stressarticle free pass stress, in physical sciences and engineering, force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces, uneven heating, or permanent deformation and that permits an accurate description and prediction of elastic, plastic, and fluid behaviour. a stress is expressed as a quotient of a force divided by an area. there are many kinds of stress. normal stress arises from forces that are perpendicular to a cross - sectional area of the material, whereas shear stress arises from forces that are parallel to, and lie in, the plane of the cross - sectional area. if a bar having a cross - sectional area of 4 square inches ( 26 square cm ) is pulled lengthwise by a force of 40, 000 pounds ( 180, 000 newtons ) at each end, the normal stress within the bar is equal to 40, 000 pounds divided by 4 square inches, or 10, 000 pounds per square inch ( psi ; 7, 000 newtons per square cm ). this specific normal stress that results from tension is called tensile stress. if the two forces are reversed, so as to compress the bar along its length, the normal stress is called compressive stress. if the forces are everywhere perpendicular to all surfaces of a material, as in the case of an object immersed in a fluid that may be compressed itself, the normal stress is called hydrostatic pressure, or simply pressure. the stress beneath the earth ’ s surface that compresses rock bodies to great densities is called lithostatic pressure. shear stress in solids results from actions such as twisting a metal bar about a longitudinal axis as in tightening a screw. shear stress in fluids results from actions such as the flow of liquids and gases through pipes, the sliding of a metal surface over a liquid lubricant, and the passage of an airplane through air. shear stresses, however small, applied to true fluids produce continuous deformation or flow as layers of the fluid move over each other at different velocities like individual cards in a deck of cards that is spread. for shear stress, see also shear modulus. reaction to stresses within elastic solids causes them to return to their original shape when the applied forces are removed. yield stress, marking the transition from elastic to plastic behaviour, is the minimum stress at which a solid will undergo permanent deformation or plastic flow without a significant increase in the load or external force. the earth shows an elastic response to the stresses caused by earthquakes in the way it propagates seismic waves, whereas it undergoes plastic deformation beneath the surface under


rene waldeck - rousseauarticle free pass rene waldeck - rousseau, in full pierre - marie - rene waldeck - rousseau ( born dec. 2, 1846, nantes, france — died aug. 10, 1904, corbeil ), politician who, as premier of france, settled the dreyfus affair. he was also responsible for the legalization of trade unions in france ( 1884 ). a rising conservative lawyer, known for his eloquence and mastery of legal detail, waldeck - rousseau was elected a deputy in 1879. in 1881 he became minister of the interior in the cabinet of leon gambetta, one of the founders of the third republic, and he filled the same post, under jules ferry, from 1883 to 1885. in 1884 he sponsored the loi waldeck - rousseau, which made trade unions legal, though with important restrictions. after another term as deputy ( 1885 – 89 ), he retired to make his fortune at the bar. in 1894, however, he became a senator. in june 1899, when demonstrations and counterdemonstrations over the dreyfus affair threatened public order, waldeck - rousseau was asked to form a “ government of republican defense. ” his cabinet was based on pro - dreyfus moderates but included members of both the right and the left, such as alexandre millerand, the first socialist to hold cabinet office. when a military court persisted in finding alfred dreyfus guilty of treason ( september 1899 ), though some of the evidence against him was known to be forged, the government persuaded the president to pardon him in the hope of avoiding further controversy. the most important measure of the later part of waldeck - rousseau ’ s administration was the associations act of july 1901, which abolished all restrictions on the right of association for legal purposes. this freedom was withheld from religious associations, however, because they were directed from abroad. waldeck - rousseau personally thought the act too severe to the religious congregations. he resigned because of ill health in june 1902 but emerged from retirement to protest against the interpretation of the law by his successor, the militantly anticlerical emile combes, who refused to authorize any religious associations and was responsible for the closing of thousands of roman catholic schools. what made you want to look up " rene waldeck - rousseau "? please share what surprised you most...


hittite, 14th - 13th century bc probably from anatolia ( modern turkey ) this beautiful figurine of a young hittite girl is made of ivory. her hair is drawn back and hangs in a pig - tail down her back. she stands in a formal pose with her hands by her sides. the proportions of the figure, lacking curves, show her youth. the treatment is naturalistic except for the stylized ears and the triangles indicating the knees. the pubic triangle was originally inlaid, and other parts of the ivory may have been covered in precious metal. the function of the figurine is unknown, but ivory was widely used in the ancient world to decorate furniture the dowel hole in the square base of the figure suggests it was once attached to something. from around 1650 bc a hittite king rebuilt hattusa ( modern bogazkoy ) and made it his capital. between about 1400 and 1200 bc the hittites established one of the great empires of the ancient near east, extending into western anatolia and south into syria. they adopted many of the traditions of syria and mesopotamia, including the cuneiform writing system, and vied with the egyptians for control of the wealthy canaanite cities on the coast. d. collon, ancient near eastern art ( london, the british museum press, 1995 )


published by bupa ' s health information team, october 2011. this factsheet is for people who are having a bone marrow or stem cell transplant, or who would like information about the procedure. a bone marrow or stem cell transplant is where stem cells from a person ' s bone marrow are destroyed and replaced with new ones, either from themselves or from a donor. you will meet the doctor or nurse carrying out your procedure to discuss your care. it may differ from what is described here as it will be designed to meet your individual needs. bone marrow is a spongy substance in the centre of your bones. your bone marrow contains stem cells, which are a type of cell from which other cells in your body can develop. the stem cells in your bone marrow mature into three types of cells. these are : the cells are then released into your bloodstream. although it ' s often called a bone marrow transplant, this procedure is really a transplant of your bone marrow stem cells. if you have a bone marrow transplant, your unhealthy bone marrow will be replaced with healthy stem cells. the healthy stem cells are fed into your blood through a drip and find their way to your bone marrow to make new cells. the stem cells can come from another person ( a donor ) – this is called an allogeneic transplant. alternatively the cells can come from your own bone marrow – this is called an autologous treatment. however, this can only happen if the stem cells were removed at a time when they were healthy. if you have stem cells from another person, they can come from the bone marrow or the blood of the donor. when they come from the blood, this is called peripheral stem cell harvest. if they come from the bone marrow, your donor will usually be a close relative because they are likely to have the best match. after a blood test, your doctor will compare both of your blood cells to see how well they match. this is called tissue typing. sometimes, doctors can find a matching donor who isn ' t related to you through the national blood service or a charity, such as the anthony nolan trust. stem cells can also come from babies ' umbilical cords, although this treatment is only suitable for children and small adults, and is still being tested. bone marrow transplantation is used to treat conditions that stop your stem cells working. you may have a bone marrow transplant if : doctors usually consider a bone marrow transplant only if other treatments don ’ t work or aren ’ t suitable for you. a bone


bone marrow transplantation is used to treat conditions that stop your stem cells working. you may have a bone marrow transplant if : doctors usually consider a bone marrow transplant only if other treatments don ’ t work or aren ’ t suitable for you. a bone marrow transplant is a very intensive treatment. your doctor will take your age and general health into consideration when deciding whether it ' s right for you. if you ’ re having a stem cell transplant from a donor, you generally need to be under 55. doctors are researching new, alternative treatments to a bone marrow transplant. mini transplants involve giving a standard dose of chemotherapy because the person isn ' t fit enough or young enough for a high dose. it ' s given over five days and then donor stem cells or bone marrow are transplanted. tandem transplants are when high - dose chemotherapy is given followed by a stem cell transplant, which is then repeated after several weeks or months. your doctor and nurse will discuss with you what will happen before, during and after your transplant. this is your opportunity to understand what will happen, and you can help yourself by preparing questions to ask about the risks, benefits and any alternatives to a bone marrow transplant. this will help you to be informed, so you can give your consent for the procedure to go ahead, which you may be asked to do by signing a consent form. you may need to have chemotherapy, and possibly radiotherapy, before a bone marrow transplant if your cancer or leukaemia isn ' t in remission. this is because the cancer needs to be at the lowest possible level for a bone marrow transplant to work. the first step is to collect, or ' harvest ', the stem cells. the exact process depends on whether the stem cells are coming from a donor or from you. peripheral blood stem cell harvest you or your donor will be given injections of growth factors for around four days. these help the bone marrow to make lots of stem cells for harvesting. growth factors can also help your stem cells to make blood cells more quickly to help you recover from the transplant. harvesting the stem cells from blood takes three to four hours. you or your donor will lie down on a bed and have a drip connected to each arm, or sometimes an arm and a leg. blood is taken from one arm and goes through a machine called a cell separator. this separates out the stem cells from the other blood cells. it will keep the stem cells and return any other blood cells to the bloodstream through the drip in the other arm or leg.


and goes through a machine called a cell separator. this separates out the stem cells from the other blood cells. it will keep the stem cells and return any other blood cells to the bloodstream through the drip in the other arm or leg. sometimes the stem cells are cleaned or ' purged ' to kill off any last cancer cells, although this is a new treatment and is still being tested. the stem cells are then frozen until you have had your high dose of chemotherapy. harvesting stem cells directly from the bone marrow stem cells can also be harvested by taking them out of the bone marrow through a needle inserted into your own or your donor ' s pelvic bones, or sometimes breast bone. you will have usually have a general anaesthetic or an epidural before this procedure, and will feel sore for a few days afterwards. if you have a general anaesthetic, it means you will be asleep during the procedure. you will then have a high dose of chemotherapy to completely destroy your own bone marrow and any remaining cancer cells in your body. this treatment may take several days and can make you feel sick or vomit, and generally unwell. your doctor or nurse will give you medicines to help relieve this. a day or more after chemotherapy, your own or your donor ' s stem cells are fed through a drip into your bloodstream. it will take between two and four weeks before there are enough new stem cells in your bone marrow to start making new blood cells. while your levels of blood cells are low, you will need blood and platelet transfusions. you will also need to take antibiotics to protect you from infection because of a lack of white blood cells. you may need to stay in hospital until your blood cells have gone back up to a safe level. autologous treatment usually causes fewer side - effects than a donor ( allogeneic ) transplant, because your body is less likely to reject stem cells that have come from your own body. donor stem cell transplants are physically and emotionally demanding. you may need to stay in hospital for four to six weeks and you will probably feel very ill for some of the time. you will have your own room to help protect you from infections. once the levels of your blood cells have returned to a safe level, you will be able to leave the hospital. you will have regular outpatient appointments afterwards. your doctor will tell you symptoms to look out for, such as fever, which may be a sign of a complication. as with every procedure, there are


you will be able to leave the hospital. you will have regular outpatient appointments afterwards. your doctor will tell you symptoms to look out for, such as fever, which may be a sign of a complication. as with every procedure, there are some risks associated with bone marrow transplantation. we have not included the chance of these happening as they are specific to you and differ for every person. ask your doctor or nurse to explain how these risks apply to you. side - effects are the unwanted, but mostly temporary, effects you might get after having the procedure. straight after a bone marrow transplant, the levels of blood cells in your body will be very low. side - effects of this include : complications are when problems occur during or after the procedure. one possible complication of receiving bone marrow cells from a donor is graft versus host disease. this happens when the white blood cells of the donor attack the tissues of your body. you will be given medicines to prevent this so usually the symptoms are mild, although in some people they may be more serious. the new stem cells that have been fed into your blood may not produce enough blood cells. if this happens, you will need another stem cell transplant. for answers to frequently asked questions on this topic, see faqs. for sources and links to further information, see resources. the bone marrow is a spongy substance in the centre of your bones. your bone marrow contains stem cells, which are the most basic kind of blood cell. these stem cells in your bone marrow mature into three types of cells. these are : the cells are then released into your bloodstream. bupa can offer nhs and private patients professional cancer care and support at home including iv and oral chemotherapy via our chemotherapy at home service. already a member? find a bupa approved cancer unit near you including breast, bowel and gynaecological specialist units. this information was published by bupa ' s health information team and is based on reputable sources of medical evidence. it has been reviewed by appropriate medical or clinical professionals. photos are only for illustrative purposes and do not reflect every presentation of a condition. the content is intended only for general information and does not replace the need for personal advice from a qualified health professional. for more details on how we produce our content and its sources, visit the about our health information page. publication date : october 2011


by michael f. potter, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture paper wasps, hornets and yellowjackets are a potential health threat to kentuckians. hundreds ( perhaps thousands ) of people in the united states die each year from allergic reactions to the venom of these insects. wasps, hornets and yellowjackets are more dangerous and unpredictable than honey bees and should be treated with respect ; nests should be eliminated with great care and in a specific manner. paper wasps, hornets and yellowjackets construct nests of a paper - like material which is a mixture of finely chewed wood fragments and salivary secretions of the wasps. paper wasps typically build their umbrella - shaped nests under eaves and ledges. these wasps are not as aggressive as yellowjackets or hornets, and can be eliminated rather easily with a wasp and hornet spray sold at most grocery and hardware stores. these formulations have an added advantage in that they often spray as far as 20 feet. treatment of wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets is best performed at night ; paper wasps can be eliminated during the daytime provided you do not stand directly below the nest during treatment. most wasp and hornet sprays cause insects to drop instantly when contacted by the insecticide. standing directly below a nest increases one ' s risk of being stung. following treatment, wait a day to ensure that the colony is destroyed, then scrape or knock down the nest. this will prevent secondary problems from carpet beetles, ants and other scavenging insects. hornets are far more difficult and dangerous to control than paper wasps. the nests resemble a large, inverted tear - drop shaped ball which typically is attached to a tree, bush or side of a building. hornet nests may contain thousands of wasps which are extremely aggressive when disturbed. the nests are often located out of reach and removal is best accomplished by a professional pest control firm. a full wasp suit sealed at the wrists, ankles and collar is recommended when disposing of a hornet nest. treatment can be accomplished by applying a wasp freeze - type, aerosol insecticide or dust formulation ( sevin, or ficam, ) directly into the nest opening. hornet nests have a single opening, usually toward the bottom, where the wasps enter and exit. it is essential that the paper envelope of the nest not be broken open during treatment or the irritated wasps will scatter in all directions, causing even greater problems. following treatment, wait at least a day before removing the nest to ensure that all of the wasps are killed. if hornets continue to be observed,


be broken open during treatment or the irritated wasps will scatter in all directions, causing even greater problems. following treatment, wait at least a day before removing the nest to ensure that all of the wasps are killed. if hornets continue to be observed, the application may need to be repeated. experienced pest control operators will sometimes remove a hornet nest which is attached to a branch by slipping a plastic garbage bag over the intact nest and clipping it at the point of attachment. this technique should not be attempted by anyone else and should only be done at night with a wasp suit. yellowjackets are another dangerous wasp encountered around homes and buildings. nests are often located underground in an old rodent burrow, beneath a landscape timber, or in a rock wall or wall of a building. if the nest can be located, it can usually be eliminated by carefully applying a wasp spray insecticide into the nest opening. sevin ( tm ), or ficam ( tm ), dust is also very effective provided a handduster or similar type applicator is used to dispense several puffs of the insecticide dust in to the nest opening ( an empty, dry liquid detergent bottle, filled no more than halfway with dust and shaken before dispensing works well ). treatment should be performed late at night after all yellowjackets are in the nest and less active. it ' s best to pinpoint the nest opening during the daytime so you will remember where to direct your treatment after dark. approach the nest slowly and do not shine the beam of the flashlight directly into the nest entrance as this may startle the wasps ; instead, cast the beam to the side to illuminate the nest indirectly and place the light on the ground rather than in your hand. similar to hornets, yellowjackets are extremely aggressive when the nest is disturbed. it may be prudent to call a professional pest control company, particularly when access to the nest is difficult. an alternative solution if the nest is located away from high traffic areas, another option is to wait and do nothing. in kentucky, wasp, hornet and yellowjacket colonies die off naturally after the weather turns cold, and the paper carton disintegrates over the winter months. people who are allergic to the venom wasp, hornet and yellowjacket stings can be life - threatening to persons who are allergic to the venom. people who develop hives, difficulty breathing or swallowing, wheezing or similar symptoms of allergic reaction should seek medical attention immediately.


canada and belgium are two officially multilingual countries with federal political systems. for a great many years, our countries have maintained excellent bilateral relations based on bonds of friendship and trust, as well as the shared values of liberty, democracy, solidarity and tolerance. these bonds were strengthened by canada ’ s contribution to the liberation of belgium in the first and second world wars and the major convergences between the foreign policies of our two countries, based on a strong commitment to multilateralism on the basis of international law, the promotion of good governance and the maintenance of strong transatlantic ties. canada and belgium have both deployed troops to afghanistan in order to support that country ' s security, governance and development. both countries are also actively seeking solutions to crises and conflicts, notably in africa, and the fight against arms build - up and the recruitment of child soldiers. we also collaborate on issues of natural resource development in situations of conflict. canada and belgium cooperate, in particular, in the context of the united nations ( un ), the north atlantic treaty organisation ( nato ), the organisation internationale de la francophonie ( oif ), the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ), and the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ). belgium ' s role in the european union is another important aspect of our bilateral political dialogue. in recognition of the importance of strengthening the ties between our two countries and of establishing a " privileged dialogue ", the canadian and belgian departments of foreign affairs signed a joint declaration on december 16, 1999, concerning the strengthening of bilateral relations. belgium and canada also signed bilateral agreements in the areas of taxation, social security, judicial cooperation on crime, air transportation, reciprocal recognition of drivers ’ licences, as well as in scientific, industrial and technological cooperation. in 2005, belgium and canada signed an agreement on youth mobility. the agreement, which came into force january 1, 2007, allows young belgians to travel to canada and young canadians to belgium, for no more than a year, in order to visit the country and discover its culture while having the opportunity to work there. the government of canada maintains three diplomatic missions in belgium : the embassy of canada to the kingdom of belgium and the grand - duchy of luxembourg, the mission of canada to the european union, and the canadian joint delegation to nato. canada also has an honorary consul for flanders. moreover, the province of quebec is represented by the delegation generale du quebec in brussels. in canada, belgium is represented by its embassy in ottawa and its consulates


and the canadian joint delegation to nato. canada also has an honorary consul for flanders. moreover, the province of quebec is represented by the delegation generale du quebec in brussels. in canada, belgium is represented by its embassy in ottawa and its consulates in montreal and toronto ; it also has a network of honorary consuls in halifax, edmonton, quebec city, vancouver and winnipeg. the three belgian regions ( walloon region, brussels - capital region and flemish region ) have separate economic and trade offices in montreal and a shared office in toronto. the walloon region and the french community of belgium also have a delegation in quebec city. canadian exports to belgium were close to cad 2. 4 billion in 2011. it is important to note that the port of antwerp is a major point of entry for canadian goods in europe. belgium also serves as a point of entry to europe as 70 % of belgium ’ s trade is conducted with its european union ( eu ) partners. in 2011, canada ' s imports from belgium were valued at nearly cad 1. 7 billion. bilateral investment is very important for both countries. canadian investments in belgium totalled nearly cad 2. 75 billion in 2011, ranking 26th among canadian direct investment destinations globally. the stock of belgian direct investment in canada was worth cad 4 billion in 2011, making belgium the 14th largest foreign direct investor in canada on a global basis. there are over 70 belgian subsidiaries in canada and about the same number of canadian subsidiaries in belgium. canadian and belgian institutions and companies enjoy collaborative relations in science and technology, mostly based on similar approaches to development and synergies in a range of sectors, including life sciences, microelectronics, environmental and imaging technologies. numerous cooperative agreements have been signed in this area between the three belgian regions and the provinces of quebec, ontario and alberta. for more information on canada - belgium trade and investment, please see the following pages. canadian companies interested in doing business in belgium should consult the section entitled " services for canadian companies. ” belgian companies interested in canadian business opportunities are invited to consult the section entitled “ services for non - canadian companies ” ( information available in french and dutch ). cultural relations between canada and belgium have grown and diversified over the past 30 years. belgian programmers frequently host canadian artists, both anglophone and francophone, in the areas of theatre, music, cinema and literature, the visual arts, and dance. every year, there are several dozen cultural events, featuring individual artists or groups of artists, particularly in contemporary arts, new technologies and new media. conversely,


in the areas of theatre, music, cinema and literature, the visual arts, and dance. every year, there are several dozen cultural events, featuring individual artists or groups of artists, particularly in contemporary arts, new technologies and new media. conversely, many belgian artists perform in canada, whether in the plastic arts, music, children ’ s theatre, and especially dance, as part of festivals or in art centres in major cities ( montreal, quebec city, ottawa, toronto, vancouver ). belgian and canadian universities have been developing cooperative and exchange agreements and relations for many years. about 20 canadian universities work with belgian universities in areas as varied as pure sciences, the humanities and social sciences, health, etc. the north american studies centre ( cena ) at the universite libre de bruxelles is a reference not only in canadian studies, but also for belgium ’ s knowledge of canada. in flanders, studiegenootschap canada ( the flemish association for canadian studies ) supports teaching and research on canada by organizing and participating in colloquiums, seminars, courses and publications. the universite de liege has a centre for quebec studies. belgian research centres also cooperate in bilateral or multilateral programs through framework agreements with the european union. occasionally, there are even direct collaborations between belgian centres and canadian businesses ( ex. the metallurgy research centre at the universite de liege or imec, a microelectronics centre affiliated with the university of leuven ( kul ). * note : to view the pdf version of a document you may require acrobat reader available free of charge from adobe or other software capable of viewing pdf files. an accessible version of acrobat reader, which includes support for screen readers, is also available. alternatively, you can convert a pdf file to html or ascii text by using one of adobe ’ s conversion services.


upper house of tennessee ' s general assembly is called the senate. the state is divided into 33 senatorial districts, from each of which one senator is elected. senators are elected to four - year terms with those from even - numbered districts being elected in the same general election, and those representing odd - numbered districts being elected two years later. thus, about half of the 33 senators are standing for election at the same time. re - election to the senate is constitutionally permissible, as it is in the house, and there is no limit on the number of terms a legislator may serve. to qualify for election to the senate, one must be 30 years old, a u. s. citizen, a state resident for three years and a resident of the district in which he is elected for one year immediately preceding his election. the leader of the senate, or speaker, is also the state ' s lieutenant governor. the speaker of the senate is elected by the senate at each organizational session of the general assembly. the lieutenant governor stands in immediate succession to the governorship if such is necessary. other leaders in the senate include the speaker pro tem, deputy speaker and the majority and minority leaders, who are the primary spokesmen for their respective parties concerning senate matters. two other key senate officers are the democratic and republican caucus chairmen, who preside over meetings of their political parties to consider and formulate party policy. the senate has certain powers and obligations that are different from those of the house of representatives. the senate is given the power to try impeachment proceedings initiated by the house. any officer of the state may be impeached, but two - thirds of the senate must concur before removal from office occurs. political makeup of the senate of the 108th general assembly is 26 republicans and 7 democrats. the 108th general assembly will convene on january 8, 2013.


the village of waterloo, on the elkhorn and platte rivers, was founded by two men : john logan, who came in 1863 right after his discharge from the second nebraska volunteer cavalry, and elias kelsey, who arrived in 1867. logan established a post office in 1864, and a school in 1865. designated a station on the union pacific railroad in 1870, the town ' s future was assured. named " waterloo " [ presumably for a battlefield in belgium ], an attempt to incorporate in 1871 failed, as did a second attempt. the third petition in 1883 was successful, by which time an addition had already been made. history notes " a spectacular train wreck " near waterloo in 1873, when a $ 30, 000 cargo of fish bound for california fell into the elkhorn river just east of the town. for many years waterloo was the world ' s largest producer of vine and seed corn. coy & sons, started in 1879, became cornhusker seed in the 1950s. other companies were : emerson seed, omaha elevator, hively seed, hopper grain, waldron seed, western seed & irrigation, waterloo elevator and stimmel seed. the j. c. robinson seed company was established in 1888 and is still owned and managed by the family. it became the biggest, most prominent, and is the only one at this location today. the largest single vine seed sale occurred in the 1920s when eight railcar - loads of cucumber seeds were shipped. some well - known citizens include : - - william denton, territorial representative in 1866 - 67, who later opened one of the first stores in town. - - isaac noyes, state senator from 1892 - 1900. - - james riggs, state senator in 1903. - - mabel wilson ( known throughout the state for her knowledge of nebraska indians and wild flowers ) and her husband, otto, who were awarded second place in the national yard and garden contest in 1931. - - aunt eckie teal, a great christian woman who had no children of her own, raised 15 orphans. - - an inventor, p. h. dubois, who patented a horse collar fastener in 1899. - - john douglas pederson, with patents in 1905 - 06 dealt mostly with slide or pump action and repeating shotguns manufactured by remington armory. - - hiland noyes and richard fies who invented a bank coin counter. - - eugene jacobson who designed and patented the marsh buggy and muskeg tractor. he also spearheaded research and development of the technology for measuring gasoline


armory. - - hiland noyes and richard fies who invented a bank coin counter. - - eugene jacobson who designed and patented the marsh buggy and muskeg tractor. he also spearheaded research and development of the technology for measuring gasoline and other liquid hydrocarbons for gulf oil. - - dan shepherd who invented and patented a telescopic gun sight in 1981, sold as the shepherd scope. several shootings in the 1880s, and a promotional fight between a bulldog and bobcat in 1889, brought notoriety to the town. as a recreation area, waterloo had a small excursion boat called " the swastika, " owned by h. a. simmons. a humorous note in our history is a 1910 ordinance prohibiting barbers from eating onions. in 1903 the waterloo women ' s club started our library. carrie nation, the kansas saloon smasher, visited waterloo in 1908. in 1920 it was reported that 26 women voted. governor franklin d. roosevelt visited the sumnick family farm south of waterloo in 1932. they visited him in washington when he became president. a viaduct built over the union pacific mainline near waterloo in 1936 was often called " cochran alps, " because of the efforts by governor robert l. cochran to have it constructed. it was replaced by a new one in 1986. because of its location on two very unpredictable rivers, waterloo has been ravaged by many floods. a bond issue in 1965 resulted in a levee to help protect the town. waterloo has a fine fire and rescue department. chief john love, after 36 years of service, retired in 1987. the current population of waterloo is about 450. while we have lost some businesses, we boast of having more celebrities visit our town than any other community this size in nebraska. we are justly proud of our fine eating establishments. stop by and check them out. by ralph c. wilson, 501 jefferson street, waterloo, ne 68069.


chapter vi - c. sacred vessels 289. among the requisites for the celebration of mass, the sacred vessels hold a place of honor, especially the chalice and paten, which are used in presenting, consecrating, and receiving the bread and wine. 290. vessels should be made from materials that are solid and that in the particular region are regarded as noble. the conference of bishops will be the judge in this matter. but preference is to be given to materials that do not break easily or become unusable. 291. chalices and other vessels that serve as receptacles for the blood of the lord are to have a cup of nonabsorbent material. the base may be of any other solid and worthy material. 292. vessels that serve as receptacles for the eucharistic bread, such as paten, ciborium, pyx, monstrance, etc., may be made of other materials that are prized in the region, for example, ebony or other hard woods, as long as they are suited to sacred use. 293. for the consecration of hosts one rather large paten may properly be used ; on it is placed the bread for the priest as well as for the ministers and the faithful. 294. vessels made from metal should ordinarily be gilded on the inside if the metal is one that rusts ; gilding is not necessary if the metal is more precious than gold and does not rust. 295. the artist may fashion the sacred vessels in a shape that is in keeping with the culture of each region, provided each type of vessel is suited to the intended liturgical use. 296. for the blessing or consecration of vessels the rites prescribed in the liturgical books are to be followed.


what can i do to help prevent traumatic brain injury? there are many ways to reduce the chances of sustaining a traumatic brain injury, including : - buckling your child in the car using a child safety seat, booster seat, or seat belt ( according to the child ' s height, weight, and age ). - rear - facing child safety seat. for the best possible protection, infants and children should be kept in a rear - facing child safety seat, in the back seat buckled with the seat ’ s harness, until they reach the upper weight or height limits of their particular seat. the weight and height limits on rear - facing child safety seats can accommodate most children through age 2, check the seat ’ s owner ’ s manual for details. - forward - facing child safety seat. when children outgrow their rear - facing seats ( the weight and height limits on rear - facing car seats can accommodate most children through age 2 ) they should ride in forward - facing child safety seats, in the back seat buckled with the seat ’ s harness, until they reach the upper weight or height limit of their particular seat ( usually around age 4 and 40 pounds, many newer seats have higher weight limits - check the seat ’ s owner ’ s manual for details ). - booster seat. once children outgrow their forward - facing seats ( by reaching the upper height and weight limits of their seat ), they should ride in belt positioning booster seats. remember to keep children in the back seat for the best possible protection. - seat belts. children should use booster seats until adult seat belts fit them properly. seat belts fit properly when the lap belt lays across the upper thighs ( not the stomach ) and the shoulder belt fits across the chest ( not the neck ). when adult seat belts fit children properly they can use the adult seat belts without booster seats. for the best possible protection keep children in the back seat and use lap - and - shoulder belts. - all children younger than 13 years should ride in the back seat. airbags can kill young children riding in the front seat. never place a rear - facing car seat in the front seat or in front of an air bag. know the stages - wearing a seat belt every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle. - never driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. - wearing a helmet and making sure your children wear helmets when : - riding a bike, motorcycle, snowmobile, scooter, or all - terrain vehicle ; - playing a contact sport, such as football,


the influence of alcohol or drugs. - wearing a helmet and making sure your children wear helmets when : - riding a bike, motorcycle, snowmobile, scooter, or all - terrain vehicle ; - playing a contact sport, such as football, ice hockey, or boxing ; - using in - line skates or riding a skateboard ; - batting and running bases in baseball or softball ; - riding a horse ; or - skiing or snowboarding. - making living areas safer for seniors, by : - removing tripping hazards such as throw rugs and clutter in walkways ; - using nonslip mats in the bathtub and on shower floors ; installing grab bars next to the toilet and in the tub or shower ; - installing handrails on both sides of stairways ; - improving lighting throughout the home ; and - maintaining a regular physical activity program, if your doctor agrees, to improve lower body strength and balance. 1, 2, 3 - making living areas safer for children, by : - installing window guards to keep young children from falling out of open windows ; and - using safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs when young children are around. - making sure the surface on your child ' s playground is made of shock - absorbing material, such as hardwood mulch or sand. 4 - judge jo, lindsey c, underwood m, winsemius d. balance improvements in older women : effects of exercise training. physical therapy 1993 ; 73 ( 4 ) : 254 – 265. - lord sr, caplan ga, ward ja. balance, reaction time, and muscle strength in exercising older women : a pilot study. archives of physical and medical rehabilitation 1993 ; 74 ( 8 ) : 837 – 839. - campbell aj, robertson mc, gardner mm, norton rn, buchner dm. falls prevention over 2 years : a randomized controlled trial in women 80 years and older. age and aging 1999 ; 28 : 513 – 518. - mack mg, sacks jj, thompson d. testing the impact attenuation of loose fill playground surfaces. injury prevention 2000 ; 6 : 141 – 144.


evidence suggests that life originated in extreme environments, for example, at high temperatures. the national science foundation ( nsf ) has initiated a program called life in the extreme environment ( lexen ) that is dedicated to finding new and exciting organisms that live in harsh environments. the extreme 2000 research expedition, at hydrothermal vent sites in the sea of cortes, is led by marine scientists george luther and craig cary from the university of delaware and anna - louise reysenbach from portland state university. their chief objective is to make real - time chemical measurements at the vents using microsensors developed by dr. luthers group, which will guide the microbiologists and molecular biologists in dr. carys and dr. reysenbachs groups in finding organisms that are descendants of early chemical detective work at the bottom of the sea hydrothermal vents home to the closest relatives of the oldest life on earth? using special tools housed in a wand on the sub alvin, researchers will be testing the chemistry of vent water in search of microscopic organisms. the wand houses a thermometer, an apparatus called the sipper to collect small water samples, and a super - sensitive the analyzer is like a sophisticated underwater snooper. it can be used near the vents and, from its chemical readings, tell scientists what kind of microbes might live there. while our food chain is based on energy from the sun, the suns rays never reach the deep sea. there, organisms must rely on a different energy source : the chemicals that rocket out of the vents. during a previous expedition, the extreme 2000 scientific team found that the presence of two compounds hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) and iron monosulfide ( fes ) may be an important indicator of the oldest microscopic vent life. these compounds react to form the mineral pyrite ( fools gold ) and hydrogen gas. the hydrogen provides the energy that these microbes need to grow. with the analyzers help, marine scientists may be able to track down the nearest descendants of the first life on earth, and perhaps on other planets. europa, one of the moons of jupiter, is covered in ice. however, recent findings suggest that portions of the ice move, which is strong evidence that liquid water lies beneath the ice. the water may be maintained in its liquid state by hydrothermal vents. if hydrothermal vents exist on europa, theres a possibility that ancient microbes could live


in march 2011, the u. s. computer security company rsa announced that hackers had gained access to security tokens it produces that let millions of government and private - sector employees, including those of defense contractors such as lockheed martin, connect remotely to their office computers. most critical information systems in the united states are operated by the private sector and remain vulnerable to cyber attacks. newly proposed legislation would require businesses to meet minimum standards of protection, but has raised concerns about regulatory overreach. grounded in a realistic assessment of technology, matthew c. waxman and kenneth anderson outline a practical alternative with which to evaluate the use of autonomous weaponry that incorporates codes of conduct based on traditional legal and ethical principles governing weapons and warfare. adam segal says the recent chinese cyberattacks on bloomberg and the new york timeshighlights both the willingness of beijing to shape the narrative about china, as well as the vulnerability the top leadership feels about how they are portrayed. cyber weapons are different from conventional weapons in that their effects do not directly manifest themselves in the " real world. " there are three broad categories of potential effects of cyberattacks : personal, economic, and physical. adam segal, cfr ' s maurice r. greenberg senior fellow for china studies, leads a conversation on u. s. - china relations through the lens of cybersecurity issues, as part of cfr ' s academic conference call series. linda robinson discusses her recently released council special report, the future of u. s. special operations forces, which calls for conceptual, institutional, and operational changes to reorient u. s. special operations forces to ensure that they are employed to best effect. foreign governments, non - state actors, and criminal networks are targeting the digital networks of the united states with increasing frequency and sophistication. u. s. cybersecurity has made progress, but relies heavily on the private sector to secure infrastructure critical to national security. cybersecurity expert knake recommends the united states use international forums to promote mechanisms that address security concerns in cyberspace while ensuring the internet remains open for the free exchange of ideas across national boundaries. the council on foreign relations ' david rockefeller studies program — cfr ' s " think tank " — is home to more than seventy full - time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners ( called " fellows " ). their expertise covers the world ' s major regions as well as the critical issues shaping today ' s global agenda. download the printable cfr experts guide.


an ambulatory electrocardiogram ( ekg or ecg ) records the electrical activity of your heart while you do your usual activities. ( ambulatory means that you are able to walk. ) ambulatory monitors are referred to by several names, including ambulatory electrocardiogram, ambulatory ekg, holter monitoring, 24 - hour ekg, or cardiac event monitoring. many heart problems become noticeable only during activity, such as exercise, eating, sex, stress, bowel movements, or even sleeping. a continuous 24 - hour recording is more likely to detect any abnormal heartbeats that occur during these activities. many people have irregular heartbeats ( arrhythmias ) from time to time. the importance of irregular heartbeats depends on the type of pattern they produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the same time you have symptoms. because arrhythmias can occur off and on, it may be hard to record an arrhythmia while you are in the doctor ' s office. there are several different types of ambulatory monitors. your doctor will choose the type that is most appropriate for you and is most likely to help diagnose your heart problem. why it is done ambulatory ekg monitoring is done to : - look for and record irregular heartbeats that occur intermittently or during certain activities. - find out what is causing chest pain, dizziness, or fainting. these are symptoms of possible heart problems. - look for poor blood flow to your heart muscle ( ischemia ). - check to see if treatment for an irregular heartbeat is working. how to prepare many medicines may change the results of this test. be sure to tell your doctor about all the nonprescription and prescription medicines you take. since an ekg is often used to monitor a preexisting heart condition, such as an irregular heartbeat ( arrhythmia ), make sure that your doctor has copies of any previous ekg results. take a shower or bath before the discs are put on. you will not be able to get the discs wet during the test. wear a loose blouse or shirt. do not wear jewelry or clothes with metal buttons or buckles, because these can interfere with the recording. women should not wear an underwire bra for the same reason. if your doctor asks you to keep a symptom and activity diary, be sure you have a method. in this diary, you will record


because these can interfere with the recording. women should not wear an underwire bra for the same reason. if your doctor asks you to keep a symptom and activity diary, be sure you have a method. in this diary, you will record activities and symptoms and the times they occurred. the accuracy and usefulness of your test depend on how carefully you keep this record. if you are getting a monitor implanted under your skin, you will receive instructions on how to prepare for the procedure. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done continuous recorders are the most common type of ambulatory electrocardiogram monitor. this type includes the holter monitor. a continuous recorder provides a 24 - to 72 - hour record of the electrical signals from your heart. a standard ekg monitors only 40 to 50 heartbeats during the brief period you are attached to the machine. a continuous recorder monitors about 100, 000 heartbeats in 24 hours and is likely to find any heart problems that happen with activity. for this test, you wear a lightweight, battery - operated tape recorder ( monitor ) on a strap over your shoulder or around your waist. the recorder is connected by wires to small metal discs ( electrodes ) taped to your chest. the electrodes detect the electrical signals from your heart. a clock is connected to the recorder so you can note what time it is when you have any symptoms. see a picture of a holter monitor. you will be fitted with the recorder and electrodes by a technician in a doctor ' s office or hospital room. - several areas on your chest may be shaved and cleaned, and then a small amount of electrode paste or gel will be applied to those areas. - the electrode pads will then be attached to the skin of your chest, with thin wires connecting the electrodes to the monitor. - you may be hooked up briefly to a standard ekg machine to ensure that the electrodes are working properly. while wearing the continuous recorder, you will also be asked to keep a diary of all your activities and symptoms, including the type of activity you were doing and the time your symptoms started. in the diary, write down the exact times when you exercise, climb stairs, eat, urinate, have a bowel movement, have sex,


your activities and symptoms, including the type of activity you were doing and the time your symptoms started. in the diary, write down the exact times when you exercise, climb stairs, eat, urinate, have a bowel movement, have sex, sleep, get emotionally upset, take medicine, or perform other activities. if you have any symptoms of heart problems, such as dizziness, fainting, chest pain, or palpitations, push the event - marker button on the recorder to mark it and write down the exact time and how long the symptom lasts. for example, you might write : " 12 : 30 p. m. ate lunch. 1 : 00 p. m. argument with boss, had chest tightness for several minutes. " when you sleep, try to stay on your back with the recorder carefully positioned at your side so that the electrodes are not pulled off. if one of the electrodes or lead wires comes loose, a light on the monitor will flash. press on the center of each electrode to see if you can restore the contact. call your doctor if one of the electrodes comes off and you can ' t get it to stay on. while you are wearing a monitor, try to stay away from magnets, metal detectors, high - voltage areas, garage door openers, microwave ovens, and electric blankets. do not use an electric toothbrush or shaver. signals from these types of electronic equipment can sometimes interfere with the recording. at the end of the recording period ( usually 24 to 72 hours ), you will return to the doctor ' s office or hospital to have the electrodes removed, or you may be able to remove the electrodes yourself. you will return the holter monitor to your doctor ' s office or hospital. the recorded tape will be read by computer to provide information about your heart rate, the frequency of your heartbeats, and any irregularities. your doctor will also look at your records of activities and symptoms and times they occurred. your doctor will compare the timing of your activities and symptoms with the recorded heart pattern. implantable continuous recorders another type of continuous recorder can be implanted under the skin of the chest. this recorder can be kept in your chest for more than a year to record the electrical signals from your heart. another kind of ambulatory ekg monitoring is the intermittent recorder, which is used when symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm do not occur very often. an intermittent recorder can be used for a longer time than a continuous recorder. the


from your heart. another kind of ambulatory ekg monitoring is the intermittent recorder, which is used when symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm do not occur very often. an intermittent recorder can be used for a longer time than a continuous recorder. the information collected by an intermittent recorder can often be sent over the phone to a doctor ' s office, clinic, or hospital. you may be instructed to call your doctor, clinic, or hospital while you are having symptoms or soon after you record your heart rhythm so that the information on the monitor can be analyzed right away. the procedure for intermittent recording depends on the type of monitor used. loop recorder. a loop recorder constantly records your heartbeats. this recorder lets you indicate when you have symptoms. loop recorders also save a small amount of information about how your heart was beating when you pressed the recording button ( presymptom recording ). this feature is especially useful for people who lose consciousness when their heart problems occur and can press the button only after they wake up. - electrodes will be attached to your chest in the same way as a continuous recorder. when you have symptoms, you press a button on the monitor to record your heart rhythm. if you pass out, you should start the recorder as soon as you wake up. also, be sure a friend or family member knows how to start the recorder if you pass out. - an implantable form of the loop recorder can be worn for several weeks and may be a good choice for people who have symptoms that occur rarely, such as once every 6 months. it is surgically placed under the skin of the chest. the recorder might automatically start recording when it detects an arrhythmia. or, you might use a handheld device to start the monitor when symptoms occur. event monitor. this small device records your heartbeats only when symptoms of the heart problem occur. you are not attached to the machine. there are two types of event monitors. - one type is worn on the wrist like a watch. when symptoms occur, you press a button to start the ekg recording. - the other type is a device that you carry where you can reach it easily, such as in your purse or pocket. when symptoms occur, you press the back of the device against your chest and then press a button to start the recording. the back of the device has small metal discs that work like electrodes. these handheld monitors can be very small ( some are about the size and shape of a credit card ). the event monitor records heart


then press a button to start the recording. the back of the device has small metal discs that work like electrodes. these handheld monitors can be very small ( some are about the size and shape of a credit card ). the event monitor records heart signals only when you are holding it against your chest. how it feels if you have electrodes placed on your skin, the electrode sites may itch slightly during the ambulatory ekg recording, and the skin on your chest may look or feel irritated when the electrodes are removed. the recording unit is very lightweight, so carrying it usually is not uncomfortable. there is no risk from ambulatory ekg monitoring. the electrodes placed on your skin detect only the electrical signals from your heart. no electricity is sent through your body, and there is no possibility of receiving an electric shock. an ambulatory electrocardiogram ( ekg or ecg ) is a test that records the electrical signals that control your heartbeat while you do your everyday activities. no abnormal heart rhythms are found in the ekg information collected by the recorder. your heart rate may go up when you are active and go down when you are sleeping. many kinds of irregular heartbeats can be detected by ambulatory monitoring. the results of ambulatory heart monitoring are compared with your medical history, symptoms, and other test results. you may need to have the test repeated if the results aren ' t clear. what affects the test you may not be able to have the test or the results may not be helpful if : - you do not keep a detailed diary of your daily activities and symptoms. the intermittent recorder will give accurate results only if you remember to start the recorder when symptoms of possible heart problems occur. - the electrodes are not in the right spot. ambulatory heart monitoring is most effective when you are able and willing to carefully follow instructions throughout the monitoring period. if you tend to pass out from a heart problem, your doctor will choose a monitor that will record these episodes. the continuous recorder and the loop recorder work best for people who pass out when they have symptoms of a heart problem. the loop recorder is not useful if you lose consciousness for more than a few minutes or if you are so confused when you wake up that you are unable to start the recorder. what to think about - many people have irregular heartbeats from time to time. what this means depends on the type of pattern these heartbeats produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the


start the recorder. what to think about - many people have irregular heartbeats from time to time. what this means depends on the type of pattern these heartbeats produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the same time you have symptoms. irregular heartbeats that occur at the same time you have other symptoms, such as dizziness or chest pain, may mean that the irregular heartbeats are causing your symptoms. - because a standard 12 - lead electrocardiogram ( ekg ) is safe, inexpensive, and provides valuable information, your doctor will try it first before using an ambulatory monitor to test your heart function. a continuous recorder generally has 5 leads and provides less complete information than a 12 - lead ekg. but a continuous recorder is more effective than a standard ekg for evaluating heart symptoms that occur intermittently. for more information, see the topic electrocardiogram. other places to get help | american heart association ( aha ) | | 7272 greenville avenue | | dallas, tx 75231 | visit the american heart association ( aha ) website for information on physical activity, diet, and various heart - related conditions. you can search for information on heart disease and stroke, share information with friends and family, and use tools to help you make heart - healthy goals and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and provide information and support. | heart rhythm society | | 1400 k street nw | | washington, dc 20005 | the heart rhythm society provides information for patients and the public about heart rhythm problems. the website includes a section that focuses on patient information. this information includes causes, prevention, tests, treatment, and patient stories about heart rhythm problems. you can use the find a specialist section of the website to search for a heart rhythm specialist practicing in your area. | national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) | | p. o. box 30105 | | bethesda, md 20824 - 0105 | the u. s. national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins


( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. other works consulted - chernecky cc, berger bj ( 2008 ). laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, 5th ed. st. louis : saunders. - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. - pagana kd, pagana tj ( 2010 ). mosby ’ s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests, 4th ed. st. louis : mosby elsevier. | primary medical reviewer | | rakesh k. pai, md, facc - cardiology, electrophysiology | | specialist medical reviewer | | george philippides, md - cardiology | | last revised | | december 9, 2011 | last revised : december 9, 2011 author : healthwise staff to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


| tests and services inhalation therapy instruction what is a peak flow meter? a peak flow meter ( pfm ) is a device used to measure how well your child ' s asthma is under control. the device measures air flowing out of the lungs, called peak expiratory flow rate ( pefr ), as a child with asthma forcefully blows into the device. a peak flow meter, when used properly, can reveal narrowing of the airways well in advance of an asthma attack. used mainly by children with moderate to severe and persistent asthma, peak flow meters can help determine : why should a peak flow meter be used? - when to seek emergency medical care. - the effectiveness of your child ' s asthma management and treatment plan. - when to stop or add medication, as directed by your child ' s physician. - what triggers the asthma attack ( such as exercise - induced asthma ). the pfm removes a lot of guesswork out of managing your child ' s asthma. it can provide you, your child ' s physician, or even the school teachers with information about how open the airways are in your child ' s lungs. the pfm can detect small changes in the large airways before your child starts to wheeze. using a pfm every day will let you know when your child ' s peak flows are starting to drop. this allows you to make early changes in your child ' s medication or routine to help prevent your child ' s asthma symptoms from getting worse. the pfm can also identify the value at which you will need to call your child ' s physician or go to the emergency room. how to use a peak flow meter : what are peak flow zones? - use the pfm once daily and whenever your child is experiencing early warning signs. always use the pfm before taking reliever medication. - hold the pfm by the handle. - before each use, make sure the pointer is reset to zero. - have your child stand up straight. remove chewing gum or any food from your child ' s mouth. - have your child take a deep breath and put the mouthpiece in his / her mouth. seal his / her lips and teeth tightly around the mouthpiece. - let your child blow out as hard and as fast as he / she can. remember a fast blast is better than a slow blow. - note the number where the pointer has stopped on the scale. - reset the pointer to zero. - repeat this routine three times. you will know your child has done the technique correctly when the numbers


a fast blast is better than a slow blow. - note the number where the pointer has stopped on the scale. - reset the pointer to zero. - repeat this routine three times. you will know your child has done the technique correctly when the numbers from all three tries are close together. - record the highest of the three readings on a graph or in a notebook. do not average these numbers together. this is called your peak flow. - use the peak flow meter once a day. measure peak flows about the same time each day. a good time might be when your child first wakes up or at bedtime. peak flow zones are based on the traffic light concept : red means danger, yellow means caution, and green means safe. these zones are different for each person. your child ' s physician will help determine your child ' s peak flow zones. the three peak flow zones include : the goal of the peak flow zones is to help recognize when the asthma may start to become uncontrolled. - green : this is the go zone! this zone is from 80 to 100 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. this is the zone your child should be in every day. this is a signal that air moves well through the large airways and that your child can do the usual activities and go to sleep without trouble. when the peak flow readings are in this zone, your child should : avoid asthma triggers. - use controller medications every day. - use the reliever medications 15 to 20 minutes before exercise if your child has exercise - induced asthma, as directed by your child ' s physician. - yellow : this is the caution or slow down zone! this zone is from 50 to 80 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. this is a clue that the large airways are starting to narrow. your child may begin to have mild symptoms. your child may be coughing, feeling tired, feeling short of breath, or feeling like his / her chest is tightening. these symptoms may keep your child from his / her usual activities or from sleeping well. to keep your child ' s peak flow numbers from getting worse and get your child ' s asthma back under control, you will need to : continue to use the controller medication as your child ' s physician has ordered and avoid asthma triggers. - use the reliever medication as ordered by your child ' s physician. - make sure you are using the proper technique with your child ' s metered - dose inhaler and spacer. red : this is the stop zone!


triggers. - use the reliever medication as ordered by your child ' s physician. - make sure you are using the proper technique with your child ' s metered - dose inhaler and spacer. red : this is the stop zone! this zone is less than 50 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. readings in this zone are a medical emergency and you will need to get help right away. this means severe narrowing of the large airways has occurred. your child may now be coughing, very short of breath, wheezing both when breathing in and out, or having retractions. your child may also have problems walking and talking. have your child take his / her reliever medication now and call your child ' s physician. how is a personal best peak flow measured? each child ' s peak flow zones are based on his / her personal best peak flow number. to establish your child ' s personal best peak flow, have your child take his / her peak flow measurement each day at the same time for two to three weeks, when the asthma is under control. after recording your child ' s peak flow measurements for two to three weeks consistently, your child ' s physician may also measure the optimum lung function with a spirometer ( a device that can check lung function by measuring both the amount of air expelled and how quickly the air was expelled ). the spirometer measurement may then be compared with the peak flow meter record to help set up an asthma management and treatment plan. your child ' s personal best peak flow measurement may change over time. consult your child ' s physician as to when to check for a new personal best peak flow measurement. when should a peak flow meter be used? peak flow meters should be used regularly to check how well the asthma is being controlled. in addition, the peak flow meter may be a valuable tool during an asthma attack, because it can help determine how well the short - term, quick - relief asthma medication is working. the national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) recommends measuring lung function during the following times : the peak flow meter is a tool to help collect information. the key to successful asthma management is communicating this information ( the peak flow meter recordings, the severity of your child ' s symptoms, and the effectiveness of your child ' s medications ) to your child ' s physician. - every morning, before taking asthma medications - during asthma symptoms or an asthma attack - after taking medication for an asthma attack - other times as recommended by your child


, and the effectiveness of your child ' s medications ) to your child ' s physician. - every morning, before taking asthma medications - during asthma symptoms or an asthma attack - after taking medication for an asthma attack - other times as recommended by your child ' s physician how can i obtain a peak flow meter? consult your child ' s physician about obtaining a peak flow meter and for step - by - step instructions on how to use the device. if you are using more than one peak flow meter, be sure they are the same brand. what are oximeters? an oximeter is a small machine that measures oxygen saturation ( the amount of oxygen ) in your child ' s blood. to get this measurement, a small sensor ( similar to an adhesive bandage ) is taped onto your child ' s finger or toe. when the oximeter is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. what is a spirometer? a spirometer is a device used by your child ' s physician that assesses lung function. spirometry, the evaluation of lung function with a spirometer, is one of the simplest, most common pulmonary function tests and may be necessary for any of the following reasons : after taking a deep breath, your child forcefully breathes out into the spirometer as completely and forcefully as possible. the spirometer measures both the amount of air expelled and how quickly the air was expelled from the lungs. the measurements are recorded by the spirometer. - to determine how well the lungs receive, hold, and utilize air - to monitor a lung disease - to monitor the effectiveness of treatment - to determine the severity of a lung disease - to determine whether the lung disease is restrictive ( decreased airflow ) or obstructive ( disruption of airflow ) the normal, healthy values measured by the spirometer for the amount of air exhaled vary from child to child. your results are compared to the average expected in someone of the same age, height, sex, and race, according to the national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ). however, if the values fall below 85 percent of the average, it may indicate a lung disease or other airflow obstruction. if a child has abnormal spirometer measurements, he / she may be referred for other lung tests to establish a diagnosis. hand - held nebulizer treatments a nebulizer is a type of inhaler that sprays a fine


obstruction. if a child has abnormal spirometer measurements, he / she may be referred for other lung tests to establish a diagnosis. hand - held nebulizer treatments a nebulizer is a type of inhaler that sprays a fine, liquid mist of medication. this is done through a mask, using oxygen or air under pressure, or an ultrasonic machine ( often used by persons who cannot use a metered - dose inhaler, such as infants and young children, and persons with severe asthma ). a mouthpiece is connected to a machine via plastic tubing to deliver the medication. the medications used in nebulizers help your child by loosening the mucus in the lungs so it can be coughed out more easily, and by relaxing the airway muscles so that more air can move in and out of the lungs. breathing the medication straight into the lungs works better and faster than taking the medication by mouth. nebulizer treatments take about 15 to 20 minutes to give the medication. giving a treatment : the following steps are recommended when giving a treatment to your child. however, always consult your child ' s physician for specific instructions. after each treatment : gather supplies needed, including : - medication to be nebulized - nebulizer set ( nebulizer cup, mouthpiece or mask, tubing to connect to nebulizer machine ) - find a quiet activity to do while your child sits up for the treatment ( i. e., reading a book or playing a quiet game ). - place the nebulizer on a flat surface ( i. e., table or the floor ). - plug the unit into a wall outlet. - connect the air tubing to the nebulizer machine. - put the medication into the nebulizer cup and screw the cap on securely. - connect the other end of the air tubing to the nebulizer cup. - connect the mouthpiece or face mask to the nebulizer cup. - turn the machine on. - check to make sure a fine mist of medication is coming through the face mask or mouthpiece. - place the mouthpiece in the child ' s mouth with the lips sealed around the mouthpiece. - encourage your child to take slow deep breaths in and out of their mouth. the mist should disappear with each breath. - place the mask over your child ' s mouth and nose. the adjustable elastic band may be used to hold the mask in place. - encourage your child to take deep breaths in and out for the


mouth. the mist should disappear with each breath. - place the mask over your child ' s mouth and nose. the adjustable elastic band may be used to hold the mask in place. - encourage your child to take deep breaths in and out for the duration of the treatment. - encourage your child to continue slow, deep breaths until all the medication in the nebulizer cup is gone. you may need to tap the sides of the nebulizer cup to ensure all medication is given. - turn the nebulizer off. - if the child ' s treatment plan orders peak flow measurements, obtain these before the treatment starts and after the treatment is completed. notes for parents : - disconnect the nebulizer cup from the tubing. - open the cup and wash all pieces in a mild dish soap and water. ( do not wash or rinse the tubing. ) - rinse all pieces. - air dry on a clean towel. - store the dried nebulizer cup and tubing in a plastic bag. - once a week rinse the nebulizer cup in a vinegar / water solution, as directed by you physician, after washing. - stay with your child throughout the nebulizer treatment. - if your child should vomit or have a severe coughing spell during the treatment, stop the treatment, let the child rest for a few minutes, then resume the treatment. - check the filter on the nebulizer machine once a week. when it becomes discolored, replace with a new filter. - always keep a spare nebulizer kit at home. when you are down to your last two kits, contact your medical equipment company to deliver more. what medications are commonly used for children with asthma? the use of medications in children is highly individualized, based on the severity of the child ' s symptoms, the age of the child, and the ability of the child to take inhaled medications. the following are the most commonly used medications : inhalation therapy instruction - departments & programs - children ' s national medical center these medications are used to help open the narrowed lungs and may relieve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or difficulty in breathing. these are usually considered rescue medications for acute attacks of asthma. types of bronchodilators are beta - agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics. these medications come inhaled, in pill form, liquid, or injectables. the short - acting bronchodilators are used as needed as symptoms


beta - agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics. these medications come inhaled, in pill form, liquid, or injectables. the short - acting bronchodilators are used as needed as symptoms occur. longer acting bronchodilators may be used for maintenance or on a daily basis to help control flare - ups from occurring. - anti - inflammatory medications these medications help to decrease the inflammation that is happening in the airways with asthma. these include two types of medications : - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications ( nsaids ) cromolyn and nedocromil are two types of nonsteroidal medications that are usually inhaled by the child. these medications can be given in a variety of ways. some of them are inhaled, while others may be taken as a pill or liquid, or even as an injection. the steroids taken by mouth can have more side effects than those that are inhaled. inhaled steroids are safe and effective controller medications and should be taken every day. consult your child ' s physician about the best choice for your child. these are a relatively new type of medication being used to help control the symptoms of asthma. these medications help to decrease the narrowing of the lung and to decrease the chance of fluids in the lungs. these are usually given by mouth.


adolescent medicine : : orthopaedic problems what is scoliosis? a normal spine, when viewed from behind, appears straight. however, a spine affected by scoliosis shows evidence of a lateral, or sideways, curvature, and a rotation of the back bones ( vertebrae ), giving the appearance that the person is leaning to one side. the scoliosis research society defines scoliosis as a curvature of the spine measuring 10 degrees or greater on x - ray. scoliosis is a type of spinal deformity and should not be confused with poor posture. four common types of curve patterns seen in scoliosis are : what causes scoliosis? in most ( 80 to 85 percent ) cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown - a condition called idiopathic scoliosis. scoliosis is more common in females than males. according to the national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, three to five out of every 1, 000 children develop spinal curves that are considered large enough to require treatment. the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons, in cooperation with the scoliosis research society, describe three different types of scoliosis that can occur in children - congenital ( present at birth ), neuromuscular, or idiopathic. other causes of scoliosis may include : what are the symptoms of scoliosis? the following are the most common symptoms of scoliosis. however, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : back pain, leg pain, and changes in bowel and bladder habits are not commonly associated with idiopathic scoliosis. a adolescent experiencing these types of symptoms requires further medical evaluation by a physician. the symptoms of scoliosis may resemble other spinal conditions or deformities, or may be a result of an injury or infection. always consult your adolescent ' s physician for a diagnosis. how is scoliosis diagnosed? the physician makes the diagnosis of scoliosis with a complete medical history of the adolescent, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. the physician obtains a complete prenatal and birth history of the adolescent and asks if other family members are known to have scoliosis. the physician will also ask about developmental milestones since some types of scoliosis can be associated with other neuromuscular disorders. developmental delays may require further medical evaluation. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, x - rays ( a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to


some types of scoliosis can be associated with other neuromuscular disorders. developmental delays may require further medical evaluation. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, x - rays ( a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film ) are the primary diagnostic tool for scoliosis. in establishing a diagnosis of scoliosis, the physician measures the degree of spinal curvature on the x - ray. the following other diagnostic procedures may be performed for nonidiopathic curvatures, atypical curve patterns, or congenital scoliosis : early detection of scoliosis is most important for successful treatment. pediatricians or family physicians, and even some school programs, routinely look for signs that scoliosis may be present. treatment of scoliosis : specific treatment of scoliosis will be determined by your adolescent ' s physician based on : the goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the curve and prevent deformity. treatment may include : according to the scoliosis research society, there is no scientific evidence to show that other methods for treating scoliosis ( i. e., manipulation, electrical stimulation, and corrective exercise ) prevent the progression of the disease. long - term outlook for an adolescent with scoliosis : the management of scoliosis is individualized for each adolescent depending on his / her age, amount of curvature, and amount of time remaining for skeletal growth. scoliosis will require frequent examinations by your adolescent ' s physician to monitor the curve as your adolescent grows and develops. early detection is important. if left untreated, scoliosis can cause problems with heart and lung function. click here to view the it is important to remember the health information found on this website is for reference only not intended to replace the advice and guidance of your healthcare provider. always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. if you think you may have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately. © children ' s hospital of orange county


the one thing that most people know about don carlo gesualdo, prince of venosa, is that in 1590 he caught his wife and her lover in bed together and murdered them both. indeed, his biography, rather than his music, kept his name alive for a number of centuries and even revived it in the first twentieth - century biography – heseltine and gray ' s carlo gesualdo, prince of venosa : musician and murderer. what is less known, however, is that gesualdo probably had been aware of the affair for two years. this has led some scholars to speculate that the murder was political, rather than a crime of passion. after his trial ( he was acquitted ), gesualdo kept mainly to his estate. music, heretofore a semi - secret passion ( he published a book of madrigals under the name gioseppe pilonij ), became almost the only thing he cared about. contemporary writers talk about his " mad passion " for music. in 1594, gesualdo visited the court of ferrara, mainly to sample the music there. he picked up a second wife, leonora d ' este, niece of ferrara ' s duke, an illustrious marriage which rehabilitated him in italian society. his musical obsessions grew. poems and musical treatises were dedicated to him. he published a grand total of seven books of madrigals, as well as a great deal of sacred music. as he grew older, severe depression seemed to overcome him, in the end to the point of psychopathy. he also became increasingly ill. contemporaries describe him as caring for nothing but making music and money. his second marriage proved unhappy, but fortunately not as unhappy as the first. husband and wife essentially separated. musically, gesualdo is an example of musical mannerism, seen in such figures as early monteverdi, marenzio, and luzzaschi. the portrayal of emotional extremes – melancholia, tormented love, for example – tends to attract this group. gesualdo goes to the extreme of the extremes. his dissonance often reaches the border of tonality – and his sadness plumbs ever - blacker depths of self - pity. his counterpoint – unlike monteverdi ' s, clumsy and even primitive – often seems to result from noodling around the keyboard. however, one cannot deny the power of his harmonies. a great artist not only discovers new things, he discovers and keeps things that others might


polonium : deadly radioactive substance whether a radioactive substance called polonium - 210 was involved in yasser arafat ' s death is under investigation. the body of the former palestine liberation organization leader was exhumed tuesday for this purpose and reburied. arafat died in 2004. a murder inquiry into his death was opened this year after high levels of polonium - 210 were found on arafat ' s toothbrush, clothing and keffiyeh, the black - and - white headscarf he often wore. tawfiq tirawi, head of the palestinian investigation committee, said forensic experts from france, switzerland and russia took their own samples for independent analysis. polonium - 210 is not a radioactive substance that emits gamma particles, which can travel through walls at extremely high energies. instead, as polonium - 210 decays, it releases alpha particles, which can ' t even pass through a piece of paper. but alpha particles are still dangerous. they travel short distances and retain a high amount of energy. in nature, it takes about 138 days for half of a given quantity of polonium - 210 to decay. but because biological processes also work to eliminate the substance, it takes about 50 days for half of it to disappear while inside the body, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( pdf ). polonium - 210 is a problem to humans only when it gets into the body. the international atomic energy agency says that careful hand - washing and showering can eliminate most traces of this substance. the radioactive substance can enter body by eating or drinking contaminated things, breathing contaminated air, or inhaling or ingesting bodily fluids from someone contaminated with it. a wound can also become contaminated. " radiation, just like with any toxic chemical, is related to dose, " said cham dallas, a professor and toxicologist at the university of georgia ' s institute for health management and mass destruction defense. " if you get a big dose, then you ' ll die sooner. " and with polonium - 210, a dangerous dose can be a matter of micrograms : smaller than a single speck of pepper, he said. if you ingest polonium - 210, about 50 % to 90 % of the substance will exit the body through feces, according to a fact sheet from argonne national laboratory ( pdf ). what is left will enter the bloodstream. about 45 % of polonium ingested gets into the spleen, kidneys and liver, and 10 % is deposited in the


according to a fact sheet from argonne national laboratory ( pdf ). what is left will enter the bloodstream. about 45 % of polonium ingested gets into the spleen, kidneys and liver, and 10 % is deposited in the bone marrow. radiation poisoning from polonium - 210 looks like the end stage of cancer, dallas said. liver and kidney damage ensue, along with extreme nausea and severe headaches. victims often experience vomiting, diarrhea and hair loss. the alpha particles emitted from the decaying substance get absorbed in the body, which is what causes harm. death may come in a matter of days, sometimes weeks. there is no cure for severe radiation poisoning, dallas said. a few experimental treatments are in the works for people who are able to stay on the edge of potential survival, but they have not been approved by the u. s. food and drug administration. arafat died at age 75 at a paris military hospital after he suffered a brain hemorrhage and slipped into a coma. palestinian officials said in the days before his death that arafat had a blood disorder - - though they ruled out leukemia - - and that he had digestive problems. rumors of poisoning circulated at the time, but palestinian officials denied them, and then - foreign minister nabil sha ' ath said he " totally " ruled them out. over the course of a year, through natural sources and medical tests, the average american gets an effective radiation dose of 6. 2 millisieverts ( msv ). a potentially lethal dose of polonium - 210 is 5 sieverts ( sv ), dallas said, which is about 1, 000 times more powerful than that average year ' s worth of exposure. low concentrations of polonium are all around the environment. additionally, tobacco contains polonium, and about twice as much of the radioactive substance has been found in the ribs of smokers than non nonsmokers, according to the argonne report. as for investigating a polonium poisoning, there are instruments that can detect low concentrations of polonium, dallas said. but there ' s also a background level of polonium found in nature, so if an alleged poisoning happened many years ago, the remaining quantity in the body may be close to the background level. another tricky part about investigating a situation like this years after a potential poisoning : it would be relatively easy for someone to contaminate evidence after the fact with a small amount of the substance, dallas said. so it ' s possible that someone


since african americans fought for freedom from slavery in the 19th century, many have called for reparations – financial compensation for the years of chattel slavery. although former slaves were promised 40 acres and a mule to help them rebound from being enslaved, the program was short - lived, and many have been wondering if african americans – like their jewish counterparts – would ever see proper compensation for suffering such heinous atrocities in this country. while we will probably never see financial compensation for slavery, many have argued that blacks in america should receive reparations in the form of a free college education or student loan debt forgiveness, while other still hold fast to the “ 40 acres and a mule ” philosophy and want land. in june, the national coalition of blacks for reparations in america ( ncobra ) is holding a conference to examine why african americans should still be granted reparations more than 150 years after slavery ended. “ after the passage of the 13th and 14th amendments, laws were passed to re - enslave people of african descent through jim crow laws. the new jim crow is a result of the low - intensity war against the black community under the guise of a ‘ war on drugs, ’ in addition to ongoing discrimination, and an extension of the slavery experience for black people, ” ncobra writes. ncobra ’ s reparations conference takes place in philadelphia june 22 - 24. what are your thoughts on reparations? do you think african americans will ever see some form of reparations by the u. s. government?


the success of a concurrent system depends on well designed hardware, flexible software that controls the hardware, and clear marketing vision. to adapt the changing marketing requirement, hardware and software need to have flexible architectures. this article is focused on software development issues, and discusses concurrency design at application layer as opposed to concurrency inside the operating system. any multi - threaded system can be considered a concurrent system ; for example, a lengthy task can be implemented as a background thread so that it will not block the graphical user interface. here, we are discussing concurrent systems which can be characterized by the following traits : - system input and output can be clearly identified. - system internal consists of system resources, such as hardware modules, which are used to process system input and generates system output. - one or more execution steps are needed for a system input to be processed by system resources and to become a system output. - the system resources and their relationship are identified by system analysis. the concurrency properties of system resources determine the constraints between execution steps, which ultimately define the system concurrency behavior. the above description can be illustrated in figure 1. the system consists of three resources : 2 inputs and 2 outputs. each input needs to go through two steps to become output. resources 1 and 2 are independent and can be parallel. the output of resources 1 and 2 are the input of resource 3, which is independent of 1 and 2. figure 1. a sample concurrent system most concurrent systems have these design goals : - have an easy to understand software architecture so that the desired concurrency can be implemented and verified quickly. - have a solid system concurrency kernel to adapt system environmental changes such as inconsistent hardware responses, and still achieve high system reliability. - have a good scalable architecture to adapt new requirement changes. - system concurrency and throughput are well understood by all teams involved in the system specification and design, not just by a few key software engineers. therefore, the concurrent software should expose how the current system internally works with minimum cost, so that the team communications can be conducted effectively. - different system concurrencies can be achieved with different execution configurations without major interruption to the system reliability. for a complex concurrent system, the design cost to achieve such goals could be very high for inexperienced engineers. most systems end up with only a few engineers who can understand and maintain the fragile concurrent kernels. what is needed to meet the concurrent system design goal from a management perspective? - to have the capability to quickly understand the marketing or hardware concurrency requirement, and to provide a clear road map on how to


can understand and maintain the fragile concurrent kernels. what is needed to meet the concurrent system design goal from a management perspective? - to have the capability to quickly understand the marketing or hardware concurrency requirement, and to provide a clear road map on how to achieve the desired software system concurrency at an early stage of development, not when delivering the alpha or beta product. this requires the software engineer to have a clear understanding of the system resource concurrency at the very beginning. - to shorten the cycle of turning the desired concurrency into a real functioning software system. - to communicate the achievable concurrency goal to other teams frequently, and to adjust the concurrency accordingly based on new marketing input, or new resource constraints improvements or limitations, such as hardware. the followings are common issues found in a concurrent software design : - the software team member is not very experienced in concurrency design. most teams have engineers knowing threads, critical sections, semaphores, and events. but, this usually does not guarantee achieving the design goals listed above. - the understanding of system concurrency is very slow. the software engineer could not present a full picture of how the system concurrency design is going to be working until the alpha or beta stage. therefore, nobody will question how the system concurrency is designed since there is no good method to communicate the software design. the engineer usually gives you his / her understanding of the system concurrency on small pieces, which is hard to convince the software team manager or other teams that the software team has fully understood the system and will be able to deliver on schedule. - the marketing group has a wrong system throughput assumption and commitment at the beginning of a project, with false understanding of the system resource constraints, or the complexity for available engineers to achieve the desired high throughput without sacrificing software system reliability. the marketing group might assume that software engineers could just achieve it, but have no way to verify it during the process until it is too late. - almost all designs do not have a clear distinction between the code controlling the system resource operation and the code performing the system resource concurrency. this architecture makes it very hard to enhance upon new concurrency requirements. by simply using a synchronization object, such as a critical section, event, or semaphore from the operating system, it ' s almost impossible to perform such a partition without a major investment on the system architecture design. unfortunately, most applications do not separate the two domains and let one engineer handle all of them, who is already overwhelmed by the concurrency choreography. the software