sportsmen and their sweaters : knitting patterns as historical sources polley, martin ( 2009 ) sportsmen and their sweaters : knitting patterns as historical sources. in, recording leisure lives : sports, games and pastimes, bolton, uk, 07 apr 2009. full text not available from this repository. old knitting patterns are easy to see as ephemeral, disposable items, artefacts of everyday life that we can see in our memory on our mothers ’ laps, but that we don ’ t readily picture in an archive. they are produced for a very specific purpose, and are not designed to become historians ’ sources. however, cultural historians and historians of everyday life can learn from them, and can use them as windows on to their time of production. using sport - related knitting patterns from winchester school of art ’ s knitting reference library as a case study, this paper will look at what historians can get from this type of evidence : both empirical evidence about disposable income, materials, and technology, and household economics, and more subjective, cultural evidence about class, identity, and gender. the paper will build on the call that i made for sports historians to use wider variety of sources in sports history : a practical guide ( palgrave, 2007 ). | item type : | | conference or workshop item ( paper ) | | keywords : | | knitting, sport, clothing, fashion, history | | subjects : | | g geography. anthropology. recreation > gv recreation leisure h social sciences > hn social history and conditions. social problems. social reform d history general and old world > da great britain | divisions : | | university structure - pre august 2011 > school of education > leadership, school improvement and effectiveness | date deposited : | | 15 jul 2009 | | last modified : | | 02 mar 2012 13 : 12 | | contributors : | | polley, martin ( author ) | date : | | 7 april 2009 | | rdf : | | rdf + n - triples, rdf + n3, rdf + xml, browse. | actions ( login required )


| " zero in on " = focus on or direction your attention to a particular issue | " i think we need to zero in on the main causes of water pollution and start solving them one at a time. " " leave no stone unturned " = do everything possible to solve a problem " things might look bad, but leave no stone unturned in trying to find the answer to our company ' s economic problems. " more of randall ' s favorite learning resources [ quiz script ] first, name three environmental problems that face our world today, how people can help solve these problems. what image comes to your mind when you think of " recycling "? | i. pre - listening exercises [ top ] | helpful tip : recycling is one important way of conserving our world ' s natural resources. talk with you family about what you can do to better recycle your trash. | listen to the conversation by pressing the " play " button of the audio type you want to hear, and answer the questions. press the " final score " button to check your quiz. | ii. listening exercises [ top ] 2. listen to the conversation again as you read the quiz script. | iii. post - listening exercises [ top ] | what are five specific things individuals can do to protect the environment? what are some reasons why people do not recycle or are careless when they dispose of garbage? are there any unique programs in your city or country that promote recycling and protecting the environment? now, write your opinions on a similar topic at randall ' s esl blog here. randall ' s sites : daily esl | esl blog | ezslang | train your accent | tips for students | hiking in utah


concept. the basic idea is that the human mind can keep track of about seven at once, or can differentiate between seven or so different ( but similar ) things. the phrase comes from the title of a 1956 paper by harvard professor george a. miller titled, the magical number seven, plus or minus two : some limits on our capacity for processing information, which begins : my problem is that i have been persecuted by an integer. for seven years this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. this number assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable. the persistence with which this number plagues me is far more than a random accident. there is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it, some pattern governing its appearances. either there really is something unusual about the number or else i am suffering from delusions of persecution. miller goes on to present data from a number of experiments which support the idea ( by arriving at the number seven ). topics of the experiments he reviewed included, " span of immediate memory ", " capacity for absolute judgements of the position of a dot on a square ", and ( my favorite ) " capacity for absolute judgements of saltiness


usda ' s animal plant health inspection service ( aphis ) confirmed today that asian soybean rust ( phakopsora pachyrhizi ), has been found on soybean leaf samples collected from two louisiana state university ' s research plots near baton rouge, louisiana. aphis officials report they believe the pathogen was carried to the united states during the recent hurricane season. usda will dispatch its soybean rust detection assessment team, composed of scientific experts and regulatory officials, to the site within 24 hours. the assessment team will work closely with louisiana state department of agriculture representatives to assess the situation and conduct surveillance around the detection site to determine the extent of the disease spread. asa president neal bredehoeft, a soybean producer from alma, mo., says, " potential yield loss from soybean rust starts to diminish as plants begin to reach maturity. at this time of the year, when soybeans in many areas of the united states have already reach full maturity and the crop is ripe, soybean rust will no longer reduce this year ' s crop yields. " with the case being found in a research farm and having active surveillance, the chances for the disease being widespread are " very high, " plant protection and quarantine ( ppq ) deputy administrator ric dunkle says. more should be known once a more thorough assessment of the area is complete. the spores inability to overwinter in many northern regions should benefit disease management. proactive steps now while the harvest for this year is nearing completion, during next yeara€™s planting season, producers will need to watch for symptoms of the fungus such as small lesions on the lower leaves of the infected plant that increase in size and change from gray to tan or reddish brown on the undersides of the leaves. if soybean rust becomes widespread in u. s. soybean production areas, it could cause large crop and economic losses to soybean growers and associated industries. growers returning from, or hosting visitors from, rust infected soybean production areas should be extremely careful that the disease is not transmitted to their fields. dunkle recommends any producers who still have soybeans in the field to contact their local extension office for testing. dunkle says the entire gulf coast region will be surveyed. growers in areas near the outbreak should survey their fields to inspect for symptoms of soybean rust disease. inspection consists of a thorough visual examination of soybean plants in the field and of other host plants


entire gulf coast region will be surveyed. growers in areas near the outbreak should survey their fields to inspect for symptoms of soybean rust disease. inspection consists of a thorough visual examination of soybean plants in the field and of other host plants in the vicinity of the fields being surveyed. a 20 - power hand lens will be required to inspect the underside of the lower leaves in the lower crop canopy for uredinial pustules that are powdery, and buff or pale brown in color. as soybean plants mature and set pods, infection may progress rapidly under favorable environmental conditions to cause high rates of infection in the middle and upper leaves of the plant. for more on asa ' s recommendations, click here. learning from others the united states is the last major soybean - producing nation to be affected by this soybean fungus. " we have learned from the experiences of other countries and are better prepared to handle this situation, " says american farm bureau federation president bob stallman. " u. s. soybeans should continue to have a solid standing in export markets, now and in the future, " stallman adds. " a number of states have already taken steps to ensure their farmers have access to effective crop protection tools to control soybean rust next year. " for more information about fungicide approval and economics of the disease, click on the soybean rust menu option on our left navigation bar.


the clinton administration knows how to add insult to injury. not only is it committed to an environmental program that will sap the american economy of its vitality, it also refuses to level with the american people about the costs. at the global warming conference in kyoto, japan, the administration promised that the united states would cut emissions of so - called greenhouse gases below the 1990 level by 2012. that ’ s a cut of more than one - third of the projected level. the gases, mainly carbon dioxide, are produced by burning fossil fuels : gasoline, coal, natural gas, and heating oil. virtually all economic activity depends on those fuels. yet clinton and gore say the cut - back can be costless or even profitable. the administration ’ s position can be faulted on many counts. most basic is that carbon dioxide is a plant nutrient not a pollutant. if you think back to high - school biology, you ’ ll recall that plants turn co2, water, and sunlight into food and make oxygen as a byproduct. but some climatologists ( not all ) and some environmentalists believe that the buildup of co2 threatens to overheat the earth ’ s atmosphere. the problem with the theory is that the temperature record does not support it. the earth has actually cooled slightly in the recent past. fear of global warming is based on imperfect computer models, not observation. economist thomas gale moore says that global warming would be benign. since co2 is good for crops, agriculture would boom. people tend to live longer in warmer climates. climatologist patrick michaels says that if warming occurs, it would be in the arctic during the polar night. such warming would delay the first frost of winter and lengthen the growing season. so why the attraction to the nightmare version of global warming? it could have something to do with its usefulness in the service of government regulation of the economy. people with a visceral dislike of free markets and individual liberty have been adrift since the worldwide collapse of socialism. they can ’ t oppose capitalism on economic or political grounds any longer. so they have turned to environmental grounds. unsupervised free markets, they say, will destroy the earth. the advocates of environmental regulation know, however, that people won ’ t go for policies that will make them poor. so they promise that combatting global warming can be done painlessly. president clinton says he will not support a tax on carbon fuels ; new energy - saving technologies, which can be encouraged through tax credits,


go for policies that will make them poor. so they promise that combatting global warming can be done painlessly. president clinton says he will not support a tax on carbon fuels ; new energy - saving technologies, which can be encouraged through tax credits, will reduce the use of fossil fuels. but that merely demonstrates economic illiteracy. industry already has all the incentive it needs to develop and adopt worthwhile energy - saving technologies. no business wants to use more resources than necessary. cutting costs increases profits. if capitalists are as “ greedy ” as their critics say, they can be counted on to be miserly with energy. the problem for the preachers of apocalypse is that fossil fuels are the most economical fuels around. no synthetic or “ green ” form of energy can touch them for efficiency. so unless the government actually restricts their use, there will be no reduction beyond what would have occurred anyway. sooner or later the administration will propose a carbon tax to reach the 30 percent reduction it promised at kyoto. a carbon tax will be costly to everyone. the price of energy will rise dramatically, curtailing production and reducing living standards. the promise of green and rich will fade, and all of us will be poorer. the bright side of this is that the u. s. senate is not likely to ratify the global - warming treaty in its current form. republicans, who duck the basic principles, have taken the more “ constructive ” line that the treaty is unfair because developing nations are exempt. clinton and gore promise to fix that. if they do, will the republicans cave in? or will they discover that the treaty is built on bad premises and is dangerous to the well - being of every american? let ’ s hope it ’ s the latter.


on this day - 9 july 1915 theatre definitions : western front comprises the franco - german - belgian front and any military action in great britain, switzerland, scandinavia and holland. eastern front comprises the german - russian, austro - russian and austro - romanian fronts. southern front comprises the austro - italian and balkan ( including bulgaro - romanian ) fronts, and dardanelles. asiatic and egyptian theatres comprises egypt, tripoli, the sudan, asia minor ( including transcaucasia ), arabia, mesopotamia, syria, persia, afghanistan, turkestan, china, india, etc. naval and overseas operations comprises operations on the seas ( except where carried out in combination with troops on land ) and in colonial and overseas theatres, america, etc. political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. source : chronology of the war ( 1914 - 18, london ; copyright expired ) austrian offensive on zlota lipa repulsed. italians capture malga sarta and costa bella ( trentino ). asiatic and egyptian theatres bomb thrown at sultan of egypt. naval and overseas operations south - west africa conquered ; german troops surrender unconditionally to general botha. attempted torpedo attack on cunarder " orduna ". anglo - portuguese treaty of commerce ratified at lisbon. lord kitchener appeals for more recruits at guildhall. mr. walter long makes statement on conscription. export of gold prohibited in france.


when it comes to allergies there are many different types that may affect a person. how each person is affected by these allergies may also vary from one person to another. while some allergies may only be a bother during certain seasons others may be present year round. the ones which are triggered by things such as the blooming of certain flowers or trees or various other forms of pollen or mold which are found in the air are typically considered to be seasonal allergies. this is because these allergens are only present during specific seasons. the most commons seasons for dealing with seasonal allergies are spring and fall. one of the most common triggers of seasonal allergies is pollen. this is produced by various different flowers when blooming and can be spread through the air. when the levels of pollen are high it causes a person to manifest the various symptoms of seasonal allergies. various different trees may also present problems for allergy sufferers. some of the most common types of trees that are known to produce allergy symptoms include oak, sycamore, elm, hickory, birch, cypress, walnut and maple. tree and flower pollens are generally considered to be spring time allergens because this is typically when flowers and trees bloom. summer allergies are usually caused by various types of grass pollen. this is because late spring and summer are the times when grass grows the most. there are many different types of grass depending on the area in which you live. grass allergies can be seasonal or year round especially if you come in direct contact such as when lying in the grass. this can often produce serious itching and in some cases hives. fall allergies are generally caused by various types of weeds such as ragweed, sagebrush and tumbleweed. in some areas however trees also produce pollen in the fall as well as in the spring. in order to determine what specific pollens you may be allergic to it is generally necessary to consult with an allergist. this is a health care provider that specializes in treating and identifying various allergies. an allergist can perform various tests to determine what specific things you may be allergic to. once it has been determined what your specific allergies are your doctor will then be better able to determine what will be best to treat these allergies. this is important because in some cases some medications may not be suitable for all types of allergies. while seasonal allergies are often quite bothersome they are generally not life threatening except


a team of researchers from universite laval, chu de quebec, and pharmaceutical firm glaxosmithkline ( gsk ) has discovered a way to stimulate the brain ’ s natural defense mechanisms in people with alzheimer ’ s disease. toll - like receptor 4 stimulation with the detoxified ligand monophosphoryl lipid a improves alzheimer ’ s disease - related pathology, presented in an early online edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), opens the door to the development of a treatment for alzheimer ’ s disease and a vaccine to prevent the illness. one of the main characteristics of alzheimer ’ s disease is the production in the brain of a toxic molecule known as amyloid beta. microglial cells, the nervous system ’ s defenders, are unable to eliminate this substance, which forms deposits called senile plaques. the team led by dr. serge rivest, professor at universite laval ’ s faculty of medicine and researcher at the chu de quebec research center, identified a molecule that stimulates the activity of the brain ’ s immune cells. the molecule, known as mpl ( monophosphoryl lipid a ), has been used extensively as a vaccine adjuvant by gsk for many years, and its safety is well established. in mice with alzheimer ’ s symptoms, weekly injections of mpl over a twelve - week period eliminated up to 80 % of senile plaques. in addition, tests measuring the mice ’ s ability to learn new tasks showed significant improvement in cognitive function over the same period. the researchers see two potential uses for mpl. it could be administered by intramuscular injection to people with alzheimer ’ s disease to slow the progression of the illness. it could also be incorporated into a vaccine designed to stimulate the production of antibodies against amyloid beta. “ the vaccine could be given to people who already have the disease to stimulate their natural immunity, ” said serge rivest. “ it could also be administered as a preventive measure to people with risk factors for alzheimer ’ s disease. ” “ when our team started working on alzheimer ’ s disease a decade ago, our goal was to develop better treatment for alzheimer ’ s patients, ” explained professor rivest. “ with the discovery announced today, i think we ’ re close to our objective. ” in addition to rivest, the study ’ s co - authors are jean - philippe michaud, antoine lampron, peter theriault, paul prefontaine, mohammed filal


a new report published today ( 4 february ) by wwf - uk and the food ethics council examines whether reducing meat consumption, and instead placing greater value on the meat we consume, could potentially be beneficial for people ’ s health, the environment, and for producers and consumers. high meat consumption is associated with a number of factors related to important challenges facing the global food system, including climate change, obesity, water scarcity, land use change, global poverty and inequality. yet a simple ‘ eat less meat ’ message is controversial and overly simplistic. producers and primary processors raise legitimate concerns about impacts of reduced meat production on their businesses, and politicians remain wary of industry and public reactions to the message. some have argued that a ‘ less but better ’ approach could be more broadly beneficial. this report is a first step to defining what that message might look like. ‘ valuing the meat we eat ’ suggests that talking about ‘ less but better ’ allows people to consider the many other aspects of meat production and consumption, including animal welfare, biodiversity, farmers ’ profitability, taste, waste and broader health issues. it also provides an insight into where the win - wins and trade - offs may be. although only a short study, our report suggests that, with focused discussion and government - led engagement and research, this approach is worth pursuing. one aspect of the ‘ less but better ’ message shone through in the research. this is the recognition that meat should be seen as a valuable, high - quality food and that consumers, retailers, farmers and producers should be encouraged to see it as such. the report ’ s key recommendations include : - leadership, through initiatives like the green food project, to explore mechanisms and policies that would support transition to ‘ less but better ’ meat consumption ; - research to assess marketplace barriers to ‘ less but better ’ and mechanisms to overcome these ; - research to better understand the relevance and impact of ‘ less but better ’ meat consumption and production on different socio - economic groups, particularly those on low incomes. mark driscoll, head of corporate stewardship, food and water, at wwf - uk, said : “ whilst the term ‘ better ’ is not easy to define, the report demonstrates that society needs to value the food we eat, especially meat, much more than we do. this may ultimately mean paying more to reflect the true social and environmental costs, whilst rewarding producers for looking after the environment. “ we know there are good reasons for reducing our meat consumption in the west – it ’ s better for the environment and


. this may ultimately mean paying more to reflect the true social and environmental costs, whilst rewarding producers for looking after the environment. “ we know there are good reasons for reducing our meat consumption in the west – it ’ s better for the environment and for health, and we eat far more than our fair share. however a simple ‘ less meat ’ message could have unintended consequences for farmers ’ livelihoods, rural communities and landscapes and runs the risk of alienating consumers who want to eat meat. some have suggested ‘ less but better ’ meat could be the answer, but no - one has really looked in to what this means. that is what we have done in this report. ” dan crossley, executive director of the food ethics council, said : “ it ’ s time we started recognising that our choices about what we eat have huge impacts – not just on our own health, but also on other people, animals, the planet and future generations. “ we must learn to appreciate our food more – and critically that includes meat. ‘ valuing the meat we eat ’ sets out to explain what that might look like. we hope that it will trigger much - needed research into how such a transition could happen. ” - ends - notes to editors 1. wwf - uk & the food ethics council : prime cuts : valuing the meat we eat ( 4 february 2013 ) : http : / / www. wwf. org. uk / research _ centre /? 6466 2. prime cuts is the final report in the series the livestock dialogues. conducted by wwf - uk and the food ethics council, and funded by the esmee fairburn foundation, the series has engaged with farming groups, consumer groups, producers and retailers to examine issues around the eating of meat : http : / / www. wwf. org. uk / what _ we _ do / changing _ the _ way _ we _ live / food / the _ lives... 3. the food ethics council is a charity that conducts independent research on the ethics of food and farming. our aim is to create a food system that is fair and healthy for people, planet and animals. our thirteen council members are all leaders in their relevant fields, and appointed as individuals. they bring a broad range of expertise to our work, from academic research through to practical knowledge of farming, business and policy.


tuesday, december 4, 2012 today in history - tuesday, dec. 4, 2012 today is tuesday, dec. 4, the 339th day of 2012. there are 27 days left in the year. today ' s highlight in history : on dec. 4, 1619, a group of settlers from bristol, england, arrived at berkeley hundred in present - day charles city county, va., where they held a service thanking god for their safe arrival. ( some suggest this was the true first thanksgiving in america, ahead of the pilgrims ' arrival in massachusetts. ) on this date : in 1619, settlers from bristol, england, arrived at berkeley hundred in present - day charles city county, va. in 1783, gen. george washington bade farewell to his continental army officers at fraunces tavern in new york. in 1816, james monroe of virginia was elected the fifth president of the united states. in 1912, medal of honor recipient gregory " pappy " boyington, the marine corps pilot who led the " black sheep squadron " during world war ii, was born in coeur d ' alene, idaho. in 1918, president woodrow wilson left washington on a trip to france to attend the versailles ( vehr - sy ' ) peace conference. in 1942, u. s. bombers struck the italian mainland for the first time in world war ii. president franklin d. roosevelt ordered the dismantling of the works progress administration, which had been created to provide jobs during the depression. in 1965, the united states launched gemini 7 with air force lt. col. frank borman and navy cmdr. james a. lovell aboard. in 1978, san francisco got its first female mayor as city supervisor dianne feinstein ( fyn ' - styn ) was named to replace the assassinated george moscone ( mahs - koh ' - nee ). in 1984, a five - day hijack drama began as four armed men seized a kuwaiti airliner en route to pakistan and forced it to land in tehran, where the hijackers killed american passenger charles hegna. in 1991, associated press correspondent terry anderson, the longest held of the western hostages in lebanon, was released after nearly seven years in captivity. pan american world airways ceased operations. in 1992, president george h. w. bush ordered american troops to lead a mercy mission to somalia, threatening military action against warlords and gangs who were blocking food for starving millions. in 1996, the mars pathfinder lifted off from cape canaveral and began


president george h. w. bush ordered american troops to lead a mercy mission to somalia, threatening military action against warlords and gangs who were blocking food for starving millions. in 1996, the mars pathfinder lifted off from cape canaveral and began speeding toward mars on a 310 million - mile odyssey. ( it arrived on mars in july 1997. ) ten years ago : united airlines lost its bid for $ 1. 8 billion in federal loan guarantees, a major setback to the nation ' s second - largest air carrier in its efforts to avoid bankruptcy. supreme court justices heard arguments on whether federal laws intended to combat organized crime and corruption could be used against anti - abortion demonstrators. ( the court later ruled that such laws were improperly used to punish abortion opponents. ) five years ago : defending his credibility, president george w. bush said iran was dangerous and needed to be squeezed by international pressure despite a u. s. intelligence finding that tehran had halted its nuclear weapons program four years earlier. the intelligence report on iran figured in a democratic debate on national public radio as rivals assailed front - runner hillary rodham clinton for voting in favor of a senate resolution designating iran ' s revolutionary guard a terrorist organization. pimp c ( chad butler ), a rapper with the texas hip - hop group underground kingz, was found dead in a hotel room in los angeles ; he was 33. one year ago : prime minister vladimir putin ' s party hung onto its majority in russia ' s parliamentary election, but faced accusations from opponents of rigging the vote. rafael nadal recovered from a terrible start and beat juan martin del potro of argentina 1 - 6, 6 - 4, 6 - 1, 7 - 6 ( 0 ) to give spain its fifth davis cup title. after going more than two years and 26 tournaments without a victory, tiger woods won the chevron world challenge. former hewlett - packard chairwoman patricia dunn, 58, died in orinda, calif. today ' s birthdays : actress - singer deanna durbin is 91. game show host wink martindale is 79. pop singer freddy cannon is 76. actor - producer max baer jr. is 75. actress gemma jones is 70. rock musician bob mosley ( moby grape ) is 70. singer - musician chris hillman is 68. musician terry woods ( the pogues ) is 65. rock singer southside johnny lyon is 64. actor jeff bridges is 63. rock musician gary rossington ( lynyrd skynyrd ;


kidney problems can often sideswipe you, hitting when you don ’ t expect them, as a result of health problems that don ’ t seem related to the kidneys at all. one of the things that can strike in this unexpected way is hemolytic uremic syndrome, or hus. it ’ s one of the conditions that is associated with kidney failure from e. coli bacterial infection, but that ’ s not the only way it can get its foot in the door. hus produces a low blood cell count, resulting in anemia, and destroys the platelets in the blood that allow clotting. it also damages small blood vessels in the kidneys, and sometimes in the heart or brain as well. when it hits the kidneys, the little filters called glomeruli get clogged with damaged blood cells and platelets, and kidney function is impaired. symptoms to watch for, especially in children, include lower urine output, a loss of energy, and very noticeable pallor. these symptoms will usually follow a bout with bloody diarrhea, often as part of some illness that affected the bowels. toxins in the bowels will somehow move from the intestines into the bloodstream, and that ’ s where the damage begins. so while hus is most often associated with e. coli, people need to be watchful after any illness involving diarrhea, especially with blood in it. there ’ s one thing that ’ s more positive about this form of kidney problem compared to many others : people who suffer from hus and endure some degree of kidney impairment will usually see the kidneys recover. fluid volume control through an iv is very important as a treatment. and in some severe cases, temporary dialysis may be needed while the kidneys regain their health. but most of the time, especially if the person receives medical treatment, the kidneys will recover. hus - induced kidney impairment may portend other problems in the future, however. even those who recover complete function are at a higher risk of kidney problems or high blood pressure in later years. one of the factors in this higher risk is whether other organs were severely affected by the hus as well. there aren ’ t many conditions that impair the kidneys that can be said to have a “ positive ” outlook, with potentially a complete recovery of the kidneys. fortunately, hus is one of them. but as with so many other things involving the kidneys, the key is to watch the symptoms, and get


dr. daniel hillel and the future of farming this 1971 photo provided by the world food prize foundation shows dr. daniel hillel introducing drip irrigation in japan. hillel, who is credited with developing drip irrigation methods that conserve water while allowing food to be grown in some of the world ’ s driest climates, was named the winner of the world food prize. the 2012 world food prize will be awarded to dr. daniel hillel for conceiving and implementing a radically new mode of bringing water to crops in arid and dry land regions – known as “ micro - irrigation. ” dr. hillel ’ s pioneering scientific work in israel revolutionized food production, first in the middle east, and then in other regions around the world over the past five decades. his work laid the foundation for maximizing efficient water usage in agriculture, increasing crop yields, and minimizing environmental degradation. dr. daniel hillel : inspiring future generations along with his international field and development work, dr. hillel embarked on a career in academia as a researcher and professor at the hebrew university in jerusalem, the university of massachusetts, columbia university and other major research centers worldwide. he has written or edited over 20 books on soil and water science ; his seminal textbooks have been translated into 12 languages. he has published more than 300 scientific papers, research reports, and practical manuals, and authored books for the general public on the vital role of soil and water in healthy agro - ecosystems. dr. hillel has demonstrated the synergistic linkages across food production, water management, and soil science. his achievements have been and will continue to be essential to extending the green revolution and confronting the many global challenges in fighting hunger and poverty into the next century. - demographics : james wolfensohn previous world bank president and daniel silke futurist predict global trends in tracking the future - future predictions : another nobel prize winner debunks gore ’ s grave predictions : redefining the post carbon world with optimism! - predictions : food price volatility and supply disruptions are coming in 2011 - announcing tedmed 2009 the future of the healthcare x prize - future predictions : a medical tricorder is in our horizon with a $ 10 million x prize challenge to diagnose patients better than a panel of board certified physicians


gcn lab review device spots, stops advanced malware before it can cripple a network fireeye ' s virtual machines profile an attack and then disrupt it before it strikes a lot of protections are built into most federal and corporate networks these days. between firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, port monitoring and even desktop antivirus, you would think security is pretty air tight. yet major breaches such as the recent hack of the sony playstation network and other high - profile attacks show bad guys can still find ways to get through sophisticated defenses, especially if they are patient and target attacks specifically at an agency or group. the fireeye malware protection system, the gcn product of the month for june, has an unusual approach to these exploits. it uses a unique system of virtual machines that lets malware do whatever it wants, and then shuts it down on the real network. as such, no signatures are needed and even new attacks are caught before any significant damage occurs. advanced persistent threats are a new way of life is china out - gunning u. s. in cyber war? the fireeye is deployed in three components as appliances. there is an e - mail monitor, an internet traffic monitor and a control device that lets those two systems communicate with each other and work together to stop threats. the fireeye team came into the gcn lab to show what happens during a type of attack that most current protections would miss. in this example, we used the same type of technique that was performed in the recent aurora attack, considered an advanced persistent threat that targeted several high - tech firms in 2009 - 2010. in that event, hackers patiently stalked hand - chosen victims for months, gathering data on corporate security before sending e - mail messages and instant messaging notes that appeared to come from friends. in many cases, the attack was tweaked to specifically get around whatever security was in place. most attacks were delivered as a malicious binary file designed to look like a normal. jpg. once the. jpg was in place, it called home and downloaded encrypted packages of malware that were designed to steal data and cripple networks. gears of a virtual machine when a similar program was sent into a network protected by fireeye, the malicious binary began to do its dirty work like it was programmed to do. but it didn ’ t know that fireeye had moved it over to a virtual machine and not to an end - user ’ s computer. fireeye watched as the program phoned home


began to do its dirty work like it was programmed to do. but it didn ’ t know that fireeye had moved it over to a virtual machine and not to an end - user ’ s computer. fireeye watched as the program phoned home and gathered more malware components from compromised systems. it didn ’ t matter that the incoming malware components were encrypted to get around traditional virus scanners, because for the bad programs to activate, they had to un - encrypt themselves. and when they did, fireeye watched the process unfold. after the details of the attack were known, ports and ip addresses were blocked to prevent the malware from working its evil on the actual network. the fireeye e - mail scanner and the internet traffic scanner worked together to stop anything bad from happening. in a sense, fireeye creates a virtual honey pot for malware, lets it do what it wants, but only on the virtual and easily purged machine. then it prevents the same things from hurting the real network. a very detailed report is generated showing exactly who inside the network was targeted, what files were used and how dangerous the threat actually is to overall security. copies of all the malicious files are kept and stored in case administrators or analysts want to further examine them to learn more about the hackers. that data could be used to prevent future attacks, or even prosecute the guilty parties since the hackers ’ digital fingerprints will still be all over the captured files. if an attack is delivered by e - mail, fireeye can stop it from ever reaching the network, because the mail can simply be delayed while the virtual machines examine anything suspicious. however, if the attack is delivered in real time, such as through a corrupted web page, one user in the network will likely be infected because code will be executing on their computer at the same time as the virtual machine. calls out for new malware will be blocked, since fireeye monitors both inbound and outbound traffic, but one person will still have the corrupted files sitting on their computer. the good news is that administrators are immediately told exactly who is infected and how they got that way, and the infection is sealed up on that single machine. fireeye also works if someone brings a keydrive with malware into the network directly without first passing through the fireeye scanner. in that case, the malicious activity would be caught because of the outbound traffic that is being scanned, which can also be run through a virtual machine for processing. pricing for the


plants have evolved a number of cold - response genes encoding proteins that induce tolerance to freezing, alter water absorption and initiate many other low temperature induced processes. in the 1 april genes and development, jian - kang zhu and colleagues of the department of plant sciences, university of arizona, shed light on how these genes are regulated. lee et al. report that the protein hos1 negatively regulates cold - response genes in arabidopsis. at low temperatures, hos1 relocalizes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression ; hos1 mutants show an excessive induction of cold - response genes. the hos1 gene was mapped to chromosome ii of arabidopsis and cloned. it encodes a protein of 915 amino acids with a nuclear localization signal and a ring finger. proteins with this motif have been implicated in the breakdown of other proteins by a process that involves ubiquitination. lee et al. speculate that hos1 might regulate the function of cold - response genes by targeting the gene products for degradation. lee h, xiong l, gong z, ishitani m, stevenson b, zhu jk : the arabidopsis hos1 gene negatively regulates cold signal transduction and encodes a ring finger protein that displays cold - regulated nucleo - cytoplasmic partitioning. genes dev 2001, 15. department of plant sciences, university of arizona


how better to counter stalin ' s socialist realism ( above : boris vladmiriski, " roses for stalin " 1949 ) than by deploying art by jackson pollock, robert motherwell, willem de kooning and mark rothko? the idea was initially tested in the open in 1947 by the state department, which launched a program called " advancing american art. " the centerpiece was a group of 79 avante - garde paintings purchased with $ 49, 000 of government funds. over the next two decades, several exhibitions of abstract expressionism were organized, including one called " the new american painting, " which traveled at government expense throughout europe in the late 1950s. other shows included " modern art in the united states " and " masterpieces of the twentieth century. " cracks in the program formed fairly quickly. critics began attacking the artwork as “ un - american ” and “ subversive. ” the paintings were ridiculed in the national media and in congress. president truman, summing up the average american ' s opinion of the work, said, " if that ' s art, then i ' m a hottentot. " a congressman complained, " i am just a dumb american who pays taxes for this kind of trash. " look magazine ran an article entitled “ your money bought these paintings. ” the chairman of the house appropriations committee wrote an angry letter to the secretary of state, george c. marshall. facing such criticism, the program then went underground, and the cia devised a new strategy. millions of dollars were channeled through fake foundations and intermediate organizations with names like the congress for cultural freedom, the international organizations division ( iod ), and the propaganda assets inventory, which could influence more than 800 newspapers, magazines and public information organizations. according to former case officer donald jameson, these organizations enlisted sympathetic critics, collectors, curators, and museums — most notably rockefeller ' s museum of modern art — and swore them to secrecy. the artists themselves were unaware of the source of the the support. the fact that the us was using covert means to promote the ideals of cultural openness was an irony lost on the planners. as time went by, criticism for the exhibitions mounted, and it became clearer that many of the artists themselves were ex - communists, not exactly the sort of people that the us government wanted to back during the mccarthy era. the paintings that had been purchased by the government were recalled by secretary marshall and sold as scrap. they yielded a sum total of only $ 5, 544. many canvases sold for


- if the earth rotated in the opposite sense ( clockwise rather than counterclockwise ), how long would the solar day be? - suppose that the earth ’ s pole was perpendicular to its orbit. how would the azimuth of sunrise vary throughout the year? how would the length of day and night vary throughout the year at the equator? at the north and south poles? where you live? - you are an astronaut on the moon. you look up, and see the earth in its full phase and on the meridian. what lunar phase do people on earth observe? what if you saw a first quarter earth? new earth? third quarter earth? draw a picture showing the geometry. - if a planet always keeps the same side towards the sun, how many sidereal days are in a year on that planet? - if on a given day, the night is 24 hours long at the north pole, how long is the night at the south pole? - on what day of the year are the nights longest at the equator? - from the fact that the moon takes 29. 5 days to complete a full cycle of phases, show that it rises an average of 48 minutes later each night. - what is the ratio of the flux hitting the moon during the first quarter phase to the flux hitting the moon near the full phase? - titan and the moon have similar escape velocities. why does titan have an atmosphere, but the moon does not? friday, october 30, 2009 astronomers have confirmed that an exploding star spotted by nasa ' s swift satellite is the most distant cosmic object to be detected by telescopes. in the journal nature, two teams of astronomers report their observations of a gamma - ray burst from a star that died 13. 1 billion light - years away. the massive star died about 630 million years after the big bang. uk astronomer nial tanvir described the observation as " a step back in cosmic time ". professor tanvir led an international team studying the afterglow of the explosion, using the united kingdom infrared telescope ( ukirt ) in hawaii. swift detects around 100 gamma ray bursts every year he told bbc news that his team was able to observe the afterglow for 10 days, while the gamma ray burst itself lasted around 12 seconds. the event, dubbed grb 090423, is an example of one of the most violent explosions in the universe. it is thought to have been associated with the cataclysmic death of a massive star - triggered by the centre of the star


, dubbed grb 090423, is an example of one of the most violent explosions in the universe. it is thought to have been associated with the cataclysmic death of a massive star - triggered by the centre of the star collapsing to form a " stellar - sized " black hole. " swift detects something like 100 gamma ray bursts per year, " said professor tanvir. " and we follow up on lots of them in the hope that eventually we will get one like this one - something really very distant. " another team, led by italian astronomer ruben salvaterra studied the afterglow independently with the national galileo telescope in la palma. little red dot he told bbc news : " this kind of observation is quite difficult, so having two groups have the same result with two different instruments makes this much more robust. " " it is not surprising - we expected to see an event this distant eventually, " said professor salvaterra. " but to be there when it happens is quite amazing - definitely something to tell the grandchildren. " a gamma - ray burst recipe models assume grbs arise when giant stars burn out and collapse during collapse, super - fast jets of matter burst out from the stars collisions occur with gas already shed by the dying behemoths the interaction generates the energetic signals detected by swift remnants of the huge stars end their days as black holes the astronomers were able to calculate the vast distance using a phenomenon known as " red shift ". most of the light from the explosion was absorbed by intergalactic hydrogen gas. as that light travelled towards earth, the expansion of the universe " stretches " its wavelength, causing it to become redder. " the greater that amount of movement [ or stretching ], the greater the distance. " he said. the image of this gamma ray burst was produced by combining several infrared images. " so in this case, it ' s the redness of the dot that indicates that it is very distant, " professor tanvir explained. before this record - breaking event, the furthest object observed from earth was a gamma ray burst 12. 9 billion light - years away. " this is quite a big step back to the era when the first stars formed in the universe, " said professor tanvir. " not too long ago we had no idea where the first galaxies came from, so astronomers think this is a profound moment. " this is... the last blank bit of the map of the universe - the time between the big bang and the formation of these early


a first year is a student at hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry who is new to hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. on average, there are around 144 new first years attending hogwarts each academic year. beginning the magical career travelling to hogwarts first years are typically eleven to twelve years of age, and begin the year by boarding the hogwarts express at exactly 11 a. m. from king ' s cross station on which they travel to hogwarts. if they are a wizarding family and live in hogsmeade, they do not need to catch the train. from there, first year students are accompanied by the keeper of keys and grounds, or another suitable teacher if they are absent, to a shady path that leads to a fleet of small boats, which magically sail themselves across the black lake to arrive at a small landing stage near the castle of hogwarts ; next, they await their turn to get sorted into their houses. a teacher takes them to a small room where they await the sorting ceremony. the older students ride up to the castle in carriages pulled by creatures called thestrals, winged horse - like creatures that are invisible to anyone who have not personally witnessed someone ' s death. the welcoming feast just before the welcoming feast begins, there is a sorting ceremony, where the students are sorted into one of four houses ( gryffindor, hufflepuff, ravenclaw, and slytherin ) by the sorting hat. when the sorting hat is placed on your head it looks inside your mind. it looks for qualities that are unique to each of the houses and then places you appropriately. after the sorting, the headmaster says a few words and the welcoming feast begins. after the meals have been eaten, the headmaster says a few more words ; then the headmaster directs the school song at the end of the start - of - term feast if he feels in a particularly festive mood, such as when harry potter came to hogwarts. the headmaster directs the song with his wand. he flicks out a ribbon that floats in the air, creating the words for the students to sing along with, each singing to the tune of their choice. the rest of the staff does not appear to have any delight in this little ritual, but for example, albus dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of : hoggy warty hogwarts teach us something, please, whether we be old and bald


in this little ritual, but for example, albus dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of : hoggy warty hogwarts teach us something, please, whether we be old and bald or young with scabby knees, our heads could do with filling with some interesting stuff, for now they ' re bare and full of air, dead flies and bits of fluff, so teach us things worth knowing, bring back what we ' ve forgot, just do your best, we ' ll do the rest, and learn until our brains all rot. during the first year in astronomy, students observe the sky with their telescopes, learning the names of the stars and the movements of the planets ; they also learn about the moons of jupiter. charms students learn the levitation charm, the softening spell, the fire charm, and, as the exam requires them to make a pineapple dance across a desk, presumably the dancing charm. defence against the dark arts classes learn about the spell to give people runny noses, the spell to blast people away, and different ways to treat werewolf bites. first years also learn the basic commands one must give their ride ; they learn fundamental tricks and tips for riding. herbology students study various plants and fungi, such as a healing herb and a plant that likes strangling people ; it is in this class that they first learn the fire charm. in history of magic, they learn various names and dates, including a really evil guy, a crazy dude, the warlock ' s convention of 1709, various goblin rebellions, the inventor of the self - stirring cauldron, and the uprise of elfric the eager. transfiguration students made complex notes, and then had to learn the spell to turn a match into a needle, the mouse into snuffbox spell, and the switching spell. lastly, potions students learned the potion to cure boils, and the potion to make people forget things. | second | | defence against the dark arts | | hisory of magic | | herbology | | transfiguration ( unknown ) | | potions | first year restrictions first years cannot go to hogsmeade with the students in the third year or above, and they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being harry potter, who was given a nimbus 2000 in his first year. they also cannot take the classes divination, muggle studies, study of


they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being harry potter, who was given a nimbus 2000 in his first year. they also cannot take the classes divination, muggle studies, study of ancient runes, care of magical creatures and arithmancy until the third yearand up. harry ' s first year ( 1991 ) - professor mcgonagall, who tells them they will soon be sorted into their houses. all hogwarts students live in one of four residences : gryffindor, hufflepuff, ravenclaw, or slytherin. each house has its own team for quidditch. the houses are in a yearlong competition with one another to acquire the most points, which are earned by success in quidditch games, answering questions correctly in class and other things during school which teachers feel they deserve points. points are lost for student infractions. the new students are greeted at the castle door by the sorting ceremony and the welcoming feast as the students enter hogwarts, ghosts appear in the hallway. the students are led to the great hall, where the entire school waits for them. they see a pointy hat on a stool. when the students try on the sorting hat, it announces the house in which they are placed. harry becomes very nervous. he has learned that he does not care for slytherin house, as the students in it ( i. e. draco malfoy ) are unpleasant and voldemort once belonged to slytherin. finally, it ' s harry ’ s turn to wear the hat. after a brief mental discussion with the hat in which it tries to suggest slytherin to him, the hat places harry in gryffindor. harry is pleased to find that he is joined in gryffindor with ron and hermione. draco malfoy is placed in slytherin. everyone sits down to a grand feast to begin the year. harry is overwhelmed by the variety of luscious food served. sir nicholas de mimsy - porpington, the resident ghost of gryffindor ( popularly known as " nearly headless nick " because of a botched decapitation ), introduces himself to the first - year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. over dessert, the discussion turns to the children ’ s upbringings. a student named neville longbottom tells how his family thought he was a muggle


the first - year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. over dessert, the discussion turns to the children ’ s upbringings. a student named neville longbottom tells how his family thought he was a muggle ( or later referred as a squib ) until he survived a fall from a window. harry glances around the room and notices a few of the teachers talking to one another. one stares malevolently at harry, who immediately feels a sharp pain in his scar. harry finds out that this man is professor severus snape, the head of slytherin house who teaches potions. after dessert, dumbledore gets up to make his welcome speech. he adds a few warnings about staying away from the forbidden forest and avoiding the third - floor corridor on the right side of the school before sending everyone off to their beds. harry finds life at hogwarts unfamiliar and strange. everyone talks about him, and an adult always seems to be around when he is doing something wrong. harry finds all the classes interesting, with the exception of the history of magic. in the first transfiguration class, only hermione is able to make any progress at turning a match into a needle. harry is relieved to see that others are just as lost as he is. first years lessons / classes during breakfast the first friday, hedwig arrives with a tea invitation from hagrid. later, in his potions class, harry discovers that professor snape hates him, mocking harry as " our new celebrity " and then humiliating harry for his ignorance of herbs before teaching the class how to make a boil - cure potion. harry brings ron with him to hagrid ’ s shack for tea. harry and ron are disconcerted by hagrid ' s huge and fierce - looking dog, fang, but discover that he is gentle. hagrid tells harry that he is overreacting to snape ’ s treatment, asserting that snape would have no reason to hate him. harry happens to notice an article from the wizard newspaper, the daily prophet, detailing a break - in that occurred at gringotts bank in a vault that had been emptied earlier in the day. he realises that it happened on his birthday, the day he and hagrid went to gringotts. furthermore, he remembers that hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. harry leaves hagrid ’ s, his mind filled with questions


the day he and hagrid went to gringotts. furthermore, he remembers that hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. harry leaves hagrid ’ s, his mind filled with questions. harry is upset by news that the gryffindors will have flying lessons with the slytherins, because he does not want to spend more time with draco malfoy. madam hooch leads the class, gently sending the new fliers off the ground. neville has an accident and breaks his wrist. madam hooch takes him to the hospital wing, telling everyone to stay on the ground while she is away. malfoy notices a remembrall belonging to neville, picks it up, and begins to fly around with it. harry goes after malfoy, who throws the ball in the air. harry catches it spectacularly and lands safely back on ground. just then, professor mcgonagall arrives, reprimanding harry and ordering him to follow her. but instead of punishing him, mcgonagall introduces him to oliver wood, captain of the gryffindor quidditch team, explaining that harry will make an excellent quidditch player. at dinner, harry excitedly tells ron about joining the quidditch team but tells him that oliver wood wants to keep it a secret. malfoy comes over with his cronies vincent crabbe and gregory goyle and teases harry about getting in trouble earlier. the tension grows and malfoy challenges harry to a wizard ’ s duel. harry accepts, in spite of hermione ’ s attempt to dissuade them from breaking the school rules. as harry and ron sneak out later that night, hermione tries to stop them but gets locked out of the dorm and must tag along. neville also joins them. they arrive at the trophy room, the site of the duel, but malfoy is nowhere to be found. suddenly, they hear argus filch and his cat, mrs. norris, enter the room. they begin to hide and then run away. not sure where they are going, they accidentally end up in the forbidden area on the third floor, staring at a large and scary three - headed dog. the children manage to get back to their dorm safely, though they are terrified. hermione reprimands harry, but stirs his curiosity by pointing out that the dog was standing on a trapdoor. the next morning, harry and ron


. the children manage to get back to their dorm safely, though they are terrified. hermione reprimands harry, but stirs his curiosity by pointing out that the dog was standing on a trapdoor. the next morning, harry and ron are discussing what the dog could be guarding when the mail arrives. harry receives a nimbus 2000, and with a note from professor mcgonagall summoning him to quidditch practice. malfoy tells harry that first - year students are not allowed broomsticks. when he tries to report harry to professor flitwick, flitwick just expresses admiration for harry ] ’ s talent. harry later meets oliver wood to learn the basics of quidditch. on halloween, prof. flitwick begins teaching his students how to make things fly. only hermione succeeds ; ron, offended by her air of superiority, makes a nasty comment that hermione overhears. harry notices her running off in tears. harry and ron arrive at the halloween feast, then heard professor quirrell, the teacher of defence against the dark arts, give a terrifying announcement about a twelve - foot troll in the building. as the prefects lead the students back to their dorms, harry realises that hermione doesn ' t know about the troll. they head off to warn her and come upon the troll. unwittingly, they lock it in the girls ’ bathroom, only to realise that hermione is trapped in there with the troll. using teamwork and magic, the three of them manage to knock the troll out. professor mcgonagall finds them and begins to scold the boys. hermione interjects that harry and ron were looking for her. she then lies, saying that she went to face the troll herself and that harry and ron had been trying to save her from it. at this point, hermione becomes their friend. the quidditch season begins, and harry is about to play in his first match against slytherin. to prepare, harry borrows a book entitled quidditch through the ages from hermione. professor snape discovers harry, ron, and hermione out with the book one evening and confiscates it from harry on the feeble pretext that library books may not be taken outside. harry ’ s suspicions of snape continue to grow. harry notices that snape is limping. going off to retrieve the book from snape, harry overhears snape talking to argus


pretext that library books may not be taken outside. harry ’ s suspicions of snape continue to grow. harry notices that snape is limping. going off to retrieve the book from snape, harry overhears snape talking to argus filch about the three - headed dog, which makes harry even more suspicious. the next morning, the quidditch match begins. harry plays the position of seeker, which means he must capture a little object called the golden snitch. he spots it and is flying toward it when the slytherin seeker pushes him out of the way and is penalised. later in the game, harry ’ s broom begins moving uncontrollably. hagrid comments that only dark magic could make a broomstick so hard to manage. hermione notices that snape is staring at harry and muttering to himself. as the weasley twins try to rescue their team - mate harry, hermione rushes over to snape, sneaks behind him, and sets his robe on fire. suddenly, the spell on harry ’ s broom is broken and harry is once again in control. he starts speeding toward the ground and lands, catching the golden snitch in his mouth. hagrid takes harry back to his hut with hermione and ron, who tells harry that snape was putting a curse on his broomstick. hagrid does not believe this charge, asking why snape would try to kill harry. harry tells hagrid about snape getting injured by the dog in the third - floor corridor. hagrid involuntarily reveals that the three - headed dog, fluffy, is his, and that what the dog is guarding is a secret known only to albus dumbledore and a man named nicolas flamel. christmas is approaching. malfoy teases harry about having to stay at hogwarts for the holiday as he doesn ' t have parents. harry, however, is looking forward to spending christmas away from the dursleys, especially because ron is also staying at hogwarts. the day the before the end of term, hermione tears harry and ron away from a conversation with hagrid to look in the library for more information about nicolas flamel. the librarian catches harry prowling around the restricted - books section of the library and kicks him out. the christmas season on christmas day, harry and ron awaken to presents, though harry ’ s are fewer. harry receives a flute from hagrid


librarian catches harry prowling around the restricted - books section of the library and kicks him out. the christmas season on christmas day, harry and ron awaken to presents, though harry ’ s are fewer. harry receives a flute from hagrid, a fifty pence coin from the dursleys, some fudge and chocolate frogs from hermione and a knitted sweater from ron ' s mother. he also receives an invisibility cloak accompanied only by an anonymous note telling him that the cloak once belonged to harry ’ s father. that night, after a satisfying christmas dinner and after ron has fallen asleep, harry tries on his invisibility cloak. unseen, he is able to go to the library ’ s restricted - books section. but one of the books starts screaming when he opens it, so he quickly leaves. he passes argus filch and hides in an old classroom marked with an inscription that includes the word " erised. " inside stands an old mirror. harry looks in the mirror and sees many people standing behind him, but when he turns around in the room, he sees no one. suddenly, he recognises that two of the people in the mirror are his dead mother and father. he tries to speak to them, but they can only communicate by waving. harry lingers there a while but eventually returns to his room. the next night, harry brings ron with him to the mirror room. ron doesn ' t see harry ’ s parents in the mirror, but instead sees himself holding a quidditch cup. mrs. norris, filch ’ s prowling cat, notices them. on the third night, ron is afraid of being caught and does not want to go back, so harry returns alone. there he finds albus dumbledore, who explains to harry that the mirror, which is known as the mirror of erised, displays the deepest desire of whoever looks into it. harry is relieved to find that dumbledore is not angry. however, he warns harry that men have wasted away and been driven mad before the mirror and informs harry that the mirror will be moved to a new location. when harry asks what dumbledore sees in the mirror, the answer is " socks ". harry finds it hard to forget the image of his parents. quidditch practice continues on, and it is revealed that snape will referee the next match. malfoy performs a leg - locker curse on neville. harry tells him he ' s " worth twelve of malfoy ". harry


parents. quidditch practice continues on, and it is revealed that snape will referee the next match. malfoy performs a leg - locker curse on neville. harry tells him he ' s " worth twelve of malfoy ". harry suddenly remembers that he read the name nicolas flamel on a chocolate frog card and the team discover that he was a famous alchemist who is the only known maker of the philosopher ' s stone ; its powers include turning any metal to gold and producing the elixir of life. the gryffindor vs. hufflepuff quidditch match arrives and snape is predictably biased. harry catches the snitch and wins the match. harry follows snape into the forbidden forest, where he meets quirrell and they speak of the philosopher ' s stone. harry comes to believe that snape is trying to figure out a way to the stone. harry, ron and hermione meet with hagrid, who confirms the stone is being kept in hogwarts. hermione charms him into talking about the enchantments used to guard it : fluffy, the three headed dog, is hagrid ' s, along with enchantments from professor sprout, professor flitwick, professor mcgonagall, professor quirrell, and severus snape. after this, harry complains about the high temperature in hagrid ' s hut, only to discover he has a dragon, which he names norbert. draco malfoy discovers the dragon. to solve the problem, they convince hagrid to send the dragon off to ron ' s brother charlie. ron ' s hand is bitten by the dragon, and he is sent off to madam pomfrey. harry and hermione smuggle norbert in a crate up to the tallest tower under harry ' s invisibility cloak and on the way they witness professor mcgonagall hauling malfoy away. they pass the crate off to charlie ' s friends, and head back down the stairs, where they meet up with argus filch, realising too late they had left the cloak behind. filch takes them to mcgonagall ' s office, where they meet neville. minerva mcgonagall, very disappointed, takes fifty points each from the three of them and gives them detention, which they will serve with malfoy. their popularity with the other students suffers because of this. a week or so before exams, harry hears professor quirrell, sounding


disappointed, takes fifty points each from the three of them and gives them detention, which they will serve with malfoy. their popularity with the other students suffers because of this. a week or so before exams, harry hears professor quirrell, sounding as if he was being threatened. he then runs from a classroom ahead, straightening his turban. harry heads to the library to tell ron and hermione. they are convinced snape was threatening quirrell, and means to steal the stone soon. hermione suggests they go to dumbledore. harry refuses, saying there is no proof. harry, hermione, and neville receive notes from professor mcgonagall telling them their detention would begin at eleven that night. argus filch takes them out to the forbidden forest, where hagrid waited, to take them in to do a bit of investigating he needs to do. hagrid shows them unicorn blood, and says they needed to find the unicorn. they split up, with hagrid taking harry and hermione, and neville and malfoy going with fang. hagrid encounters a few centaurs, but gets no useful information from them. hagrid sees red sparks in the air, signalling the other party is in trouble. he runs for them and returns, scolding malfoy for teasing neville. he switches harry and neville, sending harry off with malfoy. they eventually find the dead unicorn, and see something drinking its blood. malfoy screams and runs away with fang, leaving harry, who is saved from the figure by a centaur. the centaur, firenze, tells harry that the unicorn blood can keep you alive but curses you in the process. he also asks harry if he would know anyone who would want to drink the blood, or get the stone, and harry realises that the mysterious figure was voldemort. the philosopher ' s stone - dumbledore : " harry, do you know why... prof. quirrell couldn ' t bear to have you touch him? it was because of your mother. she sacrificed herself for you. and that kind of act leaves a mark.. no, no. this kind of mark cannot be seen. it lives in your very skin. " - harry : " what is it? " - dumbledore : " love, harry. love. " - — albus dumbledore to harry [ src ] after finishing their exams, harry realises the irony in hagr


skin. " - harry : " what is it? " - dumbledore : " love, harry. love. " - — albus dumbledore to harry [ src ] after finishing their exams, harry realises the irony in hagrid wanting a dragon more than anything else, only to meet a stranger who had one to give him. he, ron and hermione run to ask him about the man who gave norbert to him, and he says he never saw his face, and was dressed in a cloak. hagrid also mentions that they talked about hogwarts and the stranger giving him drinks while getting information out of him. hagrid lets slip how to get past fluffy, which sends harry, ron, and hermione off. they head for dumbledore ' s office, only to see mcgonagall, who tells them he has left for london. mcgonagall insists no one could steal the stone, but they decide to head out that night to try to get it themselves. after cursing neville for refusing to allow them to leave, they head up to the third floor room, finding the door ajar, and a harp on the floor. harry plays the flute hagrid gave him for christmas, and fluffy goes back to sleep. they head down through the trapdoor. they land in professor sprout ' s room, devil ' s snare, which almost smothers them before hermione lights a fire, which drives it off. the next room, professor flitwick ' s, holds a bunch of flying keys and some broomsticks. harry finds one that is different from the others and catches it, unlocking the next door with it. the next room is professor mcgonagall ' s, and has a large chessboard, for a game of wizard ' s chess which ron helps them win, at the cost of him getting knocked out. harry and hermione continue to the next room, professor quirrell ' s, which has an unconscious troll. lastly, they enter professor snape ' s room, and find seven potions in bottles along with a roll of paper giving clues on which one to drink to continue. hermione solves the puzzle, and at harry ' s instruction, drinks the one that will allow her to head back, while harry drinks the one to head into the final room, where he is surprised at who he sees. it is quirrell in the room, not snape. harry, astonished,


instruction, drinks the one that will allow her to head back, while harry drinks the one to head into the final room, where he is surprised at who he sees. it is quirrell in the room, not snape. harry, astonished, hears quirrell tell him that next to snape, no one would expect him to try to steal the stone. harry notices the mirror of erised, and quirrell stops to examine it, saying it was the key to get the stone. to distract him from the mirror, harry questions quirrell, who said that he was serving lord voldemort, and although snape hated harry, he never wanted him dead. quirrell asked for help from his master to get the stone, and a voice tells him to use the boy. harry is told to look into the mirror. he sees his reflection pull the stone out of his pocket and put it back in, and he feels it drop into his own pocket. he lies to quirrell about what he sees, and quirrell takes his turban off to show harry what lies on the back of his head. voldemort demands harry give him the stone, and when harry refuses, he runs, and quirrell seizes him, but the contact with harry ' s skin burns him. harry grabs quirrell ' s face, then his arm, and holds on, with pain in his head building until he feels the arm wrenched away before he blacks out. he woke in the hospital wing with albus dumbledore there, telling him quirrell did not succeed at getting the stone, and indeed the stone has been destroyed. dumbledore explained the reason why quirrell could not touch him was that because harry ' s mother had died to save him, protecting him with her love. hagrid showed up later and gave harry a book of photos of his parents. at the end of term feast, dumbledore awards ron and hermione fifty points, harry sixty points, and neville ten, which allows them to win the house cup. harry, ron and hermione all said their goodbyes before heading home. - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( first appearance ) - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( film ) - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( video game ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( film ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( video game ) - harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban -


it is impossible for the information in dna to have emerged through coincidences and natural processes. the theory of evolution, which accounts for the origin of life in terms of chance, cannot provide a coherent explanation for even the existence of the most basic molecules in the cell. advances in genetic science and the discovery of the nucleic acids, dna and rna, represented still further impasses for the theory. in 1955, research by two scientists, james watson and francis crick, brought to light the dna ’ s unbelievably complex structure and design. the molecule known as dna, found in every one of the 100 trillion cells in the human body, contains a flawless structural blueprint for the body as a whole. information regarding all a person ’ s characteristics, from external appearance to the structures of the internal organs, is recorded in the dna through a special coding system, via the arrangement of four special molecules that constitute the dna spiral. these molecules, known as nucleotides, are referred to by their initial letters : a, t, g and c. all the structural differences between human beings stem from these letters being arranged differently from one another. the arrangement of these molecules in dna determines a person ’ s structure, down to the minutest detail. in addition to features such as height and the color of the eyes, hair and skin, the blueprints concerning the body ’ s 206 bones, 600 muscles, 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion cells are all contained in the dna in any single cell. if you were to put down all the information in dna on paper, you would need to a library of 900 volumes of 500 pages each. yet this unimaginable amount of information is coded in the components of the dna known as genes. any error arising in the arrangement of the nucleotides making up a gene will make that gene totally functionless. bear in mind that there are 40, 000 genes in the human body, and it seems absolutely impossible for the millions of nucleotides comprising these genes to have assumed their correct order by chance. a medium protein might include about 300 amino acids. the dna gene controlling this would have about 1, 000 nucleotidase in its chain. since there are four kinds of nucleotidase in a dna chain, one consisting of 1, 000 links could exist in 41000 or 10600. ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 1 followed by 600 zeros! imagine how many universes it would take to accommodate 10600 dna chains!


dna chain, one consisting of 1, 000 links could exist in 41000 or 10600. ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 1 followed by 600 zeros! imagine how many universes it would take to accommodate 10600 dna chains! 130 following a small logarithmic calculation, in 41000 is equivalent to a probability of 1 in 10600. that number is 1 followed by 600 zeros. since 1 followed by 11 zeros equals 1 trillion, it is absolutely impossible to conceive of the number represented by 1 and 600 zeros. the impossibility of nucleotides coming together by chance to constitute dna and rna is expressed by the french evolutionist scientist paul auger : we have to sharply distinguish the two stages in the chance formation of complex molecules such as nucleotides by chemical events. the production of nucleotides one by one — which is possible — and the combination of these within very special sequences. the second is absolutely impossible. 131 the chances of a protein and nucleic acid ( dna - rna ) forming are far beyond what is estimated. in fact, the odds of a specific protein chain coming about are astronomically small. 132 the theory of evolution has not proven any of the evolutionary formations alleged to have taken place at the molecular level. as science progresses, far from producing answers to these questions, it actually makes those questions more complex and unanswerable, and thus confirms creation by default. however, evolutionists have conditioned themselves to deny creation and are thus left with no alternative than to believe in the impossible. in his book evolution : a theory in crisis, the well - known australian molecular biologist michael denton describes the situation : to the skeptic, the proposition that the genetic programmes of higher organisms, consisting of something close to a thousand million bits of information, equivalent to the sequence of letters in a small library of 1, 000 volumes, containing in encoded form countless thousands of intricate algorithms controlling, specifying, and ordering the growth and development of billions and billions of cells into the form of a complex organism, were composed by a purely random process is simply an affront to reason. but to the darwinist, the idea is accepted without a ripple of doubt — the paradigm takes precedence! 133 130 frank b. salisbury, “ doubts about the modern synthetic theory of evolution. ” american biology teacher, september 1971, p. 336. 131 paul auger, de la physique theorique a la biologie, 1970, p. 118. 132 ali demi


blame the advertising man who misnamed it in the 1930s, but athlete ' s foot has nothing to do with athletes. it ' s a fungal infection of the feet. also known as tinea pedis, or " ringworm of the feet, " it has nothing to do with worms either. the trichophyton fungus that causes the redness, itching, cracking, and scaling of athlete ' s foot can also infect the scalp, where it causes hair loss and scaly patches ; the body, where it causes round, red, scaly patches that itch ; and the groin, where the so - called " jock itch " causes itching and thickening of the skin. so what causes athlete ' s foot? - athlete ' s foot is the most common fungal infection of the skin. it affects more men than women, probably because men typically wear heavy, often airtight shoes, and the fungus loves hot, dark, moist environments. - contrary to popular myth, athlete ' s foot fungus isn ' t just found in locker rooms, although the moist locker - room environment is perfect for fungal growth. in fact, most people harbor the fungus on their skin, but it ' s kept in check by bacteria that also normally live on the skin. - skin that is irritated, weakened, or continuously moist is primed for an athlete ' s foot infection. and certain medications, including antibiotics, corticosteroids, birth control pills, and drugs that suppress immune function, can make you more susceptible. people who are obese and those who have diabetes mellitus or a weakened immune system, such as those with aids, also are at increased risk. although anyone can get athlete ' s foot, teenage and adult males are at the top of the fungus - foot list. most cases of athlete ' s foot cause only bothersome redness, itching, flaking, and scaling on the soles of the feet and between the toes. in severe cases, however, blisters form on the soles of the feet ; fissures, or cracks, that weep fluid can also open between the toes. these fissures can cause a stinging pain and are vulnerable to secondary infection. when the infection involves the toenails, it can cause the nails to become discolored and thick. also, if left untreated, athlete ' s foot can infect other parts of the body. doctors don ' t agree on exactly how athlete ' s foot is spread, but most believe it


the nails to become discolored and thick. also, if left untreated, athlete ' s foot can infect other parts of the body. doctors don ' t agree on exactly how athlete ' s foot is spread, but most believe it ' s passed by direct contact with an infected person or with a contaminated surface, such as the floor of a shower stall. but the real determinants of whether or not you ' ll get the infection are how susceptible you are and how dry you keep your feet. if you have contracted athlete ' s foot, don ' t despair. you can try a number of home remedies to give your athlete ' s foot the boot. see the next page to get started. this information is solely for informational purposes. it is not intended to provide medical advice. neither the editors of consumer guide ( r ), publications international, ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. the publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider.


what to expect during radiation therapy for oral cancer external radiation therapy external beam radiation therapy is the most common type of radiation given for oral cancer. radiation from a source outside the body is usually directed at the tumor site. you may also receive radiation to your neck. this type of radiation may come from a machine called a linear accelerator. preparing for your first treatment before you start radiation, you ' ll need a dental exam. if your teeth are in poor condition, the dentist will remove them. if all your teeth need to be removed, your dentist can create dentures for you to wear after the treatment is finished and any swelling has gone down. removing teeth in bad condition helps prevent radiation damage to your jawbone, called osteoradionecrosis. before your first appointment to get radiation, you will have an appointment to learn exactly where on your body the radiation beam needs to be directed, in a process called simulation. the appointment may take up to two hours. here ' s what you can expect to happen during the simulation process : you ' ll lie still on a table while a radiation therapist uses a machine to identify your treatment field, which may also be called your port. the field is the exact area on your body where the radiation will be aimed. you may have more than one treatment field if you have cancer in more than one place. the therapist will mark your skin with tiny dots of colored permanent ink or tattoos. in this way, the therapist can aim the radiation at the same place each time. you may also have imaging scans, such as ct scans, to help doctors know the exact location of your tumor to better determine the treatment area. you may also have a face mask or other body molds made. molds are used to help keep you from moving during the treatments. you can get radiation as an outpatient at a hospital or clinic. that means you don ' t need to stay the night. you ' ll receive a schedule for radiation therapy. the schedule usually is for five days a week for six to seven weeks. spreading out the radiation dose helps protect your healthy tissue. some patients can be treated with newer techniques that are given twice daily on some or all of the treatment days. they receive better tumor control, but may have more side effects. on the days you receive radiation treatment, you ' ll lie on a table while the machine is placed over you. some radiation centers use a face mask to limit your movement while the radiation is being given. you may have to wear a hospital gown. a radiation therapist may


receive radiation treatment, you ' ll lie on a table while the machine is placed over you. some radiation centers use a face mask to limit your movement while the radiation is being given. you may have to wear a hospital gown. a radiation therapist may place blocks or special shields to protect parts of your body that don ' t need to be exposed to radiation. to protect you, the therapist also lines up the machine exactly with your marked treatment fields, located during the earlier simulation. the experience is much like that of getting an x - ray, only it lasts longer ( about 15 to 30 minutes for the whole process, with about one to five minutes of that spent getting the radiation ). the radiation therapist will leave the room to turn on the machine, but you will be able to talk to the therapist over an intercom. you can ' t feel radiation so it will be painless. you may hear whirring or clicking noises. you will not be radioactive afterward. brachytherapy ( internal radiation therapy ) brachytherapy usually comes from an implant placed in or near the cancerous area. the radiation material may be in flexible tubes called catheters or metal rods. you may need to stay in the hospital for a few days while the treatment is done. and you may need to limit the time that people visit you. you may have pain and nausea as side effects. these should go away when the treatment is done. when doctors remove the implant, your body will no longer be radioactive. in the past, doctors sometimes implanted radioactive pellets that would stay in the body permanently. this treatment is no longer popular for oral cancer.


| rosat home page | | rosat the time variability of x - ray emission can be studied with the hri since each detected photon has its time of arrival recorded by the detector. the accuracy of this time is limited by the electronic resolution of the hri processor which is 61 sec relative to the rosat spacecraft clock. the relative arrival times of photons during a single observation is accurate to this value. the absolute accuracy of the rosat spacecraft clock, and its conversion to ut, is expected to be a few milliseconds. the hri has a processing dead time during which events may not be counted which varies between 0. 36 and 1. 35 msec per event. the variation is discussed in section 188. 8. 131. 52 and depends on the fine position of the event. thus there is a dead time correction that needs to be made for calculating the true event rate from a source. a mean dead time of = 0. 81 msec can be used for this purpose, and the true rate is then given by :, where n is the observed rate. due to the telescope wobble and the small variations in the qe of the hri on spatial scales of a few arc minutes ( see fig. 5. 13 ), the count rate of a source can vary by 5 % between the extremities of a wobble. this can produce a low amplitude source variability on a time scale of approximately 100 - 400 seconds in some sources. as for the pspc, the hri observations are typically interrupted once per orbit, and sometimes as much a three times per orbit. typical continuous viewing times for a source will be about 2000 seconds, with some cases lasting up to 4000 seconds. long term monitoring of sources on time scales of weeks of more will be limited by the solar view constraints of the satellite. this limits source accessibility to about one month every six months for a source in the elliptic plane, with greater access time for sources closer to the ecliptic poles.


in a country of nearly 310, 000, 000, the burdens placed on hospitals are both enormous and complex as they attempt to provide first rate health care to an ever - increasing population while adhering to strict and sometimes contradictory regulations from several different sources. to understand the scope of issues a hospital may face on any given day, it is important to become familiar with the building blocks that make up today ’ s health care hierarchy. who is responsible for oversight? at the top of the health care pyramid is the nation ’ s president, barack obama. underneath the president lies a complex organization of individuals and agencies at both the federal and state level, who make up the gargantuan structure commonly referred to as health care. the president directly oversees the office of the secretary, u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ). the following is the organizational chart for hhs : leading the hhs is the acting secretary, who is responsible for protecting the health of all americans and providing essential human services to those in need. the acting secretary also serves as the assistant secretary for budget, technology, and finance. next, the office of intergovernmental affairs ( iga ) serves the secretary as the primary link between the hhs and state, local, and tribal governments. after the iga is the office of public health and science ( ophs ). the ophs is comprised of 12 core public health offices and the commissioned corps, a uniformed service of more than 6, 000 health professionals who serve at hhs and other federal agencies. the assistant secretary for health ( ash ) oversees the ophs and stands as the primary advisor to the secretary of the hhs on matters involving the nation ’ s public health. the surgeon general, head of the office of the surgeon general ( osg ), is responsible for overseeing all ophs operations. thereafter, the agencies below ophs include : - office of the assistant secretary for administration and management ( asam ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for resources and technology ( asrt ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation ( aspe ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for preparedness and response ( aspr ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for legislation ( asl ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for public affairs ( aspa ) ; - office of the general counsel ( ogc ) ; - office of medicare hearings and appeals ( omha ) ; - office for civil rights ( ocr ) ; - office of inspector general ( o


assistant secretary for public affairs ( aspa ) ; - office of the general counsel ( ogc ) ; - office of medicare hearings and appeals ( omha ) ; - office for civil rights ( ocr ) ; - office of inspector general ( oig ) ; - office of global health affairs ( ogha ) ; - departmental appeals board ( dab ) ; - office of the national coordinator for health information technology ( onc ) ; and - center for faith - based and community initiatives ( cfbci ). the key operating divisions under ophs jurisdiction include : - administration for children and families ( acf ) ; - administration on aging ( aoa ) ; - agency for healthcare research and quality ( ahrq ) ; - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ) ; - centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) ; - centers for medicare & medicaid services ( cms ) ; - food and drug administration ( fda ) ; - health resources and services administration ( hrsa ) ; - indian health service ( ihs ) ; - national institutes of health ( nih ) ; and - substance abuse and mental health services administration ( samhsa ). each of the agencies and divisions under the ophs serves a critical role in the delivery of health care nationwide, though some have a more prominent place in the public spotlight due to the nature of their jurisdiction. for example, one such division is the centers for medicare & medicaid services ( cms ). among its many roles, cms is responsible for overseeing the certification of hospitals so that they can qualify for state and / or federal funding. hospital clinical laboratories must be approved by a division of cms, commonly known as clia ( the clinical laboratory improvement amendments ). covering approximately 200, 000 laboratory programs, clia regulates all laboratory testing ( except research ) performed on humans in the united states. another important agency under hhs is the food and drug administration ( fda ). protecting and promoting public health, the fda consists of nine centers / offices, including : - center for biologics evaluation and research ( cber ) ; - center for devices and radiological health ( cdrh ) ; - center for drug evaluation and research ( cder ) ; - center for food safety and applied nutrition ( cfsan ) ; - center for veterinary medicine ( cvm ) ; - national center for toxicological research ( nctr ) ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of the commissioner ( oc ) ; and - office of regulatory affairs (


( cfsan ) ; - center for veterinary medicine ( cvm ) ; - national center for toxicological research ( nctr ) ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of the commissioner ( oc ) ; and - office of regulatory affairs ( ora ). though itself a regulatory agency, even within the fda there exist many additional levels of oversight. inside the oc, for example, at least 18 different entities are tasked with implementing the fda ’ s mission efficiently and effectively. these programs and offices include : - ethics program ; - good clinical practice program ; - history office ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of combination products ; - office of crisis management ; - office of equal employment opportunity and diversity management ; - office of financial management ; - office of international programs ; - office of the ombudsman ; - office of orphan products development ; - office of pediatric therapeutics ; - office of planning ; - office of policy ; - office of public affairs ; - office of special health issues ; - office of women ’ s health ; and - small business program. accreditation and certification due to the sensitive nature of their services, hospitals must exist in a heavily regulated industry. notwithstanding the seemingly endless number of agencies within agencies within hhs, the federal government is only part of the overall health care regulatory equation. accreditation, certification and periodic review come from a variety of both public and private sources, though the goal is generally consistent : develop uniform standards to ensure that hospitals in the united states all operate at an acceptable safety level and deliver quality patient care in an appropriate and effective manner. any one healthcare institution can be subject to accreditation review at any time from entities such as the joint commission, healthcare facilities accreditation program ( hfap, formerly the american osteopathic association ), community health accreditation program, accreditation commission for health care, the compliance team, or healthcare quality association on accreditation ( hqaa ). each program or department is governed by its own set of rules. for example, joint commission surveys hospitals by following more than 276 standards, reviewing 1, 612 elements of performance. hfap does largely the same thing, pursuant to its 1, 100 or more individual standards. focusing on durable medical equipment ( dme ), hqaa has developed its own review process, and “ vows to continuously strive to set standards of the highest quality on behalf of the dme industry and business owners. ” indeed, hqaa “ listen [ s ]... act [ s ]... [ and ] stand [ s ]