of heart center


3 - d paper snowflakes are a hit january 16, 2013 smithville ' s homeschoolers @ the library made 3 - d snowflakes this december. before the class, branch staff made a few to help the instructor determine what steps might be the most difficult. we hung these staff " flakes " over our circulation desk. whoa! everyday a patron would ask, " did you make those? they ' re great! do you have a pattern i could copy? " so, we thought we would share our snowflake fun with everyone. all you need is 6 sheets of paper, a ruler, pencil, scissors, glue or tape, and a stapler. this square is easily accomplished by folding regular printer paper - fold one corner down to the opposite side, creating a folded triangle. then cut off excess. fold again to create a smaller triangle, then mark 4 cutting lines ( parallel to the long open edges ) from the short edge with 2 folds almost across to the solid folded edge - but stop short by 1 / 2 inch. leaving the triangle folded, cut on those lines but not all the way across. this process must be done for all 6 pages. open up your cut piece of paper slowly, as it is a little delicate at this point. lay the paper flat. fold the two most center slits together and glue or tape. skip the second slit and glue or tape the points of the third slits together. now leave the fourth and tape or glue the 5th slits together. at this point, turn your piece over and tape or glue the points of the 2nd slits together. finally, tape or glue the points of the 4th slit together. this is 1 / 6th of your snowflake. repeat this process for the remaining five pieces. use a stapler to staple one tip of all 6 pieces together. then fan them out and tape or glue the edges of each piece where it touches the next piece. you are done! here is a link for a great tutorial on how to make these snowflakes. enjoy!


you are herethe written stone, dilworth the written stone, dilworth a large inscribed stone measuring eight feet long, two feet wide and one and a half feet deep was placed beside a old road ( now known as written stone lane ) in dilworth during the 17th century. the reason why the stone was placed is unknown, though several stories have grown up around it. the following account was published in ' lancashire legends ' ( 1873 ) by john harland & t t wilkinson. ' the anonymous author of " the new clock " mentions, in his " curious comers round preston, " that, having heard of a farm called " written stone, " from an ancient stone bearing an inscription which stands near it, and that the place was reputed to be the haunt of boggarts, he determined to visit it. it is in the township of dilworth, and parish of ribchester, about two miles from the village of longridge, and seven miles n. e. of preston. turning down a narrow lane, or old bridle - road, it soon plunged the searcher into a deep ravine, with a rapid mountain rivulet coursing through it, and a tall hedge of holly and hazel making the place a grove. for half a mile he walked and waded through mud and water, and on emerging from this long and tedious lane, turning to his right into a neat farmyard, he espied in a comer the object of his search. he describes it as a huge stone, a foot thick, nine feet long, two feet wide, and apparently from the adjacent rocks, placed like a gravestone on the cop. the inscription is on the side facing the road : — ravffe : radcliffe : laide : this : stone : to : lye : for : ever : a. d. 1655. " * the characters ( he adds ) are not the raised letters so prevalent in the seventeenth century, but deeply cut in the stone. he found the farmhouse tenanted by a young woman of very respectable appearance, the daughter of the owner of the estate, who, in this romantic spot, leads almost the life of a recluse. she had no dread of supernatural visitants, having never been disturbed by ghost or hobgoblin ; and her theory on the subject was pithily summed up in the declaration, " that if folks only did what was right in this world, they would have nothing to fear. " the date on the stone speaks of the


##goblin ; and her theory on the subject was pithily summed up in the declaration, " that if folks only did what was right in this world, they would have nothing to fear. " the date on the stone speaks of the days of sorcery and witchcraft, and of the troubled times of cromwell ' s protectorate. tradition declares this spot to have been the scene of a cruel and barbarous murder, and it is stated that this stone was put down in order to appease the restless spirit of the deceased, which played its nightly gambols long after the body had been " hearsed in earth. " a story is told of one of the former occupants of written stone farm, who, thinking that the stone would make a capital " buttery stone, " removed it into the house and applied it to that use. the result was, that the indignant or liberated spirit would never suffer his family to rest. whatever pots, pans, kettles, or articles of crockery were placed on the stone, were tilted over, their contents spilled, and the vessels themselves kept up a clattering dance the live - long night, at the beck of the unseen spirit. thus worried out of his night ' s rest, the farmer soon found himself compelled to have the stone carefully conveyed back to its original resting - place, where it has remained ever since, and the good man ' s family have not again been disturbed by inexplicable nocturnal noises. well may they say with hamlet, " rest, perturbed spirit! " * in baines ' s " lancashire " ( vol. iii. p. 383 ), there is a somewhat different version of this inscription : — " rafe ratcliffe laid this stone here to lie for ever. a. d. 1607. " he adds, that this rafe was owner of the estate. it will be seen that neither christian name nor surname nor date agrees with the text, which latter, however, we believe to be correct.


npp launched oct. 28, 2011. it is a first step in building the next satellite system to collect data on climate change and weather conditions. teachers to put science to the test in a microgravity environment aboard the agency ’ s reduced gravity aircraft. 01. 25. 12 - nasa explorer schools held a live video chat on jan. 25, 2012 with josh willis who answered questions about sea level rise and global climate change. 01. 12. 12 - nes held a video webchat jan 12, 2012 with dr. bill cooke and rhiannon blaauw. they answered questions about meteors, meteorites and comets and their potential danger to spacecraft. 12. 13. 11 - danielle margiotta joined nes on dec. 13, 2011 and answered student questions about how nasa engineers prepare satellites to endure the harsh environment of space. 11. 23. 11 - nasa explorer schools held a video chat on nov. 23, 2011 with zareh gorjian for a look at nasa ' s computer graphics area. 11. 03. 11 - on nov. 3, 2011, nasa ' s deputy director of planetary science, jim adams answered student questions about nasa ' s recent planetary mission discoveries and upcoming launches. adams discussed his career path and some of the most rewarding moments in his 22 - year career with nasa. 10. 13. 11 - in celebration of hispanic heritage month, dr. felix soto toro joined nes on oct. 13, 2011, for our first live bilingual video chat. students asked questions of this astronaut applicant and electrical engineer and found out what it was like for soto to grow up in barrio amelia guaynabo, puerto rico, with few advantages. they also learned what inspired him to pursue a career with nasa. a video or transcript of this chat will be posted at a later time. 02. 17. 11 - being a scientist doesn ' t always mean spending your days in a lab. for nasa microbial ecologists, going to work might mean climbing aboard a research vessel, or collecting marine and soil samples in the andes, mexico, or even in europe and africa! students were able to find out what it ' s like to hunt microbes around the globe with angela detweiler and dr. lee bebout. chat transcripts are now available. 03. 29. 11 - the nes project invited all k - 12 students to participate in a one - hour - long nasa career panel video webchat on march 29, 2011. this year ' s panelists were three outstanding women


football behavior program january 12, 2011 years ago, poquoson primary school used sports to create a school - wide behavior incentive program for january. we used a die - cut machine to cut footballs. each teacher was given a stack. we were asked to carry a few with us at all times. when we saw another class ( not our own ) that was well - behaved in the hallway, cafeteria, at the bathrooms, or the like, we handed a football to a student in the class. they could also earn a football for an individual act of good citizenship. upon returning to the classroom, the teacher talked about what the class did to earn the football and would post it on a paper football field that was displayed outside of her door in the hall. each time the class earned a football their “ team ” would advance ten yards on the field. ( this was great for teaching counting by 10 ’ s. ) when the team reached the goal post, they would earn a touchdown and start over. tally marks were used to display and track points earned. when it was time for the super bowl, the totals were given to the principal. we then had a culminating assembly and everyone wore sports - related clothing to school. the principal and assistant principal dressed like football players, complete with helmets and pads! the top scoring classes got to do cheers, and all classes were praised for their behaviors. examples of especially good deeds and behaviors were announced for all to hear. this activity was extremely popular and allowed us to “ catch ‘ em being good ” rather than give out reprimands.


most southern women did not publicly express a desire for equal rights with men until well after the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ), and suffrage, or the right to vote, came later to women in georgia than to women in most other states. the american equal rights association ( aera ), dedicated to human rights, black suffrage, and woman suffrage, was formed in 1866, the same year georgia passed legislation giving married women property rights. in 1869, when a woman suffrage amendment was introduced in the u. s. congress, the aera split into two factions. the american woman suffrage association ( awsa ) was a moderate group led by lucy stone and julia ward howe, and the national woman suffrage association ( nwsa ) was a more radical faction formed by elizabeth cady stanton and susan b. anthony. while the former campaigned to accomplish a state - by - state right to vote, the latter sought a constitutional amendment for the vote and worked for a variety of reforms. the passage in 1870 of the fifteenth amendment, stating that citizens could not be denied the vote because of race, color, or former status as a slave, granted black males the right to vote and to hold office. the belief that women also deserved this right not only increased membership in the pro - suffrage organizations but also led to tension over how best to achieve this in the south. organizing for suffrage the awsa and the nwsa reunited in 1890, into a group known as the national american woman suffrage association ( nawsa ). in columbus, georgia, helen augusta howard formed a branch of the organization she called the georgia woman suffrage association ( gwsa ). in 1892 the nawsa established the committee on southern work, and by 1893 the georgia chapter had members in five counties. in 1894 the equal suffrage league formed in atlanta as a chapter of the gwsa. further impetus for the suffrage movement in georgia came in 1895, when the nawsa held their annual meeting in atlanta, the first held outside of washington, d. c. the organization ' s headquarters was at the aragon hotel, and meetings were held at degive ' s opera house. susan b. anthony and ninety - three delegates from twenty - eight states, together with visitors and reporters, attended. african american women were excluded from these meetings, but anthony did speak on the campus of atlanta university, an all - black school. in the audience was alumna adela hunt logan, a georgian who taught at alabama ' s tuskegee institute. logan published several suffrage articles and


meetings, but anthony did speak on the campus of atlanta university, an all - black school. in the audience was alumna adela hunt logan, a georgian who taught at alabama ' s tuskegee institute. logan published several suffrage articles and became the nawsa ' s first lifetime member. for african american women, support of nawsa efforts was seen as a further step toward reenfranchisement for black men, as well as enfranchisement for themselves. in 1896 several african american women ' s organizations formed the national association of colored women ( nacw ) in washington, d. c. in the next several years, many members, like lugenia burns hope, wife of john hope, the first president of atlanta ' s morehouse college, became suffrage advocates through their work in the nacw. the gwsa held its first convention in november 1899 in atlanta. speakers from georgia as well as from other southern states attended. under president mary latimer mclendon, the association passed several resolutions, including a statement that georgia women should not pay taxes if they did not have the vote and a request that the university of georgia be opened to women. at the november 1901 gwsa convention, atlantan katherine koch was chosen president. in 1902 atlanta women petitioned to vote in municipal elections but were rejected. national and state events the 1906 atlanta race riot further intensified the question of woman suffrage and how to achieve it in the south, where attitudes on gender and race became a defining issue. the year 1908 was a presidential election year, and suffragists asked both parties to include the issue in their platforms, but neither did. the prohibition party of georgia, however, did adopt woman suffrage as part of its platform. the georgia federation of labor had endorsed woman suffrage in 1900. they called for local unions to support it, and events outside the south encouraged them to do so. in 1907 harriet blatch, daughter of elizabeth cady stanton, formed the equality league of self - supporting women to reach out to working - class women. in 1909 the woman suffrage – connected strike of 20, 000 women garment workers and a boycott by the wealthy women who purchased clothing was coordinated by the women ' s trade union league in new york city. after california gave women the vote in 1911, there were six suffrage states. in 1913 the georgia woman equal suffrage league was formed, with many teachers and businesswomen as members. the league ' s president was an atlanta teacher and principal of ivy street


after california gave women the vote in 1911, there were six suffrage states. in 1913 the georgia woman equal suffrage league was formed, with many teachers and businesswomen as members. the league ' s president was an atlanta teacher and principal of ivy street school, frances smith whiteside, and the sister of u. s. senator hoke smith. the georgia men ' s league for woman suffrage, formed by atlanta attorney leonard j. grossman, was a chapter of a national organization. with few members outside atlanta, its formation was mostly a symbolic one for the movement. the equal franchise league of muscogee county as well as a macon suffrage association were formed by the end of 1913. in 1914 women who wanted the gwsa to work more aggressively for suffrage formed the equal suffrage party of georgia, which by 1915 had member branches in thirteen georgia counties. in the first five years of the party ' s existence its presidents were from atlanta, augusta, and savannah. several georgia cities and counties had branches of both suffrage organizations working simultaneously for the same goal but with a different focus. anti - suffrage movement and pro - suffrage groups in the spring of 1914 a georgia chapter of the national association opposed to woman suffrage, founded in 1895, was formed in macon. three months later, it claimed to have 10 state branches and 2, 000 members, far more than the pro - suffrage organizations. the leadership included mildred lewis rutherford, head of the lucy cobb institute in athens and president of the united daughters of the confederacy. when the georgia legislature first conducted hearings on the subject in 1914, sisters mary latimer mclendon of atlanta and rebecca latimer felton of cartersville, leonard j. grossman, james l. anderson, and mrs. elliott cheatham of atlanta all addressed the house committee for suffrage. speaking for the opposition were rutherford and dolly blount lamar of macon. the vote was five to two against suffrage, and the resolution did not pass. hearings were conducted again the following year before committees of the senate and house, and both voted against it. in march 1914 pro - suffrage women held their first rally in atlanta, with urban reform leader jane addams as speaker. in 1915 a may day celebration was cause for atlanta suffragists to gather on the steps of the state capitol. the following november, a significant event in the movement occurred when pro - suffrage groups marched after atlanta ' s harvest festival celebration. patterned after parades held in new york and washington, d. c., the march included more than 200 students


state capitol. the following november, a significant event in the movement occurred when pro - suffrage groups marched after atlanta ' s harvest festival celebration. patterned after parades held in new york and washington, d. c., the march included more than 200 students in caps and gowns, marchers wearing " votes for women " sashes and carrying banners, and decorated automobiles, all led by a brass band. mary mclendon led the vehicles in eastern victory, an automobile sold by anna howard shaw to pay " unjust " taxes. a pony cart filled with yellow chrysanthemums carried a large sign reading " georgia catching up. " on horseback, representing the herald leading women " forward into light, " was eleanore raoul, organizer of the fulton and dekalb equal suffrage party. all of georgia ' s suffrage groups, including the georgia young people ' s suffrage association, were represented. the following year the atlanta woman suffrage organizations were the first nonlabor group to be included in atlanta ' s labor day parade. in 1917 alice paul formed the national woman ' s party. because of the party ' s protest of democratic president woodrow wilson ' s lack of support for a federal suffrage amendment, their attempts to organize in the south as early as 1915 had failed. in 1917, feeling that the " antis " were gaining too much of the south, the national woman ' s party increased efforts to recruit in the south, and a georgia branch was formed. considered radical by other southern suffrage groups, the national woman ' s party was a relatively militant organization. although they did nothing unusual in georgia, they were the first group ever to picket the white house for a political cause. two 1917 events were significant to the suffrage movement : the united states entered world war i ( 1917 - 18 ), and new york women won the right to vote. although the nawsa endorsed the war effort, not all suffrage organizations were in agreement. the same year, georgia suffrage supporters again presented their resolution to the senate committee. endorsement was finally achieved by a vote of eight to four in favor, but the senate did not act on that support. elsewhere in georgia, the city of waycross allowed women, many of them property owners, to vote in municipal primary elections. in may 1919, women were allowed to vote in atlanta municipal primary elections, by a vote of twenty - four to one. passage of the amendment on june 4, 1919, with the support of only one southern senator, georgia ' s william j. harris, the u. s.


to vote in atlanta municipal primary elections, by a vote of twenty - four to one. passage of the amendment on june 4, 1919, with the support of only one southern senator, georgia ' s william j. harris, the u. s. congress passed the woman suffrage amendment, and it was submitted to the states for ratification. in response, alabamians formed the southern women ' s league for the rejection of the susan b. anthony amendment ( southern rejection league ), and rutherford became one of its few out - of - state members. on july 24 georgia became the first state to reject the ratification of the amendment, and both houses adopted resolutions to that effect. by august 1920 thirty - five states had ratified the nineteenth amendment. one more state was needed for full ratification, and the state of tennessee ratified it on august 18. although many in tennessee and the south continued to challenge it, the amendment became effective on august 26. women finally had won the vote, but georgia ' s women still could not vote in that year ' s november elections. georgia, along with mississippi, cited a requirement that one must be registered six months before the election in order to vote. because the legislature refused to pass an " enabling act " to make voting immediately possible, georgia women did not vote until 1922. assured that women had won the vote, the league of women voters organized in february 1920 to carry on the work of the nawsa. in georgia all branches of the various suffrage societies and leagues merged into the league of women voters of georgia. through this organization and others, women sought to address the many issues important to them that had been raised, including employment, education, and health care. the nineteenth amendment remains a milestone from which women could begin to do this through political means. elna c. green, southern strategies : southern women and the woman suffrage question ( chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1997 ). elizabeth gillespie mcrae, " caretakers of southern civilization : georgia women and the anti - suffrage campaign, 1914 - 1920, " georgia historical quarterly 82 ( winter 1998 ) : 801 - 28. marjorie spruill wheeler, new women of the new south : the leaders of the woman suffrage movement in the southern states ( new york : oxford university press, 1993 ). marjorie spruill wheeler, votes for women! the woman suffrage movement in tennessee, the south, and the nation ( knoxville : university of tennessee press, 1995 ). e. lee eltzroth, georgia state university a project of the


living with hurricanes : katrina and beyond katrina exhibit opens in louisiana state museum five years after the most devastating hurricane ever to hit the united states and the massive destruction that followed, an exhibit has opened at the louisiana state museum documenting that destruction. " living with hurricanes : katrina and beyond, " a $ 7. 5 million, 6, 700 square - foot exhibit on the ground floor of the historic presbytere in the french quarter ' s jackson square tells the stories of real people caught in the hurricane ' s wrath. it documents their rescue, recovery, rebuilding and renewal of new orleans in a way certain to move both those who survived the storms of 2005 and those who watched the events unfold on tv. combining eyewitness accounts, historical context, immersive environments and in - depth scientific exploration, " katrina and beyond " enables visitors to understand the 2005 storms, katrina and rita, and their impact on louisiana, the gulf coast and the nation. it is a story of how a culture – the rich, varied world of new orleans and coastal louisiana – has learned to live with the fragility of its environment and how the storms of 2005 gave rise to a new vision for the region. when it hit southeastern louisiana and the mississippi gulf coast on the morning of august 29, 2005, the storm caused fearsome destruction. but the disaster wasn ' t entirely the result of natural causes. levees and floodwalls – the man - made barriers built to protect new orleans from the water surrounding it – failed. their collapse in a dozen or more locations, plus tidal surges from the the low - lying eastern edge of new orleans, flooded 80 percent of the city. by the time the waters receded and the survivors regrouped, katrina, and then hurricane rita, had claimed more than 1, 400 lives and caused billions of dollars worth of property destruction. designed by the boston - based firm experiencedesign that worked with the museum ' s historians, curators and exhibit designers, " living with hurricanes " stretches across four galleries, each telling one aspect of the story using artifacts and rich media – sound, video and computer graphics. gallery one illustrates louisiana ' s history with water, from the mississippi river ' s benefits to the threats of coastal storm surges and floods. visitors will move through the " evacuation corridor, " overhearing residents ' voices weighing their options as katrina approaches. a state of the art " storm theater " shows katrina ' s full fury with moving and dramatic footage of the hurricane ' s onslaught. gallery two takes


through the " evacuation corridor, " overhearing residents ' voices weighing their options as katrina approaches. a state of the art " storm theater " shows katrina ' s full fury with moving and dramatic footage of the hurricane ' s onslaught. gallery two takes visitors past a leaking floodwall and into an attic and onto a roof of a house surrounded by rising floodwaters where they can view the inundated city surrounding them. they ' ll hear a firsthand account of a st. bernard parish family ' s rescue and view artifacts, histories and photographs. throughout the galleries are compelling artifacts, including music legend fats domino ' s baby grand piano found in his flooded ninth ward house, a coast guard rescue basket and seats from the heavily damaged louisiana superdome where thousands of people sought refuge and rescue. the objects serve as touchstones in recalling the days after the storm. the forensics of katrina unfold in gallery three where science and innovative displays come together. a large interactive table map shows the paths of katrina and rita and the sequence of floods that overwhelmed the region. visitors will discover how the levees failed through digital animation. additional displays illustrate the realities of eroding wetlands, disaster management, engineering and the science of predicting and tracking hurricanes and tropical weather patterns and phenomena. gallery four celebrates recovery and promotes preparedness and showcases the ingenuity of louisianans in rebuilding their lives and communities. the gallery will be updated regularly to reflect advancements in flood protection and coastal restoration and new strategies for living with hurricanes. in addition to the running videos throughout the exhibit there will be interviews with a number of key individuals who had a part in the rescue and recovery efforts, including national guard commander gen. russel honore whose troops helped restore order after a week of chaos. founded in 1906 with a mission to collect, preserve, interpret and present the state ' s rich history and diverse cultures, the louisiana state museum ' s collection now totals more than 450, 000 artifacts and works of art. these provide an authentic experience of louisiana to visitors from around the world while enhancing the quality of life for residents. the museum is part of the louisiana department of culture, recreation and tourism. the exhibit will be located at the presbytere on jackson square, at the corner of st. ann and chartres streets. hours are 10 a. m. to 4 : 30 p. m. tuesday through sunday. no closing date for the exhibit has been announced. admission fees are $ 6 for adults and $ 5 for senior citizens, students and active military. children


hendra virus found in sa flying foxes - from : aap - january 18, 2013 hendra virus has been detected in flying foxes in adelaide for the first time. the virus was found in a tissue sample taken from flying foxes that died during extreme temperatures earlier this month. about 100 of the animals were found dead in the north adelaide parklands with heat stress the likely cause. south australia ' s chief veterinary officer rob rahaley said people should be alert but not alarmed by the discovery. he said while the virus could be transmitted to horses some simple precautions could be taken by horse owners to minimise the risk. " while this is the first time hendra virus has been found in bats in sa, it was expected, as our flying fox population most likely originated from victoria and new south wales, where evidence of hendra virus infection in flying foxes was demonstrated some time ago, " dr rahaley said. " it has always been assumed local flying foxes would have a similar status to animals in those states. " however we believe local factors such as vegetation and climate mean the risk to south australian horses is much lower than it is in queensland and northern nsw. " dr rahaley said the hendra virus had never been detected in a horse in sa, victoria or southern nsw. " but the discovery serves as a reminder to all south australian horse owners to take steps to minimise the potential for contact between flying foxes and horses. " owners should prevent their horses being near fruiting and flowering trees that flying foxes may frequent and cover feed bins and troughs. " hendra virus is also a rare but serious and sometimes fatal disease in people. but all known cases have been acquired from contact with infected horses and there have been no reports of people being infected directly from flying foxes.


zoologger is our weekly column highlighting extraordinary animals – and occasionally other organisms – from around the world step from a sunlit hillside into the darkness of a cave, and you immediately have a problem : you can ' t see. it ' s best to stand still for a few minutes until your eyes adjust to the dimness, otherwise you might blunder into a hibernating bear that doesn ' t appreciate your presence. the same thing will happen when you leave again : the brightness of the sun will dazzle you at first. that ' s because your eyes have two types of receptor : one set works in bright light and the other in dim light. barring a few minutes around sunset, only one set of receptors is ever working at any given time. peters ' elephantnose fish has no such limitations. its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time. that could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home. peters ' elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish, all of which live in africa. they get their name from the trunk - like protrusions on the front of their heads. but whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses, the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths. to find a peters ' elephantnose fish, you must lurk in muddy, slow - moving water. look closely, because the fish is brown and so is the background. it finds its way through the murk using its trunk, which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects. the fish ' s electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness. the fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity. processing the signals takes brainpower, so it has an exceptionally large brain. as a result, 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain. even humans, with our whopping brains, only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them. now for its eyes. most vertebrates, including humans, have two types of light receptors on their retinas : rods and cones. rods can sense dim light, but become bleached in bright light and stop working. cones can ' t see in dim light, but given enough light they can see fine details and colours. most animals ' eyes are specialised for one or the other. animals that are active during the day tend to have more cones than nocturnal animals


working. cones can ' t see in dim light, but given enough light they can see fine details and colours. most animals ' eyes are specialised for one or the other. animals that are active during the day tend to have more cones than nocturnal animals such as foxes. in the human eye, the cones are clustered in a central region called the fovea, where the light is sharply focused, and the rods are outside it. as a result, we have excellent daytime vision and rather poor night vision. the retina of the peters ' elephantnose fish looks completely different. it is covered with cup - shaped depressions. around 30 cones sit inside each cup, and a few hundred rods are buried underneath. because of the peculiar design of the fish ' s retina, it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago, says andreas reichenbach of the paul flechsig institute for brain research in leipzig, germany. reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for. each cup has a layer of massive cells that are full of guanine crystals. these form a mirrored surface that amplifies the light intensity within the cups, ensuring that the cones have enough light to work with. at the same time, because the cups are eating up so much of the light, only a small amount reaches the cones. as a result, both sets of receptors are supplied with the right amount of light. yet when reichenbach tested the fishes ' vision, they didn ' t seem to do very well. for instance, they could only see objects that covered a big swathe of their visual field. if humans had vision that bad, we would miss any object whose width was less than one sixth of a full moon. however, the peters ' elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background – essential for fish that live in dirty water. presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background, they took as long to spot it as goldfish. but when a grey noise pattern – like an untuned tv – was superimposed, the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish. the fish ' s ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish. so reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn ' t a mistake. " it ' s the right type for this fish, " he says. journal reference : science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1218072 if you would like


##enbach thinks its oddball visual system isn ' t a mistake. " it ' s the right type for this fish, " he says. journal reference : science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1218072 if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article thu jun 28 22 : 15 : 54 bst 2012 by freederick if i understand correctly, each cup - shaped depression serves as a single aggregate receptor, combining the output of all the individual light - sensitive cells comprising it. in effect, the fish is trading resolution for sensitivity. this is the same sort of effect as used to be employed in high - iso photographic film, where the larger, flattened grains of photosensitive chemicals resulted in high sensitivity, at the cost of a coarse - grained image. the fish employs an even more effective method, effectively combining many smaller " grains " into one huge hypersensitive receptor. all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the " report " link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.


implant chip will improve care a local doctor has developed a chip that can be implanted in artificial knees, hips or other prosthetics that will relay medical information about the patient. dr. lee berger, an orthopedic surgeon, developed the technology after frequent experiences with patients who did not remember the information needed to get proper follow - up care. " ortho - tag " is a wireless chip imbedded in the prosthetic that contains information about a patient, implant, and procedure. a handheld receiver allows physicians to access information about their patient. " a patient could just have all information necessary for care available in their implant, " said berger, who has been affiliated with st. joseph ' s regional medical center for 25 years and the valley hospital for 15 in addition to having his own private practice in fair lawn. the ortho - tag still has to be approved by the fda. " we hope to have it out between six months to a year " said berger. berger described the possibilities available with this technology, including accelerometers which measure movement of the implant for use during physical therapy. no longer will doctors have to deal with inaccurate results. " instead of being subjective, we can be objective, " berger said. the tags will also contain information that the patient wants included. each tag holds " as much as a book " according to berger. the handheld probe was invented by berger and designed in the laboratory of marlin mickle, professor and director of the university of pittsburgh rfid center of excellence.


keynote address : research agenda and policy perspectives on agriculture for development the keynote address of the conference, by justin lin, the chief economist at the world bank, focuses on future research priorities and the process of implementing the policy objectives of the 2008 world development report, " agriculture for development. " justin lin is the chief economist of the world bank. this lesson plan should be used for grades 5 - 7 to help practice, learn, and implement the scientific method, using a self - directed study. try dutch! : dutch language taster interested in dutch? curious how dutch sounds? wondering how difficult or easy it is? perhaps you are thinking of studying dutch? then here is your opportunity to have a go at the language yourself and experience what it is like to learn dutch from scratch. you can work through the pack all by yourself. no knowledge of dutch is required. ucl grant museum of zoology eutherians image collection this is a set of images taken from a teaching resource created at university college london, in collaboration with their museum of zoology. they are primarily along the themes of phylogeny ( evolutionary history ) and functional anatomy. the images are hosted in the uk centre for bioscience ' s imagebank. from ideas to intellectual property ( materials ) this zipped file contains all of the materials that made up the " how to extract value from intellectual property pt 1 ". inside the file is a narrative, the full powerpoint slide and cc licence information for all the clip art and materials that have been used. there are audio files that also can be used under the creative commons. the relevant attribution and sources for the materials can be found in the. ppt of the lecture. nuclear and particle physics a third year course in nuclear and particle physics. could do with a few lhc updates. contains lecture notes, examples,... as well as the files used to create these resources. also has some movies of nuclear collective motion. discusses : 1 introduction 2 a history of particle physics 3 experimental tools 4 nuclear masses 5 nuclear models 6 some basic concepts of theoretical particle physics 7 the fundamental forces 8 symmetries and particle physics 9 symmetries of the theory of strong humbox : keywords / tags matches " oerprs " humbox : keywords / tags matches " oerprs " feed 1 introduction to microeconomics this is a module framework. it can be viewed online or downloaded as a zip file. as taught semester 1 2009 / 2010. there are no pre - requisites to taking


matches " oerprs " feed 1 introduction to microeconomics this is a module framework. it can be viewed online or downloaded as a zip file. as taught semester 1 2009 / 2010. there are no pre - requisites to taking this module and in particular there is no assumption of any prior knowledge of economics. for those who have taken a - level economics or any other version of economics some of the module content will appear familiar to you. however, the methods of analysis and the approach to teaching will quite probably be very different to anything experienced be hathitrust digital library homeopathy the meanings of timbuktu lolita with imraan coovadia the wager lost by winning : on the ' triumph ' of the just war tradition duke on demand highlights for the week of november 7, 2010 ck - 12 biology ( ca textbook ) private universe project in mathematics : workshop 5. building on useful ideas ' til the last drop : johns hopkins addresses the global water challenge education 320 : teaching pe & health, elementary education - group presentations cont. learn about us president theodore roosevelt 1858 - 1919 this volume authored by leading international scholars begin s to sketch the meaning of timbuktu within the context of the intellectual history of west africa in particular and of the african continent in general the book covers four broad areas part i provides an introduction to the region outlines what archaeology can tell us of its history examines the paper and various calligraphic styles used in the manuscripts and explains how ancient institutions of scholarship functioned part ii begins t acclaimed novelist imraan coovadia spoke at uct gordon institute for performing and creative arts gipca great texts big questions public lecture on thursday 1 april he discussed how to read lolita. written by vladimir nabokov lolita was first published in paris in 1955 it is one of the best known and most controversial books of 20th century literature coovadia says i will be talking about the lolita problem how do we respond to a book which is a first person narrative by a man who is trying to s lecture delivered on the 19th of october 2010, part of the elac / ccw seminar series on war and armed conflict. delivered by professor nicholas rengger ( st andrews ). introduced by jennifer welsh this week in duke on demand, during a session in duke ' s baldwin auditorium, duke alumnus yizheng he gets a " master class " lesson from concert pianist and visiting artist awadagin pratt. professor misha angrist discusses the science behind - - and experience of - -


during a session in duke ' s baldwin auditorium, duke alumnus yizheng he gets a " master class " lesson from concert pianist and visiting artist awadagin pratt. professor misha angrist discusses the science behind - - and experience of - - having his entire genome sequenced. a conversation at duke ' s john hope franklin center on the local food movement in durham. and, an " office hours " webcast conversation on prison and african - american literature. as a teacher, have you ever felt that your textbook was not thorough or up - to - date? do you have to use other resources, such as on - line resources, to teach your lessons? as a student, do you believe you can get current information from sources such as the internet rather than your textbook? the answer to these questions is usually a resounding yes. so what do school districts do? they spend millions of dollars every year to buy “ current, ” “ up - to - date ” textbooks. ck12 believes we can do one of the strands of the rutgers long - term study was to find out how useful ideas spread through a community of learners and evolve over time. here, the focus is on the teachers role in fostering thoughtful mathematics., englewoodfourth grade : towers fourth - grade teacher blanche young attempts the towers activity for the first time with her students. she feels that their work is valuable, but questions how much time these open - ended activities are taking away from the standard curriculum. johns hopkins university scientists and policy makers evaluate key factors contributing to the global water issue. class session 7, recorded november 5, 2010. note : class session 6 was not recorded. president theodore roosevelt biography. this is a very short video that gives some data about his assuming of the presidency. the meanings of timbuktu lolita with imraan coovadia the wager lost by winning : on the ' triumph ' of the just war tradition duke on demand highlights for the week of november 7, 2010 ck - 12 biology ( ca textbook ) private universe project in mathematics : workshop 5. building on useful ideas ' til the last drop : johns hopkins addresses the global water challenge education 320 : teaching pe & health, elementary education - group presentations cont. learn about us president theodore roosevelt 1858 - 1919