a description of the north riding of yorkshire from bulmer ' s gazetteer ( 1890 ) general description of north yorkshire. yorkshire is the largest of our english counties, and in commercial enterprise, mineral resources, and population, one of the most important in the kingdom. it is situated about the centre of the island of great britain, with natural and well - defined boundaries of mountains, rivers, and sea, as will be seen from the map which accompanies this volume. measured between its most extreme points, caldron snout, on the borders of westmoreland, and spurn head, at the mouth of the humber, its length is a little short of 130 miles ; but its average length from north to south is about 80 miles ; and from east to west about 90. the circuit of the county is about 460 miles, comprising within it an area which exceeds the united areas of lincolnshire and devonshire - the two counties which most nearly approach it in size - by upwards of 600 square miles. the difficulty of administering the law over so wide a district necessitated, at an early period, the division of the shire into three parts, called trithings or thirds, corrupted in later times into ridings, and named, from situations, their north, east, and west ridings. each riding has a separate lieutenancy, magistracy, clerk of the peace, treasurer, and other public officers and courts ; but all of them are amenable to the superior courts held for the whole shire at york castle, within the bounds of the city of york, which is also a county of itself. under the local government act of 1888, each riding is a separate administrative county for all purposes of the act. the extent, population, & c., of each of these divisions, as given in the census returns of 1881, are as acres. persons. males. females. inhabited increase of population houses. between 1871 and 1881. north riding 1, 361, 664 346, 147 174, 674 171, 473 68, 954 52, 869 east riding 750, 828 310, 830 154, 986 155, 894 64, 722 42, 864 york city 1, 979 54, 198 25, 787 28, 411 11, 582 10, 402 west riding 1, 768, 380 2, 175, 134 1, 063, 319 1, 111, 815 450, 280 344, 319 yorkshire 3, 882, 851 2,


, 411 11, 582 10, 402 west riding 1, 768, 380 2, 175, 134 1, 063, 319 1, 111, 815 450, 280 344, 319 yorkshire 3, 882, 851 2, 886, 309 1, 418, 716 1, 467, 593 595, 488 449, 954 the north riding, which more immediately concerns us in the present volume, occupies the northern portion of the county, extending from the river tees, which separates it from durham, almost to the walls of york, and from the borders of westmoreland to the shore of the german ocean. a glance at the map will show that this riding, in common with the rest of the county, embraces three distinctly marked natural districts, each possessing its own characteristic scenery and vegetation and distinctive geological strata. on the west is a broad band of mountains and moorlands ; on the eastern side is another belt of hills and moorlands ; and between these lies the plain of york, extending from the river tees to southern confines of the county. the western moorlands the western moorlands form part of the pennine chain, otherwise known as the backbone of england, which extends from the cheviots to the peak in derbyshire, and forms the western boundary of yorkshire. in this range and its offshoots occur some of the highest summits in england, but these lie north of yorkshire. the chain enters the county with a diminished elevation, but even here many of its peaks rise to a height exceeding 2, 000 feet. mickle fell, in the north - western corner of the riding, overtops 2, 500 feet ; a little further south is nine standards, 2, 008 feet, great shunnor fell, 2, 346 feet, stags fell, 2, 213 feet, lunds fell, 2, 186 feet, dodd fell, 2, 189 feet, and buckden pike, 2, 304 feet, all within the north riding. from this axial line branch off numerous spurs, separated from each other by deep winding valleys, which open out in the great plain or vale of york. among these hills and dales is to be found some of the wildest and most romantic scenery in england, possessing a beauty peculiarly its own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side. this characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the two ranges. these western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and yo


, possessing a beauty peculiarly its own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side. this characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the two ranges. these western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and yoredale rocks, through which breaks, in wensleydale and other places, the carboniferous limestone, forming bold and picturesque scars. this latter supports a sweet green herbage, short it may be in the higher parts of the hills, but affording a marked contrast to the brown heath of the gritstone moors, which constitute a large portion of this western band. the scenery in these western moors is often wild and weird, but the deep narrow valleys of the tees, swale, and ure, with their numerous rills and waterfalls, present scenes full of picturesque and varied beauty scarcely surpassed by any in the north of england. eastern side of the riding on the eastern side of the riding is another belt of hills and moors, belonging to the oolitic and lias formations. this is known by the general name of north york moors. there is no well defined axial line as on the west side, nor do any of the summits attain so great an elevation. in the north of this oolitic plateau are the cleveland hills, which have become famous in recent years through the discovery of immense deposits of iron ore. the most remarkable eminence in the group is roseberry topping, which rises like a sugar loaf to the height of 1, 022 feet. on the west the escarpment of the plateau is formed by the hambleton hills ( 1, 289 feet ), which look down from their bleak precipitous cliffs on the fertile vale of mowbray. the land on the top is generally level, and has long been a well known training ground for race - horses. the higher grounds command extensive and varied prospects, extending westward over the vale of york as far as the hills of craven and wensleydale, and southward to york ' s noble minster. a little to the south of hambleton a range of highlands, called the howardian hills, forms the fringe of this oolitic plateau, but none of its summits reach a thousand feet. from its foot stretches the lake - like hollow of pickering vale, supposed to have been in pre - historic times either a river course or a lake opening to the sea. the scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive character, but in some


lake - like hollow of pickering vale, supposed to have been in pre - historic times either a river course or a lake opening to the sea. the scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive character, but in some of the river valleys, especially in eskdale, ryedale, and the valley traversed by the whitby and pickering railway, there are many highly picturesque and beautiful prospects. between these two belts of moorland lies the great central plain, or vale of york, described by chevalier bunsen in somewhat extravagant language as " the most beautiful and romantic vale in the world, the vale of normandy excepted. " in geological sequence this level band rests on the triassic or new red sandstone series, and to these softer strata the plain owes its fertile soil and external configuration. throughout its whole length from the tees to the don there is scarcely an eminence that reaches 200 feet. a portion of this great level, stretching from the base of the hambleton hills past the town of thirsk and the river codbeck, is distinctively known as the vale of mowbray, from the great norman barons that formerly owned it. scan, ocr and html by colin hinson. checking and correction by peter nelson. this page is copyright. do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal use or as given in the conditions of use. web - page generated by " db2html " data - base extraction software ©crh 2006 if you find an error ( small or large ) in the text or a bad link, please drop me a line via my error reporting form. [ last updated at 16. 12 on sunday, 29 may 2011, by colin hinson. ©2011 ]


on the 28th of june, 1993 katyusha rockets launched by hizballah caused injuries and damage in kiryat shmonah. on 8 - 9 july, attacks by ahmad jibril ' s popular front for the liberation of palestine - general council command ( pflp - gc ) and hizballah caused the deaths of 5 idf soldiers in the security zone. these events led the israeli government and idf to seek a retaliatory operation. after assessing that a major ground incursion would lead to significant israeli casualties, an artillery and aerial bombardment plan was adopted with the aim of eradicating the threat posed by hizballah and palestinian guerillas. its secondary goal was to disrupt civilian life and force the population to flee north with the intention of turning civilians against the hizballah, forcing the lebanese and syrian governments into taking steps to curb hizballah activities. between the 25th - 31st of july israel implemented " operation accountability ", targeting shi ' ite towns and villages of south lebanon in the heaviest attack since 1982. a cease - fire understanding was eventually brokered by the us, ending the week - long israeli campaign in lebanon. an oral agreement was reached whereby israel agreed to refrain from attacking civilian targets in lebanon while the hizballah pledged to stop firing rockets into northern israel. the agreement only temporarily reduced the intensity of violence. a mutual offensive continued in the subsequent months and years until the idf was forced to launch another major offensive in april 1996. | join the globalsecurity. org mailing list |


by doug mazeffa saturday, february 18, 2012 so 2012 is the year for a new car! or you just love seeing what the car companies are up to. either way, you ' re in the right place. along with safety, fabulous styling and, of course, price, a car ' s impact on the environment is something most people care about. since our choice of transportation is second only to our home ' s energy use in terms of carbon dioxide emissions ( which cause that nasty global warming thing ) a new car is a great way to cut your footprint if you have to drive ( and driving less is the number one best way to cut the carbon ). but every car company tells you theirs is the greenest model ever! ( likely story. ) so how are you supposed to know what ' s what? maybe you ' ve already consulted greenopia ’ s automaker guide, which breaks it down in terms of which car companies do the best job overall for the planet. but with the green car guide, we ' ve gotten down to nitty - gritty, looking at the most efficient vehicles that meet our minimum criteria and selecting the best of the best ( the good news is that they come in all kinds of price points and styles ). take a look. how we did it : we have collected data for all of the vehicles readily available in the us and applied our own criteria and then did a bunch of math in order to determine which vehicles are the greenest : - fuel efficiency ( simply how many miles to the gallon the vehicle gets ). - which cars were the cleanest burning in both greenhouse gas and smog forming pollutant emissions ( we consulted the epa ’ s smartway vehicle emissions database ) - the automaker ’ s environmental record. we weighted whether they have a green fleet or if they use some green materials in the production of their cars. there are numerous hybrids on the market that are not as green as the automakers would lead you to believe. just being a hybrid does not mean a green vehicle. in fact, coming out of the gate, the hybrid has a larger environmental production burden associated with it ( largely because of its battery ). the hybrid only becomes greener once it is driven, where it makes up ground with superior mileage and emissions. toyota estimates that it takes about 12, 000 miles before a hybrid and a similar traditional engine car ‘ break even ’ environmentally ( the hybrid is greener from that point on ). but, as you can imagine, this breakeven point


alfred music publishing, in collaboration with guitars in the classroom ( gitc ), proudly presents the green songbook uniting environmental education or " eco - sustainability " with k - 12 education across the curriculum. the book is authored by jessica baron, creator of the popular smartstart guitar series, author of your musical child : inspiring kids to play and sing for keeps. jessica is also the founder and executive director of the nationally operating non - profit guitars in the classroom. this is her seventh publication. the green songbook presents popular and fun, inspirational songs about the environment that promote healthy lifestyles and eco - aware choices. participating songwriters and artists include jack johnson, ziggy marley, pete seeger, joni mitchell, the banana slug string band, tom chapin, and many others. to view the table of contents and find songs you ' ll want to play, please click the " contents " link above! each chapter in the green songbook focuses on an important aspect of greening our planet and our lives - supporting us in our efforts to learn about and bring about real eco - sustainability. the language is child friendly without being simplistic, as these writers have great regard for young people and recognize that the future rests in their hands as well as our own. these chapter introductions have been written for you by eco - experts and advocates. starting in chapter 2, they give you links and recommendations for their hands - down favorite resources and environmental organizations! just click on each chapter above to see the links and get a feeling for what that chapter has to offer. you ' ll see a photo of the author and an excerpt from their writings plus a link to following their work and writing, where possible. andrew revkin writes for the new york times online at http : / / dotearth. blogs. nytimes. com / so he is easy to follow but caprice potter lives in a school life - lab garden 10 months of the year so you ' ll have to visit her in santa cruz, california at gateway school to see what she ' s up to. she ' ll be glad to meet you! singer - songwriter jack johnson has provided support through his foundation for teacher training with the green songbook. his nonprofit organization, the johnson ohana charitable foundation, established and supported through the profits of his touring act, funds projects in education, music and arts, and eco - sustainability. jack ' s partner in love and life is kim johnson, and the two of them really are the first couple of caring for mother earth. kim


assessing the impact of a right to sanitation on improving levels of access and quality of services : executive summary size : 6 pages ( 339 kb ) does formal recognition of a right to sanitation ( rts ) increase levels of availability and access to quality, affordable and adaptable sanitation services? this study finds that progress towards these goals seems to be faster in countries that have recognised an rts. it is highly probable that sanitation services in countries seeking to fulfil an rts will be more equitable and inclusive than elsewhere. however, attributing successes to a rights approach will require better monitoring and evaluation that includes rights - sensitive indicators. a further finding is that what makes formal recognition meaningful is a participatory approach to working to fulfil rights : citizen - state engagement is crucial. internationally accepted rights standards require sanitation to be available, accessible and affordable, of acceptable quality and adaptable. when these rights standards are fulfilled, sanitation services will be fully inclusive and equitable, and will be more likely to be sustainable. there are trade - offs between reaching the largest number of people ( working at scale ), and making sure services are inclusive ( working towards full scale ). front - loaded, heavy investment is required to work for equitable and inclusive sanitation for all people, including the poorest and most marginalised. however, the economic, social and political benefits of equity approach are beginning to be demonstrated. other findings include the following : formal recognition of an rts can be an important accelerator if it is combined with political drivers that build an enabling environment and support inclusive implementation. strong legal and regulatory structures and systems are also needed. these include laws and bye - laws, at all levels, on both technical and social issues ( such as inclusion and participation ), and systems of redress. further recommendations include the following : dfid, 2011, ' assessing the impact of a right to sanitation on improving levels of access and quality of services : executive summary ', dfid in association with coffey international development, london organisation : department for international development ( dfid ), http : / / www. dfid. gov. uk


the european union ' s emissions trading system ( ets ) is the world ' s biggest scheme for trading greenhouse gas emissions allowances. launched in 2005, it covers some 11, 000 power stations and industrial plants in 30 countries, whose carbon emissions make up almost 50 % of europe ' s total. a cap on the total emissions allowed within the scheme is set, and allowances adding up to the cap are provided to the companies regulated by the scheme. the companies are required to measure and report their carbon emissions and to hand in one allowance for each tonne they release. companies can trade their allowances, providing an incentive for them to reduce their emissions. the current cap is set to fall by 1. 74 % annually to achieve a target of reducing emissions in 2020 to 21 % below their level in 2005. in june 2011 the price of an allowance was around €16. the trade in permits is worth around $ 150bn annually, dwarfing other emissions trading schemes ( the clean development mechanism market established by the un is valued at $ 1. 5bn annually ). in a basic sense the ets has worked. it has set a cap on half of europe ' s carbon emissions, which were previously unregulated, and the companies covered by the scheme are no longer free to pollute. carbon has a price and this influences the economics of burning fossil fuels. for example, burning coal creates more carbon pollution than burning gas, so coal plant operators need more permits. the higher the price of the permits, the more expensive it is to use coal rather than gas. power companies choosing how to generate electricity therefore have an extra cost associated with the more polluting options, so they ' ll choose gas over coal more of the time. putting precise numbers on how far the ets has worked in practice is difficult, as it means estimating what the level of pollution would have been if the ets was not in place. it is likely, however, that in its first few years, the scheme was responsible for turning an anticipated increase in emissions into a decline of 2. 5 - 5 %. one in - depth study analysed background emissions, economic trends and weather patterns, and concluded that between 2005 and 2007 the ets reduced emissions by 120 - 300m tonnes, with a best guess of 210m tonnes across europe. these are fairly modest gains – especially in the context of rapidly of increasing imports of carbon - intensive goods from china and elsewhere – and although steeper reductions have been set for the third ' phase ' of the et


by robert lucke all winter recreationalists should be aware that weather factors play a big part in avalanche activity in most all mountains. the u. s. forest service has some weather related tips. wind - even during clear weather, sustained winds of over 15 mph may cause danger to increase rapidly when loose surface snow is available for transport. snow plumes from ridges and peaks indicate that snow is being moved onto leeward slopes. this can create dangerous situations. leeward slopes are dangerous because wind - deposited snows add depth and may create unstable wind slabs. windward slopes generally have less snow and the snow is compacted and usually more stable toward the leeward slopes. storms - a high percentage of all avalanches occur shortly before, during, and after storms. be extra cautious during these periods. rate of snowfall - snow falling at one inch per hour or more increases avalanche danger rapidly. crystal types - observe snow - crystal types by letting them fall on a dark ski mitt or parka sleeve. small crystals, needles, and pellets often result in more dangerous conditions than the classic star - shaped crystals. new snow - be alert to dangerous conditions with a foot or more of new snow. remember that new snow depth may vary considerably with slope elevation and aspect. old snow - when snow depth covers natural anchors, such as rocks and brush, new snow layers slide more readily. the nature of the old snow surface is important. for example, cold snow falling on hard refrozen snow, such as rain crusts, may form a weak bond. also a loose underlying snow level is more dangerous than a compacted one. check the underlying snow layer with a ski pole, ski, or probe. temperature - cold temperatures will maintain an unstable snowpack while warm temperatures ( near or just above freezing ) allow for snow settlement and increasing stability. storms starting with low temperatures and dry snow, followed by rising temperatures, are more likely to cause avalanches. the dry snow at the start forms a poor bond to the old snow surface and has insufficient strength to support the heavier snow deposited late in the storm. temperature inversion - it may be warmer at higher elevation when warm air moves over cold air trapped near the ground. this weather situation can occur in avalanche terrain throughout the northwest and may produce dangerous and unpredictable changes in local snow stability. wet snow - rainstorms or spring weather with warm winds and cloudy nights can warm the snow cover. percolating water may cause wet snow avalanches. wet snow avalanches are more likely on south slopes and slopes


from : dictionary of american fighting ships a city in illinois on the kaskaskia river. vandalia was the state capital from 1820 to 1839 and today is the seat of fayette county. the origin of the name is uncertain, but the name probably is derived from the germanic vandal tribe. other explanations of the name hold that it is a latinization of a dutch family name or that it refers to a small indian tribe of the early 19th century. ( slp : t. 614 ; l. 127 ' 4 " ; b. 34 ' 6 " ; dr. 16 ' 6 " ; cpl. 150 ; a. 1 8 " sg., 16 32 - pdrs. ; cl. boston ) the first vandalia - an 18 - gun sloop - of - war - was laid down at the philadelphia navy yard in 1825, launched in 1828, and commissioned on 6 november of that year, comdr. john gallagher in command. vandalia left philadelphia on 16 december 1828, bound for duty with the brazil squadron off the eastern seaboard of south america. she remained off the coasts of brazil and argentina for the next three years, helping to protect american citizens and mercantile interests during a period of continuing political unrest on the continent of south america. she returned to norfolk, va., on 18 december 1831 ; was decommissioned the next day, and remained inactive until 4 october 1832 when she was recommissioned for service with the west indies squadron. vandalia again put into norfolk in august 1834 and was decommissioned there on the 24th for major repairs. recommissioned on the last day of the year, she joined the west indies squadron in january 1835 and served with that organization into the summer of 1838 protecting american citizens and property in the west indies, cooperating with land forces in florida during the second seminole indian war, and helping to suppress the slave trade. after almost three months laid up undergoing repairs from 30 august to 24 november, the ship was reactivated and returned to duty for a year in the caribbean, ending when her commissioning pennant was again hauled down at norfolk on 23 november 1839. following more than two years on the stocks, the ship was returned to commission on 3 february 1842, joined the newly created home squadron in 1842, and performed routine patrol and reconnaissance duties at scattered points as far north as newfoundland and as far south as the mouth of the amazon river. during a visit to haiti in the early spring of 1845, an epidemic of yellow fever broke out in the ship. she returned immediately to


and reconnaissance duties at scattered points as far north as newfoundland and as far south as the mouth of the amazon river. during a visit to haiti in the early spring of 1845, an epidemic of yellow fever broke out in the ship. she returned immediately to norfolk, was decommissioned on 30 april, and was laid up. during the sloop ' s period in ordinary which lasted until 1849, she was lengthened by 13 feet in 1848. the renovated vandalia was recommissioned on 9 august 1849 and joined the pacific squadron on 5 september 1849 as that organization was expanding to service the territory which the united states had recently acquired on the pacific coast. she made several visits to the hawaiian islands in 1851 before returning to the new york navy yard on 6 october 1852 and going out of commission again on the 14th. vandalia ' s rest ended on valentine ' s day 1853, and the ship soon joined commodore matthew c. perry ' s east indies squadron. she was present at commodore perry ' s historic entrance into tokyo bay on 13 february 1854 and in 1855 helped to protect american interests in china during the taiping rebellion. vandalia was decommissioned at the portsmouth ( n. h. ) navy yard on 30 september 1856 but was recommissioned on 11 november 1857 for duty with the pacific squadron. in 1859, the warship rescued survivors of the american clipper ship wild wave, wrecked off oeno and pitcairn islands, and conducted an expedition against natives at waya, fiji islands, following the murder of two american citizens. vandalia returned to the new york navy yard early in 1860 and was decommissioned on 6 january of that year but was recommissioned there on 8 november and assigned to duty with the east indies squadron with the outbreak of the civil war in april 1861 vandalia was called back home and assigned to the south atlantic blockading squadron on 31 may for blockade duty off charleston and bull ' s bay, s. c. there, she captured the schooner henry middleton on 21 august and assisted in the capture of the sailing ship thomas watson in 15 october. the vessel also participated in the successful amphibious assault upon roanoke island, n. c., on 7 and 8 november. this victory closed the supply lines to confederate - held norfolk navy yard and was largely responsible for the evacuation of that vital naval facility six months later. vandalia put into new york on 24 november to deliver the officers and crew of the wrecked steamer governor. vandalia soon returned to duty with the south atlantic blockading squadron and was


alagille syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by liver disease, typical facial features, heart murmurs or defects, vertebral changes, and eye changes as well as a variety of less frequently noted features. alagille syndrome is also called arteriohepatic dysplasia, cholestasis with peripheral pulmonary stenosis, syndromatic hepatic ductular hypoplasia, and alagille - watson syndrome. alagille syndrome is a rare condition occurring either sporadically or in an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. approximately 70 % of cases are caused by changes in the jagged1 gene on chromosome 20. however, the diagnosis of alagille syndrome is based on clinical features and family history. obtaining medical information about family members can be difficult as some people with alagille syndrome are so mildly affected or have variable symptoms that the condition may go unrecognized. prognosis depends on the extent of major organ involvement, especially of the liver, heart, and kidneys. liver transplantation is needed in some cases. prenatal testing is available to families in which a genetic change has been identified. the interpretation of this testing is limited by the variability of clinical features, even within the same family. people with the same genetic change can have a wide range of medical problems with varying degrees of severity. alagille syndrome occurs sporadically in 15 - 56 % of cases, but has been noted to follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in some families. in changes in a gene called the jagged1 ( jag1 ) gene on the short arm of chromosome 20 have been shown to be the underlying defect in many patients. the jag1 gene encodes a cell surface protein that plays a role in the regulation of development. the protein is active in many cell types and directs cells to their proper place in the embryo. seventy to 75 % of alagille syndrome probands have had an identifiable change within this gene. of that 70 %, 6 % have been shown to have a small deletion of a piece of the short arm of chromosome 20 ( 20p ), which includes the jag1 gene, using a laboratory technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization. there are a variety of other molecular changes in the gene that have been detected by sequencing the gene. thirty percent of people with the condition do not have an identifiable change in this gene. it is possible that there are other genes that cause the disease in these families. alagille syndrome is


in the gene that have been detected by sequencing the gene. thirty percent of people with the condition do not have an identifiable change in this gene. it is possible that there are other genes that cause the disease in these families. alagille syndrome is rare, occurring in one in 70, 000 - 100, 000 live births. the condition affects males and females equally. most patients with alagille syndrome come to medical attention in the first four months of life with jaundice, an enlarged liver, severe itching of skin, or multiple raised nodular areas on the skin. one of the most common and most serious symptoms of alagille syndrome is liver disease. liver disease occurs in 90 - 100 % of patients and often leads to growth delay or failure as a result of malnutrition. because there is a reduction in the number of bile ducts in the liver, there are elevated bile acids in the blood and an arrest of bile excretion from the body. this results in jaundice, pruritus ( severe skin itching ), and xanthomas ( raised nodules on the skin, especially at skin creases or areas of friction ). some patients have mild or no liver problems, while others have progressive liver failure. heart defects and murmurs have been noted in 85 - 95 % of patients with alagille syndrome. the most common type of defect is pulmonary artery stenosis, although other types of defects also occur. many of these defects do not have clinical significance to the patient. however, complex and severe heart defects occur and are one of the more common causes of mortality in patients with alagille syndrome. an important diagnostic feature of alagille syndrome is a particular eye finding called posterior embryotoxon. this is an anterior chamber defect of the eye caused by a prominent, centrally positioned schwalbe ring. this feature can be seen through a split lamp examination and does not affect vision. since 56 - 90 % of patients have this or other changes in the eye, including retinal pigmentary changes, an eye examination can aid in diagnosis. a particular finding called a butterfly vertebra is associated with alagille syndrome. the term butterfly vertebra refers to the appearance of the space around the vertebrae due to clefting or disruption of formation of a vertebra. there are usually no physical problems associated with this radiological finding. the frequency of butterfly vertebrae in this syndrome is uncertain, with estimates from 33 - 87 % in different studies. other skeletal malform


evaluation for appropriate extended family members would be offered. a correct diagnosis is important since there are other syndromes that exhibit similar liver disease, heart defects, and eye findings. these syndromes are inherited in different ways, so the recurrence risk for offspring and other family members may be different. two different types of testing are used : fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ), which detects the small percentage of patients who have a deletion of the entire gene ; and sequencing, which looks at changes within the gene. sequencing is not clinically available. new technologies may make gene sequencing for mutations more readily available in the near future. if a genetic change is identified in the family, prenatal testing would be available through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. however, the interpretation of this testing is difficult since the presence of a gene change does not allow one to predict the severity of the condition or which medical problems may occur. treatment and management liver transplantation is needed in 15 - 20 % of patients. other treatments depend on which of the other features of the condition are present and the degree of severity. repair of heart defects is another surgical treatment needed in some cases. prognosis for alagille syndrome is quite variable and depends on the degree of liver, heart, and kidney disease and the presence of intracranial bleeding. overall, survival rates are 72 - 85 %. the survival rate of those undergoing liver transplantation is 60 - 80 %. there is currently no method to determine which patients will reach end - stage liver disease. jones, kenneth lyons. smith ' s recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. philadelphia : w. b. saunders, 1997. mckusick, victor. mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. 12th ed. baltimore : the johns hopkins university press, 1998. scriver, charles, et al. the metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. 8th ed. mcgraw - hill, 2001. emerick, karan, et al. " features of alagille syndrome in 92 patients : frequency and relation to prognosis. " hepatology ( 1999 ) : 822 - 828. krantz, ian, et al. " alagille syndrome. " journal of medical genetics ( february 1997 ) : 152 - 157. krantz, ian, et al. " clinical and molecular genetics of alagille syndrome. " current opinions in pediatrics ( december 1999 ) : 55


when a family receives a heifer, they receive much more than an animal. it ’ s a gift that provides all of what heifer calls the seven ms : milk, manure, muscle, meat, money, materials and motivation. and those seven things turn into health, houses, education and nutrition. | orphans at the prison fellowship romania center share a meal. maria moraru ( above ) is involved in a project called farmers feed the children in romania. in return for a heifer, 150 project families agreed to not only pass on the gift to another family in need, but to also donate a portion of the milk to feed local children. milk is distributed among 12 children ’ s hospitals and orphanages. so far, more than 22, 000 gallons of milk have been delivered, and more than 5, 000 children per year are benefiting from this project. maria ’ s cow americana has produced a total of seven offspring and produces eight to nine gallons of milk a day – plenty to drink, sell and donate. a cow can produce several gallons of milk a day. that milk provides needed protein for undernourished children or adults sick with diseases like hiv / aids. milk also contains vitamins a, c and d, which help eyesight and bone strength. families are taught how to use cow manure as a fertilizer for gardens or crops. cow manure can add significant amounts of organic material to the soil, improving the overall health of the earth and producing healthy, vigorous plants. with gallons of milk a day, families have more than enough to drink. often, the leftover milk is sold at market to provide extra income for the family, which can pay for food, health care, home improvements and school fees so children get an education. this holiday season, consider giving the gift of a heifer in honor of your childhood babysitter, who always fixed you chocolate milk before bed. and read more blog posts about how cows have changed the lives of our project participants all over the world. photos by david snyder


< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > everett - - thumbnail history historylink. org essay 7397 : printer - friendly format once called the “ city of smokestacks, ” everett has a long association with industry and labor. its first beginnings were two native american settlements at opposite sides of the heavily wooded region, one on the snohomish river and the other on port gardner bay. platted in the 1890s and named after the son of an early investor, it soon attracted the attention of east coast money. over the next 100 years, everett would be a formidable logging mill and industrial center. in 2005, everett numbered 96, 000 citizens. the port gardner peninsula is a point of land bound by the snohomish river on its east flank and northern tip and by port gardner bay on the west. people have inhabited the everett peninsula for more than 10, 000 years. in recent centuries, hibulb ( or hebolb ), the principal village of the snohomish tribe stood at the northwest point of the peninsula. its location near the mouth of the snohomish river and next to port gardner bay provided both abundant food and transportation. other villages were located across the waterways. the snohomish fortified hibulb with a stockade made of western red cedar posts to guard against their local enemies, the makah, cowichan, muckleshoot, and the occasional northern raider. on june 4, 1792, george vancouver landed on the beach south of the village and claimed the entire area for the king of england. he named the bay port gardner for a member of his party. he apparently did not explore the river. after this first contact with the snohomish, the next 50 years were quiet until traders with the hudson ’ s bay company on the columbia river ventured through in 1824. hudson ' s bay company records show that they explored the snohomish river. they named it “ sinnahamis. ” its present name “ snohomish ” dates from the u. s. coastal survey of 1854 when it was charted. in 1853, washington territory was formed. that same year the first white settlers in what would become snohomish county established a water - powered sawmill on tulalip bay across the water from hibulb. when the treaty of 1855 created a reservation there for the snohomish and other regional indians, the settlers abandoned the operation and turned it over to the tribes. gradually groups of white men


tulalip bay across the water from hibulb. when the treaty of 1855 created a reservation there for the snohomish and other regional indians, the settlers abandoned the operation and turned it over to the tribes. gradually groups of white men from port gamble, port ludlow, utsaladdy, and other puget sound points began to show up on the heavily forested peninsula to cut its giant timbers. they set up small logging camps in places reserved for homesteads. during the indian wars that erupted in king and pierce counties after the treaty signings, the snohomish area remained peaceful. enterprising men making plans for a military road between fort bellingham and fort steilacoom in 1859 stimulated the exploration of the snohomish river and its valleys. a ferry was planned at the spot where the road would cross the river. when congress stopped funding the project, some of the young men working on the military road stayed there anyway. e. c. ferguson claimed his own place and named it snohomish city ( 1859 ). he was first to describe the area near present day everett as full of trees : “ with their long strings of moss hanging from branches, which nearly shut out the sunlight... at the time the opening at the head of steamboat slough was not more than fifty feet wide " ( dilgard and riddle ). first settlers on the peninsula dennis brigham was the first permanent settler in the area that would become everett. a carpenter from worcester, massachusetts, he came in 1861 the same year snohomish county was organized. he built a cabin on 160 acres along port gardner bay and lived alone. cut off from his nearest neighbors by the deep forests, he still had enough contact to gain the name of “ dirty plate face. ” in 1863, the area saw increased settlement. erskine d. kromer, telegraph operator and lineman for the world telegraph, took a claim just south of brigham. when the venture ended he settled down with a coast salish wife and raised a family. leander bagley and h. a. taylor opened the first store in the area on the point next to helbo. indians pushed out by homesteaders and loggers came by to trade. the store would change ownership several times. also in 1863, on the snag - filled snohomish river, e. d. smith set up a logging camp at an angled bend in the river. here the water was deep and an undercutting current kept his log booms


in 1863, on the snag - filled snohomish river, e. d. smith set up a logging camp at an angled bend in the river. here the water was deep and an undercutting current kept his log booms against the bank. at the time there were no mills in snohomish county. logs were rafted down river and sent to mills around the sound. everett ’ s future was foreshadowed when, during that same year, jacob and david livingston set up the first steam sawmill in the county near present day harbor view park on the bayside. it was a short - lived venture. settlement continued, although one early passerby in 1865 wrote that he saw nothing but woods. the settlers were there. ezra hatch claimed land in what would become downtown everett and george sines claimed land on the riverside. together with kromer, they would hold the most valuable holdings in the future city. there were others : benjamin young, george and perrin preston, j. l. clark, and william shears. they lived in simple log cabins scattered around in the woods, but when bagley sold his share of the store to j. d. tullis with the right to lease a portion back for a home and shipyard, everett industry arrived. in 1886 he built the small sloop rebecca which he sailed throughout the area. eventually, the prestons bought out all the shares to the store. george and perrin preston with his snohomish wife sye - dah - bo - deitz or peggy would give the name preston point to the ancient snohomish center. between the 1870 and 1880 census the white population in snohomish county increased from 400 to 1, 387, of which a minimal amount was found on the peninsula. neil spithill and his snohomish wife anastasia, the daughter of chief bonaparte, settled on the river where the peninsula jutted into it like a left - hand thumb. in 1872, jacob livingston filed the first townsite ( “ western new york ” ) on port gardner bay not far from his failed sawmill. john davis settled at preston point where 50 acres were diked, and between the snohomish river and the sloughs crops of oats, hay, hops, wheat, barley potatoes, and fruit began to appear. e. d. smith continued to expand his logging businesses, employing 150 men. the area ’ s first postmaster, smith platted the town of lowell in 1872. in 1883, the


he convinced him that the peninsula with its river and bay access offered the perfect location for that and other industrial concerns. impressed, colby talked it up with friends and relatives. once they were on board, hewitt immediately approached the ruckers, friday, and salwell and enticed them to join him. they transferred half of their holdings, nearly 800 acres, to the syndicate backed with the east coast money of rockefeller, colby, and colgate hoyt, a director of the great northern railroad. hewitt also bargained with e. d. smith for a paper mill. in november 1890, the group incorporated the everett land company. they made hewitt president. for a time they met in offices at e. d. smith ’ s boarding house in lowell. by spring of 1891, the peninsula began to hum as land was cleared for a nail factory, the barge works, a paper mill, and smelter. five hundred men graded, surveyed, and platted the townsite. hewitt avenue, one and half mile long and 100 feet wide, was cut from bay side to riverside. the townsite of stumps became everett, after the son of charles colby. over the months, the city of everett saw astonishing growth. before the everett land company lots went on sale, swalwell jumped the gun and began selling his own lots on banks of the snohomish river in september 1891. he built a large dock for the sternwheel steamer traffic. dubbed the “ cradle of everett, ” swalwell ’ s landing boomed at the riverside foot of hewitt, at intersection of chestnut and pacific. the pacific / chestnut community was a wild west town with gambling and prostitution along with the offices of brown engineering company in charge of platting the townsite, " workingman ’ s grocery, ” a small shoe store, another grocery store, a tent hotel, meat market, and barber shop. the streets were muck choked, its sidewalks made of thrown down planks. farther south at lowell, smith built a dock for his new paper mill already in production. on the bayside, the everett land company built a long wharf at 14th street on which a sawmill was built at the end. they also built an immense warehouse of some 400 feet and a fancy brick hotel, the monte cristo, three stories high. by the time the company started selling their residential and commercial property in late 1891, the building frenzy had attracted the nation. “ an army of men at work on a mammoth establishment, ” the headline in the newly established port


and machine shops, planing mills, a smelter, an arsenic plant, a refinery, “ creosoting ” works, a brewer, a sash and door plant, an ice and cold storage plant, and a creamery. industry employed more than 2, 835 men. telephone subscriptions went from 493 in 1901 to 980 with 23 women employees and eight linemen. secret societies as wide ranging as the elks and the ancient order of united workmen and the catholic order of foresters and the improved order of red men “ meeting at next great camp in the hunting grounds of aberdeen ” ( polk ) flourished. times were good. in 1907, everett passed the first class city charter and boomed after the san francisco earthquake and fire brought huge orders for northwest lumber. the city ’ s own big fire in 1909 destroyed parts of the city, but did not deter future growth. three years later its population reached three times its size in 1900 - - 25, 000. ninety - five manufacturing plants, “ including 11 lumber mills, 16 shingle mills and 17 mills producing both ” ( shoreline historical survey, ) dominated the area. unions also dominated the city, making it one of the most unionized in the country. there were 25 unions in all. of these, the international shingle weavers union of the american federation of labor was the strongest. the work they did at shingle mills was dangerous. the bolter used a circular saw with a blade that stood 50 inches in diameter and had three - inch teeth. a man pushed the log toward it at waist height with his knee and hands. men fell or were pulled into it. of the 224 people who died in everett in 1909, 35 were killed in the mills - - almost one a week. labor unrest grew and strikes threatened. in 1916, the shingle weaver ’ s strike culminated in a bloody confrontation at the city dock when two boatloads of industrial workers of the world members sailed up from seattle to demonstrate support of striking shingle mill workers and free speech. five workers on the steamer verona and two deputies on the dock were killed. some 30 others were wounded. the strike ended not long after. this became known as the everett massacre. during world war i, everett benefited from the demand for lumber, but for the rest of the twentieth century the city saw many down times as it went through a national depression in 1920, the great depression, and problems with continual silting in the river channels. always a lumber and industrial town, it began to divers


for the rest of the twentieth century the city saw many down times as it went through a national depression in 1920, the great depression, and problems with continual silting in the river channels. always a lumber and industrial town, it began to diversify. a works progress administration project in 1936 created paine field on 640 acres of land owned by merrill ring logging and the pope and talbot company eight miles southwest of the city. the airfield established aviation and eventually a military presence in the area. the county matched federal dollars. during world war ii the field became a military base. its name was changed to paine field in honor of lt. topliff olin paine, pioneer aviator from everett killed in a 1922 air mail service crash. an army air corps unit moved in and stayed for five years. runways were improved and fueling capabilities added for certain aircraft types. alaska airlines started a presence. the military returned during the korean war ( 1950 - 1953 ) taking over the control tower, but withdrew in 1968. this opened the way for boeing corporation. already owners of acreage north of the airfield, boeing built the world ’ s largest building by volume ( 472 million cubic feet ) for their radically new 747 jetliner. construction on naval station everett began in november 1987. in january 1994, navy personnel moved into the completed fleet support and administration buildings and officially began operations. currently, everett is home to three frigates, one nuclear - powered aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and a coast guard buoy tender. it is the united states navy ’ s most modern base. in 2005, the city of everett enjoyed growth and revitalization. during the past 20 years, the downtown area has been upgraded and some of the historic structures have been restored. restaurants, shops, and parks line the bayside of the city. industrial parks are planned for riverside. a community college and homes stand around preston point. dennis brigham and e. d. smith would both be amazed. henry hewitt would say that his dream has gone on. don benry, the lowell story, ( everett : lowell civil association, 1985 ), 18 - 37 ; david dilgard, margaret riddle and kristin ravetz, a survey of everett ’ s historical properties ( everett : everett public library and department of planning and community development, 1996 ) ; david dilgard and margaret riddle, shoreline historical survey report ( everett : shoreline master plan committee for city of everett, 1973 ), 2 - 28 and 66 - 73 ; david dilgard, mill town footlights ( everett : everett


, 1996 ) ; david dilgard and margaret riddle, shoreline historical survey report ( everett : shoreline master plan committee for city of everett, 1973 ), 2 - 28 and 66 - 73 ; david dilgard, mill town footlights ( everett : everett public library, 2001 ) ; lawrence e. o ’ donnell, everett past and present ( everett : k & h printers, 1993 ), 2 - 15 ; everett city directory ( seattle : r. l. polk, 1893 ), 47 - 66 ; everett city directory ( seattle : r. l polk, 1903 ), 64 ; norman h. clark, mill town ( seattle : university of washington press, 1970 ) ; history of snohomish county, washington vols. i and 2 ed. by william whitfield ( chicago : pioneer historical publishing company, 1926 ) ; the history of skagit and snohomish counties, washington ( interstate publishing company, 1906 ), 253 - 258 and 314 - 331 ; elof norman, the coffee chased us up monte cristo memories ( seattle : mountaineers, 1977 ) ; " early history of snohomish river and vicinity, " everett herald, january 14, 1936 ; snohomish eye, september 1893 - 1894 ; advertisements, everett herald, december 17, 1891 ; snohomish sun, 1891 ; everett herald december 10, 1891 through 1892 ; " puget sound paper mill, " port gardner news, september 11, 1893 ; " local news, " the eye, august 22, 1893 ; everett herald, december 10, 1891 ; the snohomish story : from ox team to jet stream ( snohomish : snohomish centennial association, 1959 ). < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > cities & towns | licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public


##itt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you this essay made possible by : the state of washington washington state department of archeology and historic preservation hewitt avenue looking east, everett postcard courtesy everett public library swalwell ' s landing, site of newly platted everett, 1891 photo by frank la roche, courtesy everett public library ( image no. 1056 ) birdseye view of the everett peninsula, ca. 1893 courtesy city of smokestacks william weahlub of the tulalip reservation smoking salmon and roe on the beach, 1906 photo by norman edson, courtesy uw special collections great northern railway depot, everett, 1920s clark - nickerson lumber mill, everett, 1900s night, downtown everett, 1920s hewitt avenue and commerce block, everett, 1914 hewitt avenue looking east, everett, 1920s looking west along hewitt avenue across wetmore, everett, 1920s photo by j. a. juleen, courtesy everett public library ( neg. juleen842 ) aerial view of everett, 1950s naval station everett, 2004 courtesy u. s. navy everett, september 28, 2005 historylink. org photo by priscilla long everett, september 28, 2005 historylink. org photo by priscilla long


the underworld was surrounded by a series of rivers. in the book the everything classical mythology ( bolton 2002 ) describes the following rivers surrounding the greek underworld : acheron : the river of woe cocytuys : the river of wailing lethe : the river of forgiveness pyriphlegethon : the river of fire styx : the river of hate to enter the underworld it was required to cross one of the rivers. a ferryman named charon ferried the spirits of the dead across the rivers to the underworld. both the greeks and romans buried their dead with a coin in the mouth to pay charon for the trip. after crossing the river, the dead would pass gates guarded by a three - headed dog. next the spirits came before one of the judges of the dead ( one of the three sons of zeus ) who directed the soul to one of three areas of the underworld elysium, the asphodel fields or tartarus. though in practice, it was only the gods or goddess who directed a person wither to elysium or tartarus. elysium was the island for a chosen few. the gods permitted only heroes or very good people to enter into this area. the asphodel fields were for the spirits of the common greek. the majority of the population would be directed to here after death. those who went to the asphodel fields were people who were neither particularly good or evil during their lives. tartarus was an area for those who were to be punished. in this place punishments were severe and unending. it was to tartarus that zeus sent the titans after winning the battles against them. mortals also could end up in tartarus for crimes such as raping a daughter, hording wealth, committing fraud, and other more severe crimes. charon ferrying the sades by subleyras, pierre musee du louvre, paris major gods and goddesses introduction | creation story | olympians vs. titans | creation of man | revolt of giants abduction of persephone | the underworld | visitors to underworld | amzon warriors ares vs. athena | daedalus and icarus | echo and narcissus | judgement of paris perseus and andromeda | trojan war translate link 101continuous translations for entire site please see pictures galleries for royalty free images for educational uses. copyright © 2000 - 2012 all rights reserved history source llc. contact us : suggest a site - general comments see our new photo site historyphoto


media contact : ginny greenberg room 202 hofstra hall phone : ( 516 ) 463 - 6819 fax : ( 516 ) 463 - 5146 send an e - mail date : sep 23, 2009 hofstra university part of nsf - funded consortium to study nationwide spread of lyme disease and its prevalence in the northern u. s. hofstra university, hempstead, ny … the national science foundation has recently funded hofstra university and a consortium of five other universities to study why the risk of lyme disease is much higher in the northern united states than in south. lyme disease, first identified in connecticut in the mid 1970s, has become a major public health issue in the northeastern united states. associate professor of biology russell burke is representing the hofstra on the research team. lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by the bite of blacklegged ticks ( otherwise known as deer ticks ) these ticks are on the move, says dr. jean tsao of michigan state university, who is leading the four - year, $ 2. 5 million study. as ticks expand into new areas, more people will likely become infected. findings from this study will help public health agencies develop better prevention strategies for lyme disease, which the centers for disease control and prevention reports infects more than 20, 000 people in north america each year. blacklegged ticks occur in both northern and southern states. however, 93 percent of all lyme disease cases occur in only 10 northern states. researchers and public health providers are puzzled by the lack of human cases in the south. researchers worry that this situation could change with infected ticks moving south. a number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain why the disease agent at this time is rare in southern tick populations. dr. burke explains, " two of the prominent theories are that the lizards on which ticks feed in the south are unsuitable hosts for the disease - causing bacteria. we also have evidence that the genetics of the ticks and the bacteria differ in the north and south. these hypotheses, however, need to be tested, and our research team has the complementary expertise required to gather the data and conduct the analyses needed to help resolve this debate. " researchers plan to study ecological and disease factors affecting the lyme disease cycle by applying standardized survey methods at 12 sites in states ranging from georgia to massachusetts. " we have a really intriguing scientific puzzle to solve - many factors change as we move from


. " researchers plan to study ecological and disease factors affecting the lyme disease cycle by applying standardized survey methods at 12 sites in states ranging from georgia to massachusetts. " we have a really intriguing scientific puzzle to solve - many factors change as we move from north to south, and we need to be smart with our study design to unravel these, " says dr. tsao. " our study also has practical goals - we aim to provide the health community and the public in the various states with some reassurance, or warning, about what their future will hold for spread of lyme disease. understanding the reasons why lyme disease is such a problem in some areas will help us manage the disease better, and lower the risk to human health. " dr. burke has been investigating the role of lizards in the transmission of lyme disease since 2002 as part of his research program on the ecology of native and non - native lizard and their parasites. some of these lizards live in habitats ranging from natural woodlands to downtown urban areas, and thus could be important to human health issues in both positive and negative ways. one goal of the project is to train the next generation of scientists specializing in wildlife and human disease issues. for this reason, student involvement is key, and the project includes funding for one or two hofstra graduate students and several undergraduate students assistants over the life of the study. the research team consists of : dr. lorenza beati ( georgia southern university, statesboro, ga ) dr. russell burke ( hofstra university, hempstead, ny ) drs. howard ginsberg and roger lebrun ( university of rhode island, providence, ri ) dr. graham hickling ( university of tennessee, knoxville, tn ) dr. nicholas ogden ( university of montreal, montreal, quebec ) dr. jean tsao ( michigan state university, east lansing, mi ) for more information, go to : http : / / wildlifehealth. tennessee. edu / lyme _ gradient. hofstra university is a dynamic private institution where students can choose from about 150 undergraduate and more than 160 graduate programs in liberal arts and sciences, business ; engineering ; communication ; education, health and human services ; and honors studies, as well as a school of law. with a student - faculty ratio of 14 - to - 1, our professors teach small classes averaging 22 students that emphasize interaction, critical thinking and analysis. hofstra offers a faculty whose highest priority is teaching excellence. the university also provides excellent facilities with state -


the dream factory | • introduction | | • hollywood magic and movie premieres | | • los angeles : making and protecting the image | | • celebrities in the pulpit | | • glamour personified : gloria swanson | los angeles : making and protecting the image boosters energetically promoted the city of los angeles in the first decades of the twentieth century in attempts to lure tourists, new residents, and investment dollars. real estate agents focused on the nearly constant warmth of the southern california climate, and they portrayed attractive city streets, beautiful spacious homes, well - kept gardens, and bountiful citrus farms as the norm in the city and its surrounding areas. the los angeles chamber of commerce used the phrase " los angeles — nature ' s workshop " to promote the city as a place filled with natural beauty that fostered good health. ultimately, postcards and booster publications coming out of los angeles relied on mass - produced and widely distributed images of a relatively small set of actual neighborhoods, homes, gardens, and orange groves that were deemed " typical " as part of promotional efforts. events like relatively small outbreaks of smallpox and pneumonic plague in 1924 threatened the image of los angeles that had been disseminated throughout the rest of the nation. boosters had to redouble their efforts to promote the city in their wake. click image to get a closer look


last week nevada ' s legislative commission approved regulations allowing for the operation of self - driving vehicles on the state ' s roadways. this brings closer the day when roads will be full of driverless cars - a scenario that is examined in a thought - provoking infographic. nevada passed a bill in june 2011 requiring its department of motor vehicles to draft rules for autonomous vehicles and this process has now been finalized, making nevada the first us state where having a robot driver is completely legal. to comply with new rules autonomous test vehicles will display a red license plate and when the technology is approved for public use, the cars will carry a green license plate making them distinct from nevada ' s standard license plates which are are bluish - gray. but what are the implications of the replacing car drivers by robotic systems. here are some initial suggestions summarized in an infographic : so, according to this analysis the downside of robot cars includes lost revenues and lost jobs while the overwhelming benefit is less carnage on the roads. however, these are just the most obvious impacts. consider the implications a bit further and you realize that we will all change our behavior and live our lives differently. even if driverless cars appear slowly on the roads and we have mixed human and robot drivers, things will change fairly quickly. if you have a robot car you don ' t need to park it you simply send it home and tell it to pick you up at a fixed time. if home is too far you simply tell it to " go park " and the car goes off on its own looking for a free space - which can now be a longish way from where you were dropped. if there are no parking spaces, the car can just circle the block. phrases that we will soon treat as perfectly normal : " car - go and pick up the kids after the game " " car - there is a takeaway meal ready for collection at... ". " car - go to the garage and get an oil change. " and so on... you see how radically the car changes its utility. on a longer time scale, cars will no longer be extensions of the owner ' s personality. who cares which car they are driving when they aren ' t driving but being driven. the idea of car pooling suddenly becomes a no - brainer. as long as a car takes you from your home to work and then another picks you up from work and takes you home - who cares which car it is? come the day that robot cars are the norm and we ban human


no - brainer. as long as a car takes you from your home to work and then another picks you up from work and takes you home - who cares which car it is? come the day that robot cars are the norm and we ban human drivers because they are too dangerous, then things can change in an even bigger way. who needs road markings and controlled junctions. cars can flow like particles in a pipe. robot drivers have no need to be controlled by signals at an intersection they " know " where every other car is and can simply time things so that they pass through a clear space. the only issue is whether or not the passengers will be happy with the prospect of speeding toward a busy intersection with traffic seemingly playing chicken at the crossroads. of course we won ' t need to build many more roads because robot cars can simply drive closer and so pack more cars per road. they also do away with the braking wave effect that causes a slight slowdown in traffic flow to propagate back and become a complete halt for no obvious reason. now cars can pack a road and move as a block, limited in speed only by the robot drivers ' reaction times and the laws of physics. if you think that building and accepting robot cars is just a way to make driving safer then think again. it may be an over - used term but this really is a game changer. once every car comes with its own chauffeur, things will never be the same again. accredible is a recent edtech service that helps you create certificates, or rather certificate portfolios, to demonstrate your achievements on any type of learning, including moocs and online courses [... ]


born : july 30, 1863 died : april 7, 1947 henry ford did not invent the automobile, but he did masterfully develop the methods that made mass - production of automobiles possible. he is perhaps the person most responsible for launching the “ car culture ” in the united states. ford was born in dearborn, michigan, the son of irish immigrants who fled the potato famine in the 1840s. as a child ford attended a one - room school for eight years and helped his father work the family farm. at age 16, the industrious ford walked to detroit to find work in its machine shops. it was in these shops that he had his first contact with the internal combustion engine. in internal combustion engines, the engine produces power by sucking in a mixture of gasoline and air and igniting it with a spark. the force of this explosion provides power to operate a vehicle or other machine. ford married clara bryant in 1888 and five years later welcomed their only child, son edsel. in 1891 ford became an engineer at the edison illuminating company in detroit. within just a couple of years he was promoted to chief engineer. this promotion gave him enough time and money to conduct his own experiments on internal combustion engines. by the end of 1893 he had built his first working gasoline engine. three years later he constructed his first horseless carriage, the quadricycle. it was a four - horsepower vehicle with the chassis of a buggy frame mounted on four bicycle tires. ford dreamed of manufacturing automobiles, but his first two attempts at establishing a company failed. financial backers pressured him to release a passenger automobile, but ford insisted on waiting. finally, in 1903, ford was ready to market an automobile. the ford motor company was incorporated with a mere $ 28, 000 in cash put up by ordinary citizens, because ford had already antagonized the wealthiest men in detroit. ford ’ s idea of mass - producing a car affordable enough for the average worker met with resistance from the automobile industry. nevertheless, ford stuck to his goal, beginning production of the model t in 1908. he gradually adapted the production line and in 1913 his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line, allowing for greater production. demand for the affordable car soared ; by 1927, fifteen million had been sold, and ford was the leading auto manufacturer in the country. in addition to the moving assembly line, ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees. during the model t era, ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control


leading auto manufacturer in the country. in addition to the moving assembly line, ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees. during the model t era, ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control of the now vast corporation. he continued to innovate, but competitors, growing more powerful though fewer in number, began to cut into ford ' s market share. the unprecedented scale of his competitor ’ s success, together with ford ' s absolute control of the firm, set the stage for decline. trusting in what he believed was an unerring market instinct, ford refused to follow other automobile manufacturers in offering innovative features. when he was finally convinced that the marketplace had changed and was demanding more than a purely utilitarian vehicle, he shut down his plants for five months to retool. in december 1927, he introduced the model a. the new model enjoyed solid, but not impressive, success. ford ' s stubbornness had cost him his leadership position in the industry : the model a was outsold by general motors ' s chevrolet and chrysler ' s plymouth and was discontinued in 1931. a similar pattern of inflexibility and stubbornness marked ford ' s attitude toward his workers. the $ 5 day that brought him so much attention in 1914 came at the cost of workers ’ individualism and independence. it was, moreover, no guarantee for the future. in 1929 ford instituted a $ 7 day, but in 1932, as part of the fiscal stringency imposed by falling sales and the great depression, that was cut to $ 4, below standard industry wages. ford used company police, labor spies, and violence in a protracted effort to prevent unionization. he continued to do so even after general motors and chrysler came to terms with the united automobile workers. when the uaw finally succeeded in organizing ford workers in 1941, he considered shutting down before he was persuaded to sign a union contract. henry ford was an idiosyncratic and complex personality. away from the shop floor he exhibited a variety of enthusiasms and prejudices. his dictum that " history is more or less bunk " was widely known. one of ford ' s most publicized acts was his chartering of an ocean liner to conduct himself and a party of pacifists to europe in november 1915 in an attempt to end the war by means of " continuous mediation. " the so - called peace ship episode was widely ridiculed. in 1918, with the support of president woodrow wilson, ford ran for the u


##ists to europe in november 1915 in an attempt to end the war by means of " continuous mediation. " the so - called peace ship episode was widely ridiculed. in 1918, with the support of president woodrow wilson, ford ran for the u. s. senate. he was narrowly defeated after a campaign of personal attacks by his opponent and never ran for office again. also in 1918, ford bought the dearborn independent newspaper and used it to publish a series of anti - semitic attacks. in 1927 he formally retracted his attacks and sold the paper. he expressed admiration for adolf hitler in the 1930s. on the other hand, henry ford was also recognized for several civic contributions : he established small village factories ; built one - room schools in which vocational training was emphasized ; experimented with soybeans for food and durable goods ; sponsored a weekly radio hour on which quaint essays were read to " plain folks " ; and constructed greenfield village, a restored rural town. he also built what later was named the henry ford museum and filled it with american artifacts and antiques from the era of his youth. in the 1920s, ford decided to move his hero and friend thomas edison ’ s menlo park invention factory to the museum. he and edison went to new jersey to recover the buildings but found that most had been removed or were in disrepair. ford then had his staff reconstruct the menlo park buildings from photographs and a few surviving original materials. today the henry ford museum & greenfield village houses a vast collection of edison artifacts. after his death, ford ' s stock holdings went to the ford foundation, which had been set up in 1936 as a means of retaining family control of the firm. the ford foundation has subsequently became one of the richest private foundations in the world.


ptosis correction surgery : ptosis correction surgery india offers information on ptosis correction surgery in india, ptosis correction surgery cost india, ptosis correction surgery hospital in india, delhi, mumbai, chennai, hyderabad & bangalore, ptosis correction surgeon in india. ptosis is the medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid, a condition that may affect one or botheyes. the ptosis may be mild - in which the lid partially covers the pupil ; or severe - in which the lid completely covers the pupil. when does ptosis occur? ptosis can occur at any age. when present since birth it is called congenital ptosis. when present in the elderly it is called acquired ptosis. what causes ptosis? while the cause of congenital ptosis is often unclear, the most common reason is improper development of the levator muscle. the levator muscle is the major muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid. in adults ptosis is generally due to weakening / dehiscence of the levator muscle. it may also occur following injury to the muscle as after lid injuries and eye surgeries. rarely it may be due to myasthenia gravis ( a condition where there is progressive weakness of muscles ). why should ptosis be treated? children with significant ptosis may need to tilt their head back into a chin - up position, lift their eyelid with a finger, or raise their eyebrows in an effort to see from under their drooping eyelid. children with congenital ptosis may also have amblyopia ( " lazy eye " ), strabismus or squint ( eyes that are not properly aligned or straight ), refractive errors, astigmatism, or blurred vision. in addition, drooping of the eyelid may result in an undesired facial appearance and difficult social life. in moderate ptosis there is a loss of the upper field of vision by the drooping upper lid. how is ptosis treated? the eye condition ptosis is trated by a specified sugery called ptosis surgery. ptosis is treated surgically, with the specific operation based on the severity of the ptosis and the strength of the levator muscle. if the ptosis is not severe, surgery is generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age ( the " pre - school " years ). however, when the ptosis interferes with the child ' s vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development


generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age ( the " pre - school " years ). however, when the ptosis interferes with the child ' s vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development. ptosis repair is usually completed under general anesthesia in infants and young children and under local anesthesia in adults. what to expect after surgery? most patients will tolerate the procedure very well and have a rapid recovery. cold packs may need to be applied to the operated eyelid for the first 48 hours following surgery. antibiotic ointments applied to the incision are sometimes recommended. the elevation of the eyelid will often be immediately noticeable, though in some cases bruising and swelling will obscure this finding. most patients will have sutures that need removing about a week following surgery. in children, absorbable sutures are often used. the bruising and swelling associated with the surgery will usually resolve in two to three weeks. some patients may need adjustment of the sutures to better align the lid height. this may or may not require additional anaesthesia or a trip to the operating room. india surgery ptosis, ptosis correction, india cost price ptosis, ptosis correction surgery, ptosis correction, india ptosis correction surgery, india cost ptosis correction surgery, low cost mechanical ptosis correction mumbai,, india low cost ptosis correction surgery hospital, affordable ptosis correction hospital mumbai, health care, ptosis corrective surgery, eyelid surgery, drooping, treatment on ptosis correction surgery, india ptosis correction surgery surgeons, ptosis correction surgery doctors call : + 91 9029304141 ( 10 am. to 8 pm. ist ) email : email @ example. com ( preferred ) ( only for international patients seeking treatment in india )


what is it? cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, the small saclike organ located near the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen. it is attached to the main duct that carries bile from the liver into the intestine. bile helps your body to break down and absorb fats. the gallbladder temporarily stores bile from the liver. when you eat, the gallbladder contracts and squeezes extra bile into the intestine to aid digestion. there are two ways to remove the gallbladder : - traditional surgery. the surgeon cuts open the abdomen and removes the gallbladder through an incision that is about 6 inches long. the abdomen is then stitched closed again. - laparoscopic surgery. the surgeon makes four small ( less than an inch ) incisions for a laparoscope and instruments. a laparoscope is a tube - like instrument with a camera for viewing, and with it the surgeon can guide the surgical instruments to remove the gallbladder. the gallbladder is cut away from the liver and the bile duct and removed through one of the small incisions. surgeons remove about 500, 000 gallbladders in the united states each year. about 90 % of the time, laparoscopic surgery is used because it requires a shorter hospital stay, is less painful, and has a shorter recovery time compared to traditional surgery. in the remaining 10 %, traditional surgery is used because the person has significant abdominal scarring from prior surgery, severe inflammation, unusual anatomy, or other factors that make surgery with a laparoscope very difficult and riskier. most people have no side effects from living without a gallbladder. bile can still pass directly from the liver to the intestines, so the gallbladder usually is not necessary. occasionally, people notice a tendency to diarrhea after the gallbladder is removed. what it ' s used for surgeons remove gallbladders to prevent complications from gallstones, which are rocklike lumps that form inside the gallbladder. gallstones can cause symptoms as simple as intermittent crampy pain after eating, but they also can lead to cholecystitis cholangitis or pancreatitis. cholecystitis is an inflammation or infection of the gallbladder that develops when a gallstone blocks the bile duct ( or tube ) that leads from the gallbladder to the main bile duct. cholecystitis causes fever, nausea or


removed, the incision is closed with stitches. while in the hospital, you gradually will resume eating a normal diet and get out of bed. usually you stay in the hospital for two to five days. - laparoscopic surgery. the surgeon makes a small incision at the navel and puts air into the abdomen to make it easier to see. this help to avoid damaging any organs with the incisions or instruments. next the laparoscope is inserted through the small incision at your navel. once the laparoscope is inside your abdomen, a camera on the laparoscope transmits images to a viewing screen. three smaller incisions are made, and the surgical instruments are inserted through these incisions. the surgeon cuts out the gallbladder, and removes the gallbladder through one of the incisions, usually the one at your bellybutton. all of the instruments are removed, and the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches or surgical tape. after you wake up from anesthesia, the iv line remains in place until you can drink fluids on your own, usually within a few hours after surgery. if you are having a same - day procedure, you can leave the hospital when you feel well enough to go home safely. you may be able to eat a light meal later that day ( in the evening ). sometimes patients stay in the hospital until the next morning. if there are any difficulties during a laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon will switch to a traditional cholecystectomy. this may happen if there is too much bleeding, if there is much scarring from previous surgery, if the gallbladder is difficult to remove, or if there is severe infection. you will need to visit your doctor for follow - up sometime after you leave the hospital. this may be within a few days to a few weeks after you return home from the hospital. your doctor will check the healing of your incisions and remove any stitches. after laparoscopic surgery, you usually can return to work within three to seven days. after traditional surgery, you may need to wait three to six weeks before going back to work. check with your doctor before resuming specific activities, such as sports, heavy labor and lifting. possible complications of a cholecystectomy include infection, bleeding, blood clots, damage to bile ducts, retained gall stones, and injury to surrounding organs. occasionally, people have diarrhea after cholecystectomy. a medication called cho


february 15, 2013 ( the new york times news service ) - - even moderate alcohol use may substantially raise the risk of dying from cancer, according to a study released thursday offering the first comprehensive update of alcohol - related cancers deaths in decades. " people don ' t talk about the issue of alcohol and cancer risk, " said dr. david nelson, director of the cancer prevention fellowship program at the national cancer institute and lead author of the study. " alcohol has been known to be related to causing cancer for a long period of time. we talk about cancer prevention, screenings and tests. this is one of those things that seems to be missing in plain sight. " alcohol use accounts for about 3. 5 percent of all u. s. cancer deaths annually, according to the study. the majority of deaths seemed to occur among people who consumed more than three alcoholic drinks a day, but those who consumed 1. 5 beverages daily may account for up to a third of those deaths, the researchers found. in 2009, 18, 000 to 21, 000 people in the united states died of alcohol - related cancers, from cancer of the liver to breast cancer and other types, the researchers said. that ' s more that the number of people who die every year of melanoma or ovarian cancer, which caused over 9, 000 and 14, 000 u. s. deaths respectively in 2009. how alcohol causes cancer is not fully understood, the study notes. previous research has shown alcohol appears to work in different ways to increase cancer risk, such as affecting estrogen levels in women and acting as a solvent to help tobacco chemicals get into the digestive tract. the study, published in the american journal of public health, is the first major analysis of alcohol - attributable cancer deaths in more than 30 years. researchers said the lack of recent research on the subject may contribute to a lack of public awareness of the cancer risks. " people are well aware of other risks, like the impact of tobacco on cancer, and are not as aware alcohol plays quite a bit of a role, " said thomas greenfield, one of the study ' s authors and scientific director of public health institute ' s alcohol research group, in emeryville. researchers examined seven types of cancers known to be linked to alcohol use : cancers of the mouth and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and female breast. to link the cancer to alcohol use, they relied on surveys of more than 220, 000 adults, 2009 u


cancers of the mouth and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and female breast. to link the cancer to alcohol use, they relied on surveys of more than 220, 000 adults, 2009 u. s. mortality data, and sales data on alcohol consumption. breast cancer accounted for the most common alcohol - related cancer deaths among women - - alcohol contributed to 15 percent of all breast cancer deaths. among men, cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus accounted for the most alcohol - linked cancer deaths. the study drew some criticism. dr. curtis ellison, professor of medicine and public health at boston university school of medicine, said the study failed to take into account several important factors, such as the pattern of drinking rather than just the amount of alcohol consumed. he said consuming small, consistent amounts of alcohol is much healthier than occasional binge drinking. " they ' re mixing alcohol abuse, which leads to all of these cancers as they ' ve clearly shown, with the casual drinker, where the risk is very small, " said ellison, also co - director of the international scientific forum on alcohol research. dr. arthur klatsky, adjunct investigator at the kaiser permanente northern california division of research, said many studies have shown moderate drinkers in older age groups may be healthier than those who abstain. klatsky has long researched the effects of alcohol on health, but declined to comment directly on the study because he had not yet read it. " advice needs to be individualized, " klatsky said. " the advice one would give to 60 - year - old man who has no problem with alcohol but is at high risk of heart disease due to family history is quite different than the advice we give to a 25 - year - old woman whose mother died of breast cancer. " the study ' s authors acknowledged alcohol can have health benefits, but claimed alcohol causes 10 times as many deaths as it prevents. there ' s no known safe level of drinking, they said. " the safest level for cancer prevention is that people don ' t expose themselves to any potential risk, " said nelson of the national cancer institute. " the bottom line means for people who choose to drink, their cancer risk will be lower if they drink lower amounts. " copyright 2013 the new york times news service. all rights reserved.


paget ' s disease of bone what is it? bones in your body continuously break down and form again in a natural and tightly balanced process called bone remodeling. this bone remodeling also occurs in response to stress or injury placed on the bone. for example, weight - bearing exercise leads to increased bone formation. in paget ' s disease, more bone breaks down than usual and more new bone forms than usual. these changes in the bone can lead to bone enlargement and deformity. the new bone growth tends to be softer and more fragile than normal bone, and can develop in a haphazard pattern. because of this, the bone can fracture. the long bones, especially the legs, tend to bow, and the skull may enlarge, particularly over the forehead. paget ' s disease is the second most common bone disorder in people over 50, after osteoporosis. it is rarely diagnosed in young adults. although the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role because the disease sometimes runs in families. research suggests a slow - growing virus may trigger the disease ; some cells in the bone of people with paget ' s disease look like they are infected with a virus. however, no virus has been identified. the condition is rare in certain parts of the world, such as japan, but more common in the united states and australia. in the united states, an estimated 10 % of people older than age 80 have paget ' s disease. in about 20 % of people with paget ' s disease, only one area of the body - the spine, pelvis, thighs, lower legs or skull - is affected. the rest have many areas involved. in serious cases, complications can include deafness, congestive heart failure ( caused by the extra blood flow required by the diseased bone ), an elevated calcium level and cancer of the bone. an estimated 70 % of people with paget ' s disease do not have any symptoms. symptoms are more likely to occur in people who have many areas of the body affected. symptoms can include : - bone pain and warmth - head enlargement - bowing of the legs - hearing loss because many people with paget ' s disease do not have symptoms, the condition often is not discovered until an x - ray or blood test ( called the alkaline phosphatase ) obtained for other reasons suggests the disease may be present. if your doctor thinks you may have paget ' s disease, specific blood and urine tests


not discovered until an x - ray or blood test ( called the alkaline phosphatase ) obtained for other reasons suggests the disease may be present. if your doctor thinks you may have paget ' s disease, specific blood and urine tests can measure the levels of certain byproducts of bone formation and breakdown. more detailed x - rays or a bone scan also may be done. in rare instances, a doctor may recommend a bone biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other possibilities. in a bone biopsy, a small piece of bone is removed with a needle so it can be examined in a laboratory. paget ' s disease cannot be cured, but treatment can control the symptoms. there is no way to prevent paget ' s disease. treatment is generally reserved for people with symptoms. in rare cases, a doctor may recommend treatment even if you don ' t have symptoms if x - rays, blood tests and a bone biopsy detect enough disease. medications such as including aspirin, mild pain relievers and anti - inflammatory drugs can help treat pain and inflammation. in advanced cases, your doctor may recommend medications such as alendronate ( fosamax ), risedronate ( actonel ), pamidronate ( aredia ), zoledronic acid ( reclast, zometa ) or calcitonin ( miacalcin ) to reduce the activity of cells that remodel bone. surgery to correct deformities is rarely necessary. if paget ' s disease causes significant damage to a hip, hip replacement surgery may be considered. hearing aides may be helpful if paget ' s disease affects the bones inside the ear. a person with paget ' s disease will be monitored carefully for complications such as heart failure or an elevation in blood calcium, and these conditions will be treated if necessary. when to call a professional contact your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms of paget ' s disease for more than two weeks. paget ' s disease itself is not fatal, however, it is associated with an increased risk of a cancerous bone tumor, called osteosarcoma. paget ' s disease is a long - lasting ( chronic ) condition. the outlook is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed and treated before major changes in bones have occurred and when there is no osteosarcoma. american academy of orthopaedic surgeons ( aaos ) 6300 north river rd. rosemont, il 60018 - 42


electrophoresis is a common lab technique used to identify, quantify, and purify nucleic acid fragments and assess quality. rna molecules are negatively charged, and during gel electrophoresis they migrate toward the anode in the presence of an electric current. the length of rna generally determines its migration in the gel, since longer rna molecules move slower than shorter fragments. however, rna molecules are subject to extensive secondary structure via intramolecular base pairing, and this can affect their gel migration. for most applications, rna is run using denaturing conditions to disrupt secondary structure. for applications such as resolving different conformations of rna, native ( or nondenaturing ) gels are recommended. nondenaturing rna electrophoresis gel electrophoresis of rna under nondenaturing conditions maintains the secondary structure of rna molecules. agarose is generally preferred to acrylamide because it has lower toxicity and, at the concentrations needed to resolve typical rna molecules, it is easier to handle. life technologies offers convenient reagents for nondenaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, including hassle - free precast e - gel® agarose gels and ultrapure™ reagents to pour your own agarose gels. products for nondenaturing rna electrophoresis : denaturing rna electrophoresis to accurately determine the molecular weight of rna molecules, it is essential to run rna gels using denaturing conditions. since northern blots typically seek to characterize rna molecules based on their size, denaturing electrophoresis is commonly used prior to rna analysis by northern blotting.. denaturing conditions disrupt hydrogen bonding so that rna runs without secondary structure, as single - stranded molecules. there are a number of denaturing agents available, including glyoxal, formamide, and methyl mercury. the disadvantage of these compounds is that they are toxic and therefore should be treated with caution. traditionally, formaldehyde has been used as a denaturant for rna electrophoresis. the northernmax® kit contains a complete set of rnase - free reagents for running formaldehyde - containing agarose gels. these gels must be poured and run in a fume hood. with the northernmax® - gly kit, rna samples are denatured in glyoxal / dmso loading buffer prior to electrophoresis and run in a formal


el alto, bolivia every morning from 6 : 00 to 8 : 00 am, native people in this sprawling working - class suburb of la paz, bolivia listen to the programme broadcast by former education minister donato ayma in the aymara language. peru will debut a new mechanism for prior consultation with indigenous peoples by seeking their approval for a new stage of oil drilling operations in the infamous lot 1ab in the northeastern amazon region of loreto. up to 80 yanomami men, women and children in a remote community in the amazon jungle in southern venezuela were reportedly killed in early july by wildcat gold miners from brazil, according to indigenous organisations. although they are only five percent of the global population, indigenous people account for up to 15 percent of the world ’ s poor, according to a new study published by members of the world bank. indigenous leaders from all over south america are making their way by foot, canoe and eventually on buses to be part of the kari - oca caravan to rio de janeiro, to talk to world leaders at the united nations conference on sustainable development, rio + 20. " midwives in guatemala attend to women during pregnancy, the birth and the post - partum period. they give the women warmth and support, because they speak the same language and belong to the same culture, " said silvia xinico with the network of organisations of indigenous women for reproductive health. a unique response to the challenge of global warming is happening in rural areas of peru, where a network of indigenous elders is working out how to adjust weather forecasts in the light of climate change, while taking measures to safeguard their crops.


rising as the barcoo on the northern slopes of the warrego range, queensland, the cooper creek flows north - west to blackall. joined by the alice river, it continues south - west past isisford and receives its principal tributary, the thompson. at currareva, with the catchment area of 150 220 km2, the mean annual flow is 3. 35 km3 with a standard deviation of 3. 45 km3 for 33 full climatic years between 1939 and 1984. crossing the south australian border near innamincka, cooper creek cuts through a range of hills and these, in a similar manner to the slight constriction of the diamantina at birdsville, offer the only chance of accurately measuring the flow anywhere within the 500 km of its central reach. the location also provides a potential major dam site, a feature almost entirely missing on the other rivers of the lake eyre basin. the catchment area at innamincka is 236 700 km2, and the mean annual flow for the period 1973 - 83 is 2. 06 km3 with a standard deviation of 3. 63 km3. the highest annual flow was 11. 47 km3 in 1974 ; the highest monthly flow 6. 49 km3 in february 1974 ; and the highest instantaneous flow 3 740 m 3 / s on 18 february 1974. immediately downstream of innamincka in periods of high flows, water is diverted through a natural control into the strzelecki creek, which also has a catchment of its own and can flow due to the effect of heavy localised storms. flow in strzelecki creek fills lake blanche, lake callabonna and lake frome in that order. in 1974, overflow from lake blanche also reached lake gregory. it appears possible - and on some occasions probably inevitable - that lake gregory may overflow in a northwestern direction to cooper creek. if this is the case, then strzelecki water can re - enter cooper creek in the vicinity of lake killamperpunna. this did not happen, however, in 1974 - 76. once cooper creek leaves the hills of innamincka, it emerges on to a very wide floodplain in the sturt stony desert, interlaced with channels, billabongs and lakes, and intersected by lines of north - south dunes. these floodplains of its central reach are highly complicated.