columbia shuttle disaster ' s tough lesson : spaceflight still dangerous space shuttle columbia launches on mission sts - 107, january 16, 2003. the tragic destruction of the space shuttle columbia 10 years ago today ( feb. 1 ) taught nasa and the nation a tough lesson : despite the strides that have been made over the years, human spaceflight remains a dangerous proposition. columbia broke apart upon re - entering earth ' s atmosphere on feb. 1, 2003, destroying the orbiter and killing all seven astronauts on board. the accident jolted nasa out of a complacency that had developed in the 17 years since the other major shuttle disaster, the 1986 disintegration of challenger shortly after liftoff, experts say. " we thought we were better than we were, " wayne hale, who served as a flight director for 40 shuttle missions at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston before becoming manager of the shuttle program in 2005, said of the columbia tragedy. " we became overconfident, " hale told space. com. " we thought we had a mature vehicle flying in a well - understood environment, and nothing could have been further from the truth than that. " [ columbia shuttle disaster explained ( infographic ) ] a tragic anniversary columbia blasted off for the final time on jan. 16, 2003, carrying more than 80 scientific experiments on a 16 - day research mission known as sts - 107. though columbia roared into space successfully that day, it suffered a mortal wound during liftoff. a chunk of foam broke off the orbiter ' s external fuel tank and struck the leading edge of columbia ' s left wing, punching a hole in the shuttle ' s protective heat shield. when columbia tried to come home on feb. 1, 2003, hot atmospheric gases infiltrated the wing through this weak spot, causing the orbiter to break apart high over texas. all seven sts - 107 astronauts — commander rick husband, pilot willie mccool and mission specialists michael anderson, kalpana chawla, david brown, laurel clark and ilan ramon, who was israel ' s first spaceflyer — were lost. the columbia accident also led to the end of the space shuttle program, whose end was announced in 2004 and finally became official in july 2011. nasa will honor the memories of the columbia astronauts, as well as those killed in the agency ' s two other spaceflight disasters — the challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 apollo fire, which killed three — today during a day of remembrance ceremony. you can watch the nasa


, as well as those killed in the agency ' s two other spaceflight disasters — the challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 apollo fire, which killed three — today during a day of remembrance ceremony. you can watch the nasa ceremony on space. com here beginning at 10 a. m. est ( 1500 gmt ). " nasa ' s day of remembrance honors members of the nasa family who lost their lives while furthering the cause of exploration and discovery, " agency officials wrote in a statement. " flags across the agency will be flown at half - staff in their memory. " a wake - up call in the early days of the shuttle program, the vehicle ' s advocates claimed it would make human spaceflight routine, taking much of the risk and cost out of the endeavor. the long run of success after the challenger tragedy led some within nasa to buy into this notion, hale said. but the columbia accident once again drove home the dangers of spaceflight — the tremendous energies required to lift a vehicle into orbit, for example, and the inhospitable environment far from earth ' s surface. " space exporation is a very difficult business, " hale said. " you cannot ever assume that you ' ve got it down to a regular travel system like an airline or a bus or something. it ' s just that much more difficult and takes a great deal of attention to detail. " nasa, other national space agencies and private spaceflight companies are working hard to make spaceflight as safe as possible. but as with many activities — driving a car, for example — the dangers can only ever be minimized and managed, not eliminated. " i think there always will be risk in going to space, " dustin gohmert, nasa crew survival engineering team lead at johnson space center, told space. com. " i think it ' s an inherently risky endeavor. " space. com assistant managing editor clara moskowitz ( @ claramoskowitz ) contributed to this story. follow space. com senior writer mike wall on twitter @ michaeldwall or space. com @ spacedotcom. we ' re also on facebook and google +. about the author more from space. com


census finds unknown young stars of orion amateur stargazers may spot the orion nebula as a fuzzy patch in the constellation orion, but they cannot see an interstellar birthing ground that spans the region of sky from above orion ' s head to below his feet. now astronomers have completed the most wide - ranging census of baby stars in and around the orion nebula, and found a stellar nursery that ' s both chaotic and crowded. the work represents the first complete study of young stars, their gaseous clouds of dust and supersonic jets of hydrogen molecules shooting out from the poles of each star. jets arise as young stars are born from a rotating cloud of gas and dust, but usually die out once a star has fully ignited and stopped consuming the surrounding material. in this case, the jets became signals that pinpointed the location of baby stars hidden within the stellar birthing grounds. " with such a large number of young stars, we can study the ' demographics ' of star birth, " said tom megeath, an astronomer at the university of toledo in ohio. " this study will give us an idea of how long it takes baby stars to bulk up by pulling in gas from the surrounding cloud, what ultimately stops a star from growing bigger, and how a star ' s birth is influenced by other stars in the stellar nursery. " the orion nebula represents just a blister on the surface of the much larger cloud. astronomers turned to the united kingdom infra - red telescope ( ukirt ) and the spitzer space telescope to peer through the cloud using infrared vision, and also used the institut de radio astronomie millimetrique radio telescope in france to see beyond infrared at short radio wavelengths. such international collaboration allowed astronomers to match up powerful gas jets with their young star origins, and find the cradles within the clouds where stars were created. " each jet is travelling at tens or even hundreds of miles per second ; the jets extend across many trillions of miles of interstellar space, " said chris davis, an astronomer for ukirt in hawaii. ukirt ' s wide field camera alone found more than 110 individual jets from the one region of the milky way. the results were presented on april 20 at the european week of astronomy and space science at the university of hertfordshire, uk. - top 10 star mysteries - video - when stars collide - vote - the strangest things in space more from space. com


tagged 5c ' s, grades 5 - 8, middle school, standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century dr. david mcalpine university of arkansas at little rock the students in my methods of teaching second language class don ’ t believe me when i tell them that my best spanish teaching experience in forty years was in a middle school classroom! it ’ s true! those of you just beginning your career in a middle school will soon learn this, and those of you who are middle school “ lifers ” already know that these youngsters in grades 5 - 8 respond to content that is connected to their everyday lives and to instruction that actively involves them in the learning process. your middle school spanish students may show higher competencies in the three modes of communication than many of their high school counterparts because of their openness to learning new concepts, their curiosity about themselves and others, and their unabashed willingness to be a part of real - life situations. how can the standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century help create an engaging atmosphere for middle school students? let ’ s look at the 5cs and try to draw some classroom ideas from them. tagged activities, restaurant students can learn a lot about the different cultures around the spanish - speaking world by visiting the restaurants in your community where spanish is spoken. at the beginning of each school year, i challenged my students to find and visit these restaurants. of course, i offered extra credit if the students brought in a receipt and wrote one paragraph essays detailing their experience, but my students were happy to learn about the culture, so they did it for their personal enjoyment and not the extra credit ( at least that ’ s what i like to think ). now that i look back at the extra credit i gave out, i realized the kids mostly went to mexican restaurants. yes, mexican food is delicious and yes, it is a spanish - speaking country, but we want our students to look beyond mexico and gain some experiences from other spanish - speaking countries. and we want to remind students that food is a great way to incorporate cultures from the spanish - speaking world into our everyday lives. so i think i ’ d like to issue another challenge : tagged authentic texts, literary texts, modern language association dr. emily spinelli executive director, american association of teachers of spanish and portuguese. professor emerita of spanish, university of michigan - dearborne for many years the foreign language profession viewed the teaching of language and the teaching of literature as two very separate and distinct activities. at all educational levels the reading of


injections for pain pain management : a patient ' s guide to injections for pain injections, as part of the evaluation and treatment of pain, are commonly recommended by pain specialists. there many different types of injections that are used both to help diagnose the painful condition and to help treat the painful condition. this guide will help you understand - the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections - what the common medications injected are intended to do - the risks and benefits of injections for pain what is the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections? diagnostic injections are intended to help your doctor arrive at an accurate diagnosis of where the pain is originating. there is a concept in pain medicine called the " pain generator ". this idea is perhaps explained most clearly by asking the question that the pain medicine specialist asks : " what is causing - or generating - the pain? " diagnostic injections are intended to determine the pain generator by a process of elimination. during the process of trying to determine what is causing your pain, your physician will perform a history and physical examination. this may lead to a differential diagnosis. the differential diagnosis is a list of all the possibilities that the physician can think of that best fit with the findings from the initial history and physical examination. once the differential diagnosis list has been determined, the goal is to figure out which item on the list is actually causing your symptoms. the next step may be to obtain x - rays, mri scan or ct scan. each of these radiological tests give your doctor information about the structure of the body part being examined. it shows if there are abnormalities present in the structure that may account for your pain. for example, a spine x - ray may show arthritis of the joints of the spine that could be causing the pain that you are experiencing. but, simply because the structural abnormality could be causing your pain does not mean that it is. many structural abnormalities are seen on radiological tests that are not causing any pain. by injecting the facet joint with a medication to temporarily numb the joint and eliminate the pain, your physician can determine if this structural abnormality is actually causing any pain. another possibility is that you may have several abnormalities and it is unclear which abnormality is the cause of the symptoms. for example, you may have several intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the mri scan of your lumbar spine. it could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. if you are


intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the mri scan of your lumbar spine. it could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. if you are considering surgery, you would want to be sure which disc is causing the pain so that you did not undergo any additional, unnecessary surgery. finally, sometimes the pain is confusing and may actually be coming from somewhere else in the body altogether. for example, it is not uncommon for a patient to have a worn out hip joint and a worn out lower back. when a patient with this combination of problems has hip and thigh pain, it is not always obvious whether the pain is coming from the hip joint or the lower spine - or both. by injecting the hip joint with a medication to temporarily numb the hip joint and eliminate the pain that is coming only from the hip, the physician can determine what portion is coming from the hip joint - if any. this helps to diagnose the problem accurately and prevent any unnecessary procedures. some injections are done with the help of fluoroscopic guidance. the fluoroscope is an x - ray machine that allows the doctor to actually see an x - ray image while doing the procedure. this allows the doctor to watch where the needle goes as it is inserted. this makes the injection much safer and much more accurate. once the needle is in the right location, a small amount of radiographic dye is injected. this liquid dye shows up on the x - ray image, and the doctor can watch where it goes. the anesthetic medication and the cortisone will go in the same place. the doctor wants to make sure the injection will put the medication where it can do the most good. once the correct position is confirmed, the anesthetic and cortisone are injected, and the needle is removed. almost all diagnostic injections follow a similar strategy. first, determine what could be causing the pain. next, inject the structure that is most likely the cause of the pain - the pain generator - with a medication that should reduce or eliminate the pain temporarily. if the pain is eliminated, then the structure injected is almost surely the cause of the pain. therapeutic injections are intended to treat your problem. this means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. some injections may last weeks to months. the medications that are normally injected


to treat your problem. this means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. some injections may last weeks to months. the medications that are normally injected during a therapeutic pain injection include an anesthetic and cortisone. an anesthetic medication ( such as novocaine, lidocaine or bupivicaine ) is the same medication that is used numb the area when you are having dental work or having minor surgery, such as a cut sewn up. the medication causes temporary numbness lasting 1 hour to 6 hours, depending on which type of anesthetic is used. cortisone is an extremely powerful anti - inflammatory medication. when this medication is injected around inflamed, swollen nerves and connective tissues, it can reduce the inflammation and swelling. decreasing inflammation reduces pain in joints. reduced swelling can allow the nerves to function better, reducing numbness and weakness. what might go wrong? there are several complications that may occur during or after these injection procedures. injections are safe and unlikely to result in a complication, but no procedure is 100 % foolproof. this document doesn ' t provide a complete list of the possible complications, but it does highlight some of the most common problems. complications are uncommon, but you should know what to watch for if they occur. like most procedures where medications are injected, there is always a risk of allergic reaction. the medications that are commonly injected include lidocaine, bupivicaine, radiographic dye, and cortisone. allergic reactions can be as simple as developing hives or a rash. they can also be life threatening and restrict breathing. most allergic reactions will happen immediately while you are in the procedure room, so that help is available immediately. most reactions are treated and cause no permanent harm. you should alert your doctor if you have known allergies to any of these medications. there are several other rare complications of spinal injections. these include epidural hematoma, epidural abscess and nerve damage. the epidural hematoma occurs when one of the small blood vessels around the spinal sac continues to bleed after the procedure. the bleeding can cause a large pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves. several types of infections are possible complications of


pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves. several types of infections are possible complications of pain injections. any time a needle is inserted through the skin, there is a possibility of infection. before any injection is done the skin is cleansed with a disinfectant and the health care provider doing the injection uses what is called sterile technique. this means that the needle and the area where the needle is inserted remains untouched by anything that is not sterile. the provider may also use sterile gloves. infections may occur just underneath the skin, in a muscle, in a joint or in the spinal canal itself. you should watch for signs of increasing redness, swelling, pain and fever. almost all infections will need to be treated with antibiotics. if an abscess forms, then a surgical procedure may be necessary to drain the pus in the abscess. when the injection is placed in the spinal canal, the infection may be more serious. a condition called an epidural abscess may form inside the spinal canal. this infection can cause a large pocket of pus to form around the nerves putting too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the infection and remove the pressure from the nerves. antibiotics will also be necessary to treat the infection. many pain injections are done close to nerves. the needle used to do the injection may accidently puncture the nerve itself. this can cause damage to the nerve and result in increased pain. numbness and weakness may also result. nerves that have been punctured with a needle will usually recover and not require any additional surgical procedures. not all injections work as expected. sometimes, injections cause more pain. this may be due to increased spasm in the muscles around the injection. this may happen following a trigger point injection. the increased pain is usually temporary, lasting a few hours or a few days. once the medication has a chance to work, the injection may actually work as expected and reduce your pain. the pressure from injecting the liquid medication may increase pressure on nerves. this may irritate the nerves and cause increased pain. the increased pain is usually temporary. increased pain that begins several days after the injection may be a sign of infection. you should alert your doctor if this occurs. spinal fluid leak probably the most common complication of


don ' t celebrate the lack of storms yet six weeks into the hurricane season and the atlantic has seen only one named storm. what ’ s happening and will we luck out this year? by marlon a. walker published july 17, 2006 eight weeks into the 2005 hurricane season, tropical storm gert was making its way west to mexico, the seventh named storm of the season. this year ’ s hurricane season has reached week eight with only one named storm, alberto, which was barely a tropical storm as it slogged ashore in florida ’ s big bend area. is this reason for optimism? “ it ’ s very tempting for people to want to read into a lot of things, ” said jamie rhome, a hurricane specialist with the national hurricane center in miami. “ that type of philosophy for people other than trained experts is very dangerous. bottom line is you need to be prepared. ” while westerly winds this summer have helped thwart the formation of storms in the atlantic basin, the first part of this year ’ s season is actually quite average. it was the past two years that were extraordinary. “ on a statistical basis, one to two in june is typical, ” said dennis feltgen, a meteorologist with the national weather service in silver spring, md. “ there ’ s nothing out of the ordinary right now. we ’ re only halfway through the month of july. ’ ’ in 2004, 15 named storms formed in the atlantic basin and 28 in 2005, a record. between 13 and 16 named storms are projected this year. forecasters say that ’ s still well within reach. feltgen said strong upper - level winds blowing across the gulf of mexico and the caribbean have prevented many potential storms from getting organized. tropical storms can take shape only when several variables — including warm sea temperatures and low wind shear — occur simultaneously “ if strong winds are blowing in the upper atmosphere from west to east, that ’ s going to take that disturbance and rip it apart, ” feltgen said. he said winds more favorable to storm formation will arrive soon, likely portending more storms. “ don ’ t let your guard down because we ’ ve had a respite over the last couple of weeks, ” he said. “ we still have a long way to go. ’ ’ forecasters say some variables that contribute to storm formation already are in place. the bermuda high, a massive system of high pressure that sets up in the atlantic ocean, can play a key role in directing storms that form off the african coast. spinning clockwise,


learning causality in a complex world : understandings of consequence source : rowman & littlefield education, lanham, maryland ( 2012 ) call number : cubb bd591. g765 2012 contents : introduction - - simple linear causality : one thing makes another happen - - the cognitive science of simple causality : why do we get stuck? - - domino causality : effects that become causes - - cyclic causality : loops and feedback - - spiraling causality : escalation and de - escalation - - mutual causality : symbiosis and bi - directionality - - relational causality : balances and differentials - - across time and distance : detecting delayed and distant effects - - " what happened? " vs. " what ' s going on? " : thinking about steady states - - what you can ' t see does matter : attending to obvious and non - obvious causes - - it ' s not always a case of who did it : minding passive and unintentional causality - - step by step, or not : the mind - bending concept of simultaneous causality - - figuring out what to count on : dealing with stochastic causality - - isn ' t anybody in charge around here? : attending to distributed causality and emergence - - summing up : the implications for helping a new generation understand causal complexity - - putting it all together : teaching for causal complexity.


in september 2010, u. s. secretary of state hillary rodham clinton announced the global alliance for clean cookstoves, a public - private partnership led by the united nations foundation to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and combat climate change by creating a thriving global market for clean and efficient household cooking solutions. the alliance ’ s ‘ 100 by 20 ’ goal calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020. at an event at the working women ’ s forum in chennai, india, secretary clinton today announced that two major indian industrial organizations – the confederation of indian industry ( cii ) and the federation of indian chambers of commerce & industry ( ficci ) – have agreed to join the alliance. both will be invaluable partners in building successful and sustainable cookstove businesses and consumer financing options across india. cii has committed to link community efforts to its extensive industry network, help commercialize promising cooking technologies, and help integrate clean cookstoves into its other members ’ projects. ficci will support small and medium - sized local cookstove enterprises, develop microfinance channels to support the purchase of cookstoves, develop women ’ s employment options, and support alliance interaction with the indian government. the issue : nearly half of the world ’ s population – about 3 billion people – cooks their food each day on polluting, inefficient stoves. exposure to smoke from traditional cookstoves and open fires is the fifth worst health risk factor in poor countries and leads to nearly 2 million premature deaths of mostly women and young children each year ( more than twice the mortality from malaria ). cookstoves also increase pressures on local natural resources ( e. g., forests, habitat ) and contribute to climate change at the regional and global level. in india, approximately 80 percent of rural homes and 20 percent of urban homes rely on solid fuels like wood or dung for cooking. as a result, more than 100 million homes suffer unsafe exposures to cookstove smoke. according to world health organization estimates, this exposure causes nearly 500, 000 women and children in india to die prematurely each year. cookstoves account for about 3. 5 percent of india ’ s national burden of disease. additionally, cookstoves represent about half of india ’ s black carbon inventory. a global alliance : the global alliance for clean cookstoves is working with public, private, and non - profit partners to help overcome market barriers and achieve large - scale production, deployment, and use


about half of india ’ s black carbon inventory. a global alliance : the global alliance for clean cookstoves is working with public, private, and non - profit partners to help overcome market barriers and achieve large - scale production, deployment, and use of clean stoves and fuels in the developing world. the alliance comprises a rapidly growing list of nearly 100 public, private, philanthropic, ngo, academic, and other partners, including the governments of burkina faso, denmark, el salvador, ethiopia, finland, germany, honduras, ireland, kenya, lesotho, malta, nigeria, the netherlands, norway, peru, rwanda, spain, tanzania, and the united states. u. s. government commitment : the united states government has committed more than $ 50 million to the alliance over the next five years. participating u. s. agencies include : the state department, environmental protection agency, department of energy, department of health and human services ( national institutes of health ; centers for disease control and prevention ), and the u. s. agency for international development. the u. s. government is mobilizing financial resources, providing top - level u. s. experts, and leveraging research and development tools to help the alliance achieve its ‘ 100 by 20 ’ target. other u. s. agencies also are considering investments in this sector. india : u. s. government cookstoves activity by agency department of energy ( doe ) : doe is working to secure funding for research and development to advance clean and affordable cookstove technologies, which would be tightly linked to laboratory and field testing to ensure performance and usability of the clean stoves and to monitor adoption. if funding is secured, doe would look forward to engaging with research and development and testing organizations in other countries such as india to move these critical technologies forward. department of state : the state department is leading diplomatic discussions with the government of india – as well as with private, non - governmental, and multi - lateral partners – regarding collaboration on cookstoves and the alliance. the state department leads the u. s. federal interagency discussions and coordination with the alliance, and also coordinates diplomatic dialogues related to global partnerships, health, women ’ s issues, climate change, and the environment. environmental protection agency ( epa ) : epa ’ s partnership for clean indoor air ( pcia ) funded two pilot projects in india, organized two social marketing workshops with partners in india, organized a stove testing and design improvement capacity building workshop, and in 2007, hosted the 3rd global pcia forum in


s partnership for clean indoor air ( pcia ) funded two pilot projects in india, organized two social marketing workshops with partners in india, organized a stove testing and design improvement capacity building workshop, and in 2007, hosted the 3rd global pcia forum in bangalore. in addition, epa held three stakeholder meetings in india, a stove testing workshop in pune and is field testing first energy ’ s " oorja " stove in kholapur ; this stove will also be used in lab testing to help determine correlation of lab and field results. epa plans to continue capacity building activities in india – especially stove design and performance work as well as in - field stove testing. in addition, epa has started a productive dialogue with the indian government around stove testing and setting up stove testing facilities. health and human services ( hhs ) : under the auspices of the indo - u. s. collaboration on environmental and occupational health, the u. s. national institutes of health ( nih ) and the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) ( with assistance from epa ) are providing technical assistance to the indian council of medical research ( icmr ) in support of icmr - funded research regarding indoor air pollution affects on the following populations : ( 1 ) chronic lung disease among women ; ( 2 ) pregnant mothers, adverse birth outcomes and early childhood pneumonia ; ( 3 ) cardiovascular and respiratory health impacts among adults and ; ( 4 ) children and asthma. nih also is currently supporting a research program in vellore examining indoor air pollution as a risk factor for respiratory infections in children younger than 2 years. additionally, a joint initiative is being developed with the directorate general of health services to better understand the impact of improved cookstoves on reducing burn injury among indian users. national oceanographic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) : noaa scientists are collaborating with indian scientists to develop and utilize sophisticated instruments to measure black carbon to characterize the climate impact of soot from cookstoves. national science foundation ( nsf ) : nsf is planning to support and provide technical expertise for a workshop on cookstoves and compact power in delhi in collaboration with iit delhi and the university of maryland. u. s. agency for international development ( usaid ) : usaid is currently implementing a cookstoves program in india to : 1 ) develop and test innovative demand generation strategies ; 2 ) improve distribution channels and increase the use of microfinance ; 3 ) collaborate with the government and other experts to help develop efficiency standards for advanced cooks


- wednesday, january 25, 2012, 6 p. m. - yampa valley medical center, 1024 central park drive, steamboat springs eating disorders are serious and complicated mental illnesses with significant and, at times, life - threatening physical and psychological consequences, regardless of the individual ’ s weight. the spectrum of eating disorders includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and eating disorders not otherwise specified. anorexia involves a distorted body image with a fear of and refusal to gain weight resulting in severe eating restrictions and dramatic weight loss. in contrast, patients with bulimia may not lose weight but engage in frequent binge eating followed by attempts to get rid of the food through self - induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics or exercise. anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. in females ages 15 to 24, anorexia causes 12 times more deaths than all other causes. anorexia is considered to be the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. although the majority of patients who come to medical attention for eating disorders are women and girls, eating disorders are equal - opportunity illnesses that affect females and males, adults, adolescents and children as well as people of all ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, body shapes, sizes and weights. the puzzle of why an eating disorder affects one individual over another is a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. research on the risk of developing anorexia suggests that 40 to 50 percent is genetic and 50 to 60 percent is psychosocial. in fact, anorexia nervosa is as inheritable as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. eating disorders are mental illnesses not choices. additionally, many individuals affected by eating disorders also are affected by a secondary psychiatric condition such as depression and anxiety. while society and environment do not cause eating disorders, they may create an atmosphere that encourages development of a disorder. in our obsession with perfection, we convey societal and familial messages about health, weight and priorities that stand in opposition to acknowledging one ’ s own values and nurturing intuitive eating, self - care and compassion for oneself and others. eating disorder patients often remark that their behaviors initially were triggered by a simple comment about their weight, what they ate or their level of activity. eating disorders are about feelings and not primarily about food. the eating disorder provides a coping mechanism to maintain a sense of control in the face of anxiety, change or conflict. an individual who develops an eating disorder


what they ate or their level of activity. eating disorders are about feelings and not primarily about food. the eating disorder provides a coping mechanism to maintain a sense of control in the face of anxiety, change or conflict. an individual who develops an eating disorder initially may choose to modify his / her relationship with food but eventually feels sustained and driven by the eating disorder as an entity in and of itself. recognizing the warning signs of an eating disorder is of tremendous importance as the affected individual does not typically seek help independently. in children or adolescents, a delay in attaining expected growth or development should be evaluated. dramatic weight loss, denying hunger / making excuses for skipping meals, preoccupation with weight / food / calories / fat, rigid food or exercise rituals, disappearance of large amounts of food in short periods of time, or frequent trips to the bathroom after meals should prompt concern from family members and friends. overcoming an eating disorder is a complicated task that begins with recognition. it requires the active involvement of the patient, family members, a medical doctor and / or psychiatrist, nutritionist and psychotherapist. there are medical, nutrition and psychotherapy resources available in steamboat springs. with early detection, it is possible for a patient to recover without inpatient or residential therapy. if you know someone who you are concerned may be suffering from an eating disorder, voice your concern as a personal worry for them and offer support in helping them to locate treatment. if they are children or adolescents outside of your family, share your concerns with their families. the best indicator for successful and prolonged recovery from an eating disorder is early and comprehensive intervention. lisa harner, m. d., is a board - certified family medicine physician at yampa valley medical associates.


this section of the site covers the theory and background behind the application of stigmergy and other biological strategies to information technology biological systems have evolved ingenious solutions to the same kind of problems encountered in information technology. understanding how nature solves these problems allows us to use these solutions ourselves, to create highly efficient web sites that cost little to develop and maintain. stigmergy as a strategy stigmergy is not like a product, a service or an application. it isn ' t even like a computer program. it is a very clever strategy used by nature to get colonies of insects to self - organize, tell each other where to find food, create sophisticated messaging systems and build complex architectural structures. we can use this same clever strategy on the web, to get people to collaborate in the exchange and sharing of information. the strategy works well for brainless insects, but it works infinitely better for intelligent humans equipped with computers. what are stigmergic systems? stigmergic systems combine information technology with stigmergy and other ingenious computing structures found in nature - to create self - organizing web sites and low cost knowledge management systems. reproduction as a strategy nature has learned how to create organisms that grow and self - organize without planning. we can copy these methods to create web based systems that grow and self - organize themselves, drastically reducing development and maintenance costs. nature creates organisms that can quickly adapt to changing conditions. we can build this same adaptability into information systems, enabling them to automatically adjust to user needs and responses. nature has found a way to overcome the problem of critical mass. we can use this same strategy to make changes to a web site so that it increasingly attracts visitors. what ' s the secret of nature ' s success? she uses a technique of continuous reproduction and selection. this is the technique we can copy. we don ' t start by building a web site, the first step is to create a program that can build a system. by arranging for this program to be responsive to the way users respond to a site, the program can continually rebuild the system until it is working successfully. short summaries of the main elements of stigmergic and biological strategies are provided in the menu ' summary of a stigmergic system ' ( top left ). more detailed explanations and theory can be found in the ' references ' and ' technical notes ' sections of this site. to provide a ' proof of concept ' demonstration of a stigmergic system, the seo project was started in october


| diversity in islam : a sunni perspective | | diversity in islam : a shi ' i perspective | in islam, the unity of god is central. the islamic revelation given to muhammad affirmed the earlier abrahamic religions of one god ( including judaism and christianity ), yet also went beyond them to unify the divine truth of god and assert a more complete monotheism. according to islam, all revelation and prophets are one, stemming from the same source : “ you say : ‘ we believe in allah, and the revelation given to us, and to abraham, isma ’ il, isaac, jacob, and the tribes, and that given to moses and jesus, and that given to ( all ) prophets from their lord : we make no difference between one or another of them : and we bow to allah ( in islam ) ’ ” ( 2 / 136 ; 3 / 84 ). in the eyes of muslims, islam ’ s radical emphasis on the unity of god, identical nature of revelation, and equality and common destiny of humankind make islam the final revelation. it is the climax and fulfillment of all previous approximations of unity on earth. according to the qur ’ anic narrative, god ’ s will has always been for a single, united humanity. god reveals this will through his chosen messengers and the revelations embedded in scriptures. every kind of discrimination, separation, exclusion, or division is negated by god. domination of some portion of humanity over others is forbidden. unjust exploitation of humanity or creation is rejected. before the islamic revelation, god entered into covenantal relationship with earlier faith communities to stop distraction, disorder, killing, and discrimination, evils that muslims believe stemmed from the perceived division in god and humanity. the qur ’ an has strictly forbidden such division and commended unity : “ and hold fast, all together, by the rope which allah ( stretches out for you ), and be not divided among yourselves... ” ( 3 / 103 ) ; “ as for those who divide their religion and break up into partisans, you have no part in them in the least ” ( 6 / 159 ). islam recognizes the difficulty of achieving such unity, and asserts that real unity can only be achieved through recognition of human diversity. islam clearly acknowledges the divine mystery of god that has willed that humanity be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion : “ to each among you we have prescribed a law and an open way. if allah so willed, he would have made you a single people, but ( his plan is ) to test you in what


be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion : “ to each among you we have prescribed a law and an open way. if allah so willed, he would have made you a single people, but ( his plan is ) to test you in what he has given you : so strive as in a race in all virtues. the goal of you all is to allah ” ( 5 / 48 ). islam ’ s message of unity, then, conveys the divine desire for all humanity – in its diversity – to share and grow in the consciousness of a single humanity under one god. islam ’ s religious tolerance has allowed theological, political, philosophical, legal, ethical, and mystical orientations to abound in the muslim community ( umma ). in each of these orientations there has been an implicit desire for the ultimate unity of all, but also an explicit acknowledgement of the ongoing reality of diversity of ideas and programs. the prophet said, “ jews were divided into seventy - one parties ( firqah ), christians were divided into seventy - two parties, my community will be divided into seventy – three parties ” ( al - bagdaadi, al - farq, and bayn ’ al firaq, p. 4, beirut ). any attempt to impose unity or force one ’ s own beliefs onto others is declared in the qur ’ an to be opposed to the divine will and plan in the universe. the qur ’ an says, “ there is no compulsion in religion. the truth is now distinct from error … ” ( 2 / 256 ). for muslims, this tolerance of diversity provides the solution to human suffering inflicted on one another. guided by the cosmic truth unfolded in the qur ’ an, the newly formed muslim community sought harmony, peace and toleration on earth. judaism, christianity, zoroastrianism and even idolatry were ultimately acknowledged as manifestations of divinely - established diversity : “ lo! those who believe this revelation and those who are jews and the sabaeans and the christians and the megians and the idolaters - lo! allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection. allah is witness over all things ” ( 22 / 17 ). islam asserts that the right to decide who is saved and who is unsaved rests completely with god, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. it is forbidden for muslims to call each other non - muslims : “ o ye who believe! when ye go forth to fight in the way of allah, be careful to discrim


rests completely with god, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. it is forbidden for muslims to call each other non - muslims : “ o ye who believe! when ye go forth to fight in the way of allah, be careful to discriminate, and say not unto one who offers you peace : ‘ thou are not a believer, seeking the chance profits of this life ’ ” ( 4 / 94 ). the messenger ( prophet ) of god said, “ when any muslim says to his brother, ‘ you infidel! ’ one of the two surely deserves the name ” ( al - buhari, sahih, 4 : 139 ). muslims also must not fight other muslims, and are instructed to make peace : “ the believers are naught else than brothers. therefore make peace between brethren and observe your duty to allah that haply ye may obtain mercy ” ( 49 : 10 ). similarly, islam leaves room for idolaters to coexist with muslims, as long as the idolaters keep their covenant with the muslim community : “ ( but the treaties are ) not dissolved with those pagans with whom you have entered into alliance and who have not subsequently failed you in anything, nor aided any one against you. so fulfill your engagements with them to the end of their term ; for allah loves the righteous ” ( 9 / 4 ). the qur ’ an also says about polytheists, “ if it had been allah ’ s will, they would not have been polytheists, nor did we make you a guardian over them, nor are you their advocate ” ( 6 / 107 ). ( for more information on the islamic position on polytheism, see 50 / 45 ; 88 / 22 ; 10 / 99 ; 3 / 20 ; 5 / 99 ; 16 / 82 ; 42 / 48 ; 2 / 193 ). despite its universal ideal, the new community of muslims was able to introduce the idea and practice of religious tolerance without falling into the pit of relativization. compared to other faiths, islam developed a moderate position between two extremes : electionism, favoritism, and fanaticism as manifestations of an exclusive mentality, at one extreme, and a sort of pluralism that contradicts the transcendental unity of god, truth and human destiny by relativizing the divine to concrete, limited and anthropomorphic manifestations, at the other extreme. thus the islamic plan for a transcendental unity of humanity within its diversity and under one god is


the first thing that made non - violence work was these men ’ s mentalities. to be involved in such a movement, one need ’ s to have a stable mindset. they had to be aware of the dangers that lied ahead of them. the supporters of their movement also had to possess strong mind - sets in not retaliating to the physical struggles they endured. in gandhi ’ s autobiography, it states, “ i explained to a group of several hundred africans, indians and coloreds, that volunteering ( for the defiance of unjust laws campaign ) was a difficult and even dangerous duty, as the authorities would seek to intimidate, imprison and perhaps attack the volunteers. ” with so much fighting against them, they all believed in what they were fighting for. even those in support of the movements of king, gandhi and mandela, were beginning to re - think the whole “ nonviolent ” aspect because they were getting fed up with the abuse they were experiencing. however, they were driven by their faith in god and continued to stand their ground and fight while leaving marks on people ’ s minds rather than their bodies. the second thing that made non - violence work was their consistency. these men were consistent in their fight for equality, justice and freedom. one thing, amongst many, that they have in common, is the fact that they all spent time in prison at some point. however, their time spent in prison didn ’ t stop them from working to stop the unjust laws, they consistently went to... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2012, 11 ). history. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2012, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html " history " studymode. com. 11 2012. 11 2012 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html >. " history. " studymode. com. 11, 2012. accessed 11, 2012. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html.


alice walker usually puts herself into characters that she writes about in her stories. however, you don ' t understand this unless you know about her. staring with this let us find out about who she is and where she came from. when recounting the life of alice walker, you find out that she was born to sharecroppers in eatonton, georgia in 1944 and was the baby of eight children. she lost one of her eyes when her brother shot her with a bb gun by accident. she was valedictorian of her class in high school and with that and receiving a scholarship ; she went to spelman, a college for black women, in atlanta. she then transferred to sarah lawrence college in new york and during her time there went africa as an exchange student. she received her bachelor of arts degree from sarah lawrence in 1965. she was active in the civil rights movement of the 60 ' s and as of the 90 ' s she is still an involved activist. she started her own publishing company in 1984, wild tree press. she is an acclaimed writer and has even received a pulitzer prize for the movie, the color purple. what is it about her that makes her works so meaningful and persuasive? what provoked her to write what she has? one of her works, a short story called everyday use, is a story that she herself can be pictured in. during the opening of this story you find a woman with her two daughters. she and one of her daughters, maggie, have just cleaned and beautified the yard of their new house. it is very comforting sitting under the elm tree that is present and blocks the wind from going through the house. it is a place that you feel enveloped in comfort and love. maggie and dee, the other daughter are very different, and it is very apparent that mother, is not your everyday ' woman. she, the mother, is " a larger woman that can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man ' ( american lit, p. 2470 ). she has no problems doing what needs to be done in order to feed and protect her... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2005, 05 ). instilled heritage. studymode. com. retrieved 05, 2005, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / instilled - heritage - 57580. html " instilled heritage " studymode. com. 05 2005. 05 2005 < http : / / www.


passed my 5th scna ( sun certified network administrator for solaris 8 ) exam yesterday so my cv has been updated. in with the new and out with the old : i took off the old solaris 2. 4 / 2. 5 certificates and put xhtml on instead. the plan is to go xhtml 1. 1 strict for the whole site and then maybe try to create an even more (? sic! ) minimal design utilising a simpler stylesheet. i came across this a trying to find out what a " jabber " was ( preparing for a network exam ). the answer to this and the question in the title is found in the comp. dcom. lans. ethernet faq : in the following table, c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, or 300, 000 kilometers per second. medium propagation speed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - thick coax. 77c ( 231, 000 km / sec ) thin coax. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) twisted pair. 59c ( 177, 000 km / sec ) fiber. 66c ( 198, 000 km / sec ) aui cable. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) from these values, the size of a bit on 10baset can be calculated. 10baset is twisted pair, which has a propagation delay of 177, 000 km / sec. 177, 000 km / sec divided by 10 million bits per second is 17. 7 meters, or the size of a single bit on a 10baset network.


the hay diet involves avoiding foods that so called ' fight ' with each other, it is a food combining type of diet, which means that you avoid eating certain foods together because it is supposedly bad for your digestion. protein is not eaten with starch, they can both be eaten but at separate meal occasions. scientifically this is impossible to achieve since most starchy foods such as bread and potatoes contain some protein anyway. the body is well adapted to digest both proteins and starch, and the enzymes necessary to digest them are secreted in response to the food being in the stomach. the diet first gained credence as a method of weight loss since most dietary restrictions usually mean consuming less calories than the body needs. it is not better than any other diet that is low in calories, any weight loss should only be achieved through a sensible diet. this diet should always be avoided by anyone who has diabetes since carbohydrate should be spread evenly throughout the day and not kept to one meal only. description of the hay system the hay system is primarily a normalising system. to put it in its simplest - 70 % of the food intake should be fresh fruits and vegetables, as much as possible in their raw state. - the remaining 30 % should be made up of proteins ( meats, fish, eggs, etc ) and starches ( carbohydrates, e. g., pasta, bread, etc ). these two categories of foods should be kept apart, i. e. eaten at different meals. generally, the effect of not eating ' foods that fight ' at the same meal gives improved digestion. proteins ' fight ' starch ', and citrus fruits ' fight ' carbohydrates. you eat your fill at every meal ( not over - eating, as with any sensible system ), then you wait about four hours before taking anything else, or until your each day you need to aim for : - one protein meal ( lunch is best ) - one starch meal ( last meal of the day is best for this ) - one purely ' alkaline forming ' meal this regime seems to suit the human digestion, and you should find your digestive system feels much more comfortable as a result. the hay system will regulate body weight up or down, to a suitable healthy weight for your body. you can do this without feeling ' starving ' : you should never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best. the diet is in no way ' punitive


up or down, to a suitable healthy weight for your body. you can do this without feeling ' starving ' : you should never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best. the diet is in no way ' punitive ', and is based on sound nutrition. it encourages a delight in, respect for, and greater enjoyment of good food. while organic foods are preferred, it still works out as good value, because your body makes full use of what you give it, and you should find there is no need to spend large sums in order to eat well. ' everything in moderation ' is a key phrase. very few items are discouraged, except the obvious cakes and biscuits, etc. even alcohol in moderation is o. k. - gin, whiskey, beer, wine, cider, etc. all are allowed, if used in correct combinations with other items from the correct category of meal. for example, sweet liquors come in the category of ' starches ', as you might expect, because they have a lot of sugar in them. at the other end of the spectrum, dry white wine, for example, goes with the ' protein ' category, because it will not ' fight ' with protein, as sweet sugary substances do. this may sound a little baffling at first, but it all makes sense, as you should find if you read more about how to choose foods and drinks that complement each other. it comes as second nature after a little while, and is not difficult to understand. there have been reports of previously very stubborn medical conditions that have unexpectedly responded to correct food combining. widely occurring conditions


medical history and physical exam for a fast heart rate a medical history and physical exam are routinely used to evaluate an illness or disease. a medical history and physical exam can often reveal as much or more than many diagnostic lab tests because they help uncover important clues about your illness. the medical history and physical exam will often direct further testing. the doctor may ask questions similar to the following : - what reference symptoms have you experienced? - have you ever lost consciousness? - how long did the symptoms last? - have the symptoms ever occurred before? - did anything make the symptoms better or worse ( such as slow, deep breathing or holding your breath )? - what were you doing when you first noticed the symptoms? - does physical activity bring on your symptoms or make them worse? - did you take your pulse when you had the symptoms? if you did, how fast or slow was your heart beating? was it beating regularly? - what medicines are you currently taking? - do you have any history of thyroid problems? - do you have a reference family history opens new window of heart disease? - do you drink alcohol or smoke? do you use any illegal drugs? if so, how much? - do you exercise? during a physical exam, the doctor will : - take your blood pressure. - check your pulse to see how fast your heart is beating and whether your heart rhythm is regular. - listen to your heart through a stethoscope. - check your lung sounds by listening through a stethoscope. - check the veins in your neck for different types of pulsations. why it is done a medical history and physical exam are important ways to evaluate any heart problem. normal findings include the following : - blood pressure and pulse rate are normal. - breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal. abnormal findings that may suggest a problem from a fast heart rate include : - low blood pressure. - fast or irregular pulse. if physical findings and your medical history strongly suggest a very irregular heartbeat, further testing will be done. what to think about it is important to provide your doctor with detailed information about your symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle. other works consulted blomstrom - lunqvist c, et al. ( 2003 ). acc / aha / esc guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias — executive summary : a report of the acc / aha / esc committee for practice guidelines. circulation, 108 ( 15 ) : 1871 – 1909. | by : |


press release : the 2003 nobel prize in physics 7 october 2003 the royal swedish academy of sciences has decided to award the nobel prize in physics for 2003 " for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids " alexei a. abrikosov argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa, vitaly l. ginzburg p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia, and anthony j. leggett university of illinois, urbana, illinois, usa flow without resistance this year ' s nobel prize in physics is awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions concerning two phenomena in quantum physics : superconductivity and superfluidity. superconducting material is used, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle accelerators in physics. knowledge about superfluid liquids can give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in its lowest and most ordered state. at low temperatures ( a few degrees above absolute zero ) certain metals allow an electric current to pass without resistance. such superconducting materials also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or partly. those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type - i superconductors and a theory explaining them was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1972. this theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved, however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically most important materials. these type - ii superconductors allow superconductivity and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic alexei abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically. his starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type - i superconductors by vitaly ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive that it was also valid for the new type. although these theories were formulated in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of materials with completely new properties. materials can now be made superconductive at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields. liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures. atoms of the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent


the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics. alexei a. abrikosov, born 1928 ( 75 years ) in moscow, the former soviet union, american ( and russian ) citizen. doctor ' s degree in physics in 1951 at the institute for physical problems, moscow. distinguished argonne scientist, argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa. vitaly l. ginzburg, born 1916 ( 87 years ) in moscow, russia ( russian citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics at the university of moscow. former head of the theory group at the p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia. anthony j. leggett, born 1938 ( 65 years ) in london, england ( british and american citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics in 1964 at the university of oxford. macarthur professor at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, prize amount : sek 10 million, will be shared equally among the laureates. science editor, phone + 46 8 673 95 44, + 46 703 27 72 00, email @ example. com and eva krutmeijer, head of information, phone + 46 8 673 95 95, + 46 709 84 66 38, firstname. lastname @ example. org


eleanor worrell knew something was wrong. her daughter, april, would get up at night and wander around the house in a twilight state of sleep. it was getting harder to wake her in the morning. " it was taking me a good 20 minutes to get her out of bed, ' ' says the tampa woman. " she would come home from school and say, ' i ' m so tired, mom. ' ' ' all that ended about three years ago, when april, now 13, started using a cpap ( continuous positive airway pressure ) machine. it pushes air into her nose when she sleeps at night, allowing her to breathe freely. she was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which the throat closes during sleep and obstructs the air passageway. sufferers wake frequently to catch a breath, spending the night in a restless sleep that leaves them exhausted. for adults, apnea is defined as 10 seconds without breathing ; for children, it ' s an interruption of two cycles of inhaling and exhaling, says sleep specialist dr. william kohler, april ' s physician. sleep apnea seems to be on the rise in children. for those with the usual causes, such as large tonsils and adenoids or, as in april ' s case, simply the way their airways are configured, doctors aren ' t sure if more kids have it these days or it ' s being diagnosed more often. a weighty issue in other children, apnea clearly is getting more common " because of the epidemic of obesity we have in our children, ' ' says kohler, director of pediatric sleep services at university community hospital in tampa. obese children may breathe normally while awake, but when they sleep, the muscles relax and the fat deposits in the throat constrict the airway. sleep apnea can lead to elevated blood pressure and heart problems in adults. in children, it often results in behavioral problems and the inability to think clearly or pay attention in school. paradoxically, the condition also may put normal - weight children at risk of becoming obese, just as lack of sleep in adults is associated with weight gain. obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in kids is a " vicious cycle, ' ' says dr. bruce schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the university of south florida college of medicine. some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea. and apnea can inhibit growth, he says. "


schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the university of south florida college of medicine. some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea. and apnea can inhibit growth, he says. " once you fix kids ' apnea, growth picks up like crazy, ' ' schnapf says. sleep and performance for some kids diagnosed with attention - deficit ( hyperactivity ) disorder, the underlying problem may be lack of restful sleep. kohler says studies have shown that 50 percent of children diagnosed with adhd have a sleep disorder, whether it ' s apnea, insomnia or something else. april takes medicine for adhd, but she was diagnosed with the problem before symptoms of sleep apnea appeared, worrell says. " being hyperactive, she was wearing out faster. ' ' now, april sleeps through the night, is a lot calmer, and her schoolwork has improved, says her mom. " she used to struggle a lot, getting passing grades but very low grades. now she ' s maintaining a ' s and b ' s. april says she no longer feels like her nose is stuffy when she sleeps, and she ' s more refreshed when she gets up in the morning. doctors say parents may want to have their children checked for sleep apnea if they see they aren ' t performing in school and seem to be more irritable, hostile or depressed. for many, sleep apnea is worse when they sleep on their backs, " but it really is variable, ' ' schnapf says. some have more problems sleeping on their stomachs. and, for some, it ' s the level of sleep ; many experience apnea during deep dream sleep. snoring, which isn ' t normal in children, may be a real clue. unchecked, it can lead to additional trouble. " if you follow them for four or five years, ' ' kohler says, referring to studies on the subject, " they are more likely to be at the bottom of the class and have behavior problems compared to children who don ' t snore. ' ' diagnosis starts with a detailed examination of the upper airway, schnapf says. often, removing the tonsils and adenoids solves the problem. beyond that, he says, the most successful treatment for kids is the cpap machine. controlling the problem of sleep apnea often improves the child ' s behavior and school work, schn


academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment. in this lesson, students watch a video segment from the pbs series the supreme court about the landmark case maryland v. mcculloch and consider the powers of the national government and state governments. students take on the role of news reporters to analyze and present the case decision. this lesson is the second of two lessons that comprise a unit on balancing state and federal authority. for the first lesson, see define and classify the powers associated with federalism lesson plan for extension activities to use with this unit, visit the supreme court website. ( 1 ) 50 minute period mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown 1. ask students if they have ever experienced a conflict or struggle with their friends or classmates over making a decision. take student responses and ask them to describe their experiences. explain that just as they might have had a clash over a decision with their classmates, the national government and the states have experienced a similar power struggle. 2. tell students they are going to watch a video segment that illustrates the supreme court ' s first major case that attempted to help resolve a conflict between the national government and the state of maryland. distribute the mcculloch v. maryland questions. prior to playing the video segment, review the questions students should focus on while watching the clip : 3. play mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown. you may choose to play the clip multiple times for student understanding. 4. ask students to discuss the following questions. the answers below are provided as a guide : 1. assign students to work in groups of three to five and give each group several sheets of flip - chart paper and markers. 3. when students have completed their work, a representative from each group presents its news story. ask students to compare and contrast the news stories they have heard, saw, or read. if necessary, clarify any points of fact that students were confused about. 4. for homework ( or in class if time


what is artificial intelligence ( ai ) artificial intelligence ( ai ) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. ai textbooks define the field as “ the study and design of intelligent agents ” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. john mccarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “ the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. ” the field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence — the sapience of homo sapiens — can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. this raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science. ai research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how ai should be done and the application of widely differing tools. the central problems of ai include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. general intelligence ( or “ strong ai ” ) is still among the field ’ s long term goals.


who ’ s to blame? a bus being vandalised during a bandh how many times have you cursed a bandh because it brings normal life to a complete halt? how many times have you been outraged by incidents of violence — buses being set on fire, railway tracks being damaged — all in the name of some political cause or grievance or another? on april 16, a supreme court bench headed by justice arijit pasayat took a stern view of the way agitations, bandhs and hartals often end up in large - scale destruction of public property. observing that the destruction of public property has become “ rampant, ” the bench noted that the leaders who call for bandhs are rarely hauled up for the mayhem created by party workers. the apex court went on to recommend that the prevention of damage to public property act, 1984, be amended so that the leaders of the party which calls for the direct action can be held guilty of abetment of the offence and made to pay for damages. according to article 19 ( 1 ) of the indian constitution, “ all citizens shall have the right ( a ) to freedom of speech and expression, ( b ) to assemble peacefully and without arms. article 51a of the constitution states, however, that it is the fundamental duty of an indian citizen “ to protect public property and to avoid violence. ” clearly, very often the right to protest is used with impunity — without any regard to one ’ s duty to protect public property and avoid violence. the prevention of damage to public property act defines public property as “ any property, whether immovable or movable... which is owned by, or in the possession of, or under the control of : the central government ; or any state government ; or any local authority ; or any corporation established by, or under, central, provincial or state act ; or any company as defined in section 617 of the companies, act, 1956 … ” the act stipulates that whoever causes damage to any public property is liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term of up to five years along with a fine. says gitanath ganguly, executive chairman, legal aid services, west bengal, “ the law is not comprehensive. the act does not mention a situation where a political party causes damage to public property during bandhs. so a clear stand needs to be taken on this. ” calcutta high court advocate protik prokash banerji feels that the supreme court ’ s recommendation is a step in the right direction


party causes damage to public property during bandhs. so a clear stand needs to be taken on this. ” calcutta high court advocate protik prokash banerji feels that the supreme court ’ s recommendation is a step in the right direction. “ usually, the party leaders who call for bandhs remain in the background and only the grassroots level workers are vulnerable to prosecution for any damages that occur. ” most political parties, however, are of the opinion that the apex court ’ s recommendation for an amendment to the prevention of damage to public property act is quite unnecessary. says cpi ( m ) state committee member rajdeo goala, “ i feel that every individual or group or organisation has the right to protest using the tool of the bandh or hartal. but we are responsible enough to safeguard all property. so such amendments are not needed. ” others say that if such an amendment does come into effect, it is likely to be misused by the opposition. “ how will you prove that the leader who has called the bandh has instigated the damage to public property? an outfit opposing the bandh could well carry out the mischief to malign the leader or the party that has called the bandh, ” says prabash ghosh, leader of the socialist unity centre of india ( suci ). of course, an amendment to the act may take a long time in coming. legal experts point out that the ball is really in the government ’ s court now. “ the supreme court has given the recommendations. now it is up to the government to take the next step. the court cannot force the government to implement the recommendations. moreover, till the recommendations are mooted in parliament and the amendment passed, no criminal liability can be attached to a party leader for instigating damage to public property, ” explains advocate banerji. though the apex court ’ s recommendation to fix responsibility for damage to public property is not particularly in the interest of political parties, some politicians are ready to swallow the bitter pill. says trinamool youth congress president madan mitra, “ any decision taken by the apex court is binding on all political parties, irrespective of whether we agree or disagree with it. ” adds congress mp abdul mannan, “ the supreme court has suggested certain recommendations to the existing legislation. whoever forms the next government will surely pay heed to these recommendations and make them into amendments if they agree with them. ” others point out that merely bringing in amendments to existing laws will not solve the


hyenas cooperate, problem - solve better than primates ( nc & t / du ) captive pairs of spotted hyenas ( crocuta crocuta ) that needed to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward cooperated successfully and learned the maneuvers quickly with no training. experienced hyenas even helped inexperienced partners do the trick. when confronted with a similar task, chimpanzees and other primates often require extensive training and cooperation between individuals may not be easy, said christine drea, an evolutionary anthropologist at duke university. drea ' s research, published online in the october issue of animal behavior, shows that social carnivores like spotted hyenas that hunt in packs may be good models for investigating cooperative problem solving and the evolution of social intelligence. she performed these experiments in the mid - 1990s but struggled to find a journal that was interested in non - primate social cognition. " no one wanted anything but primate cognition studies back then, " drea said. " but what this study shows is that spotted hyenas are more adept at these sorts of cooperation and problem - solving studies in the lab than chimps are. there is a natural parallel of working together for food in the laboratory and group hunting in the wild. " drea and co - author allisa n. carter of the univ. of california at berkeley, designed a series of food - reward tasks that modeled group hunting strategies in order to single out the cognitive aspects of cooperative problem solving. they selected spotted hyenas to see whether a species ' performance in the tests might be linked to their feeding ecology in the wild. | a pair of captive hyenas cooperatively solving a task to get some food. ( photo : christine drea ) | the first experiment sought to determine if three pairs of captive hyenas could solve the task without training. " the first pair walked in to the pen and figured it out in less than two minutes, " drea said. " my jaw literally dropped. " drea and carter studied the actions of 13 combinations of hyena pairs and found that they synchronized their timing on the ropes, revealing that the animals understood the ropes must be tugged in unison. they also showed that they understood both ropes had to be on the same platform. after an animal was experienced, the number of times it pulled on a rope without its partner present dropped sharply, indicating the animal understood its partner ' s role. " one thing that was different about the captive hyena ' s behavior was that


. after an animal was experienced, the number of times it pulled on a rope without its partner present dropped sharply, indicating the animal understood its partner ' s role. " one thing that was different about the captive hyena ' s behavior was that these problems were solved largely in silence, " drea said. their non - verbal communication included matching gazes and following one another. " in the wild, they use a vocalization called a whoop when they are hunting together. " in the second and third experiments, drea found that social factors affected the hyenas ' performance in both positive and negative ways. when an audience of extra hyenas was present, experienced animals solved the task faster. but when dominant animals were paired, they performed poorly, even if they had been successful in previous trials with a subordinate partner. " when the dominant females were paired, they didn ' t play nicely together, " drea said. " their aggression toward each other led to a failure to cooperate. " when a na´ve animal unfamiliar with the feeding platforms was paired with a dominant, experienced animal, the dominant animals switched social roles and submissively followed the lower - ranking, na´ve animal. once the na´ve animal became experienced, they switched back. both the audience and the role - switching trials revealed that spotted hyenas self - adjust their behavior based upon social context. it was not a big surprise that the animals were strongly inclined to help each other obtain food, said kay holekamp, a professor of zoology at michigan state university who studies the behavioral ecology of spotted hyenas. " but i did find it somewhat surprising that the hyenas ' performance was socially modulated by both party size and pair membership, " holekamp said. " and i found it particularly intriguing that the animals were sensitive to the na´vetu of their potential collaborators. " researchers have focused on primates for decades with an assumption that higher cognitive functioning in large - brained animals should enable organized teamwork. but drea ' s study demonstrates that social carnivores, including dogs, may be very good at cooperative problem solving, even though their brains are comparatively smaller. " i ' m not saying that spotted hyenas are smarter than chimps, " drea said. " i ' m saying that these experiments show that they are more hard - wired for social cooperation than chimpanzees. " this site is no longer updated. click this link to have updated biology news. about the author et


| flat head syndrome | | after the birth | | cows milk allergy | | stillbirth and neonatal death | | food glorious food | | health and illness | | money, money, money | | twins and multiples | | hair and beauty | | 8 out of 10 mums say | the traditional childrens growth charts that parents have been familiar with since 1990 are being replaced by a new design meant to combat obesity and boost the rates of breastfeeding. the old charts are based on growth rates for faster growing formula - fed babies. the new charts will mean more children are classed as overweight. they are being introduced firstly in england but wales, scotland and northern ireland are expected to follow soon,. the government hopes to alleviate breastfeeding mothers ' concerns that their babies are underweight. current government guidelines advise mothers to give their babies breast milk for the first six months of life and then supplement the downside of the new chart system is that the number of babies classed as overweight will see a 100 % increase to 6 %. many medical experts feel that this will help to identify those at risk of obesity earlier. dr sheila shribman, the government ' s maternity advisor, says : " breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants. " the new charts will not only provide more accurate measurements for infant growth of breastfed babies, but will also help healthcare professionals and parents to identify early signs of overweight or obesity and provide support. " the new charts are based on a design developed by the world health organisation after an extensive study of 8, 500 children from across six countries, which established comprehensive and definitive data about the growth of healthy children for the first time. they are to be used on all new babies in england from 11 may with the other countries expected to adopt them in the coming months. belinda phipps, chief executive of the national childbirth trust, welcomed the new charts and stated :. " now that the new charts have been introduced, the next extremely important step is for health professionals to be appropriately trained on how to work with them in order to ensure parents are given the correct information about their child ' s weight. " ms phipps said the previous charts had led to some breastfeeding mothers being advised to use formula milk, or introduce solids as a " top up " because their babies were not gaining weight fast enough. " the introduction of formula milk or solids too early can interrupt breastfeeding and often brings it to an end earlier. " in england, eight out of 10 mothers


solids as a " top up " because their babies were not gaining weight fast enough. " the introduction of formula milk or solids too early can interrupt breastfeeding and often brings it to an end earlier. " in england, eight out of 10 mothers start breastfeeding but only around one fifth continue until six months. the rates are very much lower than other european countries. see the nhs video about the new growth charts here 7 may 09 ' you ' re having twins ' doesn ' t always mean you ' re having a caesarean aph meet and greet anyone who has to use airports, whether it ' s for business or pleasure, will be all too aware of the frustration of time and money used when taking the car to and from their flight. potty training tips from mums potty training certainly isn ' t one of the simplest challenges that parenthood presents us with but with a few tips from those of us that have successfully weaned our toddlers out of nappies and into knickers, it can certainly become a little less daunting! pregnancy and birth - the things men worry about it ' s not just women who need help with the labour ; men need help during labour as well but are often left out for obvious reasons. skin salvation - mum ' s eczema cure for daughter when lula balmond was a little girl, she suffered from such bad eczema that she actually had to be bandaged every night just to help her sleep. eczema in babies and infants this is a huge area in all types of medicine and often quite complex. modern living has seen an enormous increase in many types of skin conditions in new born babies and in infants. 21 weeks pregnant at 21 weeks pregnant your baby will probably start moving round much more and you may be able to notice a pattern to the movements.


july 16, 2010 " having hiv appears to be associated with a greater risk of death, even when the immune system is relatively robust and patients have not started treatment, " according to a study published friday in the lancet, medpage today reports ( smith, 7 / 15 ). though the who recommends patients begin receiving antiretroviral therapy ( art ) when their cd4 levels - - a measure of immune system response - - dip below 350, " [ t ] he researchers said their findings point to the need for continuing studies to examine the risks and benefits of starting antiretroviral therapy, or art, for patients with high cd4 cell counts, " healthday news reports. " for this study, researchers examined data from 40, 830 hiv patients, aged 20 to 59, in europe and north america, who had at least one cd4 count greater than 350 cells per microliter while not taking art. the patients were divided into four risk groups : men who have sex with men, heterosexuals, injection drug users, and those with other or unknown risk factors, " the news service writes. " the relatively low rate for men who have sex with men suggests that unmeasured confounders - - such as lifestyle and socioeconomic factors - - might play a role in the high rates for the other groups, the researchers said, " medpage today continues ( 7 / 15 ). however, when compared to patients with cd4 counts between 350 and 499, the death rate was 23 percent lower in patients with counts of 500 - 699 and 34 percent lower with patients with counts at or above 700, according to the lancet study. " because art might reduce the risk of death in such patients, these findings support the need for continuing studies ( such as the start trial and further exploration of existing observational databases ) of the risks and benefits of starting art at cd4 counts greater than 350 cells per? l, " the authors conclude ( study group on death rates at high cd4 count in antiretroviral naive patients, 7 / 16 ). however, the study authors " cautioned that the findings may not apply outside europe and north america, where all of the patients were under care.? they also noted that all of the patients were diagnosed early in the course of the disease, and their attitudes to healthcare might differ from those diagnosed later, " medpage today adds ( 7 / 15 ). top issues at aids 2010 ; fauci on hiv vaccine, prevention ; funding


patients were diagnosed early in the course of the disease, and their attitudes to healthcare might differ from those diagnosed later, " medpage today adds ( 7 / 15 ). top issues at aids 2010 ; fauci on hiv vaccine, prevention ; funding global hiv / aids programs ; hiv in the middle east, north africa irin / plusnews examines some of the " issues likely to top the list " during the international aids conference - aids 2010, which kicks off july 18 in vienna, austria, including universal access to treatment, recent scientific developments in the area of hiv / aids research and the topic of treatment as prevention ( 7 / 15 ). the kaiser family foundation will provide webcasts of select sessions from aids 2010 starting with the opening session live at 19 : 30 cest / 17 : 30 gmt / 1 : 30 p. m. et on sunday, july 18. agence france - presse features a conversation with anthony fauci, head of the national institute for allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), who speaks of recent advances that scientists hope will bring them closer to the development of an hiv vaccine. in the article, fauci reflects on the results of the thai hiv vaccine trial, which found an investigational hiv vaccine provided slight protection against hiv, and the recent discovery of three antibodies that protect against hiv in one individual. fauci noted that while the two studies " have left scientists feeling ' much more confident that ultimately we will have a vaccine ' against hiv / aids, although it was still impossible to say exactly when that would be, " afp writes. fauci also spoke of the importance of a continued emphasis on hiv prevention programs, including such things as male circumcision and syringe exchange programs. " ways have to be found, too, to improve access to these preventive measures, especially in developing countries where only 20 percent of " populations who would benefit " actually have access to them, he added, " the news service writes ( santini, 7 / 15 ). in other news, medecins sans frontieres ( msf ) on thursday said international donors need to maintain their commitments for global hiv / aids programs ahead of aids 2010, during which they pointed to their recent report that estimated the potential consequences of " ' delayed, deferred, or denied ' " global hiv / aids funding on patient populations worldwide, reuters reports. " the report suggested that far from cutting back on treatment projects in high - risk developing regions such as sub - saharan africa


of " ' delayed, deferred, or denied ' " global hiv / aids funding on patient populations worldwide, reuters reports. " the report suggested that far from cutting back on treatment projects in high - risk developing regions such as sub - saharan africa, donors should recognise that investing now in earlier treatment for more patients would pay off later, " the news service writes ( kelland, 7 / 15 ). " msf ' s study showed that early and sustained treatment of hiv patients had born fruit in several regions, including malawi ' s thyolo district where the overall death rate dropped by a stunning 37 percent between 2000 and 2007, thanks to universal access to arvs, " afp reports. " where patients get treatment, ' there is an overall reduction of mortality in the community, there is also less tuberculosis and we start to see, where there is a high coverage of arv, also a reduction in the number of new cases ( of hiv / aids ), ' said [ mit ] philips, " who authored the msf report ( 7 / 15 ). " in light of the financial crisis, donors may be tempted to walk away from their commitments to provide universal access to aids treatment, " the report said, according to reuters. " but these policies are short - sighted and fail to take into account long - term payoffs, including savings in economic terms, as well as increased quality of life and quality outcomes, " reuters continues. the report also said the u. s. is " ' flatlining ' funding for aids treatment, ' " the news service adds ( kelland, 7 / 15 ). in related hiv / aids coverage, the national reports on the u. n. development program and unaids ' decision to form a commission to examine " whether legal structures criminalise certain types of high - risk behaviour and drive the disease underground " and what that might mean for the middle east. " last month ' s u. n. conference in dubai found many countries in the middle east and north africa fall ' well short ' of providing universal treatment, with sufferers often subject to ill - treatment, social stigma and discrimination, " the newspaper writes ( reinl, 7 / 15 ). meanwhile, the economist looks at the travel restrictions people living with hiv / aids face throughout the world, including the middle east. " in the past year, both china and america have lifted 20 - odd - year bans stopping individuals with hiv from entering, but 51 countries still restrict movement in some form ( be it entry to the country or


on 14 february 1916, on the occasion of a banquet held by the bell telephone company of canada in montreal, a call was placed to vancouver - the first trans - canadian telephone call, albeit routed through large parts of the united states. it would be another 16 years before such a call using all - canadian lines would be made. in the 1920s the prairie provinces ( alberta, saskatchewan, and manitoba ) created their own telephone companies, shrinking bell ' s influence somewhat and precipitating the creation of alliances to ensure the provision of coast - to - coast telephone service through a series of toll and collaboration agreements. the first such alliance was the telephone association of canada, which was formed in the early 1920s and which was followed by the trans - canada telephone system ( tcts ) in 1931. the purpose of the tcts was to ensure the creation and maintenance of a seamless, coast - to - coast telephone system. tcts was eventually followed by the stentor alliance in 1992. stentor was broken up by the end of 1999 upon bell ' s promise to provide " national operational services " to the other telephone companies. all - digit dialling replaced the combination of letters and numbers on the bell network on 1 may 1960 in the quebec cities of ormstown and franklin centre. on 15 march 1962, bell became the first company in the world to offer commercial facsimile services. what is known today as bce was created in 1983 through a corporate reorganization whereby bce became parent to over 80 companies previously known as the bell group, of which bell canada, the country ' s largest telephone company, had been head. this reorganization was designed to cast off charter restrictions inhibiting certain corporate acquisitions and investments and remove from detailed regulatory scrutiny many activities and inter - corporate dealings. bce and other providers of telecommunications services have moved beyond the traditional range of voice - to - voice services and will continue to do so, subject to consumer acceptance and the crtc ( canadian radio - television and telecommunications commission ). already providers of high - speed internet and satellite tv services are aligning themselves with so - called " content providers " ( such as the globe and mail, in the case of bce ), preparing to enter the voice over internet protocol ( voip ) market, and seeking permission to carry tv signals via their phone lines. a major step in the company ' s vertical integration of services came with the $ 1. 3 billion acquisition of ctv inc, the country ' s largest broadcaster, in 2011. the deal achieved crtc approval with bce ' s pledge


their phone lines. a major step in the company ' s vertical integration of services came with the $ 1. 3 billion acquisition of ctv inc, the country ' s largest broadcaster, in 2011. the deal achieved crtc approval with bce ' s pledge of $ 245 million to be spent over the next seven years to create new programs, enlarge local news budgets and for other initiatives to reinforce domestic production and to move the network toward digital transmission. " at the end of 2003, bce inc was organized into four distinct business segments : bell canada ( 85. 2 % share of 2003 revenues ), bell globemedia ( 7 % ), bce ventures ( 6. 2 % ), and bce emergis ( 1. 6 % ). bell canada is by far the company ' s largest operating division and has come a long way from being a mere provider of telephone services. it is involved in the enabling and delivery of a wide range of communications through wired telephone traffic, cellular telephones, internet access, and satellite television. the company remains a major player in wired telephone traffic and is the incumbent telephone company in ontario, quebec, atlantic canada, and canada ' s north. bell globemedia represents bce ' s foray into the area of media convergence, bringing together the television operations of ctv, which include the main network, the sports network ( tsn ), and a host of other specialty channels ; and the media assets of thomson corporation, chief among them the globe and mail. bce ' s stake in bell globemedia is 70. 1 percent. the bce ventures segment is used to combine a number of bce ' s operations for management purposes, notably telesat, a wholly owned provider of satellite communications and systems management services and cgi, a 29. 8 percent owned it services company, which itself is publicly traded. bce emergis is an e - business service provider, focusing on the processing of claims, payments, loans and security services related to the health and financial services sector. in mid - 2004, bce sold off its interest in bce emergis through a public offering in an effort to streamline its operations. under its self - imposed mandate of corporate social responsibility ( csr ), bce invests in a wide range of areas and causes. in 2003 the company ' s investment totalled $ 67 million and was spread over four areas : workplace, university innovation, society, and environment. sixteen million ( or some 24 percent ) of this amount was invested under the society heading and went to youth organizations such as the boys and