{"text": "asthma : using an asthma action plan what is an actionset? if you or your child has asthma that requires daily treatment, it is important to have an asthma action plan. an asthma action plan is a written plan that tells you what asthma medicine to take every day and how to treat an asthma attack. it can help you make quick decisions in case you are not able to think clearly during an attack. an asthma action plan usually includes : - treatment goals, which include your personal goals about your asthma. - an outline of which medicines you take daily for asthma control and when to take them. - an asthma diary where you record peak expiratory flow ( pef ) and the triggers that cause asthma symptoms. - steps to take and medicines to use to treat an asthma attack early, before it becomes severe. - what to do if an attack becomes an emergency, and where to get medical treatment. using an asthma action plan can help you stay active with fewer asthma problems. following your plan is a big step toward controlling the disease so you can live the life you want. return to topic : an asthma action plan has three zones. you can find out what zone you are in by checking your peak flow or symptoms. peak flow is a measure of how fast you breathe out when you try your hardest. you check your peak flow with a peak flow meter, an inexpensive device that you can use at home. your doctor can show you how to use it. the zones of an asthma action plan are based on the colors of a stoplight. see an example of an asthma action plan ( what is a pdf document? ). green zone. green means go. - you are in the green zone if your peak flow is 80 % to 100 % of your personal best measurement. you should have no asthma symptoms when you are in the green zone. you want to be in the green zone every day. - if you continue to stay in the green zone, your doctor may lower your daily asthma medicines. yellow zone. yellow means caution. - you are in the yellow zone if your peak flow is 50 % to 79 % of your personal best measurement. you may not have any symptoms, but your lung function is reduced. when symptoms are present, they may be mild to moderate, or may keep you from your normal activities or disturb your sleep. - being in the yellow zone means that you should take action. your action plan should state what medicines you need to take, how much to take, and when to take them. - if you keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057056843108183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736598f8-c37a-4876-b69e-39e3d0109f9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.571130"}
{"text": "you from your normal activities or disturb your sleep. - being in the yellow zone means that you should take action. your action plan should state what medicines you need to take, how much to take, and when to take them. - if you keep going into the yellow zone from the green zone, talk with your doctor. you may need a different medicine. or the doses of your medicines may need to be increased. red zone. red means stop. - you are in the red zone if your peak flow is less than 50 % of your personal best measurement. your symptoms will be severe, and you may cough and be very short of breath. - if your symptoms and peak flow are in the red zone, follow your action plan. - callright away if you are in the red zone and you have followed your action plan, but : - you are having severe difficulty breathing. - 20 to 30 minutes after taking the extra medicine, you do not feel better and / or your peak flow is still less than 50 % of your personal best measurement. using an asthma action plan takes the guesswork out of treating asthma attacks. it can help you to : - take control of your treatment. - have fewer or less severe attacks. - avoid trips to the doctor or the hospital. develop your plan - work with your doctor to make an action plan for you or your child. the action plan is based on peak flow and asthma symptoms. these help your doctor know how bad your asthma is. an action plan may include : see an example of an asthma action plan ( what is a pdf document? ). - the peak flow readings and symptoms for each zone. - what medicines to take in each zone. - when to call a doctor. - a list of emergency contact numbers. - a list of your asthma triggers. - let your doctor know what you want regarding asthma care. for example, if you are not comfortable using a peak flow meter, tell your doctor. - if you make an asthma action plan for your child, give a copy to the child ' s school or caregivers and make sure they know how to use it. follow your daily treatment, and use the asthma action plan - take your daily medicines to help minimize long - term damage and avoid asthma attacks. - check your peak flow every morning and evening. this is the best way to know how well your lungs are working. - check your action plan to see what zone you are in. - if you are in the green zone, keep taking your daily asthma medicines as prescribed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5153642242403288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736598f8-c37a-4876-b69e-39e3d0109f9a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.572868"}
{"text": "flow every morning and evening. this is the best way to know how well your lungs are working. - check your action plan to see what zone you are in. - if you are in the green zone, keep taking your daily asthma medicines as prescribed. - if you are in the yellow zone, you may be having or will soon have an asthma attack. you may not have any symptoms, but your lungs are not working as well as they should. take the medicines listed in your action plan. if you stay in the yellow zone, your doctor may need to increase the dose or add a medicine. - if you are in the red zone, follow your action plan. if your symptoms or peak flow don ' t improve soon, you may need to go to the emergency room or be admitted to the hospital. - use an asthma diary. write down your peak flow readings in the asthma diary. if you have an attack, write down what caused it ( if you know ), the symptoms, and what medicine you took. see an example of an asthma diary ( what is a pdf document? ). review the plan with your doctor - take both the asthma action plan and the asthma diary when you see your doctor. get answers to any questions you may have about your asthma plan or your symptoms. let your doctor know if treatment is not controlling your asthma attacks. - take your peak flow meter and medicines so your doctor can review your treatment. - make sure you know how and when to call your doctor or go to the hospital. - tell your doctor if you are having trouble following your action plan. now that you have read this information, you are ready to start using an asthma action plan. for related information, see : talk with your doctor if you have questions, take this information with you when you visit your doctor. you may want to mark areas or make notes in the margins where you have questions. if you would like more information on asthma, the following resource is available : | asthma and allergy foundation of america ( aafa ) | | 1233 20th street nw | | washington, dc 20036 | | phone : | | 1 - 800 - 7 - asthma ( 1 - 800 - 727 - 8462 ) | | web address : | | www. aafa. org | the asthma and allergy foundation of america ( aafa ) provides information and support for people who have allergies or asthma. the aafa has local chapters and support groups. and its web site has online resources, such as fact sheets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44472434175185693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736598f8-c37a-4876-b69e-39e3d0109f9a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.575035"}
{"text": "american scientists make great leap in battery technology one of the primary concerns with owning an electric vehicle is cost of the battery, the range it offers, and the time it takes to recharge. those concerns will be significantly lessoned with the development of a new lithium - ion battery. designed by scientists at envia systems, a us - based company, the new battery has roughly twice the energy density of existing rechargeable batteries. such an innovation could greatly increase the range of electric cars as well as cut the price of the battery packs in half. the research conducted by envia systems was funded by a $ 4 million federal grant through arpa - energy ( advanced research projects agency ). the work was done at the argonne national laboratory. the new battery can achieve an energy density of 400 watt - hours per kilogram, double that of existing rechargeable batteries. the key was introducing manganese into the mix of materials used in the cathode, the electrode where the lithium ions congregate. then, they added silicon to the anode, the electrode toward which the ions flow, producing the electric current. the costs of the batteries are cheaper per kilowatt - hour than standard lithium ion batteries. at $ 125 per kwh, they are less than half the cost. the is not trivial because the batteries constitute roughly 65 percent of the total cost of an electric vehicle. the major automakers have taken notice of this battery breakthrough and are knocking on envia ' s door. general motors is already an investor in the technology. however, according to envia chairman and ceo, atul kapadia, envia is \" working with all the brand name [ carmakers ] in the world. \" the new batteries could greatly boost the nascent electric car industry. for example, a nissan leaf combined with the new envia battery could potentially travel 300 miles on a single $ 10 charge, as opposed to its 80 mile range today. this is roughly the same range as many conventional internal combustion engines. it is the equivalent of driving from philadelphia to pittsburgh on a single charge. the new battery breakthrough may well revolutionize the auto industry. it is foreseeable that electric vehicles may actually surpass sales of conventional vehicles, potentially phasing them out forever. for more information : http : / / enviasystems. com / image shows envia laboratories. image credit : john f. martin for general motors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5144094316647468, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f345e7f4-4a2c-4540-bd67-e54de951cb82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.597606"}
{"text": "trilobite olenoides erratus. source : mark a. wilson a fossil is the preserved remain of a lifeform that lived in prehistoric times. most commonly fossils are mineralized parts or a whole organism which is no longer alive. in other cases the fossil may contain actual remains of the dead organism ; in particular, dna may be preserved over long periods of time under the right conditions, since dna is fundamentally an inanimate molecule. while the most familiar fossils are those derived from animals and plants including such exotic species as dinosaurs and woolly mammoths, there are also fossils from ancient bacteria. there are several methods of fossil formation including re - crystallization, permineralization, compression, molding and entombment. examination of fossils was the earliest technique of palaeoentology, the study of ancient lifeforms, and it continues as the companion of molecular biology, to be key in the elucidation of phylogenies ( ancestral relationships of species ). the earliest animal fossils date from the cambrian period, approximately 540 million years before present, although some bacterial fossils exist from at least two billion years before present. process of formation most fossils are the result of sedimentary rock formation where coverage of the original organism occurred quickly ; preservation and mineralization is encouraged by anoxic ( oxygen deprived ) conditions, where decompostion was not able to occur rapidly upon death of the subject. body parts most readily preserved are teeth and bony animal parts and the chitonous elements of plants, which elements are most resistive to decay, and thus have more time to enter their preserved state. recrystallized scleractinian fossil coral. source : mark a. wilson one of the simplest processes for fossil formation is the phenomenon of re - crystalization. this is an easily understood process, whereby substances such as teeth and bone, which begin with a high mineral content, have their chemicals replaced by a new crystalline lattice. in a number of instances, mineral replacement of the original body part transpires so gradually that microstructural features are conserved even though a complete transformation of the original organism ' s material occurs. a shell is termed recrystallized when the original skeletal compounds are still present but in a different crystal form, as in a transition form aragonite to calcite. the process of re - crystallization is often termed replacement. living organisms ordinarily contain large amounts of volume that is filled with water or gases. when an organism is covered with sediment, those aqueous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5563387195231498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca3878eb-3957-4e4e-a94f-0f0fcc8f8c98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.611304"}
{"text": "transition form aragonite to calcite. the process of re - crystallization is often termed replacement. living organisms ordinarily contain large amounts of volume that is filled with water or gases. when an organism is covered with sediment, those aqueous and gaseous portions of the individual may be replaced with mineral rich water from an aquifer or surface water body. this process is termed permineralization, and often is best viewed as a replacement phenomenon at the cellular level. fine grained or small scale permineralization produces very detailed fossil specimens. for permineralization to occur, it is essential for the organism to become covered by sediment rapidly upon death, before significant decay has set in. in ideal cases of preservation, individual cell walls can be effectively fossilized, producing an incredible level of microscopic preservation. compression fossils, most often exemplified by planar plant forms such as leaves or ferns, result from chemical reduction of complex organic molecules that comprise biotic tissues. the fossil actually preserves original organism material, but in a geochemically altered state. in many cases the preserved fossil is nothing but a thin carbonaceous film. lepidodendron external mold. source : mark a. wilson such a chemical change is a manifestation of diagenesis, the transformation of sediment after its original deposition. in some cases dna may effectively be extracted from compression fossils. internal or external mold in some cases the entire organism may vanish, but an exterior mold will be made by sedimentary rock encasing the original remains of the organism which has been completely dissolved or destroyed. this casting results in a sculptured cavity within the rock, with the exterior three dimensional outline of the original organism ' s exterior ; the product of this process is termed an external mold. if this hole is subsequently filled with different minerals, it is a cast and called an internal mold. a common example of this latter type of mold is a bivalve mollusc. ant entombed in baltic amber. souce : anders l. damgaard in some cases exceptional preservation may occur by a relatively rapid fatal trapping and encasing of a live organism with ( usually ) an organic substance such as amber or tar. some of these circumstances create fossils of unusual life - pose forms, and many of these instances provide substantial detail of the subjects. for example, recent research using crystallography has yielded amazing structural detail of the morphology of long extinct insects that were trapped in amber. bioimmuration is a form of fossilization whereby a skeletal organism envelopes or subsumes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5461712889082208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca3878eb-3957-4e4e-a94f-0f0fcc8f8c98>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.612494"}
{"text": "the subjects. for example, recent research using crystallography has yielded amazing structural detail of the morphology of long extinct insects that were trapped in amber. bioimmuration is a form of fossilization whereby a skeletal organism envelopes or subsumes another living creature, preserving the latter, or its mold, within the skeleton. most typically this process occurs with a sessile skeletal animal, such as a bryozoan or an oyster, which grows along a substrate that covers other sessile encrusting organisms. frequently the bioimmured organism is soft - bodied and is thus conserved in negative relief in an external mold form. there are also cases where an organism settles on top of a living skeletal organism which grows upwards, preserving the settler within its skeleton. most of the examples of bioimmuration are from the fossil record of the ordovician period. the geological record and fossil records are respectively the prehistoric sequence of events for rocks and organisms. in the 19th century early days of research in these fields age of rocks was imputed from the best estimates of the age of the fossil organisms found entrained within those rocks. the fossil record and flora and faunal succession form the basis of biostratigraphy, the science of determining the age of rocks based on the fossils they contain. for the earliest years of geological study, biostratigraphy and superposition were the chief methods of assigning the relative age of rocks. the geologic time scale was first developed based on the relative ages of rock strata as determined by pioneering paleontologists. since the early 1900s, absolute dating methods, including radiometric dating ( including potassium - argon argon / argon and uranium - lead dating techniques were applied. in the case of young fossils, carbon - 14 dating has been applied to verify the relative ages obtained by fossils and to provide absolute ages for many fossils. radiometric dating has shown that the earliest known stromatolites, or bacterial fossils, are more than 3. 4 billion years old. since the close of the 20th century new techniques in molcular biollogy using dna marker techniques have allowed great progress to be made in defining phylogenetic trees, which illustrate the lineage of plant and animal families. these techniques can also use regression techniques to establish reasonable estimates of the absolute timelines of common parentage of biotic families. proterozoic stromatolite cyanobacteria fossil, bolivia. source : gnu snp the most ancient fossils are bacterial colonies constructed from sedimentary layers of rock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4904307729448658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca3878eb-3957-4e4e-a94f-0f0fcc8f8c98>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.613681"}
{"text": "estimates of the absolute timelines of common parentage of biotic families. proterozoic stromatolite cyanobacteria fossil, bolivia. source : gnu snp the most ancient fossils are bacterial colonies constructed from sedimentary layers of rock ; these fossils are termed stromatolite. based on studies of living stromatolites it has been ascertained that the formation of stromatolitic fossils was biogenetically mediated by microorganism mats via sediment entrapment. however, abiotic mechanisms for stromatolitic growth are also known, leading to a decades - long scientific debate regarding biogenesis of certain formations, especially those from the lower to middle archaean eon. stromatolites from the late archaean through the middle proterozoic eon were chiefly formed by massive colonies of cyanobacteria, and that the oxygen byproduct of their photosynthetic metabolism first resulted in earth \u2019 s massive banded iron formations and subsequently oxygenated earth \u2019 s atmosphere. history of fossil studies georges cuvier, french zoologist ( 1769 - 1832 ) the greek scientist aristotle observed that fossilized shells were previously living organisms, constituting the first observational recognition of the relationship of a time relationship between earlier living organisms and their fossilized remnants. in the pre - darwinian era of the 18th century english geologist william smith noticed that rocks of varying ages and origins preserved different fossil assemblages, which succeeded in a systematic sequence. he was the first to state that rocks from distant locations may be correlated based on the fossils they contained, and he termed this the principle of faunal succession. smith expressed no awareness of biological evolution, and he did not speculate why faunal succession occurred. his contemporary lord monboddo, in nearby scotland, was expressing a clear recognition of evolutionary sequences, but the two are not known to have communicated. biological evolution would later explains faunal and floral succession exists : as different organisms evolve, change and go extinct, they leave behind fossils. faunal succession was one of the chief pieces of evidence cited by darwin that natural selection had occurred. georges cuvier in 1796 noted that the majority of the animal fossils he examined were remains of species that had become extinct. it was not until the era of charles darwin and his contemporaries that a clearly stated link existed with the hierarchical tree of life and the fossil record. image by ghedoghedo ( wikimedia commons ) process of formation - t. p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49540101976417505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca3878eb-3957-4e4e-a94f-0f0fcc8f8c98>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.616414"}
{"text": "what are the six common air pollutants? the clean air act requires epa to set national ambient air quality standards for six common air pollutants. these commonly found air pollutants ( also known as \" criteria pollutants \" ) are found all over the united states. they are particle pollution ( often referred to as particulate matter ), ground - level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. these pollutants can harm your health and the environment, and cause property damage. of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground - level ozone are the most widespread health threats. epa calls these pollutants \" criteria \" air pollutants because it regulates them by developing human health - based and / or environmentally - based criteria ( science - based guidelines ) for setting permissible levels. the set of limits based on human health is called primary standards. another set of limits intended to prevent environmental and property damage is called secondary standards. click on one of the pollutants below for information on sources of the pollutant, why the pollutant is of concern, health and environmental effects, efforts underway to help reduce the pollutant, and other helpful resources. air pollution trends for each of these pollutants, epa tracks two kinds of air pollution trends : air concentrations based on actual measurements of pollutant concentrations in the ambient ( outside ) air at selected monitoring sites throughout the country, and emissions based on engineering estimates of the total tons of pollutants released into the air each year. despite the progress made in the last 30 years, millions of people live in counties with monitor data showing unhealthy air for one or more of the six common air pollutants. for epa ' s most recent evaluation of air pollution trends for these six pollutants, click on the following : health effects information exposure to these pollutants is associated with numerous effects on human health, including increased respiratory symptoms, hospitalization for heart or lung diseases, and even premature death. try these helpful resources : - air quality index ( aqi ) - ozone - good up high, bad nearby - ozone and your health - particle pollution and your health - air quality guide for ozone - air quality guide for particle pollution - smog - who does it hurt? state implementation plan status and information epa must designate areas as meeting ( attainment ) or not meeting ( nonattainment ) the standard. the clean air act ( caa ) requires states to develop a general plan to attain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4836985803395378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:392da6cd-35e6-45f0-8e63-2e7df07dbdc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.622973"}
{"text": "ozone - good up high bad nearby what causes \" bad \" ozone? ground - level or \" bad \" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen ( nox ) and volatile organic compounds ( voc ) in the presence of sunlight. emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of nox and voc. at ground level, ozone is a harmful pollutant. ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. many urban and suburban areas throughout the united states have high levels of \" bad \" ozone. but many rural areas of the country are also subject to high ozone levels as winds carry emissions hundreds of miles away from their original sources. how does \" bad \" ozone affect human health and the environment? breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. it can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. \" bad \" ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue. healthy people also experience difficulty breathing when exposed to ozone pollution. because ozone forms in hot weather, anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer may be affected, particularly children, outdoor workers and people exercising. millions of americans live in areas where the national ozone health standards are exceeded. ground - level or \" bad \" ozone also damages vegetation and ecosystems. it leads to reduced agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased susceptibility to diseases, pests and other stresses such as harsh weather. in the united states alone, ground - level ozone is responsible for an estimated $ 500 million in reduced crop production each year. ground - level ozone also damages the foliage of trees and other plants, affecting the landscape of cities, national parks and forests, and recreation areas. what is being done about \" bad \" ozone? under the clean air act, epa has set protective health - based standards for ozone in the air we breathe. epa, state, and cities have instituted a variety of multi - faceted programs to meet these health - based standards. throughout the country, additional programs are being put into place to cut nox and voc emissions from vehicles, industrial facilities, and electric utilities. programs are also aimed at reducing pollution by reform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48987915257913045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ef73396-d27f-4020-a16a-991ed09718fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.625924"}
{"text": "smart - 1 : the lunar adventure begins esa info 14 - 2003. this is clearly europe ' s time for interplanetary exploration. having sent the first european mission to mars, esa is about to launch its first probe to the moon. it is called smart - 1 and its goals are both technological and scientific. it is the first of a series of ' small missions for advanced research in technology '. on the one hand, smart - 1 will test new state - of - the art instruments and techniques essential to ambitious future interplanetary missions, such as a solar - electric primary propulsion system. on the other, smart - 1 will answer pending scientific questions, addressing key issues such as the moon ' s formation, its precise mineralogical composition, and the presence and quantity of water. these data will help scientists to understand the earth - moon system and earth - like planets, and will also provide invaluable information when considering a long - lasting human presence on the moon. on 15 july 2003, smart 1 was shipped to the european launch base in kourou, french guiana, where it is being prepared for its launch, due to take place on an ariane - 5 rocket on 29 august 2003 ( central european summer time ). for the first time, smart - 1 will combine the power obtained by solar - electric propulsion - never used before by europe as a main propulsion system - with lunar gravity. it will not follow a direct path to cross the 400 000 kilometres distance between the earth and the moon. instead, from an elliptical orbit around the earth where it is placed by the rocket, smart - 1 will gradually expand the orbit in a spiral pathway that will bring it closer to the moon every month. finally, the moon \u2019 s gravitational field will capture the spacecraft. smart - 1 will not land on the moon, but will make its observations from orbit, obtaining a global view. when it reaches its destination, in december 2004, it will enter orbit around the moon and make measurements for a period of six months possibly extended to one year. why the moon? water, minerals, and a violent origin \u201c our knowledge of the moon is still surprisingly incomplete, \u201d says bernard foing, esa \u2019 s smart - 1 project scientist. \u201c we still want to know how the earth - moon system formed and evolved, as well as the role of geophysical processes such as volcanism, tectonics, cratering, or erosion in shaping the moon. and, of course, in preparation for future lunar and planetary exploration, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44324085029924165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a702690a-fdeb-4980-ae94-37dfc2b17996>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.635311"}
{"text": "moon system formed and evolved, as well as the role of geophysical processes such as volcanism, tectonics, cratering, or erosion in shaping the moon. and, of course, in preparation for future lunar and planetary exploration, we need to find resources and landing sites. \u201d so, there are many unsolved questions about the moon, even though six nasa apollo missions and three unmanned soviet spacecraft have landed on it and brought back rock samples. the far side of the moon - - the one that never faces earth - - and the polar regions remain fairly unexplored. the existence of water on the moon has also never been confirmed, although two orbiters in the 1990s found indirect evidence. we are not even sure how the moon was formed. according to the most accepted theory, 4500 million years ago an asteroid the size of mars collided with our planet, and the vapourised debris that went into space condensed to form the moon. smart - 1 will map the moon ' s topography, as well as the surface distribution of minerals such as pyroxenes, olivines, and feldspars. also, an x - ray detector will identify key chemical elements in the lunar surface. these data will allow scientists to reconstruct the geological evolution of the moon, and to search for traces of the impact with the giant asteroid. if the collision theory is right, the moon should contain less iron than the earth, in proportion to lighter elements such as magnesium and aluminium. by gauging the relative amounts of chemical elements comprehensively for the very first time, smart - 1 can make a significant contribution in resolving this issue. as for water, if it exists, it must be in the form of ice in places always hidden from the sun. in such places, the temperature will never rise above - 170\u00bac. dark places like that could exist in the bottoms of small craters in the polar regions. peering into these craters is maybe the trickiest task that the smart - 1 scientists have set themselves. they will look for the infrared signature of water - ice. it will be difficult because no direct light falls in those areas, but rays from nearby crater rims, catching the sunshine, may light the ice sufficiently for smart - 1 instruments to see it. new technologies to prepare for future interplanetary missions future scientific missions will greatly profit from the technologies being tested on smart - 1. solar - electric primary propulsion is a new propulsion technique based on so - called ' ion engines ' that feed on electricity derived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5024851382889302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a702690a-fdeb-4980-ae94-37dfc2b17996>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.636610"}
{"text": "new technologies to prepare for future interplanetary missions future scientific missions will greatly profit from the technologies being tested on smart - 1. solar - electric primary propulsion is a new propulsion technique based on so - called ' ion engines ' that feed on electricity derived from solar panels. it is a technique that has only ever been used once before. these engines provide a very gentle thrust, but they work for years while conventional, more powerful chemical rockets burn for only a few minutes. ion engines offer key advantages. they need considerably less propellant than chemical propulsion, which means less weight at launch and more mass available for scientific instruments and payload. ion engines open the door to truly deep space exploration. they slash the time for interplanetary flight : although they provide less thrust they can last for years. the ion tortoise will therefore eventually overtake the chemical hare. moreover, another application of the gentle thrust provided by electric propulsion allows very accurate spacecraft attitude control, a skill that will be useful for scientific missions that require highly precise and undisturbed pointing. future esa science missions will rely on ion engines. smart - 1 will also test new miniaturisation techniques that save space and economise on mass : in space, less mass per instrument enables scientists to have more instruments on board, so more science. the smart - 1 payload consists of a dozen technological and scientific investigations performed by seven instruments weighing only 19 kilograms in total. for example, the x - ray telescope d - cixs, consists of a cube just 15 centimetres wide and weighing less than 5 kilograms. the ultra - compact electronic camera, amie, weighs no more than an amateur \u2019 s camera. new navigation and space - communication techniques will also be tested. an experiment called oban, based on images from the miniature camera amie and the star trackers, is the first step towards future ' autonomous ' spacecraft. in a not - too - distant future, scientific satellites will be able to ' find their way ' with a minimum of ground control, just by using stars and other celestial objects to guide themselves along predefined paths. as for communications, engineers need to develop new and efficient ways to communicate with earth from deep space, for interplanetary missions that are long or go far. smart - 1 will test both very short radio waves ( called ka band, with the instrument kate ) and a laser experiment to try to communicate with the earth using a laser beam, instead of traditional radio frequencies. esa already has laser links with telecommunications satellites from an optical ground station on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5249343463641609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a702690a-fdeb-4980-ae94-37dfc2b17996>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.637668"}
{"text": "economic growth in india has no automatic connection to reducing undernutrition in indian children and so further reductions in the prevalence of childhood undernutrition are likely to depend on direct investments in health and health - related programs. these are the conclusions of a large study by researchers at the schools of public health at university of michigan and harvard university, that is published in this week ' s plos medicine. malavika subramanyam, s v subramanian and colleagues collected data from the national family health surveys conducted in india in 1992 - 93 ( 28, 066 children ), 1998 - 99 ( 26, 121 children ) and 2005 - 06 ( 23, 139 children ), which use stratified, representative samples of the population from every state of india. they used the measurementsoweight - for - age, height - for - age, and weight - for - heightoin these surveys to classify individual children ' s nutritional status as underweight, stunting or wasting, respectively, as per the world health organization child growth standards. the study reports that the prevalence of underweight decreased from 49. 1 % in 1992 - 93 to 43. 8 % in 1998 - 99 to 40. 2 % in 2005 - 06. stunting prevalence also decreased while the prevalence of wasting decreased only marginally from 24 % in 1992 - 93 to 22 % in 2005 - 06. meanwhile, during the study period, the indian economy grew at an annual rate of 7 % - 9 %. further, there was substantial variation between states in each of the measures of undernutrition, as well as economic growth, and this enabled the authors to examine whether changes in state economic growth were associated with a reduction in the risk of a child being undernourished in a given state. the authors found that state economic growth was not associated with the risk of underweight, stunting, and wasting. the authors conclude : \" we failed to find consistent evidence that economic growth leads to reduction in childhood undernutrition in india. \" they add, \" direct investments in appropriate health interventions may be necessary to reduce childhood undernutrition in india. \" funding : no direct financial support or funding was obtained to conduct this study. svs is supported by a national institutes of health career development award ( nhlbi k25 hl081275 ), and the robert wood john health investigator award in health policy research. mas was supported by the richmond fellowship from the harvard center on the developing child at the time when majority of the analysis was conducted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735380538657429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d5cc7c1-1c9b-44ef-b676-db11901ed27b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.641231"}
{"text": "nhlbi k25 hl081275 ), and the robert wood john health investigator award in health policy research. mas was supported by the richmond fellowship from the harvard center on the developing child at the time when majority of the analysis was conducted. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. competing interests : the authors have declared that no competing interests exist. citation : subramanyam ma, kawachi i, berkman lf, subramanian sv ( 2011 ) is economic growth associated with reduction in child undernutrition in india? plos med 8 ( 3 ) : e1000424. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pmed. 1000424 in your coverage please use this url to provide access to the freely available paper : http : / / www. plosmedicine. org / article / info % 3adoi % 2f10. 1371 % 2fjournal. pmed. 1000424 s. v. subramanian harvard school of public health department of society, human development and health 677 huntington avenue kresge 7th floor boston, ma 02115 united states of america aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.478915475088871, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d5cc7c1-1c9b-44ef-b676-db11901ed27b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.641877"}
{"text": "what your blood pressure says about you here ' s how to get the most from your blood pressure readings. medically reviewed by lindsey marcellin, md, mph doctors have been measuring patients \u2019 blood pressure, the force that blood exerts on the inside walls of your vessels \u2014 since the first sphygmomanometers ( yes, that ' s what blood pressure cuffs are called ) were invented at the beginning of the 20th century. doctors are still finding new ways to glean information about your health from these numbers. british researchers recently found differences in blood pressure between the right and left arms might be a sign of vascular disease. likewise, a difference in blood pressure when you \u2019 re lying down vs. standing up may indicate heart problems or blood vessel disease. doctors can tell that from a painless test that takes only a few minutes. the basics : what does blood pressure mean the most important thing to know about your blood pressure is whether or not it ' s high. a blood pressure reading consists of two numbers, with acceptable ranges for each one. the first, or top, number is called the systolic number. that ' s the pressure inside your arteries when your heart beats. the bottom, or diastolic, number is the pressure between beats. you want those numbers to be below 120 and 80, respectively. \" what high blood pressure means is too much resistance inside your arteries, \" says ivan v. pacold, md, a cardiology professor at loyola university ' s stritch school of medicine and director of cardiology at gottlieb memorial hospital in chicago. \" simply speaking, that causes arterial damage and increases your risk for stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney failure. \" the lowdown on low blood pressure \" in a healthy person, low blood pressure is a sign of good health as long as the systolic pressure is above 80, \" explains dr. pacold. \" very low blood pressure in a person with heart disease could be a sign of heart failure. \" one type of low blood pressure that could predict future heart problems is called orthostatic hypotension. in this type of low blood pressure, \" there is a drop of 10 to 20 points of blood pressure when a person moves from a sitting or supine ( flat ) position to a standing position, \" pacold says. \" it causes a sudden sense of lightheadedness and can be due to a heart that is starting to have trouble compensating. \" a recent study on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5134739704581119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d1cde1-0e08-4de9-bdf6-647d5516e2d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.645828"}
{"text": "supine ( flat ) position to a standing position, \" pacold says. \" it causes a sudden sense of lightheadedness and can be due to a heart that is starting to have trouble compensating. \" a recent study on orthostatic hypotension published in the journal hypertension followed more than 12, 000 adults for about 17 years. none of them had heart failure at the start. people who had episodes of orthostatic hypotension during the study period, especially between the ages of 45 to 55, were more likely to develop heart failure by the end. blood pressure differences between arms has your doctor ever measured your blood pressure in both arms? \" not a bad idea, \" says pacold. \" finding blood pressure differences between one side of the body and the other can be a warning sign for atherosclerosis in the main blood vessel leaving the heart or elsewhere in the body. it is a signal that you need to look further. \" research published in the british medical journal the lancet found that a blood pressure difference of 10 to 15 points between arms increases the risk for dying from a stroke or from heart disease. having a difference of 15 points or more was found to double the risk for peripheral artery disease ( pad ), a condition that affects more than 12 million americans. researchers concluded this after reviewing 20 studies that recorded blood pressure differences between arms. getting blood pressure help you should get your blood pressure checked during your routine doctor visits, or at least once every two years, according to the american heart association. \" blood pressure is called the silent killer because there may be no symptoms until damage is already being done, \" pacold says. \" you can prevent that damage by getting early diagnosis and treatment. \" here are some takeaway tips : - blood pressure readings from 120 to 139 ( systolic ) or from 80 to 89 ( diastolic ) are considered to be pre - hypertension. you may need to have your blood pressure checked more frequently. - if your blood pressure readings stay at or above 140 and 90 over time, your doctor may start you on a treatment program. - any time you have a blood pressure reading of over 180 systolic or over 110 diastolic, check it again. if it is still that high, you need to get emergency blood pressure help right away. your blood pressure readings can tell you and your doctor a lot about your current health and may even predict future problems. if you are concerned about pad or if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46803684334514745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d1cde1-0e08-4de9-bdf6-647d5516e2d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.646729"}
{"text": "a lost human race : neanderthal today, it has been definitively verified that neanderthal man, who is presented as the \" primitive ancestor of man \" by evolutionists, is simply a lost human race. trinkets made of bone, which belonged to the neanderthals. neanderthals are human beings who suddenly appeared 100, 000 years ago in europe and disappeared \u2013 or were assimilated by being blended with other races \u2013 quietly yet quickly 35, 000 years ago. their only difference from modern man is their skeleton being more robust and their cranial capacity slightly bigger. a comparison made between neanderthal man and modern human races. to the far left and second from left are neanderthal men. neanderthals bear the greatest resemblance to eskimos who live in cold climates today. we had seen a neanderthal in the street today, we would think him or her to be no different from other people. neanderthals are a human race and this fact is admitted by almost everybody today. evolutionists have tried very hard to present them as \" a primitive species \", yet all findings indicate that they were no different from a \" robust \" man walking on the street today. a prominent authority on the subject, erik trinkaus, a paleoanthropologist from new mexico university estimations based on bone fragments indicate that neanderthals were physically stronger than modern man. detailed comparisons of neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern many contemporary researchers define neanderthal man as a sub - species of modern man and call him \" homo sapiens neandertalensis \". the findings testify that neanderthals buried their dead, fashioned musical instruments, and had cultural affinities with the homo sapiens sapiens living during the same period. to put it precisely, neanderthals are a \" robust \" human race that simply disappeared in time. man had thick eyebrow projections just like those of the australian natives living today. | | the cranial capacity of neanderthals was bigger than that of modern man by 150 cc. this finding refuted the evolutionist claim that \" the brain got bigger over time. \" the skull of neanderthal man differed slightly from that of modern man. 55 - erik trinkaus, \" hard times among the neanderthals \", natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46122382862674505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d576204-6d69-41c5-8f9e-7e0fb371fd81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.649251"}
{"text": "| the rosary dissected | | t. l. frazier the most emblematic sacramental in catholicism is the rosary, that string of beads with a crucifix attached. televangelist jimmy swaggart pictured one on the dust jacket of his anti - catholic book, < catholicism and christianity >. 1 swaggart wrote, \" the rosary ( or prayer beads ) was introduced by peter the hermit in a. d. 1090. this was copied from the hindus and muhammadans [ sic ]. the counting of prayers is a pagan practice and is expressly condemned by christ aside from the fact that the rosary consists of prayer beads, swaggart got nothing right. this is regrettable since such crude misrepresentations frighten away uninformed christians from a powerful aid to prayer and contemplation. tradition links the rosary not to peter the hermit but to st. dominic ( 1170 - 1221 ), who is said to have received it from the virgin mary to combat the albigensian heresy. this legend seems to be derived from the writings of alan de la roche ( 1428 - 1475 ), that indefatigable dominican preacher of the rosary. modern critical scholarship from dominicans and others reveals a far more complicated history, though one having nothing to do with hindus and muslims. medieval monks had a practice of daily praying the 150 psalms. since lay brothers of the orders were illiterate and couldn ' t read the psalms, among them arose the practice of reciting the our father 150 times. beads were used to keep track of the prayers. ( the word \" bede \" in middle english, from which we derive the word \" bead, \" originally meant \" prayer. \" ) this practice spread among the laity, and other easily - remembered prayers were added. during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the rosary settled into its present form. it now consists of the apostles ' creed, the our father, the hail mary, and the gloria. the apostles ' creed appeared first as a second - century roman baptismal creed, and it took its present form in the 400s. although this creed wasn ' t written by the apostles, it ' s generally agreed it could very well have been of apostolic origin. the our father is prayed on the solitary beads that separate the groups of ten beads ( the \" decades \" ). every christian is familiar with this prayer, which is found in matthew 6 : 9 - 13. significantly, it is given in the same passage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4267969279241961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.678005"}
{"text": "father is prayed on the solitary beads that separate the groups of ten beads ( the \" decades \" ). every christian is familiar with this prayer, which is found in matthew 6 : 9 - 13. significantly, it is given in the same passage of scripture in which jesus says, \" but when you pray, do not use vain repetitions as the heathen do. for they think that they will be heard for their many words \" ( matt. 6 : 7 ). this is the verse jimmy swaggart says condemns the \" pagan practice \" of \" counting prayers. \" though jesus himself gave us the our father, some fundamentalists try to discourage christians from using it as anything other than a model prayer because they feel that actually praying it would constitute a \" vain repetition. \" but let ' s look at the context of the \" vain repetitions \" verse. matthew 6 : 5 - 6 deal with the prayer practices of the jews themselves ; jesus derides these as hypocritical. he doesn ' t condemn repetitive jewish prayers, of which there were a countless number. for example, the book of psalms is a collection of hymns and prayers repeatedly used in jewish celebrations in which jesus himself participated. the passover, celebrated by jesus before his crucifixion, had fixed prayers that were repeated annually. following the last supper, jesus went to the garden of gethsemane and prayed the same prayer three times in a row ( matt. 26 : 39 - 44 ) \u2014 he engaged in repetitive prayer. in the next pair of verses jesus warns against the prayer practices of the pagans, who held a magical view of prayer and whose repetitious prayers he < does > condemn. verse 7 reads, in the king james version, \" [ d ] o not use vain repetitions [ < battalogeo > ] as the heathen do. \" this is a misleading rendering. the greek word < battalogeo > is better translated as \" babbling, \" and it is so translated in the new international version. ( the revised standard version has \" empty phrases. \" ) 3 jesus isn ' t condemning mere repetition \u2014 something he himself engaged in, as did other good jews \u2014 but the babbling of the pagans. what sort of babbling did the pagans practice? look at 1 kings 18 : 2629, where the pagan prophets on mount carmel tried to invoke baal all day long, repeatedly calling on his name and performing ritual dances : \" [ they ] called on the name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47718527572595626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.681786"}
{"text": "the pagans practice? look at 1 kings 18 : 2629, where the pagan prophets on mount carmel tried to invoke baal all day long, repeatedly calling on his name and performing ritual dances : \" [ they ] called on the name of baal from morning until noon, saying, ' oh baal, answer us! ' but there was no voice, no one answered. and they leaped about the altar which they had made.... and they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their custom with swords and lances, until the blood gushed out of them. and as midday passed, they raved on until the time of the offering of the [ evening ] oblation, but there was no voice, no one answered, no one heeded. \" once the pagan prophets had given up, elijah came forward and called on the god of israel, and immediately his prayer was answered. the prayers of the pagan prophets were \" vain \" because, after spending the entire day frantically calling upon him, baal never responded. he wasn ' t a real god, unlike the god of israel, who always answers sincere prayer. jesus ' point in matthew 6 : 7 is that we don ' t need to spend all day leaping over altars, cutting ourselves, and raving to get our heavenly father ' s ear. he hears our prayers no matter what type of prayer is offered : lengthy or short, composed or extemporaneous, group or individual, repetitious or unique. thus jesus says in the next verse : \" therefore do not be like them [ the pagans ]. for your father knows the things you have need of before you ask him \" ( matt. 6 : 8 ). this doesn ' t mean that, since god already knows our needs, we don ' t have to pray at all. as jesus taught in the parable of the persistent widow ( luke 18 : 1 - 8 ), we are to be tenacious in prayer, freely and repeatedly ( repetitiously ) bringing our petition before the seat of grace. paul says we are to \" pray without ceasing \" ( 1 thess. 5 : 17 ), not \" pray reservedly lest we repeat ourselves \" ( as is inevitable in ceaseless prayer ). one of the benefits of the rosary is that it leads naturally to the ceaseless prayer and meditation which scripture enjoins upon us. if there should be any lingering doubt that god doesn ' t look askance on repetition in prayer, note that in revelation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40823579075192223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.686687"}
{"text": "of the benefits of the rosary is that it leads naturally to the ceaseless prayer and meditation which scripture enjoins upon us. if there should be any lingering doubt that god doesn ' t look askance on repetition in prayer, note that in revelation 4 : 8 - 11 we find the heavenly host engaging in repetitive prayer ( \" holy, holy, holy lord god almighty \" ), said \" day and night \" before the throne of the almighty, followed by repetitious antiphons from the elders. the hail mary is the heart of the rosary and is said on each of the ten beads which are grouped together to form a decade, there being fifteen decades totaling 150 hail marys - as many hail marys as there are psalms. the first part of the prayer is composed of two bible verses strung together : \" hail mary full of grace, the lord is with thee \" ( luke 1 : 28 ) and \" blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb \" ( luke 1 : 42 ). the remainder of the prayer reads, \" holy mary, mother of god, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. amen. \" as she was on earth called the object of divine grace ( luke 1 : 28 ) and is now in heaven a glorified saint, mary is called \" holy. \" the title \" mother of god \" ( greek, < theotokos >, \" god - bearer \" ) is an ancient one. a piece of papyrus found in egypt and dating to 250 - 270 invokes the intercession of the < theotokos >. 4 catholics maintain that the person born of the virgin mary is the second person of the blessed trinity, the divine word ( greek, < logos > ), and is therefore god ( john 1 : 1, 14 ). as jesus is god, humanity and divinity fully united in one person, the mother of jesus is therefore the mother ( but not the originator or creator ) of god ; she is the < theotokos >. 5 many non - catholics object to the practice of asking the saints in heaven, including the virgin mary, to pray for us. often cited is 1 timothy 2 : 5, \" for there is one god and one mediator between god and men, the man christ jesus. \" since jesus is our only mediator, they argue, mary ( or any other saint ) shouldn ' t be asked to pray on our behalf. by praying \" holy mary, mother of god, pray", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45227429042222855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.689999"}
{"text": "god and men, the man christ jesus. \" since jesus is our only mediator, they argue, mary ( or any other saint ) shouldn ' t be asked to pray on our behalf. by praying \" holy mary, mother of god, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death, \" catholics intrude on the sole mediatorship of christ. but this idea can be held only if one believes that death creates a chasm between christians on earth and christians in heaven. catholics believe that christians aren ' t separated from christ or each other at death ( rom 8 : 38 - 39 ). the body of christ \" is one though it has many parts \" ( 1 cor. 12 : 12 ), and christians don ' t become amputated from the body when they go to heaven. nor are there two churches, one in heaven and another on earth, separated by death and thus somehow not in communion with each other. the church is the bride of christ ( rev. 21 : 9ff ), and jesus is a strict monogamist. we reject any idea that separates us from one another and consequently destroys the unity of the church. as stated in the apostles ' creed, catholics believe in \" the communion of saints. \" this means that since we ' re all one in christ, we can ask the saints in heaven to pray for us every bit as much as we can ask our brothers and sisters in the lord here on earth to pray for us. since we are specifically commanded to pray for each other ( 1 tim. 2 : 1, eph. 2 : 1, heb. 4 : 16 ), and since the word of the lord \" stands firm in the heavens \" as well as on earth ( ps. 119 : 89 ), we don ' t violate scripture by asking for the prayers of the saints in heaven. it is precisely because of christ ' s mediatorship that christians in heaven can pray for those on earth. we know the saints in heaven are aware of what occurs to us ( heb. 12 : 1, luke 15 : 7 ) and that they offer prayers ( rev. 5 : 8 - 10, 8 : 3 ), including praying for god ' s intervention on the earth ( rev. 6 : 9 - 10 ). hebrews 12 : 22 - 24 tells us we approach not only jesus, \" the mediator of the new covenant, \" but the heavenly jerusalem and the \" assembly of the first - born enrolled in heaven \" and \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42339718655446856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.693910"}
{"text": "9 - 10 ). hebrews 12 : 22 - 24 tells us we approach not only jesus, \" the mediator of the new covenant, \" but the heavenly jerusalem and the \" assembly of the first - born enrolled in heaven \" and \" the spirits of the just made perfect. \" we don ' t hesitate to ask them for their prayers because the prayers of the righteous \" availeth much \" ( jas. 5 : 16b ). some object that the saints are dead and that the bible forbids communication with the dead ( lev. 19 : 31, 20 : 6, 27 ) through mediums and other occultic means ( necromancy ). but catholics do not attempt to get information from spirits, as is done in seances. the church condemns occult practices. moreover, the saints in heaven aren ' t \" dead \" ; they ' re more alive than you or i : \" i am the god of abraham, the god of isaac, and the god of jacob, \" jesus quoted from exodus. \" he is not the god of the dead, but the god of the living. ye therefore do greatly err \" ( mark 12 : 26 - 27 ). if jesus did not intend the saints on earth to communicate with the saints in heaven, he certainly set a rather poor example in appearing to peter, james, and john on mount tabor ( matt. 17 : 1 - 8 ). sometimes fundamentalists such as jimmy swaggart say that praying ten hail marys to every our father confirms their worst fears about catholicism : catholics prefer mary to god by a margin of ten to one. this assertion is not only offensive to catholics, but it ' s logically awry as well. looking at a king james bible, does the fact that paul ' s name occurs 126 times in the book of acts compared with only 68 times for jesus ' name imply that the author of acts thought paul twice as important as jesus? does the fact that the protestant translation of the book of esther contains neither the word \" god \" nor the word \" lord \" mean that the author of that book was an atheist? such statistical \" proofs \" prove nothing at all. the rosary is a devotion in honor of the blessed virgin mary, who, under divine inspiration, herself prophesied that all generations would call her blessed ( luke 1 : 48 ). in such devotions catholics happily fulfill the prophecy, recalling that god blesses us when we bless those whom he has especially favored ( gen. 12 : 3, 27 : 29", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4458263027275659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.696319"}
{"text": "in heaven ( rev. 12 : 1 - 2, 5 ). note that all of the fifteen mysteries, except for the last two, are explicitly taught in the bible. we ' ll close with an examination of the two that are present only by implication. the bodily assumption of mary into heaven at the end of her life is neither explicitly taught nor contradicted by the bible, though there are precedents ( hebrews 11 : 5 mentions the assumption of enoch ; 2 kings 2 : 113 recounts that of elijah ; paul admits the possibility of his own bodily assumption in 2 corinthians 12 : 2 - 4 ). there is no indication that mary ' s remains were venerated as relics ( a customary practice in the early church ), and the belief in her assumption is held both in the east ( orthodox ) and in the west ( catholic ). mary is perceived in catholic thought as the proto - christian and the symbol of the church as a whole. hence her assumption is seen as a sign of the ultimate destiny of the church : christ will come at the end in order to take his bride into the kingdom and to glorify her ( 2 thess. 4 : 16 - 17 ). the belief in the assumption is affirmed by all christian communities having historic links with the ancient church \u2014 which our lord promised to lead into all truth ( john 16 : 12 - 13 ; cf. matt. 16 : 18, 28 : 20 ). the belief is very old as well as widespread, and those who deny this teaching do so without scriptural warrant, for christians are to follow < all > apostolic traditions, whether or not written in the new testament ( 2 thess. 2 : 15 ). the coronation of mary in heaven should be understood against the jewish background of early christianity. in judah, partly because of the fourth commandment ( ex. 20 : 12 ), the mother of the anointed king had a function of considerable importance, and her name is with only two exceptions associated with the accession of the king in the official annals. 6 the king ' s mother bore the powerful and prestigious title of gebirah7 and received honors of the first order. she had an official place at the court, was mistress of the harem, had enough power to seize complete control over the nation ( as did athaliah in 842 b. c., 2 kgs. 11 : 1 - 3 ), was sent into exile with the king ( as was nehushta in 597 b. c.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46035710298885846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.703889"}
{"text": "control over the nation ( as did athaliah in 842 b. c., 2 kgs. 11 : 1 - 3 ), was sent into exile with the king ( as was nehushta in 597 b. c., jer. 29 : 2 ), and could be deposed ( as was king asa ' s idolatrous grandmother, maacah, who first became queen mother during the reign of her son abijam, 1 kgs. 15 : 2, 10, 13, 2 chron. 15 : 16 ). the < gebirah > was a monarchical institution and had a throne and a crown. 8 as jesus is the ultimate king of the jews, fulfilling the messianic prophecy in 2 samuel 7 : 10 - 17, it would be strange indeed if mary did not have this crown as the ultimate queen mother. the monarchical nature of the kingdom of god, complete with queen mother, may be difficult to appreciate for those who live in a democratic culture, but it was something accepted as natural in early christendom, as witnessed by the art and literature. in 1 kings 1 : 16, 31 we see queen bathsheba petitioning king david, her husband, by bowing \" her face to the earth, and [ doing ] homage to the king, and [ saying ], ' let my lord, king david, live forever! ' \" this was common protocol in the court of an oriental monarch, though the position of the queen seems to have been somewhat higher in other near eastern countries than it was in judah and israel ( but compare jezebel in 1 kings 21 : 7 - 11 ). contrast this to the next chapter. in 1 kings 2 : 13 - 20 solomon, the son of david, has come to the throne. adonijah approaches \" bathsheba the mother of solomon \" with a request and says, \" please speak to king solomon, for he will not refuse you. \" bathsheba promises to intercede with solomon on his behalf ( compare john 2 : 1 - 11, where mary intercedes with jesus ), not seeing through adonijah ' s plot to seize the throne. \" bathsheba therefore went to king solomon, to speak to him for adonijah. \" the use of the title \" king solomon \" hints that solomon acts in his official capacity ( cf. verse 23 ). instead of bathsheba scraping her face on the floor before solomon as previously she had done before david, king solomon \" rose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4545631397029627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.707797"}
{"text": "\" the use of the title \" king solomon \" hints that solomon acts in his official capacity ( cf. verse 23 ). instead of bathsheba scraping her face on the floor before solomon as previously she had done before david, king solomon \" rose up to meet her and bowed down to her and sat down on his throne and had a throne set for the king ' s mother ; so she sat at his right hand. then she said, ' i desire one small petition of you ; do not refuse me. ' and the king said to her, ' ask it, my mother, for i will not refuse you ' \" ( vv. 19 - 20 ). solomon wasn ' t merely being a nice son. it was a custom throughout the ancient world to make the right - hand seat the place of honor and of delegated authority, which is precisely why the new testament speaks of christ as being seated at the right hand of the father. bathsheba ' s status in society had changed ; she had become the \" king ' s mother. \" the bible teaches that the old testament types ( such as the passover lamb, the flood, hagar, and sarah ) find their fulfillment in the new testament ( john 1 : 29, 1 pet. 3 : 18 - 21, gal. 4 : 21 - 31 ). as christ is superior to the passover lamb which foreshadowed him, the fulfillment of the type is always greater than the type itself. christians have recognized that jesus christ, son of david and king of israel < par excellence >, is the perfect fulfillment of king solomon, the original son of david. christians have also recognized that the virgin mary fulfills perfectly the role of solomon ' s mother, the original < gebirah > who foreshadowed the mother of the messiah. catholics believe jesus rose from his throne in heaven and, like solomon, came down to meet his mother and elevated her to be with him ( the assumption ). he then led her to a throne set up for her at his right hand in a position of authority and special honor ( the coronation ). here, like bathsheba, she intercedes on our behalf as the queen mother of the church, the spiritual israel ( rom. 11 : 17ff, 1 pet. 2 : 9 ). from lowly handmaid of the lord to < gebirah > of the kingdom of god : \" for he has regarded the lowly state of his maidservant ; for behold, henceforth all generations will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4324793215369757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.710726"}
{"text": "pet. 2 : 9 ). from lowly handmaid of the lord to < gebirah > of the kingdom of god : \" for he has regarded the lowly state of his maidservant ; for behold, henceforth all generations will call me blessed. for he who is mighty has done great things for me.... he has put down the mighty from their thrones and exalted the lowly \" ( luke 1 : 48 - 49, 52 ). epicetus in the second century said that \" if your heart is set upon a crown, make and put on one of roses, for it will make the prettier appearance. \" \" rosary \" comes from the latin < rosarium >, which means \" rose garden \" and suggests the presention of a rose wreath to our lady. here is the crowning of the king ' s mother ( rev. 12 : 1 ) and, more importantly, of the king of kings himself ( rev. 6 : 2 ). it is through persevering in the faith that we hope to be given our own crowns ( rev. 2 : 10 ), and no other devotional practice surpasses the rosary in obtaining and strengthening the grace necessary for this end. \" every athlete exercises discipline in every way. they do it to win a perishable crown, but we an imperishable one \" ( 1 cor. 9 : 25 ). t. l. frazier writes from the los angeles area, where he prays the rosary regularly. 1. jimmy swaggart, < catholicism and christianity > ( baton rouge : jimmy swaggart ministries, 1986 ). 2. ibid., 160 - 161. 3. < battalogeo, > which is a very rare greek word except in writings dependent on the new testament, is perhaps connected with the aramaic word < battal > ( idle, useless ). < battal > is used in an aramaic papyrus from qumran with the meaning of \" without effect. \" the sinaitic syriac manuscript of matthew renders this verse as \" do not be saying idle things. \" 4. papyrus 470 in the john rylands library, manchester, england. 5. if a biblical proof - text is wanted for the title < theotokos >, one should look at the visitation of mary to her cousin elizabeth, who looks at mary and exclaims, \" but why is this granted to me, that the mother of my lord ( greek : < ha mater tou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744375294929494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.711657"}
{"text": "theotokos >, one should look at the visitation of mary to her cousin elizabeth, who looks at mary and exclaims, \" but why is this granted to me, that the mother of my lord ( greek : < ha mater tou kyriou mou > ) should come to me? \" ( luke 1 : 43 ). as anyone familiar with the bible is aware, the title \" lord \" is practically synonymous with the god of israel ( ps. 110 : 1 - 4 ). indeed, whenever the translators of the greek old testament ( the septuagint ) found the word \" yhwh \" ( the tetragrammaton, \" yahweh \" ) in the hebrew text, they translated it as lord ( kyrios ), though kyrios is really the greek translation of < adonai >, the hebrew word for lord. thus what elizabeth exclaimed could be reworded, \" but why is this granted to me, that the mother of my god should come to me? \" 6. see 1 kings 14 : 21 ; 15 : 2, 10 ; 22 : 42 ; 2 kings 8 : 26 ; 9 : 6 - 7, 22 ; 12 : 1 ; 14 : 2 ; 15 : 2, 33 ; 18 : 2 ; 22 : 1 ; 23 : 31, 36 ; 24 : 18. 7. literally \" lady \" or \" mistress, \" used six times in the bible and always as the title of a queen, whether the wife ( 1 kgs. 11 : 19 ) or mother of a king ( 1 kgs. 15 : 13, 2 kgs. 10 : 13, 2 chron. 15 : 16, jer. 13 : 18, 29 : 2 ). it ought to be noted that the title is used only once in reference to the wife of a king, and even there it is used of tahpenes, the queen of egypt, and not of a queen of judah, where the title is associated more with the queen mother. 8. compare jeremiah 13 : 18, where the prophet proclaims to the eighteen - year - old jehoiachin and the queen mother, nehushta, \" say to the king and to the queen mother, ' come down from your thrones, for your glorious crowns will fall from your heads. ' \" this article was taken from the september, 1994 issue of \" this rock, \" published by catholic answers, p. o. box 17490, san diego, ca 92", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680602014406159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12ae5275-37d7-4068-a952-c73e39bf2849>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.712468"}
{"text": "if you have trouble writing or coming up with ideas a story project plan may be just the thing to help you on your way. the very first thing you must decide on is the type of genre you want to write. if you are unsure of what the genres are, here is a good explanation you can study as well as here. once you have your story genre chosen, you can move on to setting up your story project plan. 1. what do you want to do with your story? 2. what characters do you want to involve? 3. is there a back story within the plot? 4. where do you want to go with the story? 5. how do you intend to get there? these questions may take a lot of consideration and thought on your part. a word of advice, do not answer these questions unless you are in a calm state of mind and have clear thinking. 1. set up your characters as they come to mind in a document. label it something to help you remember what it is. 2. set up the city, state, country, and environment where the story is taking place. this should be done for each character. remember an environment is your immediate surroundings of which you are in right now. 3. set up any minor characters that may be involved. 4. plan to make time to write. ( if possible ), and choose an environment that is not distracting. 5. set up a \" deadline \" for when your story has to be finished. 6. if there is a delay, or a time you cannot write on your scheduled day, simply reschedule. simple as that. a story project plan can be implemented into a story outline and chart. the first two sections are best to go into a story outline while story schedule would go into a chart. or better a time chart. next you will want to research the towns, provinces, or country where your story is taking place. suppose you wanted to put your character in baltimore, md. your resources are the web and the library. you should never write your character in any place of living that you have never been to without research first! once you have gathered all your requirements, you can then start writing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4455019500906711, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc32f9ee-6575-4ad1-93b8-725da1eb146a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.715091"}
{"text": "compiled records for mid - south researchedit this page from familysearch wiki this is a bibliographic essay of compiled records for doing mid - south research, which includes kentucky, missouri, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, virginia, and west virginia. most of the compiled records come from published sources. over the years as the amount of these sources has become too numerous, it became essential to index many of them. as a researcher it is often necessary to utilize these indexes early on in ones research project, especially if the exact location of the individual or families being researched is not known. indexes of biographical sources might be a good place to start. also, as you begin to narrow your search down to your specific area you will want to look at an index to biographies in local histories in the library of congress ( baltimore : magna carta book, 1979 ). this index contains biographical sketches of 170, 000 individuals found in 340 local histories. unfortunately, including biographical sketches in the histories of the southern states was not as prevalent as seen in the mid - western states, but there are quite a few and this index would be worth a try. the southern states courier ( natchitoches, louisiana : courier publications, 1984 - 1986 ) is a periodical exploring the history and records of the following states : alabama, arkansas, delaware, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, pennsylvania, south carolina, virginia, and possibly others. information is extracted from biographies, cemetery records, census, church records, deeds and land records, maps, marriage records, military records, mortuaries, naturalizations, obituaries, post office records, school records, vital records, wills, and other sources. some family names and persons are featured. these are interspersed within these publications, family histories. there is no index but persi discloses the titles of the articles in each issue, referring to which parish and record - types are included. time period covered is roughly from the 1700 \u2019 s - 1900. when doing research, there will come a time when it may become necessary to narrow your search to specific records, such as military, ethnic, religious, or occupational. a couple of examples follow : a good military publication for the south might be military bibliography of the civil war, compiled by c. e. dornbusch ( new york, new york : new york public library ; distributed by readex books, 1971 - c1987 ). it consists of 3 volumes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3870727416270482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.738802"}
{"text": "be military bibliography of the civil war, compiled by c. e. dornbusch ( new york, new york : new york public library ; distributed by readex books, 1971 - c1987 ). it consists of 3 volumes. volume 1 does not deal with the south, but volume 2 and volume 3, originally published in 1967 under title \" regimental publications and personal narratives : southern, border, and western states and territories ; federal troops \u201d, does contain personal narratives from southern soldiers and union and confederate biographies. there is an index. then if you are looking for compiled records of a certain ethnic group you could use a publication such as who was who among the southern indians, a genealogical notebook, 1698 - 1907 by don martini ( falkner, mississippi : the author, c1998 ). it is in alphabetical order by surname. it is a comprehensive guide to the prominent leaders of the cherokee, chickasaw, choctaw, and creek indian tribes and the relatives / possible relatives of those leaders. the information for each individual varies from as little as a sentence to half a page. this publication is very interesting reading and has some valuable information. after a place of residence has been established, compiled records specific to an area of interest should be the next step in the research process. many records are available at the state level as well as the county and township level. the purpose of the rest of this paper will be to take a look at some of those compiled records. under each state are examples of historical, military, ethnic, and religious publications which contain compiled records, as well as a few examples of periodicals. by far not complete, this was intended to give the reader a glimpse into the many publications available which contain compiled records. it is always exciting to find a biography on an individual that is being researched. although, the mid - south does not have as wonderful collection as the mid - west, there are still good publications available. a good place to start might be michael cook \u2019 s kentucky : index of biographical sketches in state, regional and county histories, ( evansville, indiana : cook publications, 1986 ). this compiled record indexes 65 various state, regional and county histories and there are notes on how to use the volume and where to obtain the histories. a list of the codes and their meanings is at the front of the book. there is an alphabetical index, which is easy to use, but it is important to note that for the biographies, the index only lists the names of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4344947200836058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.739930"}
{"text": "the histories. a list of the codes and their meanings is at the front of the book. there is an alphabetical index, which is easy to use, but it is important to note that for the biographies, the index only lists the names of those who are the subject of the biographical sketches. there is also, kentucky genealogy and biography, 9 vols. ( owensboro, ky. : genealogical reference, 1969 \u2013 ) is another publication worth taking a look at. these are reprints of the biographical sections of various editions of kentucky : a history of the state, by w. h. perrin, et al., published during the 1880s. the biographies are arranged by county. another reprint of the biographical sections of perrin \u2019 s work was published by the southern historical press and bears the title of the original work, kentucky : a history of the state. these volumes are facsimiles of the original biographies, with complete name indexes prepared by various individuals. new material was added in 1979. lyman copeland draper, draper ' s biographical sketches, chicago : university of chicago library, 1951. within this publication are many biographies of eminent early residents of kentucky and nearby states. the kentucky papers consist of thirty - seven volumes. both a subject index and an index to the interview have been published by the wisconsin historical society. for a county specific publication there is echo ' s of the past, in the western part of scott county, kentucky ( stamping ground, kentucky : stamping ground woman ' s club, 1975 - ). volume one includes a few biographies and volume 2 contains family lineages. a history of the pioneer families of missouri - with numerous sketches, anecdotes, adventures, etc., and relating the early days in missouri. also, the lives of daniel boone and the celebrated indian chief black hawk by william s. bryan and robert rose. ( baltimore : clearfield co., 1996 ) most of the sketches are brief, but do contain a lot of genealogical information. most of the sketches contain wealth of information on their migration pattern. missouri : family histories and genealogies, a bibliography by donald hehir ( bowie, maryland : heritage books, 1996 ). this book contains a comprehensive listing of all printed missouri genealogies and family histories that have made their way into major library collections across the u. s. over 1600 missouri surnames are arranged alphabetically. pioneer kentuckians with missouri cousins by frances t. ingmire 2 vols. ( signal mountain, tennessee : mountain press, n. d. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46770514211541725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.741065"}
{"text": "major library collections across the u. s. over 1600 missouri surnames are arranged alphabetically. pioneer kentuckians with missouri cousins by frances t. ingmire 2 vols. ( signal mountain, tennessee : mountain press, n. d. ) the two volumes of missouri records show over 65, 000 persons born in kentucky but who by 1850 are living in missouri. contains the following missouri counties : adair, lincoln, linn, livingston, mcdonald, macon, madison, marion, mercer, miller, pike, platte, polk, gasconade, pulaske, putnam, ralls, randolph, st. charles, ray, reynolds, ripley, schuyler, saline, scott, scotland, shannon, shelby, stoddard and sullivan. missouri also has some interesting publications. one such is l. l. broadfoot \u2019 s pioneers of the ozarks ( caldwell : the caxton printers, 1946 ). the biographical sketches were written by the ozark pioneers themselves. their grammar is somewhat back country, but the stories hold some wonderful tidbits of genealogical and historical information. an example of a publication specific to an ethnic group is the italians in missouri, by g., schiavo ( new york : arno press, inc., 1975, c 1929 ). it is a \u201c scrapbook \u201d biographical publication. the biographies are small and all come with a picture of the individual. most of the biographies appear to be of professionals and businessmen. if it is the early years of north carolina that the researcher is concerned with, then one publication to look at is one that was compiled by marilu burch smallwood ; some colonial and revolutionary families of north carolina, 3 vols. ( washington, north carolina : m. b. smallwood, 1964 - ). these volumes provide the names of the husband, wife, date of marriage and county. for research that requires a wider timeframe, biographical history of north carolina history from colonial times to the present, samuel a \u2019 court ashe, ed., 10 vols. ( greensboro, north carolina : c. l. van noppen, 1905 - 1917 ) is great because it covers a large time period in the history of north carolina, through biographical sketches of those who lived there. new volumes have been added from time to time and volume 10 has an index. an example of a wonderful publication for research within a specific ethnic group is german speaking people west of the catawba river in north carolina 1750 - 1800 and some emigres \u2019 participation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43615975281811836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.742440"}
{"text": "been added from time to time and volume 10 has an index. an example of a wonderful publication for research within a specific ethnic group is german speaking people west of the catawba river in north carolina 1750 - 1800 and some emigres \u2019 participation in the early settlement of southeast missouri, lorena shell eaker, compiler and editor ( franklin, north carolina : genealogy publishing services, 1994 ). in the introduction of this book it states, \u201c this is a migrational history of more than six hundred immigrants who pioneered the settlement of the present - day north carolina counties of burke, catawba, cleveland, gaston, lincoln, and rutherford. \u201d it is presented in a compiled lineage format and includes an every name index. for a specific area of research such publications as the heritage of the toe river valley, avery, mitchell, and yancey counties, 5 vols. ( marceline, missouri : walsworth publishing co., inc. 1994 ) may be helpful. each of these volumes contains lengthy family biographical sketches. many of these biographical sketches include a very comprehensive genealogy of the family. there is also an index and the family sketches are done in alphabetical order. history of south carolina ( chicago : lewis pub. co., 1920 ) edited by yates snowden, comprises five volumes. like most history books, the biographies of individuals who paid to be included in the publications are given a page or two to give a brief history of themselves and sometimes their families. fortunately, there is an index, because the biographies have no certain order to them. richard n. cote, local and family history in south carolina, a bibliography, ( easley, s. c. southern historical press 1981 ). at the end there is an alphabetical surname index to many major south carolina collections. it contains about 7, 600 names. as an example of a more area specific resource, there is herbert ravenel sass \u2019 s, the story of the south carolina lowcountry, 3 vols. ( west columbia, s. c. : j. f. hyer publishing co., 1956 ). the low country included charleston, and volumes two and three are the biographies of those citizens who played an important part in the growth and development of this particular area. the third volume includes an index, which indexes only those people for whom the biography was written. there are also many publications of compiled records written for various religious groups. the brief baptist biographies by robert p hamby ( greenville, south carolina : a press, 1982 - ) is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4734653792854848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.743815"}
{"text": "which indexes only those people for whom the biography was written. there are also many publications of compiled records written for various religious groups. the brief baptist biographies by robert p hamby ( greenville, south carolina : a press, 1982 - ) is one example. this book is divided up into 5 divisions. the third division is titled \u201c brief historical sketches of twenty - one baptist associations from 1707 to 1861 which have made their contribution to western north carolina. \" this is a compilation of historical sketches, and there are also biographical sketches found within the other divisions. compiled records can also be found in periodicals. for this state there is the south carolina magazine of ancestral research. along with abstracted records, included in these periodicals which are done on a quarterly basis, are memoirs of individuals, biographies, and histories of families. there is also a book review section and an index of these articles is available in a book under fhl call # : 975. 7, b2sc. the carolina herald and newsletter, which is an official publication of the south carolina genealogical society and published quarterly, is another periodical worth searching through. some of the editions do contain individual biographies and family histories, although there appears to be more abstracted and copied records. there is no indexing. leaves from the family tree ( easley, south carolina, 1982 ) compiled by penelope johnson allen for the \u201c chattanooga times sunday magazine \u201d, is a collection of family histories, primarily from east tennessee. although, it is more area specific, it does include about 100 family histories that are full of wonderful information and many of these histories include photographs. it does include an index and if one is fortunate enough to be researching someone in the east tennessee area, this would be worth reading. in a book written by worth s. ray, called tennessee cousins ( baltimore : genealogical publishing co., 1960 ) the author has done a wonderful job of writing a history of the some of the counties of tennessee and the people, by using original sources, and evaluating them. he has written personal histories on many of the individuals who lived there. the use of the index is imperative as the family histories are not in any logical order and are interspersed with abstracted records. when narrowing your research to specific counties within a state, you will often find compiled records in publications that have been written by genealogical or historical societies. these books were often written for a specific historical event, such as a centennial. a good example of this is, families and history of sullivan county, tennessee volume one 1779 - 1992, compiled by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41774319035748503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.744914"}
{"text": "publications that have been written by genealogical or historical societies. these books were often written for a specific historical event, such as a centennial. a good example of this is, families and history of sullivan county, tennessee volume one 1779 - 1992, compiled by the holston territory genealogical society, 1993. it is a collection of stories submitted by residents, former residents, and those having roots in sullivan county. the bios run a quarter to half page in length. there is a surname index, and the bios are in alphabetical order. they are a great tool for finding genealogical information. a researcher can also get very specific. take for instance tennessee convicts : early records of the state penitentiary by charles a. and tomye m. sherrill. this book includes an index of places ( vol. 1 ) and full - name indexes ( vols. 1 & 2 ). volume 1 covers the years 1831 - 1850 and volume 2 the years 1850 - 1870. volume 1 might be of particular interest since it was transcribed from volume 45 of the tennessee state penitentiary and in this particular volume are detailed descriptions and biographies of 600 inmates from 1831 - 1842. ransom b. true, biographical dictionary of early virginia, 1607 - 1660. ( richmond association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, 1984 ). this record is in alphabetical order by surname and then by given name or title. it gives the name, title, event, date and place of event, source code and page number. there is often more than one event for each name and each event is listed with its source code and page number under the name. this record is a list of names extracted from various sources for \" people who were involved in any capacity with the settlement and development of virginia from 1607 through the end of 1660 \" encyclopedia of virginia biography by lyon gardiner tyler fhl book 975. 5 d3tl, 5 vols. ( new york : lewis historical pub., 1915 ). includes multi - generation family histories. the first three volumes contain a small paragraph of some of the founders, colonial presidents and governors, colonial councilors of state, and burgesses, those elected to political positions and other prominent persons and their involvement in the political climate of virginia. contained in some of since slavery was well established in virginia pre civil war, the use of compiled information regarding these people may be very useful in doing virginia research. weevils in the wheat ; interviews with virginia ex - slaves, edited by charles l. perdue, jr., thomas e. barden,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46410672598264646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.745984"}
{"text": "war, the use of compiled information regarding these people may be very useful in doing virginia research. weevils in the wheat ; interviews with virginia ex - slaves, edited by charles l. perdue, jr., thomas e. barden, and robert k. phillips, is an interesting book. it is a compilation of interviews of ex - slaves from the state of virginia. earl gregg swem, virginia historical index, ( gloucester, massachusetts : peter smith, 1965 ). lists many genealogies that were published in periodicals. it is a 1930 index to some major virginia periodicals including : tyler ' s quarterly historical and genealogical magazine ; william and mary quarterly ; virginia magazine of history and biography. r. a. brock alonzo and virgil a. lewis, virginia and virginians, salt lake city filmed by the genealogical society of utah 1972 [ microfilm of original published : richmond and toledo : h. h. hardesty, 1888 ] lists five to ten prominent citizens from each county with early governors and generals. it includes genealogical data abstracted from the 6 volume set, history of virginia. it is an index to the biographical volumes of that history. a researcher will find that often when researching in west virginia they will be consulting virginia sources ; however, there are still some very good publications that deal primarily with those individuals living in west virginia. a couple of these publications are : thomas condit miller and hu maxwell, west virginia and its people, 3 vols. ( new york : lewis historical publishing co., 1913 ). the first volume is devoted to the history of west virginia and the remaining two volumes are family and personal histories. these histories are usually about one to two pages in length, but the information contained within these personal histories is invaluable. there is an index, but it only names the person for which the personal history was written. another is james morton callahan \u2019 s history of west virginia old and new and west virginia biography, 3 vols. ( chicago and new york : the american historical society, inc., 1923 ). again the two last volumes are dedicated to a compilation of biographies. this publication was written later than the previous mentioned book, so it gives you a few more years of information and does contain biographies on quite a few more people. the west virginia encyclopedia, edited by paul conley ( charleston, w. v. : west virginia publishing company, 1929 ) contains mini biographies, only a paragraph in length, about individuals who have made some contribution to the state of west virginia. these are interspersed throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43964843106765394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.746997"}
{"text": "encyclopedia, edited by paul conley ( charleston, w. v. : west virginia publishing company, 1929 ) contains mini biographies, only a paragraph in length, about individuals who have made some contribution to the state of west virginia. these are interspersed throughout the book in alphabetical order. there is only a topical index. a publication specific to the jewish population is west virginia jewry : origins and history 1850 - 1958 by abraham i. shinedling, 2 volumes. ( philadelphia, pennsylvania : m. jacob, 1963 ). this publication contains brief biographies of individuals who lived in the jewish communities of west virginia. these types of ethnic specific sources can be very informative when doing research. although the sources cited in this bibliographic essay do not come close to informing the reader of just how many compiled records are available, it has shown that there are many different avenues to take when deciding which records to utilize. it is also important to note that with the use of the internet, the amount of compiled records will continue to grow. the use of published sources, however, is a necessary tool in genealogical research. as indexing of these records continues, so will the efficiency of using these sources grow. the use of compiled records in genealogical research is now and always will be a must for any conscientious researcher. - church of jesus christ of latter day saints, family and church history department, family search research guidance, statewide indexes and collections ( intellectual reserve, inc., 1998, 2001 ) online < familysearch. org >. - church of jesus christ of latter day saints, family and church history department, research outline ( intellectual reserve, inc., 1988, 1997 ) - meyerink, k. l. editor, printed sources, a guide to published genealogical records ( salt lake city : ancestry incorporated, 1998 ) - szucs, l. d., & luebking, s. h. editors, the source, a guidebook of american genealogy ( salt lake city : ancestry incorporated, 1997 ) - the handybook for genealogists, united states of america, tenth edition ( draper : everton publishers, 2002 ) - this page was last modified on 28 january 2013, at 14 : 30. - this page has been accessed 2, 480 times. new to the research wiki? in the familysearch research wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others. learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44317265562707675, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bcee643-b3db-4ceb-b981-76aaeb77debb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.747985"}
{"text": "your skin in the largest organ of your body, one of your first lines of defense from illness and can be a window into undiagnosed medical problems in your body. skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the u. s. affecting almost one in eight americans. regular examination of the skin by both you and your doctor increases the chance of finding skin cancer early. most skin cancer that appear in the skin can be seen by the naked eye. however there is a long period of time when the cancer grows beneath the top layer of skin but does not grow into the deeper skin layers. this period of slow growth allows time for skin cancer to be found early. skin cancer may be completely cured if the tumor is found before it spreads deeper. monthly self - examination of the skin may help find changes that should be reported to a doctor. regular skin checks by a doctor are important for people who have already had skin cancer. beginning in 2005 dr. aaron hartman began attending advanced dermatologic training courses sponsored by training centers including the university of florida and the university of miami in the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders. this additional training includes over 600 hours of studies and didactic time. in addition he has also received training in advanced skin surgical procedures and techniques. during your office visit, if needed, he can perform a full body skin exam, any needed biopsies and address your skin concerns. for information on performing a self skin exams and making your own personal body mole map, download the following : bodymolemap. pdf for a comprehensive online skin cancer resource please visit skin cancer net. for more information about specific skin disorders please visit the american academy of dermatology \u2019 s a - z informational site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4670573233026586, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f8c81b-9c5b-4969-8fb8-ed7707ff3e76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.751117"}
{"text": "earlier chapters have presented all the key elements of an observer programme. this final chapter gives a brief overview on how to put all the elements together. three aspects are considered : design, implementation and maintenance. there are two main sets of influences that condition the framework of a programme. policy decisions ( and complementary decisions at management, science, mcs / compliance and observer operations levels ) - possibly reflected through the fishery management plan that lays down programme objectives. the situation ( or environment ) within which the programme must function, i. e. the factors that will shape the programme strategy and ultimately define its success or failure. decisions that underlie an observer programme were outlined in the introduction, and programme objectives were discussed in chapter 1. it is important to define objectives in a way that is easy to understand, but which is sufficiently comprehensive to meet the needs of observer data users. over - ambitious objectives may lead to disappointment within and outside of the observer programme. once the objectives have been defined, they must continually be assessed in terms of the functional environment of the programme. this involves attention to the following components. a ) physical environment conditions of the area covered - e. g. temperate or tropical location of ports. b ) biological environment for example, the key species, by - catch and predictions of catch rates. c ) fishing activity the resource users e. g. vessel nationality, size of vessel, fishing methods. d ) owner organization background information on the government fma that will be home to the programme. e ) other data collection programmes any other programmes that collect data for fisheries management. f ) the potential observers consider skills, abilities, professionalism and qualifications. g ) national level policies and objectives consider wider political, social and economic policies that may influence the programme, e. g. the need to address national employment problems, including gender or empowerment questions. h ) international level is the fishery sector party to any international or regional agreements that may influence the scope of the programme? i ) legal instruments what legal instruments exist, both informal and formal, such as acts, regulations, tribal rights, etc.? l ) financing options where will the programme finance come from? if from donor support, how will donor objectives influence the strategy of the programme? if from industry, should joint management be considered? who will care about the programme? draw up a list of all the possible stakeholders and consider current links and historic problems between them, and gauge their interest in the programme. assessment of the functional environment helps to clarify programme prospects and problems. these can be further clarified through sw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079245280695922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7aca2dca-4541-48cb-9dcf-e9e68d6384cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.757278"}
{"text": "the programme? draw up a list of all the possible stakeholders and consider current links and historic problems between them, and gauge their interest in the programme. assessment of the functional environment helps to clarify programme prospects and problems. these can be further clarified through swot analysis ( strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis ). swot analysis looks at all the aspects of the programme in relation to the required outputs and simply asks logical questions about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ( table 16 ). swot analysis serves as a kind of reality check. are threats too big to overcome or can they be overcome by opportunities? if the threats are considered too big, then should programme objectives be reconsidered? the analysis might contribute to a background paper that defines the intentions and plans for the programme for circulation among potential stakeholders for feedback. a possible structure of a background paper would include : name of programme, background and objectives situation analysis and overall strategy proposed organization and delivery how to address sustainability this paper can also serve as a basis for securing donor assistance to the programme. following feedback from stakeholders, decisions can be made on its feasibility or on any programme re - design. table 16 how to make a swot analysis what are your advantages and consider this from your own point of view and from the point of view of the people you deal with. be realistic. what could be improved? again this should be considered from both an internal and external perspective. do other people perceive weaknesses that you don ' t see? do your colleagues do any better? it is best to be realistic now, and face any unpleasant truths as soon as possible. what good changes do you face? useful opportunities can come from such things as : changes in technology on both a broad and narrow scale what obstacles do you face? carrying out this analysis will often be illuminating - both in terms of pointing out what needs to be done, and in putting problems into perspective. make a risk analysis by defining what could go wrong. if the chances for a successful programme are deemed good, a project will be necessary in order to implement it. project duration might be anywhere from one to five years, depending on the scale and scope of the programme to be established. planning is vital, and a project logical framework ( logframe ) approach should be used. a pilot phase, incorporating also pilot work on a sampling strategy ( section 4. 5 ), should first be implemented. trials during this phase will be used to establish work plans, working practices, codes of conduct, training manuals and guides, and consideration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5282073903869238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7aca2dca-4541-48cb-9dcf-e9e68d6384cc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.758429"}
{"text": "pilot phase, incorporating also pilot work on a sampling strategy ( section 4. 5 ), should first be implemented. trials during this phase will be used to establish work plans, working practices, codes of conduct, training manuals and guides, and consideration of employment options and other administrative systems for the programme. the pilot phase might run for any amount of time, but usually a period of 12 months should be sufficient to complete trial work. evaluation and revision of the project will occur in light of the lessons learnt during the pilot phase. this may require adjusting the objectives in relation to the initial mandate of the programme and what is practically achievable. monitoring and evaluation as described in chapter 3 should continue during the full project set - up phase and as the programme matures. it will always be necessary to verify that the programme is producing quality data outputs to fulfil its objectives, that the objectives are still in tune with the management system for the fishery, and that an observer programme is still the best way to achieve these objectives. observer programme managers will always need to assure all stakeholders that the programme remains sustainable. this will require a dynamic and flexible approach to allow the programme to adapt to changing circumstances. this flexibility combined with contact with stakeholders, annual planning, target setting, annual review and feedback will help to assure sustainability. the ownership of the programme will also have a major impact on sustainability ; a good programme will have a broad ownership network. that means that the scientists, compliance officers, managers, industry and observers will all feel that the programme is theirs. realistic budgeting is also required for sustainability. the aim should always be to provide value for money, and in this respect every programme needs to find a balance between what it produces as outputs and the personnel and technology it employs. high - tech solutions may be right for one programme but not for another, but they are only tools to enable observers to do their work. outputs are what the programme will ultimately be judged on. information quality and timeliness must almost become the motto of the programme, and every effort should be made to uphold it. finally, observers are always at the centre of every observer programme, and they will require recognition and reward when they have done a good job. life at sea is often difficult, and support and feedback from the shore staff is vital to maintain morale and a sense of purpose in what can easily become a very monotonous existence. knowing that they are part of a bigger picture and that their contribution is important and appreciated will motivate observers to achieve excellent results and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48677482346044815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7aca2dca-4541-48cb-9dcf-e9e68d6384cc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.759468"}
{"text": "| no. 4 october 2008 | | crop prospects and food situation | north african countries have been seriously affected by high international cereal prices due to their high dependence on imports. governments have implemented a series of measures aimed at offsetting the sharp increase in world prices, including the waiving of tariffs, price controls and subsidies, which have put a considerable strain on public finances. in algeria for example the bread subsidy system is estimated to cost the government about usd 50 million each month, while in egypt total expenditure on subsidies ( including food and energy subsidies ) in fiscal year 2006 / 07 ( july - june ) was estimated to be 56 percent higher than in 2006 / 07. in spite of these measures high inflation continues to undermine purchasing power and limit access to food across the subregion. in egypt, the most affected country, the year - on - year rate of inflation in urban areas reached 23. 6 percent in august 2008 up from 6. 9 percent in december 2007, driven mainly by price increases in the food sector where the year - on - year rate of inflation jumped from 8. 6 percent in december 2007 to 30. 9 percent percent in august 2008. the inflation rate for the country as a whole is much higher, estimated at 25. 6 percent. similarly, in morocco and tunisia, inflation remains relatively high although a slight decrease was observed in august. this year \u2019 s increased wheat production in the subregion, notably in morocco and egypt, is expected to ease the effects of rising international commodity prices on access to food in these countries. harvesting of the winter grains ( mainly wheat and barley ), which make up the bulk of the subregion ' s cereal crop, has been completed. fao \u2019 s latest estimates put the subregion \u2019 s aggregate output of wheat ( the main crop ) at 15. 6 million tonnes, 16 percent up from the previous year ' s drought - reduced level, while that of barley is put at some 3. 16 million tonnes, about 8 percent up from 2007. in egypt, the largest producer of the subregion, 2008 wheat output is about 9 percent up from last year \u2019 s average crop. in algeria, the wheat crop is also estimated above average by about 7 percent. in morocco, cereal production recovered significantly from last year ' s drought - reduced crop, although output remained below average. by contrast, in tunisia in spite of government incentives to farmers to increase production, wheat output declined about half, mainly as a consequence of insufficient soil moisture at planting and subsequent erratic rains in the main growing areas. high and rising", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46495133543609823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.811462"}
{"text": "output remained below average. by contrast, in tunisia in spite of government incentives to farmers to increase production, wheat output declined about half, mainly as a consequence of insufficient soil moisture at planting and subsequent erratic rains in the main growing areas. high and rising food prices continue to affect consumers \u2019 purchasing power and access to food across the subregion in spite of the various measures taken by governments. prices of imported rice have shown the highest increases. in senegal, where rice is one of the major staple foods, the price in dakar in july 2008 was more than double its level a year earlier. the situation is not better for domestically produced millet, the major staple in countries like niger, mali and burkina faso, as prices in august in niamey, bamako and ouagadougou were about 39, 28 and 46 respectively above their levels a year ago. cereal prices usually increase during the lean season when availability is limited and demand high, but they are also influenced this year by the exceptionally high levels of international commodity prices. latest data show, however, that coarse grain prices have started declining in september in some countries, reflecting the arrival of new crop supplies from this year \u2019 s harvests in the markets. in accra ( ghana ) for instance, the price of maize declined by 20 percent in september compared to august. slight price decreases were also reported in several areas in niger. improved food supply is expected to lower prices further after widespread harvesting begins in october across the subregion. in addition to measures taken by governments to support immediate food availability and access of the vulnerable to emergency food assistance, productivity enhancing safety nets have been provided in several countries, in most cases in the framework of large agricultural development initiatives. for instance, the target of senegal \u2019 s great offensive for food and abundance ( goana ) is to more than double rice production to 500 000 tonnes this year. about 34 000 tonnes of subsidised fertilizer have been distributed as of late august according to the ministry of agriculture. similarly, nearly 117 000 tonnes of fertilizer have been sold at subsidized prices in the framework of the government of mali \u2019 s \u201c rice initiative \u201d whose aim is to increase the country \u2019 s rice production by 50 percent in 2008 / 09. several other governments have launched similar programmes in recent months, which included inputs distribution to farmers. although there are very few yield and area data available now to assess the impact of these programmes, early forecasts point to substantial increases in areas planted to food crops. according to the results of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4454391817728262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.813387"}
{"text": "in recent months, which included inputs distribution to farmers. although there are very few yield and area data available now to assess the impact of these programmes, early forecasts point to substantial increases in areas planted to food crops. according to the results of the mid - term assessment carried out by the government of mali in august, the area planted with rice increased by over 53 percent compared to last year. the coarse grains area is also estimated to have increased significantly. similar trends are anticipated in other countries. moreover, since the beginning of the growing season rains and soil moisture have been generally adequate to allow satisfactory development of crops. indeed, rains were so abundant in some cases that localized flooding was reported in august in several countries. in particular, precipitation has been sufficient and well distributed in nigeria, the largest producer of the subregion. in short, overall early crop prospects are favourable in western africa and the current tight food situation is expected to ease somewhat from october onwards, provided favourable weather conditions continue through october. in cameroon and the central african republic, harvesting of the first maize crop is nearly complete in southern parts, while the later maturing cereal crops are generally developing satisfactorily in northern areas. rains and soil moisture have been generally adequate since the beginning of the cropping season, allowing satisfactory development of crops. larger domestic crops in 2008 would ease the impact of rising international commodity prices. in the central african republic, however, agricultural recovery continues to be hampered by persistent civil unrest and inadequate availability of agricultural inputs, notably in northern parts where nearly 300 000 people have reportedly been uprooted from their homes over the past two years. continuing insecurity in both chad and the darfur region of sudan threaten to further destabilize the situation in northern parts of the country. the harvesting of the 2008 main season cereal crops has been concluded in somalia and uganda, while it is well underway in kenya and tanzania. in ethiopia the harvest of the secondary \u201c belg \u201d crop has been recently completed. the harvest of the main 2008 cereal crops in sudan, ethiopia and eritrea, sown earlier in the year, will start in few weeks \u2019 time. successive seasons of poor rainfall in parts of kenya and ethiopia and inadequate rainfall from april to june 2008 in somalia, has led to the failure of seasonal crop production, deterioration of pastures and low availability of drinking water. september rains in southern somalia and western kenya have eased conditions but more rainfall is needed for water supplies and pastures to recovery. in eritrea, the 2008 main \u201c kiremti \u201d season cereal harvest will start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4428510778492284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.814467"}
{"text": "deterioration of pastures and low availability of drinking water. september rains in southern somalia and western kenya have eased conditions but more rainfall is needed for water supplies and pastures to recovery. in eritrea, the 2008 main \u201c kiremti \u201d season cereal harvest will start soon. while poor rains in june had delayed the start of the season in both the traditional and mechanized sectors of gash barka, debub and maekel regions, about normal rains in july had a positive impact on the vegetation growth. however, satellite imagery indicates a vegetation index lower than average in north red sea region, reflecting below - average rains during the first months of the year. thus, despite an increase in the area sown, the aggregate output of cereals, mainly sorghum and millet, is expected to be similar to last year \u2019 s crop. notwithstanding significant increases in the last few years, domestic cereal production is inadequate to cover the requirements and large quantities of cereals have to be imported. in ethiopia, the poor secondary season \u201c belg \u201d rains led to delayed plantings and partial failure of the crop that was recently harvested, particularly in lowlands of oromiya, somali and snnp regions. although this crop accounts for only a small portion of the total national cereal production, in amhara and tigray regions, where output is severely reduced, a large number of people depend on this crop for about half of their annual food consumption. after a late start to the current main \u201c meher \u201d season rains, precipitation began to increase in july improving crops and pasture conditions. however, notwithstanding the continued rains in august and early september, deficits remain in localized areas in tigray and afar. to the south, in the northern areas of oromiya and somali regions, unusual early september rains have benefited pastures and drinking water supplies. in kenya, the long rains maize season in the grain basket started well in april but the rains were irregular up to mid - june, followed by a dry spell before they resumed in july. those farmers who could afford the use of adequate fertilizer are expecting a good crop but, on average, maize output from the grain basket is expected to be lower than the previous season \u2019 s as a result of erratic rainfall, reduced area, rising prices of fuel and agricultural inputs and the high cost of labour. in addition, in january, most farmers were displaced following the civil unrest and those not affected were able to cultivate only a portion of their farm due to the increased cost of agricultural inputs. the ministry of agriculture has estimated the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.440887552437476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.815608"}
{"text": "high cost of labour. in addition, in january, most farmers were displaced following the civil unrest and those not affected were able to cultivate only a portion of their farm due to the increased cost of agricultural inputs. the ministry of agriculture has estimated the long - rains maize production this year at 2. 25 million tonnes, 11 percent lower than in the 2007 / 08 season. the output from the short - rains maize crop to be sown soon - should rains start on time and be adequate for the rest of the season \u2013 is forecast at an average level of 360 000 tonnes. in an effort to increase cereal production the government has initiated a number of projects which include diversification of crops, intervention in the input supply with provision of seeds, tractors for hire and a credit facility for the farmers. in addition, the government has recently announced to have set aside about usd 140 million to subsidize the imports of fertilizers, the cost of which increased considerably immediately after the post - election violence earlier in the year. in somalia, the main \u201c gu \u201d season cereal crop, recently harvested, has largely failed as a result of a late start and poor performance of the rains in most parts of the country. according to the somalia food security analysis unit ( fsau ), the 2008 gu cereal production, estimated at 85 000 tonnes, is about 42 percent below the post - war ( 1995 - 2007 ) average and follows two below - average seasons ( gu 2007 and deyr 2007 / 08 ). the overall poor performance of the gu rains has also contributed to a deepening drought and water crisis in pastoral areas. light rains in early june led to a replenishment of water resources but arrived too late to benefit the crop. subsequent heavy rains have caused some flooding in mogadishu. dry conditions have prevailed also in the central pastoral regions of galagadud and hiran as well as in several pastoral areas of the north. in sudan, prospects for the main sorghum and millet crops to be harvested towards the end of the year are uncertain due to delayed onset of the rains. after a below - normal rainfall in july, precipitation began to increase in august. these rains had mixed consequences : caused floods in parts of kassala state in the east and in parts of aweil, east twic, and nassir, but alleviate persistent dryness in upper nile and jonglei states and improved pasture conditions in kapoeta. the area planted for the current season is reported to be average and the availability of agricultural inputs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4335129390990556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.818633"}
{"text": "for food and income. in response to the emergency, wfp started the distribution of food rations to 55 000 people in rural pastoral areas. other interventions urgently needed to prevent a further deterioration in the food security conditions include : food distribution to cover all 155 000 rural residents in need ; restocking and asset - building programmes ; resources to increase the number of feeding distribution centres countrywide and, in urban areas, a voucher or cash - for - work programme and intensive water delivery by tanker. in eritrea, the current high food prices and inflation continue to affect a large number of vulnerable people while new and continuing regional tension could lead to further massive displacement and humanitarian needs. disease outbreaks including cholera and malaria remain a concern. this condition will be further aggravated by the inadequate safe water sources and sanitation facilities and other endemic diseases, such as yellow fever and meningitis. in ethiopia, poor secondary season \" belg \" rains and a late start to the current main \" meher \" season rains have created a rather alarming food situation. more than 10 million people have been affected by the drought which, between january and may, has hit large sections of southern, central, western and north - eastern ethiopia. the drought led to the failure of a harvest that has left 4. 6 million people needing emergency food aid and 5. 7 million in drought - affected areas requiring other handouts such as additional cash or food transfers. on 22 september 2008, wfplaunched an appeal to the international donor communities for usd 460 million to feed 9. 6 million people affected by drought, rising food prices and conflict. about one - fourth of the people in need live in the arid and troubled somali regions in the east where has not rained for three years. large numbers of livestock have died and unusual migrations in search of water and pasture are reported in several parts of the country, particularly in the somali region. by contrast, western ethiopia has experienced abundant and well distributed rains since the season started in late march. wfp reports some improvement in the nutritional situation in parts of southern oromiya and snnpr due to a combination of food aid interventions and the start of green harvest of maize, potato and haricot beans. livestock conditions have also reportedly improved in most areas. however, the supply situation remains critical in most areas. gode, zafder, korahe, warder and liben zones in somali region continue to report critical water and food shortages. increased level of migration, reduced daily food intake, poor livestock conditions and subsequent mortalities are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45032804104347157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.820895"}
{"text": "areas. gode, zafder, korahe, warder and liben zones in somali region continue to report critical water and food shortages. increased level of migration, reduced daily food intake, poor livestock conditions and subsequent mortalities are also reported. a recent report released by the central statistical agency ( csa ) indicates that the food inflation rate in august was 46. 9 percent, an increase of 28. 3 percent compared to the food inflation rate in august 2007, but lower than the previous three months of this year. by contrast, the country \u2019 s overall level of inflation rate has been steadily increasing over the past six months to reach in august 33. 6 percent \u2013 more than double the rate in august 2007 - from 29. 6 percent in july. in an effort to reduce the impact of the high food inflation rate on poor people, the government decided to cancel the value - added and turnover taxes on food grains and flour - which constitute more than half of the country \u2019 s consumption. the government has also set up measures which include provision of direct and indirect subsidies, and has spent etb 372 million ( usd 38 million ) to subsidize wheat and etb 3. 52 billion ( usd 366 million ) to subsidize fuel. in kenya, according to a recent national food security assessment prepared by the kenya food security steering group ( kfssg ), the food supply situation of more than 5 million people in urban slums and rural areas will deteriorate further in the coming six months if external support is not granted. in rural areas the people in need are estimated at 1. 38 million and the slum - dwellers are between 3. 5 to 4. 1 million. the worst affected are the people living in the pastoral areas of the northern and rift valley regions such as turkana, mandera, samburu, baringo, marsabit, wajir, moyale and garissa. other areas affected include the agro - pastoral and marginal agricultural areas and tana river in the eastern and coastal parts of the country. according to the kfssg report, the current food insecurity is mainly due to the poor performance of the long - rains season compounded by the spread of the peste de petits ruminants ( ppr ) livestock disease, sharp increases in food and non - food prices, and escalating conflicts over water and pasture in drought - affected areas in northern kenya. in somalia, the evolving humanitarian disaster is one of the worst in world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4241127409269789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.822069"}
{"text": "international assistance due to the continuing conflict in darfur and the post - conflict settlement problems in other areas of the country. the requirements of 5. 9 million people most adversely affected have been estimated at 677 990 tonnes of food. in uganda, according to a report of the ministry of disaster preparedness released in mid - september, many areas of the country in the next two months could be hit by heavy rainfall. the report indicates that the epicentre of the rainfall is expected to be in eastern uganda where 3. 5 million people are recovering after last year \u2019 s floods that destroyed their crops. should the rains materialize, this would have a negative impact on the highly food insecure district of karamoja where more than 700 000 people are food insecure and in need of emergency food aid as a result of prolonged insecurity, falling livestock prices, a severe attack of honeydew on sorghum, flood damage in 2007 and high cost of agricultural inputs. compared to 2004 the current price of a 50 kg bag of nitrogen has risen three times. the government has provided some farm equipment and seeds to farmers, but the population still needs food relief to bridge supplies up to the next harvest. recent surveys indicate acute malnutrition at over 15 percent in moroto and nakapiripirit districts. adequate food stocks and market supplies are ensuring constant food security in other bimodal areas of the country. the prices of main staples throughout the subregion continue to be well above the long - term average. however, prices have started to decline in kenya, the united republic of tanzania and parts of uganda in response to increased availability from new crop supplies and the effects of government measures adopted to improve domestic availability. in eritrea, prices for food in asmara have steadily increased since july 2007 reflecting the general rises in international markets. the retail price of wheat flour in july 2008, quoted at usd 1 821 per tonne was more than double the price prevailing a year earlier. in ethiopia, grain prices continued to increase in 2008 after weakening slightly at the end of 2007. since food prices in ethiopia have continued to increase despite successive bumper harvests, it is unlikely that prices will decline after the \u201c meher \u201d harvest, which will start soon. thus, there are other factors, in addition to supply and demand forces, that contribute to the price rises in ethiopia. some of the reasons include : high liquidity in the economy, high fuel prices, an inadequate grain market system and price speculation. the price of wheat in addis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4556322137143727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.824173"}
{"text": "in addition to supply and demand forces, that contribute to the price rises in ethiopia. some of the reasons include : high liquidity in the economy, high fuel prices, an inadequate grain market system and price speculation. the price of wheat in addis ababa in july increased to usd 643 per tonne from usd 623 per tonne in june. in the same market, white maize was quoted in july at usd 563 per tonne compared to usd 536 per tonne a month earlier in kenya, the price of maize in august in the nairobi market, quoted at usd 319 per tonne, was some 16 percent lower than the peak of usd 379 reached in may this year. similarly, the price of maize in the mombasa market in august declined to usd 329 per tonne compared with the peak of usd 363 per tonne in june this year. in somalia, poor consecutive harvests, growing demand from idps, increased civil insecurity, rising price of fuel and international food commodities, and market disruptions resulted in a sharp increases in food prices. recently, the price of imported sorghum and imported brown rice was reported to have increased five times and four times, respectively, compared to the prices prevailing a year earlier. in sudan, the wholesale price of wheat in khartoum, which fluctuated between usd 541. 56 per tonne and usd 733. 68 per tonne in the period october 2007 and february 2008, had increased to usd 766. 79 per tonne in april ; in june declined to usd 604. 78 per tonne, to rise again to usd 752. 41 per tonne in july. in southern sudan, sorghum prices have increased in response to seasonal shortage of cereals, growing demand for idps, insecurity and high cost of transportation linked to the rainy season. these price trends are likely to continue until the green harvest of crops starts. in the united republic of tanzania, the price of staple commodities is declining steadily in response to increased domestic stocks, following the maize harvest in the southern lowlands, and the continued export ban. however, prices are still above the five - year average primarily due to high fuel and transportation costs. wholesale price of maize in dar - es - salaam declined from the peak of usd 335 per tonne in january 2008 to usd 239 per tonne in august. in uganda, despite a harvested average crop, the retail price of maize in kampala, after a decline in june to usd 259 per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44344420962090053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.828004"}
{"text": "remained relatively stable, has arrived ( or is contracted ) at a faster rate this year compared to the same time last year ( see table 5 ). by contrast, given that the international prices of wheat and rice have risen much more this year compared to the last, the import acquisition of these cereals has occurred at a slower pace. prices of the main cereal maize, in us dollar terms, remain higher at the start of this new marketing year than at the same time last year due to strong international and regional demand in most countries in southern africa, except in south africa, where following a bumper harvest, the price of maize has weakened somewhat. in malawi, prices continued to rise in recent months, largely attributed to private traders \u2019 speculation on markets ; the spike in the price in april 2008 seems to have been an exaggerated reaction of the market due to the uncertain and conflicting early forecast of the 2008 harvest. in mozambique, prices in all regions have increased due to rising transportation costs, strong demand by local millers and the lack of government food reserves. in madagascar, the national average price of rice this year is higher than the corresponding months last year. the post - harvest rice price has started to go up in june, earlier than usual. the price of imported rice, although increased over the same period but without the significant dip during the post harvest period as observed for the local rice. harvesting of the main rice crop is completed or drawing to a close in the subregion. given the incentive of attractive prices and following good precipitation throughout the season across most of the subregion, fao forecasts the 2008 aggregate output of rice at 403. 3 million tonnes, 7. 1 million tonnes above the previous year \u2019 s record. the major increase is expected from bangladesh, india, china, indonesia, viet nam, and the philippines. in china ( mainland ), the 2008 paddy output is expected to reach another record at 187. 3 million tonnes, compared to the 185. 5 record of the previous year. the government announced in september an increase in the minimum support price to cny 1 580 per tonne for indica rice ( middle and late ) and cny 1 640 per tonne for japonica rice, up by cny 140 per tonne, respectively. in india, the 2008 southwest monsoon was close to the long - term average until the middle of september. the region - wise distribution of rains, too, has been satisfactory for agriculture. the 2008 milled rice output is tentatively forecast at 98 million tonnes, compared to the 96. 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46421209195438107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.830486"}
{"text": "was close to the long - term average until the middle of september. the region - wise distribution of rains, too, has been satisfactory for agriculture. the 2008 milled rice output is tentatively forecast at 98 million tonnes, compared to the 96. 4 million tonnes of last year. harvesting of 2008 winter wheat was completed throughout the subregion. fao estimates a good season as a whole with the 2008 aggregate output of wheat at 215 million tonnes, 3. 5 million tonnes above the previous year. however, the production situation was mixed at the country level. good crops are estimated in china and india, but very bad harvests are reported in the islamic republic of iran and pakistan. in china ( mainland ), the 2008 aggregate wheat output is estimated at a record 112. 5 million tonnes, 2. 4 percent above the previous record set last year, reflecting government support and favourable weather. similarly a good wheat crop was collected in india, with the 2008 output estimated at a record 78. 0 million tonnes, the highest in the last 8 years and 2. 2 million tonnes above the previous record set last year, as a result of favourable weather and increased inputs available during the main growing season. this production is expected to be adequate for the domestic demand in 2008 / 09 after large imports in the past two years. the country imported some 6. 7 million tonnes of wheat in 2006 / 07 ( april / march ) and then some 2 million tonnes in 2007 / 08. in contrast to the record production in china and india, the 2008 wheat crop registered a significant reduction in pakistan and the islamic republic of iran. pakistan \u2019 s wheat output in 2008 is now estimated at 21 million tonnes, 1. 5 million tonnes lower than last year, as a result of reduced area due to sowing delays, less availability of irrigation water, substandard seeds, and high fertilizer prices. the 2008 wheat output in the islamic republic of iran is estimated to fall by some 5 million tonnes to 10 million tonnes from last year \u2019 s record because of dry conditions. cyclone nargis struck myanmar on 2 and 3 may 2008 with winds up to 200 km per hour, sweeping through the ayeyarwady ( irrawaddy ) delta region and the country \u2019 s main city and former capital. the adverse impact of the cyclone on household food security has been significant with many families having lost their food stocks. with scarce employment opportunities and the next harvest to take place only in november, there is an urgent need to provide relief food until households can recover their livelihoods. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47054396179917457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.831427"}
{"text": "cyclone on household food security has been significant with many families having lost their food stocks. with scarce employment opportunities and the next harvest to take place only in november, there is an urgent need to provide relief food until households can recover their livelihoods. a joint fao / wfp team will visit the country in october to assess the 2008 / 09 crop and food supply situation and needs for food aid and agricultural assistance. the democratic people \u2019 s republic of korea continues to suffer chronic food insecurity, high malnutrition rates and economic problems, and remains reliant on external food assistance to meet the needs of its 23 million people. the wfp / fao rapid food security assessment ( rfsa ) conducted in june 2008 confirmed a significant deterioration in food security in most parts of the country. harvesting of rice, the most important cereal in the country, is underway. the poor, especially those living in urban areas, have also been affected by the soaring food and fuel prices. nepal faces a precarious food situation as a result of crop failure due to drought and recent floods in parts of the country. in august, tens of thousands of people in eastern nepal have been displaced due to a breach in the banks of the koshi river which flooded the area. since 19 september, the incessant downpours in western nepal have triggered floods and landslides that have claimed at least 38 lives and left around 90 missing. in the affected districts of the far western and mid - western regions 180 000 people have been reportedly displaced. despite a bumper crop this season expected in sri lanka, the country \u2019 s food security situation continues to be affected by the resurgence of civil conflict, as well as rising cereal prices. since the beginning of 2008, more than 7 000 people have been reportedly killed in fighting and the security situation has deteriorated. rice and wheat flour prices in june 2008 in colombo city increased by 67 percent and 75 percent, respectively, compared to the same period in 2007. an earthquake of magnitude 8 on 12 may rocked the south - western province of sichuan in china, the worst in 30 years. recent figures indicate that over 69 000 people were killed, more than 374 000 people injured and over 18 457 are still missing. some 4. 5 million families lost their homes in the earthquake. some 1 million urban households have moved into transitional houses and most of the 3. 5 million rural families have reportedly rebuilt their transitional homes through their own efforts with government subsidy. typhoon fengshen in the philippines on 18 june 2008 compounded the effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4618576851380981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.833151"}
{"text": ". some 1 million urban households have moved into transitional houses and most of the 3. 5 million rural families have reportedly rebuilt their transitional homes through their own efforts with government subsidy. typhoon fengshen in the philippines on 18 june 2008 compounded the effects of the southwest monsoon, triggering landslides, flooding and storm surges, bringing severe damage to infrastructure and agriculture. latest figures from the national disaster coordinating council ( ndcc ) indicate the more then 4 million people were directly affected, some 81 000 houses completely destroyed and over 326 000 damaged. based on a recent fao assessment, the overall food supply situation in timor - leste is satisfactory. crop production is expected to be better compared to last year, reflecting relatively good weather conditions and high market prices. imported rice is available widely throughout the country. the government is expected to import more rice and continue to provide the subsidy for the transportation cost for the districts. however, the insecurity situation needs to be monitored in timor - leste, due to country \u2019 s high dependence on cereal imports, social instability, and the high unemployment rate. wheat and barley are the main crops cultivated during the winter period in the islamic republic of iran. harvesting of wheat was complete in august and the 2008 wheat output is estimated to have fallen by some 5 million tonnes from last year \u2019 s record to 10 million tonnes, the lowest in the last six years, as a result of drought conditions in the coutry as well as crop damage due to winter frost. with this reduced production, wheat imports in 2008 / 09 ( april / march ) may rise to 5 million tonnes. this would represent the largest level of imports in six years during which time the country remained largely self - sufficient in wheat. in bangladesh, large - scale humanitarian relief operations are still ongoing to assist the 1. 5 million people most affected by cyclone sidr, which hit up to 30 districts on 15 november. the reduction in 2007 paddy production and rising food prices are significantly impacting the food security of the vulnerable population in both urban and rural areas. prices of staple foods remain high and volatile in several countries in asia ( figures 12 and 13 ). in sri lanka, rice prices declined with the good 2008 paddy harvest in march but by august were almost twice their level of a year earlier. similarly, in nepal, the rice price declined from its peak in march following the harvesting of the main season paddy crop, but subsequently increased from may and by september was 85 percent above the same period last year. in pakistan prices have risen sharply and were very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46816535994238156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.837213"}
{"text": ", in nepal, the rice price declined from its peak in march following the harvesting of the main season paddy crop, but subsequently increased from may and by september was 85 percent above the same period last year. in pakistan prices have risen sharply and were very volatile since february 2008. in bangladesh, the rice price declined from its peak in may following a record main season paddy crop, but subsequently increased. in iraq, generally unfavourable weather for most of the growing season led to drastically reduced 2008 winter grain production and created new uncertainties about the safety of drinking water. the aggregate output of wheat and barley crops is estimated at 1. 9 million tonnes, some 40 percent lower than the average level in 2007 and the smallest crop in recent history. thus, imports of wheat in the year ending in june 2009, are anticipated to increase to about 3. 8 million tonnes, against 3. 6 million tonnes estimated for the previous year. many iraqi refugees in jordan and syrian arab republic have decided to return to their homes encouraged by the improved security situation and financial incentives offered by the government to help them resettle, particularly in baghdad. the incentives are mostly for travel expenses and for financial help and compensation for those whose properties were damaged during their absence. the iraqi ministry of health continues to fight an outbreak of cholera that had spread in late august resulting in casualties in central and southern areas. in the syrian arab republic, poor and irregular rains during the 2007 / 08 growing season have threatened the food security of farmers and herders in the affected areas and seriously jeopardized their livelihoods and nutritional status. a recent un inter - agency ( fao, wfp, who, unicef and iom ) drought impact assessment mission has reported that, this year, the average yield of wheat, barley, lentil and chickpeas dropped by some 32 percent in the irrigated areas and as much as 89. 9 percent in the rain - fed areas. the total wheat production in 2008 was estimated at 2. 0 million tonnes, half the poor crop harvested last year and below average for the third consecutive year. as a result of inadequate pastures herders sold their animals for 60 - 70 percent below the normal prices and in many areas they even exhausted their herds. the government has responded by distributing feed on loan to be repaid next season, as well as providing free veterinary assistance and vaccines. moreover, the government distributed food rations to 27 000 families. reduced availability of wheat and barley has contributed to further increases in prices of food items in the market. this has adverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684585922468094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.838820"}
{"text": "repaid next season, as well as providing free veterinary assistance and vaccines. moreover, the government distributed food rations to 27 000 families. reduced availability of wheat and barley has contributed to further increases in prices of food items in the market. this has adversely affected household incomes and purchasing power of the people particularly in the drought - affected areas. the mission has estimated at some 1 million the food insecure people in north - eastern syria where also availability of drinking water has considerably decreased. the situation is not expected to improve until the spring of 2009 when the crops now being sown will be harvested. considering that the needed assistance is beyond government capacity and resources, the inter - agency mission has launched an appeal for usd 20. 23 million to address the emergency humanitarian needs and prevent further negative impacts on about 1 million drought - affected people for a period of six months ( october 2008 - march 2009 ). the government of yemen has recently appealed to the international community for funds to provide humanitarian assistance to internally displaced people ( idps ) affected by the four - year conflict in the northern governorate of saada as well as affected areas in amran. in addition, the appeal also addresses the rehabilitation of infrastructure and houses damaged in the conflict. out of an initial requirement for usd 190 million, the government has contributed usd 55 million. the rest represents the gap that should be filled by the donor community. wfp in yemen has recently launched a usd 30 million emergency programme to offset the high prices of food staples that are hitting food insecure people. the objective of the operation is to mitigate the impact of high food prices and reduce acute malnutrition. the programme addresses the needs of some 700 000 people, with the focus on children between two and five and pregnant / lactating women. the output from the 2008 sorghum and millet crops, now being harvested, is estimated at 630 000 tonnes and 129 000 tonnes, respectively. overall favourable weather, adequate availability of agricultural inputs and above - average plantings, led to a 2008 production higher than both last year and the average for the previous five years. imports of cereals in 2009 \u2013 mostly wheat - are forecast to increase slightly to 3. 1 million tonnes. in afghanistan, the 2008 cereal harvest is officially estimated at 3. 8 million tonnes, well below average and one - third less than in 2007 mostly reflecting unfavourable weather at both planting time and during the growing season. wheat output is estimated at only 2. 6 million tonnes ( 2007 : 4. 3 million tonnes ). as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4529504002911251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.839879"}
{"text": "below average and one - third less than in 2007 mostly reflecting unfavourable weather at both planting time and during the growing season. wheat output is estimated at only 2. 6 million tonnes ( 2007 : 4. 3 million tonnes ). as a result, the cereal import requirement in 2008 / 09 is estimated at 2. 3 million tonnes more than double the almost 1 million tonnes imported in 2007 / 08. wheat imports account for 2. 2 million tonnes. the commercial import capacity is estimated at 1. 5 million tonnes leaving 0. 7 million tonnes to be mobilized with assistance. in recognition of the severity of the grain production shortfall, the government and the united nations have appealed to the world community to donate usd 400 million to cover the sizeable wheat import and food aid needs of approximately 4. 5 million affected afghans, as well as to prepare for the next winter cropping season beginning this month. a bitterly cold winter, below - normal precipitation and shortages of irrigation water have adversely affected crop yields in southern parts of central asia. the 2008 harvests are well below average in kyrgyzstan, tajikistan and turkmenistan. in the case of kyrgyzstan and tajikistan, this is the second poor harvest in succession. in kazakhstan the 2008 cereal harvest is provisionally forecast at 17 million tonnes, 3 million tonnes less than last year \u2019 s near record but still above average. the ban on wheat exports, introduced on 15 april, 2008 has been lifted with effect on 1 september. this should assist the neighbouring drought affected countries to mobilize their wheat import needs. however, purchasing power, rather than supply of grains, is the limiting factor in the food security situation in this region. uzbekistan was also affected by the drought but to a lesser extent. the harvest is officially reported to be over 6 million tonnes, about average but less than last year. by contrast growing conditions in the caucasus have been satisfactory this year and armenia, azerbaijan and georgia have good harvests for the second year in succession. the aggregate output of cereals in the region is 29. 9 million tonnes, about average but 4 million tonnes less than production in 2007. output of wheat is provisionally estimated at 24. 4 million tonnes, 3. 1 million tonnes less than last year. production of coarse grains, at 4. 8 million tonnes, is also less ( 5. 7 million tonnes in 2007 ). output of rice is estimated to be close to last year \u2019 s level. the 2008 aggregate cereal output of the subregion is forecast by fao at 41. 5 million tonnes, about 800 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.470057469893842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.840894"}
{"text": "less ( 5. 7 million tonnes in 2007 ). output of rice is estimated to be close to last year \u2019 s level. the 2008 aggregate cereal output of the subregion is forecast by fao at 41. 5 million tonnes, about 800 000 tonnes more than the previous year \u2019 s record level and above the average of the last five years. in mexico, harvesting of the 2008 main rain - fed summer coarse grain crops, accounting for some 75 percent of the annual production, is expected to start from late october in the states of guanajuato, mexico, jalisco and puebla. seasonal production is expected to be very similar to the record level obtained in 2007 as a consequence of widespread use of better seed varieties and higher sowing density that improved average yields. in addition, the country is receiving normal to above - normal monsoon rains that maintained favourable soil moisture levels across the main producing areas. the same positive situation is reported in the case of sorghum crop with a record output at 6. 2 million tonnes. land is being prepared for planting the important winter wheat crop for harvest in 2009 in the almost fully irrigated areas of north - western states. in costa rica, el salvador, guatemala, honduras, nicaragua and panama, harvesting of the 2008 first season maize crop is well underway and planting of the second season crops, especially beans, has already begun. in these countries, 2008 aggregate maize output is provisionally estimated at about 3. 5 million tonnes, some 10 percent above the good level of 2007, as a result of the various governmental programmes to support local production against the rise of international food prices. in the caribbean, the islands of hispaniola, jamaica and cuba were hit by four tropical storms ( named fay, gustav, hanna and ike ) in less than four weeks, between mid - august and mid - september, which caused severe damages to urban and rural infrastructures and losses of human lives. in haiti, where about 850 000 people have been affected and more than 400 people died, early assessments of food situation report damages to summer season crops still to be harvested, such as maize and beans, and to banana plantations, especially in south and south - east regions and in the artibonite valley. practically the same crops have been affected in central and southern provinces of the dominican republic. in jamaica, the ministry of agriculture has reported severe damage to banana plantations, especially in the eastern parishes of st. mary, st. thomas and portland where losses are estimated at about 70 - 85 percent of the existing crop. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4586679385492125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.842088"}
{"text": "the dominican republic. in jamaica, the ministry of agriculture has reported severe damage to banana plantations, especially in the eastern parishes of st. mary, st. thomas and portland where losses are estimated at about 70 - 85 percent of the existing crop. in cuba, major agricultural losses are reported in the isla de la juventud and the western province of pinar del rio, but also in the eastern provinces of holguin and las tunas. staple crops as plantains, cassava, rice, maize and sugar cane crops have been seriously affected and the damage caused by hurricane ike alone is officially estimated at about 490 000 tonnes of staple food. in addition, about half a million chickens have been lost. in all caribbean countries, there is high concern for the next two months until the end of the hurricane season because food vulnerability has increased dramatically, soils are widely saturated and even only limited amounts of rainfall can have very negative consequences on local livelihoods and food supply. in most countries of the subregion, the price of rice continues its upward trend, which started at the beginning of 2007 ( figure 14 ). as of august 2008, the price of rice was between 25 and 90 percent up compared to earlier months, while prices of wheat and maize have showed a slight decrease since july. the situation is expected to adversely affect food access of the poorest households who are highly dependent on purchased food. harvesting of the 2008 winter wheat crop has recently started in centre - south states of brazil and in paraguay and will continue until november. by the end of october, harvesting is expected to start in the important growing areas of argentina and uruguay. aggregate wheat production for the subregion is tentatively forecast at 21 million tonnes, about 1. 5 million tonnes below the average of the last five years. the aggregate planted area is reported at a low level of 8. 2 million hectares, largely as a consequence of the prolonged drought that affected argentina since may. the most affected departments are cordoba, southern santa fe, santiago del estero, chaco and la pampa, where cumulative precipitation from may to september was the lowest in the last forty years. as a result of the very limited soil moisture, planting operations have been delayed and planted area is estimated at 4. 6 million hectares, the lowest area since 1996. in addition, dryness and frequent freezing temperatures are preventing a uniform germination and proper establishment of crops in the most affected areas, with negative consequences on yields that, in some cases, may drop up to 40 percent compared to previous year. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4354874453713043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.843128"}
{"text": "in addition, dryness and frequent freezing temperatures are preventing a uniform germination and proper establishment of crops in the most affected areas, with negative consequences on yields that, in some cases, may drop up to 40 percent compared to previous year. however in south - eastern buenos aires department, the largest wheat producing region, yield prospects are still favourable due to near to above normal precipitations in august. on the contrary, in brazil, good weather conditions in main producing states of parana and rio grande do sul and a widespread increase in planted area ( up to 30 percent in parana ) as a response to high international prices are positively influencing current production that is expected to reach 5. 4 million tonnes, the largest wheat crop since 2004. harvesting of the 2008 second season maize crop has been completed in august and the 2008 aggregate production ( first and second season ) is estimated at a record 89. 4 million tonnes, some 6 percent above the previous record set last year. as in 2007, this good output is due to an increase in the area planted in response to high international prices, coupled with excellent weather conditions during the growing season that boosted yields to record levels. in particular, the 2008 aggregate maize output in brazil, the main producer in the subregion, is officially estimated at 58. 6 million tonnes, about 13 percent above the record level obtained in 2007 and 33 percent above last five years average. planting of the important 2009 summer maize crop has started in southern countries of the subregion and will be concluded by mid - october. in argentina, official planting intentions point to an area of about 2. 7 million hectares, some 15 percent less than last year as a consequence of relatively high prices of inputs, low internal prices and export limits imposed by the government that may induce a shift toward more profitable crops such as soybean and sunflower. moreover, if current dry weather conditions persist in key growing areas, the total planted area may be further reduced. better precipitations are also needed in central brazil and uruguay, where soil moisture is not yet ideal for planting 2009 summer season secondary cereal crops. the united states \u2019 2008 wheat output is officially estimated to have increased by about 21 percent from last year to 68 million tonnes. a sharp expansion of planted area and favourable weather contributed to raise output well above the average of the past five years. as of early october, planting of the winter wheat crop for harvest in 2009 was reported to be almost complete in some of the southern states and about 60 percent complete over the country as a whole, which is about average for this stage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45231358157532053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.844429"}
{"text": "past five years. as of early october, planting of the winter wheat crop for harvest in 2009 was reported to be almost complete in some of the southern states and about 60 percent complete over the country as a whole, which is about average for this stage of the season. planting conditions throughout are reported to be generally favourable. however, with a significant improvement in the global wheat supply situation estimated in 2008 / 09, wheat prices have been on the decline since june. additionally, input costs are expected to remain high or increase for the next production season, thus, wheat production is expected to be a less attractive prospect for producers in 2009 than it has been this year and the area planted is expected to decline from the high level in 2007 / 08. with regard to coarse grains, as of early october, the progress of the maize harvest was well behind average because of this season \u2019 s slow pace of maturation. however, the crop remains in good to excellent conditions, and is mostly beyond the point where early frosts could have any significant impact on yields. this year \u2019 s maize output is now officially forecast at 306. 7 million tonnes, about 8 percent below the record high last year. in canada, a cool rainy summer slowed crop development but was favourable for boosting yields. as a result, harvest results are reported to be better than expected earlier in the season. official estimates in early october put the total wheat output at 27. 3 million tonnes, about 36 percent up from last year \u2019 s reduced crop. prospects for this year \u2019 s coarse grain crops ( mainly barley, maize and oats ) have similarly improved over the past weeks, but output is, nevertheless, forecast to be below last year \u2019 s level at 26. 1 million tonnes after a reduction in maize area. the forecast for the european union \u2019 s aggregate cereal output in 2008 has been raised significantly since the previous report in july, to 309 million tonnes, almost 19 percent up from the aggregate output of the 27 countries in the previous year. planted area increased significantly from the previous year, especially in the eu15 countries where the 10 percent compulsory set - aside was removed, while average yields also improved greatly, particularly in the eastern countries, reflecting generally favourable weather conditions. of the total output, wheat is now estimated to account for about 148 million tonnes, 23 percent up from 2007. however, excessive wetness in parts this year has had an adverse affect on wheat quality, reducing the average protein content, which will result in a higher proportion than normal being destined for feed use. the aggregate output", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4638784796605472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.845617"}
{"text": "tonnes, 23 percent up from 2007. however, excessive wetness in parts this year has had an adverse affect on wheat quality, reducing the average protein content, which will result in a higher proportion than normal being destined for feed use. the aggregate output of coarse grains is now seen at almost 158 million tonnes, nearly 15 percent up from last year \u2019 s reduced level. in the balkan region among the non - eu countries, the 2008 cereal harvest outcome was also satisfactory and output recovered well from the drought ' reduced level of 2007. in serbia, good yields have partially offset a reduction in the area sown to wheat and output is estimated at over 2. 1 million tonnes. this would be more than enough to cover domestic needs and could leave a small surplus available for export. output of maize is forecast to rise from 4 to 6. 5 million tonnes which, if materialized could leave an exportable surplus of about 1. 5 million tonnes. growing conditions for both wheat and spring coarse grains have been good and output far exceeds the drought reduced crops of 2007. in serbia, cereal output could exceed 9 million tonnes, 19 percent above average, despite a reduction in the area sown to wheat. output includes 2 million tonnes of wheat and the balance is coarse grains. in croatia the harvest of cereals is expected to recover to an about average 2. 8 million tonnes, including 0. 6 million tonnes of wheat ; maize production is expected to reach 2 million tonnes. in bosnia and herzegovina, cereal output is estimated at 1. 1 million tonnes, 6 percent above average despite a reduction in the area sown. the winter cereal planting for crops to be harvested in 2009 is already well underway in the main northern / western producing countries. planting got off to a slow start in some northern / western countries because of rainy weather in early september, but conditions improved towards the end of the month allowing fieldwork to progress rapidly. in the southeast, some good rainfall in mid - september, although hampering the still ongoing 2007 harvests was beneficial in improving soil moisture levels for the upcoming winter grain planting after a dry harvesting period. at this early stage, the outcome of the winter grain planting season remains uncertain. however, the current scenario of weakening cereal prices, together with increasing input costs, firmly points to a decline in the winter grain area in the 27 member countries for next year ' s harvest. in the european cis, growing conditions have been very favourable and all countries have achieved good to record harvests. in belarus, the 2008 grain harvest is officially estimated about 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47937715384640295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.846772"}
{"text": "winter grain area in the 27 member countries for next year ' s harvest. in the european cis, growing conditions have been very favourable and all countries have achieved good to record harvests. in belarus, the 2008 grain harvest is officially estimated about 8. 3 million tonnes. cereal output in moldova recovered to a bumper 2. 9 million tonnes compared to about 800 000 tonnes in the drought affected 2007. both the russian federation and ukraine have harvested record crops. in the russian federation fao \u2019 s provisional estimate is nearly 95 million tonnes, but some analysts are forecasting 100 million or more tonnes. fao \u2019 s estimate includes 57 million tonnes of wheat and 37 million tonnes of coarse grains. output in the ukraine is forecast to reach 47 million tonnes compared to last year \u2019 s drought reduced 27. 6 million tonnes. as a result of these good harvests, cereal production in the region increased by over 30 percent and cereal prices have fallen significantly. both the russian federation and ukraine have substantial exportable surpluses of wheat and coarse grains. in fact, exports are likely to be limited by infrastructure constraints and stocks in the subregion are expected to rise. winter crop planting is underway in ukraine ; some 8. 8 million hectares are expected to be sown. the prospects for the 2008 winter cereal crops in australia have deteriorated over the past two months, largely reflecting the impact of dry weather in southwestern parts of new south wales. however, the prospects for the coming harvest remain much better than last year when the country suffered widespread drought. the latest official estimate of september put wheat output in 2008 at about 22. 5 million tonnes, already down from earlier forecast, but more recent indications in early october point to further losses that may bring the final output down to between 21 to 22 million tonnes. nevertheless, this level of output will still be well up from the reduced crop of 13 million tonnes in 2007. the early outlook for the minor summer grain crop for harvest in 2009 ( mainly sorghum and maize ) to be planted in the coming weeks points to a decline in area. there is likely to be less fallow land available for summer cropping in southern queensland and northern new south wales as a result of the increased area currently sown to winter crops. assuming a return to average yields from the records achieved in the 2007 / 08 season, sorghum production in 2008 / 09 is forecast to decline to slightly less than 2 million tonnes. | giews | | global information and early warning system on food and agriculture |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4523961337899979, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89d0e377-39b1-4f30-881d-ac178248b219>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.848650"}
{"text": "go ahead and punch me in the face for being such a dweeb, but seeing terrence mallick \u2019 s tree of life really did have a fairly profound effect on my relationship with mother nature. it was apparent pretty much from the moment i walked out of the theater ; something about the director \u2019 s vision just put me a bit more in tune with the natural world - - especially, for some reason, birds. it \u2019 s kind of like the arrow in the fedex logo : once you start paying attention to birds, you can \u2019 t stop seeing them. but unlike the shipping company \u2019 s satisfying but straightforward visual gag, birds reward your attention over time with their incredible diversity. this graphic shows how all those dazzling species came to be. the chart was created in conjunction with a groundbreaking new paper outlining avian evolution, published recently by an international team of biologists in the journal nature. using fossil records and dna data, the group traced the speciation of all 9, 993 species of birds known to man in unprecedented detail. essentially, the dense circle you \u2019 re looking at is one of the most epic family trees ever created. dr. gavin thomas, a postdoctoral fellow at the university of sheffield, in england, was responsible for making the graphic, so i turned to him for a little help in decoding it. you can think of the radial display like a typical top - down family tree, just wrapped up like a burrito to fit in as much data as possible. each gray, concentric ring, thomas explained, represents an interval of 20 million years, so the ancestor found in the circle \u2019 s center is roughly 110 million years old. the colors correspond to the rate of speciation : red indicates a high rate, green is moderate, and dark blue shows species that were slowest to mutate. look at the paleognaths at roughly 3 o \u2019 clock ; they have a \" fairly direct path to the centre, \" dr. thomas points out, meaning there are \" relatively few speciation events \" separating the 100 - million - year - old birds from the ones living today. among other species, the paleognath superorder includes ostriches, which seem like a not - so - distant relative of dinosaurs, so that all checks out. just below that you \u2019 ll find cardinals, conebills, and tanagers, all of which, in contrast, are products of far more significant speciation. the team \u2019 s exhaustive work has already yielded some surprising insights. whereas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49101235616118183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49895bfa-08fa-460f-9548-79d451ec3c43>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.853526"}
{"text": "to access the remainder of this piece of premium content, you must be registered with firehouse. already have an account? login register in seconds by connecting with your preferred social network. complete the registration form. the kid was skating all over the place. down the stairs, down the rails, over onto the fountain... just everywhere. i ' m not surprised that he crashed. he never wanted to wear the protective equipment. i guess that he got what he deserved... one broken wrist and a broken arm too. \" as a first responder, you will treat many patients who have suffered various types of open or closed painful, swollen or deformed extremities. it is important that you recognize the signs and symptoms of injuries of the musculoskeletal system. proper care given at the scene can prevent additional injury or disability. the skeleton has 206 bones and provides support and form for the body. it also protects the body ' s vital organs. the skull protects the brain, the spinal column protects the spinal cord, the ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs, and the pelvis protects the organs of the lower abdomen. the four primary functions of the skeletal system are to provide support, protect the body, assist in body movement and produce red blood cells. because muscles and bones work together to produce movement, they are often called the musculoskeletal system. this movement occurs at joints, the contact points between bones that are next to one another. the joints are held together by ligaments, thick bands that arise from one bone, span the joint and insert into the adjacent bone. a vital but often overlooked function of the skeletal system is the production of red blood cells. red blood cells are made primarily in the spaces inside the bone called the marrow. there are three major types of musculoskeletal injuries : fractures, dislocations and sprains. it is often difficult to distinguish one type of extremity injury from the other. all three types are serious and all extremity injuries must be identified so they can receive appropriate medical treatment. since we are often not sure of the type of exact injury, we now are using new terminology to describe an injured extremity as \" painful, swollen and deformed. \" a fracture is a broken bone. fractures can be caused by a variety of mechanisms but a significant force is almost always required. fractures are generally classified as either closed or open. closed fractures are more common. in the case of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680350629588362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a929f7f8-fb87-4d2c-ba8f-6b0db675a916>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.857876"}
{"text": "##ormed. \" a fracture is a broken bone. fractures can be caused by a variety of mechanisms but a significant force is almost always required. fractures are generally classified as either closed or open. closed fractures are more common. in the case of a closed fracture, the bone is broken but does not cause a break in the skin. in an open fracture, the bone is broken and the overlying skin is lacerated. the open wound can be caused by penetrating objects, such as a bullet, or by the fractured bone end protruding through the skin. the open fracture is contaminated by dirt and bacteria ; this contamination may lead to infection. every fracture injures adjacent soft tissues, resulting in bleeding at the fracture site. fractures also can injure adjacent nerves and blood vessels, causing severe nerve injury and excessive bleeding. open fractures result in more bleeding than do closed fractures. a dislocation is a disruption of the joint that tears the supporting ligaments. the bone ends that make up the joint separate completely from each other and lock in one position. any attempted motion of a dislocated joint is very painful. because many nerves and blood vessels lie near joints, a dislocation also can damage these structures. a sprain is a joint injury in which the joint is partially, temporarily dislocated, and some of the supporting ligaments are either stretched or torn. it can be thought of as a partial dislocation. the following are the primary signs and symptoms of extremity injuries : - pain at the injury site. - an open wound. - swelling and discoloration ( bruising ). - the patient ' s inability or unwillingness to move the part. - tenderness at the injury site. there are three essential steps involved in examining all persons with limb injuries : - general overall assessment of the patient. - examination of the injured part. - evaluation of the circulation and sensation in the injured limb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629475709926976, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a929f7f8-fb87-4d2c-ba8f-6b0db675a916>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.859096"}
{"text": "posted on august 9, 2012 by mazecontroller each of the previous editions of legend of the five rings was connected to a specific time period. the first edition was set before the events of the ccg. the second edition bumped the timeline to the time of the void. the third edition came out current with the ccg story at the time. the fourth edition opted to be timeless to allow fans to use whatever time period they wanted. this left a lot of the game \u2019 s history out of the core book. this makes the fourth edition versatile, but left out a lot of the player created history and backstory. imperial histories was created to fill that void. imperial histories is a guide to various points in the history of rokugan. many of the periods have been seen in other sourcebooks or editions. some have been referred to in historical accounts. and a few are brand new to the book. each of these is set ups as a campaign possibility with new rules, new schools and, in some cases, modifications to the existing rules for different eras of the empire. this book is aimed at gms looking for campaign ideas or fans wanting historical information in one place. imperial histories is available in hardcover and pdf. the book follows the same art and layout style as the legend of the five rings core book. most of the artwork is from the more recent sets of the ccg with the chapters broken up by two page spreads. appropriate art is used where available. the book includes a sidebar talking about the time periods that don \u2019 t use accurate art. there is an index in the back. unlike the core book pdf, neither the table of contents nor the index are hyperlinked. there are one or two repeats of art from the core book but the majority of pieces are new to the rpg line. the chapters each detail a different period in rokugan history. it starts with the dawn of the empire, when the kami walked the earth. the book also details more famous elements of history such as the first two arcs of the ccg. the day of thunder is when many fans of legend of the five rings came into the game. it was followed by the spirit wars and the four winds saga. each of these gets a chapter. the book rounds out with two alternate timelines. the heroes of rokugan illustrates a living campaign that \u2019 s been going on for years. one thousand years of darkness takes place in a world where fu leng, the lord of the shadowlands was not defeated on the day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46365168048791067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb58e93-437f-4daf-b6b7-bf4bfb6a9f1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.863073"}
{"text": "alternate timelines. the heroes of rokugan illustrates a living campaign that \u2019 s been going on for years. one thousand years of darkness takes place in a world where fu leng, the lord of the shadowlands was not defeated on the day of thunder and rules over the emerald empire. each chapter ends with mechanics relevant to the chapter. this usually means new schools, different schools or rules modifications. there are a few settings that involve gaijin, which add rules for things like firearms and non - eastern weaponry. the rules for playing a gaijin essentially boil down to : don \u2019 t. full rules might appear in a later book but the authors make an argument that there are plenty of other fantasy games on the market that cover that ground well. the most compelling chapter is one thousand years of darkness. this dark setting is one the fans have been waiting for. the timeline puts the players as part of the rag - tag rebels still fighting against the dark emperor fu leng. this game of samurai already thrives on tough choices between duty and honor. this setting makes those choices even tougher. fans of horror will love being desperate demon slayers as well as dark intrigues to try and save an empire that might not be worth saving anymore. one of the chapters not in the book is the current ccg storyline. other storyline updates have filled entire books. fans looking to see how the current timeline is shaping up will be disappointed. aeg has plans for a second book like this next year. rather than just updating characters and storylines, these books could be a gateway for fans of the rpg to keep up with the ccg and fans of the ccg to try out the rpg. these camps have been separated for far too long. not telling the ongoing story here is a missed opportunity. the heroes of rokugan chapter misses in a few areas. it reads like someone \u2019 s campaign that already happened rather than a jumping off point for a new campaign. the story has some interesting elements and characters but doesn \u2019 t feel ready to run out of the book like the others. the same information can be picked up for free on the campaign website. having it here seems like a bit of padding, especially when there are a lot of other time periods that could have fit in the book. gms looking for material to mine will have a lot to choose from. things from the alternate timelines could easily make themselves seen in home games. historical schools could be reskinned or used to make an npc unique. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4917687128370978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb58e93-437f-4daf-b6b7-bf4bfb6a9f1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.864118"}
{"text": "one in six americans will get sick from food poisoning this year. that \u2019 s about 48 million people. most of them will recover without any lasting effects from their illness. for some, however, the effects can be devastating and even deadly. here are some serious effects associated with several common types of food poisoning. hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( hus ) is a serious illness that usually occurs when an infection in the digestive system produces toxic substances that destroy red blood cells, causing kidney injury. hus may occur after infection with some kinds of e. coli bacteria. hus is most common in children. in fact, it is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children. a small number of persons with shigella or salmonella infection develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes, and painful urination. this is called reactive arthritis. it can last for months or years, and can lead to chronic arthritis, which is difficult to treat. persons with campylobacter infections may also develop chronic arthritis. brain and nerve damage a listeria infection can lead to meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain. if a newborn infant is infected with listeria, long - term consequences may include mental retardation, seizures, paralysis, blindness, or deafness. guillain - barre syndrome is a disorder that affects the nerves of the body. this occurs when a person ' s immune system attacks the body ' s own nerves. it can result in paralysis that lasts several weeks and usually requires intensive care. as many as 40 percent of guillain - barre syndrome cases in this country may be triggered by an infection with campylobacter. in the united states, approximately 3, 000 people die each year of illnesses associated with food poisoning. five types of organisms account for 88 percent of the deaths for which the cause is known : salmonella, toxoplasma, listeria, norovirus, and campylobacter. other types of foodborne illness may cause death as well. for example, some vibrio infections ( usually associated with eating raw shellfish ) may infect the bloodstream and cause a severe, life - threatening illness. about half of these infections are fatal, and death can occur within two days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45638192797366617, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:971bfba7-3ab9-4c9a-b76e-bd1bff839103>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.866454"}
{"text": "enough is enough \u201c enough should be the central concept in economics, \u201d writes herman daly, a global footprint network advisor and one of the founders of ecological economics, in the forward to the fascinating new book, \u201c enough is enough : building a sustainable economy in a world of finite resources. \u201d the book challenges the dominant thesis of contemporary economics : growth at any cost. authors rob dietz and dan o \u2019 neill start from the observation that the world economy, as it is currently run, is causing long - term environmental, societal and economic damage. they go on to map out alternative paths toward a steady - state economy ( an economy with stable or mildly fluctuating size ), one that prioritizes human well - being above growth and places economic activity squarely within ecological limits. the authors argue compellingly that gross domestic product ( gdp ) is a rather poor indicator of progress, ignoring significant aspects of human flourishing as well as externalizing costs such as air pollution or soil degradation. several alternatives indicators to gdp are taking off. among those mentioned in the book are the european commission \u2019 s beyond gdp initiative, the oecd \u2019 s better life initiative, the ecological footprint, the genuine progress indicator, the u. k. \u2018 s sustainable development indicators, the happy planet index, and the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress launched by french president nicolas sarkozy. indeed, the ecological footprint is one tool for helping nations move beyond the narrow gdp - focus that is helping to exacerbate the trends of ecological overshoot over the past few decades. as the authors say, \u201c \u2018 we manage what we measure \u2019 is a cliche often uttered in business boardrooms, but it rings true. you could also say that we \u2018 mismanage what we mismeasure. \u2019 \u201d insofar as we are not measuring our demand on and capacity to provide ecological resources, we are mismanaging not only our economies, but our future. dietz is editor of daly news and was the first director of casse ( center for the advancement of the steady state economy ) ; o \u2019 neill is lecturer in ecological economics at the university of leeds and the chief economist at casse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762136083159904, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0127f3d1-3f6a-43e6-9a51-551a8c36923c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.870697"}
{"text": "when you think of allergic reactions, you probably envision itchy eyes and a runny nose. but an allergic reaction can occur in the esophagus? your food pipe? as well. symptoms happen when your immune system produces too many white blood cells in reaction to an allergy - causing substance. the white blood cells involved are called eosinophils. the condition is called eosinophilic esophagitis, or ee or eoe. it affects between one and four of every 10, 000 people in the u. s. symptoms of eoe vary from person to person and may include : acid reflux that doesn? t respond well to medication trouble eating and swallowing food food getting stuck in the throat having to drink a lot of fluid to finish a meal feeling too full to continue eating halfway through a meal stunted growth or poor weight gain in children who? s at risk the disease affects both children and adults, but is more common in men. people with asthma and food or environmental allergies have a much greater chance of developing it. your doctor will take your medical history and will likely want to test you for allergies. he or she will probably do an endoscopy. this is an outpatient procedure that involves passing a thin, flexible scope with a camera through your mouth to look at your esophagus. the doctor will check for physical signs of inflammation and an increased number of eosinophils. to confirm the diagnosis, your health provider will likely need to take a biopsy, or tissue sample, from your esophagus. for treatment, you will need to work closely with an allergist and a gastroenterologist, a specialist in digestive disorders. they? ll help you figure out what substances or foods to avoid. no specific medications can cure eoe, although certain steroids may help to reduce the swelling in your esophagus. you can best manage eoe by learning what substances cause your allergic reaction and avoiding them. in many cases, the allergens come from food. with your medical team, you can develop an action plan to change your diet accordingly. it? s also important to know that the reactions related to eoe might take days or weeks to develop. keep this in mind when beginning a food elimination plan. it might take some time after avoiding a particular food to determine whether that strategy worked. when to call the doctor call your doctor if you have eoe and notice any of these symptoms :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47424211974580055, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cdee585-9b06-47a3-9a7c-fa61e1fe39ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.874708"}
{"text": "fire and invasive plants - - combustibility of native and invasive exotic plants alison c. dibble, u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, northern research station, 686 government rd., bradley, me 04411 william a. patterson iii, department of forestry and wildlife management, university of massachusetts, amherst, ma 01003 robert h. white, u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, forest products laboratory, madison, wi 53705 - 2398 the ease with which a plant fuel catches fire \u2013 its combustibility, or flammability, might differ between native plants versus invasive exotic plants that overtake their habitat. by comparing combustibility in these two groups of plants, we are seeking to improve the effectiveness of prescribed fire and the assessment of fire hazards in the northeastern u. s. risk of wildfire could be greater in the wildland - urban interface if invasive plants are dense and have higher combustibility than the native species. conversely, a fire - prone ecosystem invaded by exotics might have less frequent fire return and lower severity, with consequences for fire - dependent species, e. g., federally endangered karner blue butterfly and its host plant, a native lupine of pitch pine forests. with support from the joint fire science program ( jfsp ) we, with mark j. ducey of university of new hampshire, are modifying the rothermel fuel models to better represent conditions in the northeast. heat content is a missing link, especially regarding common shrubs and herbs, and some invasive exotic plants. these combustibility data can be used in behave plus, farsite, and the emissions production model ( epm ) so that models better represent the local vegetation, and will added to the fuel characteristic classification system ( cushon et al 2002 ), which is a clearinghouse of fuels information. we sampled flammability of plants in a cone calorimeter ( astm 2002, see fig. 1 ) to quantify effective heat of combustion ( hoc ) as a measure of heat content in dried ( 60\u00b0c ), unground leaves and twigs. we compared 14 invasives, 12 of which are exotic, to 13 native species which might be displaced in disturbed habitats. based on five replicates per species, we found a range from 6 - 17 mj / kg, which is overall lower than for green and dry plant fuels from california and colorado. | fig. 1 cone calorimeter apparatus used to measure heat content in oven dried,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49713797530305753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edc43201-bbe0-4879-8f31-cc11f5f812ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.887247"}
{"text": "per species, we found a range from 6 - 17 mj / kg, which is overall lower than for green and dry plant fuels from california and colorado. | fig. 1 cone calorimeter apparatus used to measure heat content in oven dried, unground leaves and twigs of 27 native and exotic plants that grow in the northeastern u. s. | highest average heat content was in speckled alder. among shrubs and vines, it was relatively high in highbush blueberry, purple nightshade, common barberry, and japanese honeysuckle, and lowest in smooth buckthorn and oriental bittersweet. among six herbs, rough - stemmed goldenrod had the highest heat content while japanese stiltgrass and japanese knotweed were lowest. quaking aspen had higher heat content than invasive trees, while norway maple and apple were lower than the others. overall, invasive plants tended to have lower heat content than native species ( fig. 2 ). | fig. 2. notched box plot summarizing effective heat of combustion in six tree species, half of which are invasive in northeastern north america and half native. because the notched portions of the two boxes do not overlap on the horizontal plane, the groups are significantly different. | when broken out as a subset, three invasive trees ( black locust - - robinia pseudoacacia, which is native only as far north as pennsylvania ; apple - - malus sp., and norway maple - - acer platanoides ) are significantly less flammable than three native trees ( fig. 2 ). our sample is small. in january 2003 dibble, ducey and white applied to the jfsp to conduct a nation - wide combustibility survey of native and invasive exotic we conclude that ( 1 ) use of fire to control undesirable vegetation can be more effective if a species - by - species approach is taken to meet management objectives in a particular stand ; ( 2 ) flammability also involves leaf surface to volume ratio and moisture content ( which is being measured in another study ), and these should be quantified to improve modeling fire behavior ; and ( 3 ) comparison of combustibility data from other regions will increase our understanding of fuels in the northeast. astm international. 2002. standard test method for heat and visible smoke release rates for materials and products using an oxygen consumption calorimeter. designation e 1354 - 02. west conshohocken, pa : astm international. cushon, g. h., r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4779384335180298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edc43201-bbe0-4879-8f31-cc11f5f812ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.888927"}
{"text": "test method for heat and visible smoke release rates for materials and products using an oxygen consumption calorimeter. designation e 1354 - 02. west conshohocken, pa : astm international. cushon, g. h., r. d. ottmar, d. v. sandberg, j. a. greenough and j. l. key. in press. fuel characteristic classification : characterizing wildland fuelbeds in the united states. in a. brennan, et. al. ( eds. ) national congress on fire ecology, prevention and management proceedings, no. 1. tall timbers research station, tallahassee, fl. http : / / www. fs. fed. us / pnw / fera / jfsp / fcc / fccpaper. pdf richburg, j. a., a. c. dibble, and w. a. patterson iii. 2001. woody invasive species and their role in altering fire regimes of the northeast and mid - atlantic states. pp. 104 - 111 in k. e. m. galley and t. p. wilson ( eds. ). proceedings of the invasive species workshop : the role of fire in the control and spread of invasive species. fire conference 2000 : the first national congress on fire ecology, prevention and management. misc. publ. no. 11, tall timbers research station, tallahassee, fl. ( top )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49228190749350015, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edc43201-bbe0-4879-8f31-cc11f5f812ab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.889464"}
{"text": "register new player welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games : studies have shown... \" what do the results of the latest study really prove? this quiz explores the techniques used to avoid inferring too much from scientific studies and tests. \" 15 points per correct answer - no time limit i ' ll bet you ' ve noticed the resemblance between the surface of a shelled walnut and the surface of a human brain. perhaps, then, you won ' t be surprised to learn that in three separate surveys, 100 % of highly successful funtrivia quiz takers reported using walnuts before taking quizzes!!! which of the following could be inferred with certainty from these survey results? none of these. eating walnuts before taking quizzes improved the performance of the participants in my survey. eating walnuts before taking quizzes will improve your quiz performance. the respondents to my survey believed that eating walnuts improved their performance. during world war i, tin helmets replaced cloth helmets. contrary to expectation, the number of injuries increased. which of the following could be inferred with certainty from the facts presented? the number of injuries increased after tin helmets were introduced. soldiers wearing tin helmets were more likely to suffer fatal injury than those wearing cloth helmets. tin helmets provided protection that was inferior to cloth helmets. all of these. helmet laws for motorcyclists are controversial. some years following the repeal of louisiana ' s motorcycle helmet law, the journal \" academic emergency medicine \" ( volume 9, number 5 418 - 419, 2002 ) reported on changes in accident statistics. which of the following unequivocally indicates an increased risk as a result of not wearing a helmet? unhelmeted fatalities increased from 8. 4 to 29. 0 per year after the law was repealed. unhelmeted motorcyclists were found to have a significantly higher incidence per collision of head injury and fatality. after repeal of the helmet law, helmet use decreased from 79 % to 46 %, and fatalities in all patients increased from 3. 4 % to 5. 2 %. all of these i demonstrated that 100 % of highly successful funtrivia quiz - takers consumed walnuts prior to quizzes. having been criticized for not having a control group, i undertook to make a comparison using historical controls. i analyzed an equal number of quiz - takers afflicted with chronically low quiz performance and could find no evidence that any of them reported eating walnuts prior to taking quizzes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.505232243862346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7d6de1a-6baf-4ca5-8b3a-bb2c43e6d7b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.896860"}
{"text": "group, i undertook to make a comparison using historical controls. i analyzed an equal number of quiz - takers afflicted with chronically low quiz performance and could find no evidence that any of them reported eating walnuts prior to taking quizzes. which of the following would not be a valid criticism of my study methods? i failed to disclose the specifics of my methods for determining walnut use in the study and control groups and could be hiding an ascertainment error / bias. i failed to specify the number of study participants. retrospective studies never prove cause and effect. my study was retrospective, and retrospective studies never provide statistically valid, useful results. randomized, controlled, double - blinded studies are the gold standard for medical investigation. in 2001, a group of neurologists was asked to help investigate the importance of a component of this method during a study of a treatment for multiple sclerosis. these neurologists were asked to evaluate subjects but were told before doing the evaluation whether or not the subjects had received placebo or the proposed intervention. which aspect of randomized, controlled, double blinded studies was being omitted for these neurologist to allow that particular aspect to be studied? none of these according to the coronary risk calculator provided at the nih website, the risk of a coronary event for a 35 year old non - smoking woman with normal blood pressure, normal hdl cholesterol and a total cholesterol of 300 is 1 % for ten years. assuming that 200 such women were treated for ten years with cholesterol lowering drugs that reduced the risk of coronary events by 50 %, how many coronary events would we expect to prevent in a ten year period? a 35 - year - old woman dentist is offered a free cardiac treadmill at a dental convention. before accepting the offer she calculates her expected coronary risk and finds it to be 1 %. assuming a 20 % false positive rate and a 10 % false negative rate, what would her risk of coronary artery disease be should she be found to have an abnormal cardiac stress test? david g. myers ' \" exploring psychology \" states, \" there is a highly significant tendency for first - born individuals within a family to have higher average scores ( on tests of intelligence ) than their later - born siblings. \" assuming dr. myers is speaking of statistical significance, what can we infer about intelligence test scores of first - born as opposed to later born siblings? the difference in test scores is highly unlikely to be explained on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5004229104524884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7d6de1a-6baf-4ca5-8b3a-bb2c43e6d7b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.897900"}
{"text": "their later - born siblings. \" assuming dr. myers is speaking of statistical significance, what can we infer about intelligence test scores of first - born as opposed to later born siblings? the difference in test scores is highly unlikely to be explained on the basis of chance variation of statistical samples. the difference in test scores is large in magnitude and highly unlikely to be related to chance. the difference is large in magnitude. the difference in test scores results in highly significant differences in school performance. \" web md \", an internet medical information provider, ran a report on february 4, 2003 that was headlined \" selenium may fight prostate damage \" and \" supplementation may reduce prostate cancer risk \". the study, however, was not performed on humans but on elderly, male beagles. the results of this study can be applied with complete confidence to which of the following groups? all of these elderly male humans elderly male beagles any age and species of dog i have decided to make a spring water extract of walnuts that i call \" quizzlenut \" available in the united states for improving quiz taking health. ( remember, i have performed three surveys showing that walnuts improve quiz - taking performance! ) will the us food and drug administration analyze either my product to verify its contents or my claims for the product before it is marketed? copyright, funtrivia. com. all rights reserved. legal / conditions of use compiled jun 28 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5274164404432244, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7d6de1a-6baf-4ca5-8b3a-bb2c43e6d7b2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.898465"}
{"text": "baden mennonite church ( baden, ontario, canada ) the baden mennonite congregation began services in 1913 and formally organized in 1945. the first building was occupied in 1913. peter moyer is considered the founding leader of the group. the congregation originated through the outreach of peter moyer, with the vision of a mission church for use by both the amish and mennonite conferences of ontario. the responsibility for sunday school and preaching was shared by both groups at first ; in 1920 the rural mission board of the ontario conference appointed four ministers to serve in turn, and this practice continued until 1930, after which one minister was made responsible for the work. in 1940 it was agreed that the sunday - school staff should be supplied by the first mennonite church of kitchener. this led to growth ; sunday - school attendance, which in the 1930s varied from 40 to 20, now increased to 60 and 80. in the autumn of 1945, the congregation was organized and became a member of the mennonite conference of ontario. membership in 1954 was 62. a summer bible school was started in 1934, which enrolled over 300. the ministers who served after 1930 were noah s. hunsberger, newton s. weber, james martin, urie bender, elmer grove, david groh and lester bauman. the baden mennonite merged with geiger mennonite in 1966 and the united congregation became known as wilmot mennonite church in 1977 and held services at the latter site. the building in baden served as the church ' s fellowship hall until it was destroyed by fire on 14 april 2000. the building had also been used for worship by the west hills mennonite fellowship until the fire. burkholder, l. j. a brief history of the mennonites in ontario. kitchener, on : mennonite conference of ontario, 1935 : 62. cressman, kenneth. \" the development of the conservative mennonite church of ontario. \" unpublished paper, 1976, 70 pp. cressman, kenneth. \" a descriptive analysis of the conservative mennonite schisms in ontario, 1956 - 1979. \" unpublished paper, 1979, 92 pp. mao. fretz, j. c. \" history of baden church, \" ca. 1955, 1 p. mao. mennonite reporter ( 3 oct. 1977 ) : 13. pavey, brent. \" fire destroys building of two congregations. \" canadian mennonite 4 ( 12 june 2000 ). adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35041146081152996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49692267-0f24-40c4-a851-13cf03572c10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.904201"}
{"text": ". mao. mennonite reporter ( 3 oct. 1977 ) : 13. pavey, brent. \" fire destroys building of two congregations. \" canadian mennonite 4 ( 12 june 2000 ). adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 1, p. 209. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. \u00a91996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. all rights reserved. mla style : fretz, joseph c., marlene epp and sam steiner. \" baden mennonite church ( baden, ontario, canada ). \" global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. april 2009. web. 18 may 2013. http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / b34me. html. apa style : fretz, joseph c., marlene epp and sam steiner. ( april 2009 ). baden mennonite church ( baden, ontario, canada ). global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. retrieved 18 may 2013, from http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / b34me. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43034329022075846, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49692267-0f24-40c4-a851-13cf03572c10>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.904679"}
{"text": "the great barrier reef is one of the world \u2019 s natural wonders. it is a place where people from all over the world flock to, in order to dive or snorkel in the waters that surround it and marvel at the vast array of colours and sea life that live there. one would expect a place as diverse and important as this to be protected, however the great barrier reef is in danger from rapid industrialisation and under threat from the building of large ports, dredging, dumping and a 7, 000 carrier ship highway. there is nothing better than a vacation in a hot and sunny climate over summer, especially one which involves the beach and tanning lotion. however, this idyllic scene can become painfully interrupted by a sharp sting from an elusive marine culprit! the last known rhinoceroses in mozambique have been wiped out by poachers. it has emerged that this was made possible due to the fact that these poachers were working alongside the rangers that were tasked with protecting them. shark embryos are apparently as deadly as the older members of their family can be. it has been discovered that shark embryos eat their littermates in the womb, with the largest embryo eating all but one of its siblings. the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary ( kpws ) is the largest protected area in cambodia, located in the northern plains of the country close to the thai border. this area is characterised by a low population density and very limited agricultural presence, which provides an ideal setting for the natural habitat that consists of deciduous forests and grassland savannahs with some scattered semi - evergreen forest galleries. the tsingy de bemaraha national park is a unesco world heritage site located in the melaky region, madagascar. it centres in two geological formations, which are quite remarkable to behold. this collection of limestone formations is known as the \u2018 stone forest \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4272918576540595, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:100f53fc-6510-40f9-b6b9-8d70a8cd57d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.906919"}
{"text": "garden talk : february 4, 2013 from nga editors 2013 espoma environmental stewardship award environmental stewardship begins at home. one way to do this is to incorporate sustainable, ecologically sound practices into the gardening and landscaping you do. creating and maintaining an environmentally - friendly landscape, garden, or outdoor living space benefits you, your family, the community, and all the life that shares the environment with you. espoma, the pioneer in natural gardening solutions, and the national gardening association want to recognize and reward the efforts of gardeners who are working to protect and improve the environment. that ' s why we ' ve created the environmental stewardship award. this year we ' ll select five home gardeners and one retailer from across the country who are using the most effective, interesting, and innovative practices to help protect the environment and make their corner of the world a better place. tell us how you work to protect and improve the environment on your own home grounds. to learn more about the espoma environmental stewardship award and to apply, go to : 2013 eesa. harvest a harvest moon you won ' t have to wait for a harvest moon in the sky to pluck one from your garden - - a ' harvest moon ' watermelon, that is! a 2013 all - america selections ( aas ) vegetable award winner, this is the first ever hybrid, triploid seedless watermelon to garner this distinction. similar to the seeded heirloom variety ' moon and stars ', with the same deep green rind speckled with yellow dots, this seedless hybrid is earlier ripening, higher yielding, and, according to many, better tasting than its old - time kin. its short, healthy vines produce elongated round, medium - size fruits weighing 18 - 20 pounds, with sweet, crisp, pinkish - red flesh. ready in 80 - 100 days from transplant, each vine produces 4 - 5 fruits, on average. like other seedless watermelon varieties, ' harvest moon ' is best started from seed indoors in peat pots about four weeks before planting out, using bottom heat to aid germination. set hardened off seedlings in the garden once the soil is warm and the danger of frost is past. included in the seed packet will be seeds of a diploid, seeded watermelon variety to provide the necessary pollinator vines ; plant one diploid for every three triploids. if you start with purchased seedlings, be sure to buy a suitable pollinator variety as well. aas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45834552605623013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0edd083-a35f-4148-9a26-b1b712c5161f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.912855"}
{"text": "a diploid, seeded watermelon variety to provide the necessary pollinator vines ; plant one diploid for every three triploids. if you start with purchased seedlings, be sure to buy a suitable pollinator variety as well. aas winners are new garden seed varieties that have been selected by aas judges for superior garden performance in impartial, judged trials across the country. to read find out more about harvest moon watermelon, go to : aas. linking neighborhoods and childhood obesity we ' ve probably all heard the real estate maxim, \u2033 location, location, location! \u2033 well, it turns out to be true for more than just housing values. it also plays a role in the problem of childhood obesity. two recent studies, published in the american journal of preventative medicine and described online on the science news website, found that children living in neighborhoods lacking green spaces like parks that afford opportunities for physical activity and that were without ready access to a grocery store were about twice as likely to be obese as children living in areas that afforded these amenities. in one study, researchers from the university of british columbia in vancouver rated the built environment in hundreds of neighborhoods in the san diego and seattle areas on the number and quality of their parks, their general \u2033 walkability, \u2033 and whether they had easy access to a grocery store selling fresh fruits and vegetables. they then evaluated 681 children randomly selected from among these neighborhoods, correlating their health information with their neighborhood amenity score, while taking into account differences in factors such as sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and the body mass index of parents. they determined that children living in neighborhoods with high physical activity and nutrition scores were 59 percent less likely to be obese than similar children in neighborhoods with low scores. this research points out the vital importance of encouraging not only easy access to stores selling healthful food in urban neighborhoods, but the development of green spaces like safe parks, playgrounds, and school and community gardens with pedestrian - friendly ways to reach them. says researcher lawrence frank, an urban planner and public health researcher who conducted this study along with colleagues, \u2033 we ' ve engineered out of our communities the ability to travel on foot to things nearby. if we want to reverse the obesity epidemic, we need to reverse the way we ' re building our communities. \u2033 to read more about the link between neighborhoods and obesity, go to : science news. producing perfect pepper transplants peppers, whether hot or sweet, are not the easiest crop to grow in many parts of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46280666183192964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0edd083-a35f-4148-9a26-b1b712c5161f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.913943"}
{"text": "the way we ' re building our communities. \u2033 to read more about the link between neighborhoods and obesity, go to : science news. producing perfect pepper transplants peppers, whether hot or sweet, are not the easiest crop to grow in many parts of the country. they sulk in cold, yet if it gets too hot, with temperatures above 90 degrees f, they may not set fruit. starting your own transplants from seed can also be tricky. fortunately, the folks at johnny ' s selected seeds in albion, maine have had lots of experience growing peppers in a challenging climate, and they share their tips for growing successful pepper transplants on their website. while their advice is targeted at market growers, it contains lots of useful information for home gardeners as well. their most important piece of advice - - get your timing right. your aim is to have your pepper seedlings ready to go into the garden as soon as the soil and air are warm and the danger of frost is past. for most gardeners, this translates to two weeks after the last expected spring frost date for your area. this means starting seeds indoors eight weeks before your set - out date. bottom heat is essential for good germination, says johnny ' s. with 80 - 90 degree bottom heat, seeds will germinate in seven to eight days. without this boost, germination is slower and more erratic, with fewer seeds germinating. if you start your seeds in flats, transplant to individual cells or pots when they get their first set of true leaves. be sure seedlings don ' t get rootbound, are regularly fertilized, and let the soil dry out between waterings. and of course, seedlings need adequate light ; for most home gardeners this means growing under fluorescent lights. in about eight weeks your peppers will be 6 - 8 inches tall, possibly with buds but no flowers, ready to be hardened off and set out in the garden, weather permitting. to read all of their tips for growing successful pepper transplants, go to : johnny ' s selected seeds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41972376630909786, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0edd083-a35f-4148-9a26-b1b712c5161f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.914748"}
{"text": "the new england aster ( aster novae - angliae ) is a bushy perennial that produces beautiful masses of daisylike blooms in the fall. delicate \u00bd - to 1 - inch flowers feature pink or purple ray florets, either with contrasting yellow or complementing pink disc florets. native to prairie regions of the united states and canada, the species can grow 5 to 6 feet, but many cultivated varieties take a more compact, fuller form. the flowers are a popular attraction for butterflies and bees, since they ' re one of the few food sources that ' s likely to survive a moderate frost. common name : new england aster botanical name : aster novae - angliae plant type : herbaceous perennial height : 5 feet zones : 4 to 8 - sun : full sun or part shade. - soil : well - cultivated, fertile, moist soil. - moisture : grows best with regular watering, but established plants with protection from afternoon sun tolerate some dryness. - mulch : apply 1 to 2 inches of organic mulch around plants to preserve soil moisture and prevent weeds. - fertilizer : apply balanced organic or slow - release plant food in spring. excessive nitrogen will promote leggy, floppy growth and fewer flowers. - pruning : cut back by half before july 1 to encourage greater flower production and bushier, more compact growth. diseases and pests - aster yellows, verticillium wilt, powdery mildew, gray mold, leaf spot, and stem cankers may occur. - insect pests include aphids, mites, slugs and snails, nematodes, and rosy blister galls. - propagate species from seed. - divide cultivars in early spring or fall. - \u2018 andenken an alma potschke ', ( often shortened to \u2018 alma potschke ' ), pictured here, has rose - pink flowers and is more compact than the species. grows 4 feet tall. zones 4 to 8. - \u2018 barr ' s pink ' has semi - double, rose - pink flowers with reddish disc florets tipped in yellow. grows 4\u00bd feet tall. zones 4 to 8. - \u2018 purple dome ' is a dwarf cultivar that grows 18 inches tall. it has a mounding form with dense semi - double, purple flowers. zones 4 to 8. - the species and most cultivars require staking if not cut back - divide plants every 2 to 3 years to maintain vigorous growth and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43119833822014786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42a86210-d69e-46c5-92c9-ab38db8895cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.921309"}
{"text": "tall. it has a mounding form with dense semi - double, purple flowers. zones 4 to 8. - the species and most cultivars require staking if not cut back - divide plants every 2 to 3 years to maintain vigorous growth and prolific blooming. - makes a great fall container plant. this aster is also an excellent, long - lasting cut flower. - the native species may be invasive in certain conditions, but most cultivated varieties are better behaved in the garden. all in the family - aster is derived from greek, referring to the starlike appearance of the flowers, and is part of a genus comprised of approximately 250 annuals, biennials, perennials, and wood sub - shrubs. most common and popular cultivated species include : - frikart ' s aster ( aster x frikartii ), an upright perennial with dark purple ray florets and yellow disk florets. zones 5 to 8. - new york aster, or michaelmas daisy ( a. novi - belgii ), a clump - forming perennial with purple, white, or pink rays and yellow or pink discs. zones 4 to 8. - italian aster ( a. amellus ), a clump - forming perennial with lilac - blue or lavender rays and yellow discs. zones 5 to 8. - though most sources refer to the genus as aster, some sources indicate that most north american natives and popular garden asters ( including a. novae - angliae ) have been reclassified into the genus symphiotrichus, a move referred to as the \" aster disaster \" by one plant taxonomist. ( text by robert weaver, photo courtesy of bailey nurseries, www. baileynurseries. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3989614448351546, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42a86210-d69e-46c5-92c9-ab38db8895cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.922020"}
{"text": "born in the lab in early summer of 1965, a university of florida assistant coach sat down with a team of university physicians and asked them to determine why so many of his players were being affected by heat and heat related illnesses. the researchers - dr. robert cade, dr. dana shires, dr. h. james free and dr. alejandro de quesada - soon discovered two key factors that were causing the gator players to ' wilt ' : the fluids and electrolytes the players lost through sweat were not being replaced, and the large amounts of carbohydrates the players ' bodies used for energy were not being replenished. the researchers then took their findings into the lab, and scientifically formulated a new, precisely balanced carbohydrate - electrolyte beverage that would adequately replace the key components lost by gator players through sweating and exercise. they called their concoction ' gatorade '. proven on the field soon after the researchers introduced their gatorade formula to the team, the gators began winning... outlasting a number of heavily favored opponents in the withering heat and finishing the season at 7 - 4. the team ' s success progressed even more during the 1966 season, with the gators finishing at 9 \u2013 2 and winning the orange bowl for the first time ever in the history of the school. word about gatorade began to spread outside of the state of florida, and both the university of richmond and miami of ohio, began ordering batches of gatorade for their football teams. orders from other college football programs across the country soon followed, as playing without gatorade on your sidelines began to be likened to playing with just ten men on the field. today, gatorade can be found on the sidelines of more than 70 division i colleges as the official sports drink of their men ' s and women ' s intercollegiate sports. from the orange bowl to the super bowl in the summer of 1969, coach ray graves of the florida gators suggested to the kansas city chiefs that they use gatorade to combat the staggering effects of a blistering missouri sun during training camp. the chiefs were so impressed with the \" gator coach ' s aid \" that they kept it on their sidelines throughout the entire season \u2026 which concluded with a stunning victory over the heavily favored minnesota vikings in super bowl iv. in the years that followed, more and more nfl teams began placing gatorade on the sidelines of their games and practices, and in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4456557643765711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9c8e22f-cefe-42b0-a6a6-7a32f5c458b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.927562"}
{"text": "throughout the entire season \u2026 which concluded with a stunning victory over the heavily favored minnesota vikings in super bowl iv. in the years that followed, more and more nfl teams began placing gatorade on the sidelines of their games and practices, and in 1983, gatorade became the official sports drink of the nfl - a title it holds to this day. furthering the science of victory two decades after dr. cade and his team worked diligently to develop the optimum hydration formula that would become gatorade, the gatorade sports science institute was founded in barrington, illinois, to conduct scientific research in the areas of exercise science, hydration, and sport nutrition. three years later, the lab would be expanded to provide advanced testing for athletes and new gatorade products and flavors and develop education materials for sports health professionals around the world. gatorade is now also the official sports drink of the nba, avp, and pga, major league baseball, major league soccer, and numerous other elite and professional organizations and teams. hydration at 180 mph in 2001, after determining that professional race car drivers were not staying adequately hydrated throughout the course of their races, gatorade and gssi begin working with auto racing organizations to develop a hydration tool that could withstand 130 - degree temperatures and keep drivers hydrated safely throughout the course of a race. the result of their research was the development of gids, the gatorade in - car drinking system, which is now considered an essential piece of racing equipment. rising to new challenges after years of careful research by the staff at gssi into the needs of athletes engaged in high - demand training and competition, gatorade launched the gatorade performance series, an elite line of sports nutrition products, in 2001. these products include gatorade energy drink, gatorade energy bar, and the gatorade nutrition shake. four years later, after studying endurance athletes, gssi developed the gatorade endurance formula. featuring a higher concentration of sodium - the key electrolyte found in original thirst quencher - and four other electrolytes lost in sweat, gatorade endurance formula is quickly becoming a mainstay on race courses the world over. today & tomorrow gatorade and gssi continue to search for and study new and innovative ways to help athletes improve performance by facilitating proper hydration and nutrition. from the lab testing of athletes, to new flavor and delivery system development, to the publication and distribution of scientific research, the gatorade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44689073100362897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9c8e22f-cefe-42b0-a6a6-7a32f5c458b7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.928615"}
{"text": "how does amazon \u2019 s founder spend his down time? catching up on email in the middle of the atlantic while monitoring the progress of his crew recovering historic space artifacts from the bottom of the ocean. jeff bezos reports this morning that his bezos expeditions has recovered significant pieces of two f - 1 rocket engines that were used to launch rockets into space on the landmark apollo missions, before plunging into the ocean. bezos said previously that he believed the engines were from the historic apollo 11 mission that landed the first humans on the moon in 1969 \u2014 but he specifically didn \u2019 t say apollo 11 in his post this morning, and there is a risk that the engines were from a different apollo mission. he writes, \u201c many of the original serial numbers are missing or partially missing, which is going to make mission identification difficult. we might see more during restoration. the objects themselves are gorgeous. \u201d bezos adds, \u201c we \u2019 re bringing home enough major components to fashion displays of two flown f - 1 engines. \u201d that \u2019 s good news for the seattle region. the engines are the property of nasa, but the agency previously indicated its willingness to let the museum of flight in seattle \u2014 bezos \u2019 hometown aerospace museum \u2014 display one of the engines if the smithsonian declined, or if two engines were recovered. how did they do it? with robots, of course. here is bezos waxing poetic about the technology, and the setting. the technology used for the recovery is in its own way as otherworldly as the apollo technology itself. the remotely operated vehicles worked at a depth of more than 14, 000 feet, tethered to our ship with fiber optics for data and electric cables transmitting power at more than 4, 000 volts. we on the team were often struck by poetic echoes of the lunar missions. the buoyancy of the rovs looks every bit like microgravity. the blackness of the horizon. the gray and colorless ocean floor. only the occasional deep sea fish broke the illusion. bezos has a deep interest in space, dating back to watching the apollo mission as a kid, and he has his own commercial space venture, blue origin. he concludes with shout - outs to nasa and members of the recovery crew : \u201c while i spent a reasonable chunk of time in my cabin emailing and working, \u201d he says, \u201c it didn \u2019 t keep me from getting to know the team. \u201d read his full post here. here \u2019 s a video from bezos expeditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4612331867981838, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25ee4cfb-e0ca-4431-96a4-3b87879a3b3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.931612"}
{"text": "historical documents & records search tips historical documents & records last and first name search - searching both first and last name fields returns historical documents and records where the surname is \" near2 \" the first name. - the search engine will automatically find the first and last name occurrences within two words of each other in the historical documents and records archive. - searching both first and last name helps find occurrences of middle names or initials in the historical documents and records archive. - the \" near2 \" search command is not order specific, so your documents and records search will retrieve the person ' s name regardless of how it is ordered : the first name then the last name or the last name then the first name. - the historical documents and records search default is intended to find the most occurrences of the ancestor ' s name you are searching for. - if the family member ' s name you are searching for is popular, like johnson, try using some of the search options such as location, date range, and keyword, in order to do a more targeted search for the exact johnson you are searching for ( see below ). historical documents & records database advanced search tips - there are two keyword search boxes to narrow your search for historical documents and records : - \" include keywords \" box and \" exclude keywords \" box ( see below ). - use the date search box to enter a specific date or date range of the historical documents and records you are searching for. searching historical documents & records with keywords & quotation marks - all historical documents and records queries are full - text keyword searches against ocr - generated ascii text. this means the complete text is scanned against your search query for keyword matches. - with the \" include keywords \" box and / or \" exclude keywords \" box, you can expand or narrow your historical documents and records search. - place key phrases in quotations such as \" george washington \" in the \" include \" keyword box to narrow the historical documents search to the exact name, instead of using the last / first name search that returns results matching george \" near2 \" washington. - if too many names are returned in the historical documents and records archive search results, make your search more granular by entering names or places you do not want included in your search into the \" exclude \" box. historical documents & records boolean operators - search the historical documents database using and, or, adjx ( order specific ), nearx ( order non - specific ) and wildcards ( such as \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45528812705658217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3ad7806-1f17-447d-bbee-061d160a9c3b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.937889"}
{"text": "your search into the \" exclude \" box. historical documents & records boolean operators - search the historical documents database using and, or, adjx ( order specific ), nearx ( order non - specific ) and wildcards ( such as \"? \" and \" * \" ). broaden or narrow your historical documents and records queries - by clearing populated search fields to broaden your query, or by populating empty search fields to narrow your query. display historical documents and records search results in a variety of ways, such as : - best matches ( this is the historical documents and records database search default ). - oldest items ( based on document and record publication dates ). - newest items ( based on document and record publication dates ). - once the search default is changed, the current selection will remain the default until it is changed again. search historical documents & records by date range - if you know the date of the historical documents and records content you are searching for, use the \" date \" search box : - enter a specific date or a date range \u2014 a variety of date formats are accepted. - examples : june 2, 1804, or 1804 - 1849, or june 1804 - august 1949. search old historical documents & records using colonial english variant spellings several of the historical documents and records in the archives database are quite old, and the searches must accommodate colonial english. - the long \" s \" character was nearly identical to the \" f \" in many old english texts. - when searching old historical documents and records on words containing the letter \" s, \" use the \"? \" for \" s. \" - note : this can occur whether it is the first letter, a letter within a word, or at the end of a word. - the double \" s \" in keywords like mississippi should be replaced with two wildcards in historical documents and records queries. old historical documents and records colonial english search examples : | modern spelling | | colonial spellings | | suggested search | - type was set by hand for early american documents, and sometimes printers didn ' t have all the pieces of type needed to correctly spell a word. this resulted in letters being omitted from words, or the substitution of letters that looked similar to the ones missing. - many of these historic documents and records didn ' t use standard spellings. - here are some examples of conventions that were common in old documents and records : - use of name variants : smith or smythe - use of \" e \" in word endings : chesapeake or chesape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44765126276766976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3ad7806-1f17-447d-bbee-061d160a9c3b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.939229"}
{"text": "a new type of white blood cell has been identified that activates a killing immune response to an external source \u2014 providing a new potential target for vaccines for conditions such as cancer or hepatitis b. publishing in the journal immunity, a team of researchers from newcastle university in collaboration with a * star \u2019 s singapore immunology network describe a new human tissue dendritic cell ( dc ) with cross - presenting function. most cells are only able to present antigens from within themselves, and so will only elicit an immune response if they are infected themselves. only a specialized subset of dendritic cells is able to generate a response to an external source of antigen, for example bacteria, vaccines, and tumors. the identity of human tissue dcs that are capable of presenting external antigen to activate the cell - killing response by t cells \u2014 a process termed cross - presentation \u2014 has remained a mystery. their discovery, as revealed by this research, will help scientists to design better targeted vaccine strategies to treat cancer and infections. \u201c these are the cells we need to be targeting for anticancer vaccines, \u201d says muzlifah haniffa, m. d., ph. d., a wellcome trust intermediate fellow and senior clinical lecturer at newcastle university. \u201c our discovery offers an accessible, easily targetable system that makes the most of the natural ability of the cell. \u201d the researchers also showed for the first time that dendritic cell subsets are conserved between species and have in effect created a map, facilitating the translation of mouse studies to the human immune system. the researchers isolated the dendritic cells from human blood and skin and from mouse blood, lung, and liver. using gene expression analysis, they identified gene signatures for each human dendritic cell subset. mouse orthologues of these genes were identified, and a computational analysis was performed to match subsets across species. this provides scientists for the first time with an accurate model to compare dcs between species. \u201c these gene signatures are available in a public repository accessible for all researchers to benefit from the data, \u201d says dr. haniffa. \u201c it will allow detailed knowledge of individual human dendritic cell subsets to enable specific targeting of these cells for therapeutic strategy. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5139786001199065, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39582830-6dee-41bf-a1c0-565c0934343d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.941959"}
{"text": "of lakes dot the marshy arctic tundra regions. now, in the latest addition to the growing body of evidence that global warming is significantly affecting the arctic, two recent studies suggest that thawing permafrost is the cause of two seemingly contradictory observations both rapidly growing and rapidly shrinking lakes. thawing permafrost is altering the lakes that dominate arctic landscapes, such as this one in western siberia. courtesy of laurence c. smith. the first study is a historical analysis of changes to 10, 000 siberian lakes over the past 30 years, a period of warming air and soil temperatures. using satellite images, laurence smith, a geographer at the university of california, los angeles, and colleagues found that, since the early 1970s, 125 siberian lakes vanished completely, and those that remain averaged a 6 percent loss in surface area, a total of 930 square kilometers. they report in the june 3 science that the spatial pattern of lake disappearance suggests that the lakes drained away when the permafrost below them thawed, allowing the lake water to seep down into the groundwater. however, the team also found that lakes in northwestern siberia actually grew by 12 percent, and 50 new lakes formed. both of the rapid changes are due to warming, they say, and if the warming trend continues, the northern lakes will eventually shrink as well. these two processes are similar, in that were witnessing permafrost degradation in both regions, says co - author larry hinzman, a hydrologist at the university of alaska in fairbanks, who in previous studies documented shrinking lakes in southern alaska. in the warmer, southern areas, we get groundwater infiltration, but in the northern areas, where the permafrost is thicker and colder, its going to take much, much longer for that to occur. so instead of seeing lakes shrinking there, were seeing lakes growing. that finding is consistent with the second study, which focused on a set of unusually oriented, rapidly growing lakes in northern alaska, an area of continuous permafrost. jon pelletier, a geomorphologist at the university of arizona in tucson, reports in the june 30 journal of geophysical research earth surface that the odd alignment of the lakes is caused not by wind direction but by permafrost melting faster at the downhill end of the lake, which has shallower banks. since the 1950s, scientists have attributed the odd alignment of the egg - shaped lakes to winds blowing perpendicularly to the long axes of the lakes, which then set up currents that caused waves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4666006812514381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fdf99e1-ac10-4897-aae4-baeb9600a36e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.946040"}
{"text": "the downhill end of the lake, which has shallower banks. since the 1950s, scientists have attributed the odd alignment of the egg - shaped lakes to winds blowing perpendicularly to the long axes of the lakes, which then set up currents that caused waves to break at the northwest and southeast ends, thus preferentially eroding them. the prevailing wind direction idea has been around so long that we dont even think about it, smith says, but jons [ pelletier ] work is challenging that. its a very interesting paper. wind - driven erosion occurs in the great lakes, but at rates of about a meter a year. the alaskan oriented thaw lakes grow at rates of 5 meters or more per year. pelletier says this rate difference suggests a different process is at work. according to the model, the direction and speed of growth depend on where and how quickly the permafrost thaws, which is determined by two factors : how the water table intersects the slope of the landscape and how fast the summer temperature increases. if the permafrost thaws abruptly, the shorter, downhill bank is more likely to thaw first. the soggy soil slumps into the water, and the perimeter of the lake is enlarged. its not just the [ global ] warming trend, but also how quickly the warming takes place in the summertime, pelletier says. hinzman says that the lakes are just one part of the arctic water cycle, which has seen an increasing number of perturbations in recent years. the whole hydrologic cycle is changing and this is just one component of that. understanding how the hydrologic cycle is changing is important, hinzman says, because the amount of freshwater runoff into the arctic ocean impacts global ocean circulation and the amount of sea ice, thus affecting climate worldwide. if global warming continues to the point where permafrost goes away, there will be fewer lakes, smith says. and a drier, less marshy arctic could alter weather patterns and ecosystems, researchers say, affecting everything from the subsistence lifestyle of native people to the hazard of fire on the tundra. geotimes contributing writer back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4917306236212428, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fdf99e1-ac10-4897-aae4-baeb9600a36e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.946876"}
{"text": "formed in 1997, global fund grantee woman of tomorrow ( femme de demain ) works with women who have been \" forgotten, \" who live on land that has been so over - farmed it is depleted of nutrients. many of them are heads of households, widows, teen mothers or young girls orphaned by aids. they cannot read, and are subject to fraudulent levies and taxes when they take their goods to market. to combat such bleak conditions, the group trains women in basic literacy, accounting and pricing. to address the over - dependence on agriculture, especially during the dry season, a 2001 global fund grant of $ 7, 000 supported their efforts to teach women other ways to earn a living. the group also teaches women about their human rights, explaining that a woman who becomes economically empowered, but remains oppressed within her home may be even more miserable than she was before. recent events in togo have made the group ' s work even more challenging. in february 2005, togo ' s 18 - year dictatorship ended with the death of president gnassingbe eyadema. ensuing actions led to the instatement of his son, faure gnassingbe, as president and involved reports of electoral fraud, violent clashes and roughly 30, 000 people fleeing the country. these events forced women of tomorrow to temporarily suspend its activities for four months. want to change the world?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.449201707344763, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75bc76f5-515b-46ad-80ba-e7b1d6cb3a07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.948260"}
{"text": "updated : march 8, 2013 3 : 25 am est ap photos : images from japan ' s nuclear disasterthe associated press two years after a powerful earthquake and tsunami wrecked japan ' s fukushima dai - ichi nuclear plant, many towns nearby remain abandoned, too affected by radiation for residents to return for more than short visits. about 160, 000 people were displaced by the nuclear disaster, and even some areas outside the 20 - kilometer ( 12 - mile ) zone that initially was completely off - limits are too contaminated to be cleaned up in the foreseeable future. in others, work is proceeding on cleaning soil, leaves, grass and buildings to help reduce radiation to safer levels. it remains unclear how effective the cleanup will be or how many people will eventually return to their homes, given fears over potential risks from the radiation and the lack of jobs in an area that depended mainly on farming, fishing and work at the now defunct nuclear plant. for now, the area is mostly deserted, the fields and homes overgrown with weeds. here ' s a gallery of images from abandoned towns in the area around the crippled nuclear plant. | ap photos : images from japan ' s nuclear disaster \" data - url = \" http : / / www. goerie. com / article / 20131303080563 \" data - count = \" horizontal \" data - via = \" goerie \" > tweet |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49491743951685946, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4964977-387b-4983-9b47-315c6ff739b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.949781"}
{"text": "travel to northern india : konarak the sun temple at konarak is a superlative in a country of superlatives. built, it appears, in the 13th century, it was abandoned after the muslim invasion of orissa early in the 16th. composed largely of khondalite, a gneiss that weathers easily, without maintenance the temple began to fall apart. approximately half of it was gone when european visitors arrived for the first time in the 19th century. shortly after 1900, serious conservation efforts were made to stabilize what remained. that lesser half, amounting to no more than the entrance porch or jagamohana of the vanished sanctuary or rekha is one of india ' s most spectacular sights. this is the straight - on approach. the surviving porch of the temple is the triangular mass behind this bhoga - mandapa or hall of offering. it ' s hard to imagine a more densely decorated surface. we ' ll ascend the platform. the roof is missing ; it may have echoed the huge roof of the porch. from the top, you can see across the intervening ground to the stairs rising to the entrance of the temple. the entrance, sorry to say, was blocked with rock and sand in the 19th century for fear that the whole thing would otherwise topple. people who saw it before it was filled report that the interior was very simple, with corbelled stones stepping inwards on all sides to form a roughly pyramidal shape, corresponding to the elaborate external profile of the building. a king named narasimha probably built the temple, but his motivation remains unclear. to mark a recovery from illness? it must have been something serious, because a muslim chronicler at akbar ' s court, abu ' l - fazl, reported that the temple cost 12 years of tax revenue from the province. a recent author writes that this was the \" dazzling dream of an ambitious and mighty king, secular to the core and with immense zest for life, who wanted an edifice which would outrival the works of his forbears and immortalize his name. \" ( debala mitra, konarak, 1968. ) a closer view. the masonry blocks were laid without mortar, though there was a coat of lime plaster. the top of the porch, seen from the south. there ' s a complex vocabulary for these towers. the step - like layers, for example, are called pidhas. the structure simulates a temple cart riding on a dozen wheels. another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3796257970336986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf9789a6-681e-4f4c-97c6-9542e5892649>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.956920"}
{"text": "the top of the porch, seen from the south. there ' s a complex vocabulary for these towers. the step - like layers, for example, are called pidhas. the structure simulates a temple cart riding on a dozen wheels. another angle. the wheels were invisible until conservation work after 1900 cleared away a layer of beach sand that rose to the top of the platform. seven horses pull the temple, which is dedicated to surya, the sun god. the image is of the cart rising from the sea, now receded about a mile from what was the temple ' s beach - front location. a \" petrified procession, \" some have called it. perhaps their long burial in sand helped preserve the details of the wheels. a closer view. detail, down to the cotter pin. the temple has hundreds of sexual images. side view, from the south. the view here is from the southwest and shows the stump that remains of the sanctuary that rose to a height half - again as high as the porch. ( this assumes that the sanctuary was actually built. parts of it certainly were, because fragments survived until a storm of 1848. ) to see something comparable to what existed here, see the pictures of puri or, on a smaller scale, the temples at bhubaneshwar. \" there is, so far as i know, no roof in india where the same play of light and shade is obtained with an equal amount of richness and constructive propriety as in this instance, nor one that sits so gracefully of the base that supports it. \" ( fergusson, ii, 107 ) a niche on the north side of the sanctuary carries a statue made of chlorite. it ' s surya, a form of vishnu ; flanking his knees ( and mostly missing from this image ) are two adoring dawn maidens. the decoration also includes mythical animals, in this case a leogryph ( the sanskrit name is simply vyala, \" lion, \" ) atop an elephant. another leogryph on the right ; on the left, a pious nagni, a female naga with a human head, snake body, and hooded cobras behind. in the center is a maithuna, decorously or perhaps just very literally translated as a \" loving couple. \" the arrangements ( and positions ) vary. a couple with a niche to themselves. another wheel detail. an elephant, masterfully soft. another elephant, this one preparing to hurl a demon. lions atop elephants at the entrance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4582698967957234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf9789a6-681e-4f4c-97c6-9542e5892649>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.957925"}
{"text": "\" loving couple. \" the arrangements ( and positions ) vary. a couple with a niche to themselves. another wheel detail. an elephant, masterfully soft. another elephant, this one preparing to hurl a demon. lions atop elephants at the entrance steps through which we passed earlier. colossal fragmentary lion. this is the ceiling at the entrance to the temple. the iron bars are original, apparently made by beating a bundle of hot bars into a mass. similar beams were used at the top of the corbelled ceiling in the interior of the porch. originally, a stone architrave hid them. it ' s been removed and put in a nearby museum, after 19th century efforts to transport it to calcutta foundered on logistics. a photograph of the partially collapsed interior of the temple before it was filled with a layer of rock pressed flush against the walls, then filled tight with sand, which was finally poured down a 6 - inch shaft drilled at the peak. since then, fears of water accumulating in the mass have led to pressure - grouting of the exterior stones. not impressed? but look inside. here ' s that massive architrave, carved from the same chlorite used in the statue of surya. it was removed from the temple before 1838 by the local raja of khurda, who wanted to use it for his palace. before he could do so, orders came from the british government to cease and desist. the british then attempted to move the stone to a museum in calcutta, but it was too massive and so stayed here. it portrays the nava - grahas, or nine planetary gods. from left to right, surya ( sun ), chandra ( moon ), mangala ( mars ), budha ( mercury ), brihaspati ( jupiter ), sukra ( venus ), and sani ( saturn ). at the far right are rahu and ketu, invisible planets at war with the earth and sun. surya, smiling with a lotus flower in each hand rahu. he carries crescents because he is associated with lunar eclipses. despite the sea ' s retreat from the site, there ' s plenty of sand still around. and relics, whether of the destroyed sanctuary or of other buildings once standing in the neighborhood. what you didn ' t want to see! konarak is a popular place unless you come early. * australia ' s northern territory * austria * bangladesh * belgium * brazil ( manaus ) * burma / myanmar * cambodia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4765413505912363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf9789a6-681e-4f4c-97c6-9542e5892649>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.958865"}
{"text": "the federal advisory committee act ( faca ) brochure u. s. general services administration office of governmentwide policy committee management secretariat washington, dc 20417 advisory committees have played an important role in shaping programs and policies of the federal government from the earliest days of the republic. since president george washington sought the advice of such a committee during the whiskey rebellion of 1794, the contributions made by these groups have been impressive and diverse. today, an average of 1, 000 advisory committees with more than 60, 000 members advise the president and the executive branch on such issues as the disposal of high - level nuclear waste, the depletion of atmospheric ozone, the national fight against acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids ), efforts to rid the nation of illegal drugs, to improve schools, highways, and housing, and on other major programs. through enactment of the federal advisory committee act ( faca ) of 1972 ( public law 92 - 463 ), the u. s. congress formally recognized the merits of seeking the advice and assistance of our nation ' s citizens. at the same time, the congress also sought to assure that advisory committees : - provide advice that is relevant, objective, and open to the public ; - act promptly to complete their work ; and - comply with reasonable cost controls and record keeping requirements. role of federal advisory committees with the expertise from advisory committee members, federal officials and the nation have access to information and advice on a broad range of issues affecting federal policies and programs. the public, in return, is afforded an opportunity to provide input into a process that may form the basis for government decisions. federal agency responsibility each federal agency that sponsors advisory committees must adhere to the requirements established by the faca, as well as regulations promulgated by the u. s. general services administration \u2019 s ( gsa ) committee management secretariat. gsa has had the responsibility for overseeing the faca since 1977. gsa ' s role under the faca with approximately 1, 000 advisory committees in existence at any given time, special attention is required to assure compliance with the faca, the freedom of information act, and related regulations, as well as to encourage effective and efficient use of committee resources. while executive branch departments and agencies are responsible for continually reviewing committee performance and compliance in these areas, the general services administration was designated by the president in 1977 to monitor committee activities government - wide. as part of this responsibility, gsa : - conducts annual reviews of advisory committee activities and accomplishments ; - responds to requests from agencies on establishing new committees or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4236565901305363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a247bb69-811a-4496-8cef-12202ec7bc35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.965054"}
{"text": "the general services administration was designated by the president in 1977 to monitor committee activities government - wide. as part of this responsibility, gsa : - conducts annual reviews of advisory committee activities and accomplishments ; - responds to requests from agencies on establishing new committees or the renewal of existing groups ; and - maintains a faca database on the internet from which advisory committee information may be obtained. together, gsa and the federal community work to eliminate the overlap or duplication of advisory bodies, terminate unnecessary or inactive committees, and develop committee management regulations, guidelines, and training in response to requirements of the executive branch and congress. complying with faca any advisory group, with limited exceptions, that is established or utilized by a federal agency and that has at least one member who is not a federal employee, must comply with the faca. to find out if a group comes under the faca, contact the sponsoring agency ' s committee management officer. the gsa committee management secretariat is an additional resource ( see the last section \" for more information... \" ). requirements for establishing and managing advisory committees under the federal advisory committee act, advisory committees can be created only when they are essential to the performance of a duty or responsibility conveyed upon the executive branch by law or presidential directive. before committees can be set up, high - level officials within the sponsoring agency must review and approve the request. once a committee is approved, a charter is prepared outlining the committee ' s mission and specific duties and forwarded to gsa ' s committee management secretariat for final review. following a required public notification period, and the filing of the charter with congress, the committee may begin operation. committee management officer and designated federal officer the federal advisory committee act also provides that each agency sponsoring a federal advisory committee must appoint a committee management officer to oversee the administration of the act ' s requirements. in addition, a designated federal officer must be assigned to each committee to : - ensure compliance with faca, and any other applicable laws and regulations ; - call, attend, and adjourn committee meetings ; - approve agendas ; - maintain required records on costs and membership ; - ensure efficient operations ; - maintain records for availability to the public ; and - provide copies of committee reports to the committee management officer for forwarding to the library of congress. expiration of a committee ' s charter unless the renewal of a committee charter is justified under the faca, the charter automatically expires after a two - year period ( or as otherwise provided by law ). advisory committee members federal advisory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4139590946129585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a247bb69-811a-4496-8cef-12202ec7bc35>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.967329"}
{"text": "congress. expiration of a committee ' s charter unless the renewal of a committee charter is justified under the faca, the charter automatically expires after a two - year period ( or as otherwise provided by law ). advisory committee members federal advisory committee members are drawn from nearly every occupational and industry group and geographical section of the united states and its territories. the faca requires that committee memberships be \" fairly balanced in terms of the points of view represented and the functions to be performed. \" as a result, members of specific committees often have both the expertise and professional skills that parallel the program responsibilities of their sponsoring agencies. in balancing committee memberships, agencies are expected to consider a cross - section of those directly affected, interested, and qualified, as appropriate to the nature and function of the advisory committee. appointing committee members agency officials, members of congress, the general public, or professional societies or current and former committee members may nominate potential candidates for membership on a committee. selection of committee members is made based on the faca ' s requirements and the potential member ' s background and qualifications. final selection is made by the president or heads of departments or agencies. prior to accepting an appointment with a federal advisory committee, each prospective member should clarify his / her role, obligations, duties, allowable expenses, compensation limitations, and any ethics requirements with their committee \u2019 s designated federal officer and / or committee management officer, as appropriate. federal ethics and conflict of interest laws agency officials must provide prospective advisory committee members with information regarding any applicable standards of conduct - including those imposed by federal conflict of interest statutes. in some instances, members may be subject to special limitations during the course of their service on an advisory committee. for some members, these restrictions also may apply ( for limited periods ) after their committee assignments have ended. some agencies may impose additional administrative requirements as well. to avoid potential conflicts, each advisory committee member should assure that he or she receives adequate information from the sponsoring agency and completes any required appointment papers and disclosure forms prior to service on a committee. oral briefings and other explanatory material may be obtained through the sponsoring agency ' s committee management officer, designated agency ethics official, or from the office of government ethics, which has government - wide jurisdiction on federal ethics issues. limits on membership terms each agency may set limits ( unless provided by law or presidential directive ) on the lengths of terms for serving on advisory committees to allow for new membership. open access to committee meetings and operations under the provisions of the federal advisory committee act, federal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338739496448865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a247bb69-811a-4496-8cef-12202ec7bc35>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.968477"}
{"text": "membership terms each agency may set limits ( unless provided by law or presidential directive ) on the lengths of terms for serving on advisory committees to allow for new membership. open access to committee meetings and operations under the provisions of the federal advisory committee act, federal agencies sponsoring advisory committees must : - arrange meetings that are reasonably accessible and at convenient locations and times ; - publish adequate advance notice of meetings in the federal register ; - open advisory committee meetings to the public ( with some exceptions - see the section on \" government in the sunshine act \" below ) ; - make available for public inspection, subject to the freedom of information act, papers and records, including detailed minutes of each meeting ; and - maintain records of expenditures. government in the sunshine act advisory committee meetings may be closed or partially closed to the public based upon provisions of the government in the sunshine act of 1976 ( public law 94 - 409 ). examples of meetings that may be closed under the faca are : - those including discussions of classified information ; - reviews of proprietary data submitted in support of federal grant applications ; and - deliberations involving considerations of personnel privacy. for more information on the requirements of the federal advisory committee act, contact the general services administration ' s committee management secretariat at firstname. lastname @ example. org or via the internet at : examples of materials available on the committee management secretariat website are : - federal advisory committee act - gsa final rule on federal advisory committee management - guidance documents - access to the federal advisory committee act database - information on the federal advisory committee act training course. other materials, such as samples of nominating letters and committee reports, are available from each sponsoring agency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577117168651393, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a247bb69-811a-4496-8cef-12202ec7bc35>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.969249"}
{"text": "british consumers love cheese, milk and yoghurt, but to keep the cows producing all that milk, they need to keep calving. this works out fine for female calves, but not so great for young bulls. as the offspring of dairy herds such as guernsey, ayrshire and friesians, these bull calves do not tend to grow up to make good beef, and their fate has been a varied and, at times, inhumane one. until 1990, when the british government banned transporting animals in close - confinement crates, many of the bull calves were exported, mostly to the netherlands, where animal welfare standards are lower than they are here. then it became common practice to slaughter and dispose of male calves at just a day or two old. carol yesson, a stop calf exports campaign officer at compassion in world farming, says that an estimated 7, 000 to 9, 000 male calves are destroyed in the uk each month. and this year, as close - confinement crates were banned throughout the rest of the eu, we are back to exporting up to 3, 000 a week. \" but we fear that may double if defra don ' t take action to stop calf exports, \" says yesson. \" most of the calves exported end up in the netherlands and belgium where the barren, group - housing system is commonplace. and some animals undertake incredibly long journeys, of up to 100 hours, to spain and italy. a compassion in world farming report published in may 2007 with bristol university showed that death and disease following transport can be high and that for a two - week - old calf, transportation is incredibly stressful and causes undue suffering. \" molly dineen ' s recent documentary - the lie of the land - highlighted britain ' s un - joined - up farming practices. one scene follows a cornish knackerman driving around in his truck, picking up all these day - old calves ( this is known candidly, if gruesomely, as \" the flesh run \" ), often having to shoot them as well. he gets paid about \u00a33 per animal. at one point, a farmer leaves him two quid and a packet of fudge to destroy just about the healthiest, most doe - eyed brown calf i have ever seen. meanwhile, according to the meat and livestock commission, we import 95 % of the 2, 000 tonnes of veal we eat every year from the continent. i am certainly not blaming our farmers, who do tough jobs, but clearly this system has been failing. helen browning, an organic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.431322416962449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1a2cd18-eb73-4f0f-86b0-41be05bbd4e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.975108"}
{"text": "livestock commission, we import 95 % of the 2, 000 tonnes of veal we eat every year from the continent. i am certainly not blaming our farmers, who do tough jobs, but clearly this system has been failing. helen browning, an organic livestock farmer, and food and farming director of the soil association, says, \" historically, for most dairy farmers, male calves are seen as having no useful function - but due to the increasing demand for veal, as well as more and more people wanting to buy british, things are changing. \" abroad, traditionally, veal calves are kept in close individual pens, a tragedy in itself as cows are social animals that need to touch and have eye contact with other members of the herd. to keep their meat as pale as possible they are kept in the dark, fed only milk ( not solids, which they need to grow strong ) and are anaemic, with no iron or minerals in their diet. \" welfare standards on the continent are just not as high as ours, \" says browning, whose veal calves, by contrast, are allowed to roam free in the summer months, and are given hay and oats to eat in their communal sheds through the winter. they are often even settled with surrogate mothers - cows who are retired from the dairy - and generally have a pretty good time of it until they ' re about six months old and their number ' s up. although browning, whose produce is available online ( helenbrowningorganics. co. uk ), has big growth plans for the future, at the moment she is only producing about 40 veal calves a year, which isn ' t going to meet any nationwide run on domestic veal. but help is coming from the award - winning ginger pig farm and butchers. proprietor tim wilson says, \" we ' re working on it - literally building the sheds as we speak. \" he goes on to warn, however, that because of the increase in demand for goat ' s milk, the same wasteful cycle could occur with them. \" there are farms just down the road from me killing [ and disposing of ] the kids at a day or two old, then down at smithfield ' s you see imported french milk - fed billy goats. \" here we go again. for veal, though, it does seem that change is a - hoof. british meat now accounts for around 60 % of the veal that waitrose sells ( escalopes currently retailing at \u00a323 per ki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40385949992840964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1a2cd18-eb73-4f0f-86b0-41be05bbd4e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.976145"}
{"text": "we go again. for veal, though, it does seem that change is a - hoof. british meat now accounts for around 60 % of the veal that waitrose sells ( escalopes currently retailing at \u00a323 per kilo ). but so far it doesn ' t seem to be trickling down to the market and the restaurants. my local and very good butcher john stenton says that veal is the only imported meat he stocks. \" we sell very little veal, and it ' s all dutch. i used to have a source in cornwall but they dried up. you just can ' t seem to get hold of welfare - reared meat in the uk. \" danny lidgate of london uber - butchers, lidgates, has had a little more luck. \" we get some british veal, but milk - fed dutch veal tends to be a higher standard because it ' s produced on a bigger scale and it ' s more readily available. however, we have just started selling british organic veal which is starting to become more available. it is very popular, good quality and slightly redder than the imported meat. \" for rose gray of the river cafe, it ' s a question of quality. \" in the past, we ' ve used both french and dutch veal, \" she says, \" but i ' ve never come across a british veal good enough to use in our restaurant. it just has no flavour, no texture and not enough fat - the fat is important. maybe [ quality british veal ] is out there, but i ' ve never tasted it. \" having cooked and eaten browning ' s veal, i find it has more flavour than the usual pale version ; all the delicateness of its continental counterpart and is just as tender. i believe that, ethics aside, when it comes to animals, taste is defined by life : what it ate and how it moved. as happy calves move around, they grow muscle, and giving them a balanced diet provides their bodies with what they need to get stronger - as nature intended. these differences produce a meat with a pinker tinge to it, which is known in the industry as \" rose veal \". despite my name ( allegra ), there ' s no italian blood in my body, but my love of italian food is written on my bones. along with garlic, tomatoes, parmesan and a bunch of other super - special italian cookery staples, veal sits at the high table of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40314261448869465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1a2cd18-eb73-4f0f-86b0-41be05bbd4e9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.977184"}
{"text": "s no italian blood in my body, but my love of italian food is written on my bones. along with garlic, tomatoes, parmesan and a bunch of other super - special italian cookery staples, veal sits at the high table of italian ingredients ; i adore this unique flesh in all of the many dishes it appears in, such as vitello tonnato and involtini of spinach, mozzarella and grilled aubergines, saltimbocca alla romana ( pan fried with parma ham and sage ), scaloppine al burro e salvia ( escalope cooked with butter and sage ) and costoletta alla milanese ( pan - fried in breadcrumbs ). i have even cited osso buco ( shin steak, including the bone and marrow, braised very slowly with vegetables, tomatoes, white wine and herbs ) as being my death row meal. \u00b7 allegra mcevedy is co - founder of the fast - food chain leon. her cookbook is published by kyle cathie at \u00a319. 99. to order a copy for \u00a318. 99 with free uk p & p, call 0870 836 0875 or go to guardian. co. uk / bookshop. ask allegra at blogs. guardian. co. uk / food our resident chef answers your culinary dilemmas live online, tomorrow at 2pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40313884607975836, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1a2cd18-eb73-4f0f-86b0-41be05bbd4e9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.977819"}
{"text": "alice and bob in i / o land [ click here to start ] this lecture is also available in one big html file table of contents alice, bob and their race to disk - haven alice ' s adventures in wonderland - a partial recap alice ' s adventures in wonderland - a partial recap - cont. meet alice - the 16kb \" write \" that could alice goes down the rabbit hole alice wants to pass through the small door little alice joins the ( page - cached ) caucus race little alice going down the ( disk ) elevator little alice grows again - the i / o scheduler dance example of \" iostat \" output big alice plays the disk crockett - the basic elevator algorithm original alice stands to trial - err _ success or err _ io? mad hatter testifies - the small bio - s joining in original alice wakes up from her write - full dream ecila - the \" read \" that came back from the cold through the looking glass - a partial recap through the looking glass - a partial recap - cont. ecila passes through the looking glass ecila meets the red queen and ( page - cachely ) runs nowhere what ' s in my cache? ecila meets the white knight and goes to gather herself ecila and humpty dumpty have a great elevated fall ecila meets twiddledee and twiddledum - and sends them ahead tuning device - level read - ahead ecila comes back through the mirror file - systems and meta - data i / o directory hierarchy traversal and the dentry cache checking dentry - cache statistics file control blocks and the inode cache checking inode - cache statistics file blocks and file extents file blocks and file extents - cont. bob - the raw - \" write \" - er bob goes into i / o land to cache or not to cache - that is the d ( irect ) question what if bob was sync ( ing ) harder? bob - the reader from the \" raw \" bob goes catching some rie bob the cached vs. bob the direct alice and bob go picking an elevator the \" noop \" elevator - quick and noisy the \" cfq \" elevator - \" no room! no room! ( at the tea party ) \" i / o priority using \" ionice \" the \" deadline \" elevator - \" i ' m late! i ' m late! i ' m late! \" the \" anticipatory \" elevator - \" if you build it - they will come \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5117519026537893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82fd1251-b228-40d0-8fe4-a32ae9558e02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.980349"}
{"text": "broken or knocked out tooth the dentist ' s term for a knocked out tooth is \" avulsed. \" teeth - broken ; tooth - knocked out a permanent tooth that is knocked out can sometimes be reimplanted. in most cases, only permanent, adult teeth are reimplanted into the mouth. baby teeth are usually left out. immediately contact your dentist when a tooth is broken or knocked out. if you can find the tooth after the accident or injury, bring it with you when you seek medical help. tooth accidents are commonly caused by : - accidental falls - sports - related trauma - car accidents - biting on hard food save any tooth that has been knocked out for possible reimplantation. bring it to your dentist as soon as possible. the longer you wait, the less chance there is for successful reimplantation. handle the tooth only by the crown ( chewing edge ). use one of the following options to transport the tooth : - try to replace the tooth in the socket, to the level of adjacent teeth. bite down gently on gauze or a wet tea bag to help keep it in place. the surrounding teeth can be used as anchors. care must be taken not to swallow the tooth. - if the tooth cannot be replaced in the socket, place it in a container and cover with a small amount of whole milk or saliva. the tooth can also be carried between lower lip and lower gum or under the tongue. - a tooth - saving storage device ( save - a - tooth, emt tooth saver ) may be available at your dentist ' s office. such a kit contains a travel case and fluid solution. consider buying one for your home first aid kit. for additional first aid, follow these steps : - apply a cold compress to the mouth and gums for pain. - apply direct pressure, using gauze, to control bleeding. - get dental help immediately. the sooner dental attention is received, the better the chances are for successful reimplantation. teeth that have been badly fractured may expose nerve tissue inside the tooth. in this case, immediate attention is needed to avoid infection, abscess, and pain. simple chips or fractures may be tended to on a nonemergency basis, but should still be fixed to avoid sharp edges that can cut the lips or tongue, and for cosmetic reasons. - do not handle the roots of the tooth. handle only the chewing edge - - the crown portion of the tooth. - do not scrape the root of the tooth to remove dirt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44600209755592846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:037995e1-55f2-4af4-b02b-9aa4e3e81a42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.984941"}
{"text": "edges that can cut the lips or tongue, and for cosmetic reasons. - do not handle the roots of the tooth. handle only the chewing edge - - the crown portion of the tooth. - do not scrape the root of the tooth to remove dirt. - do not brush or clean the tooth with alcohol or peroxide. when to contact a medical professional see a dentist immediately if : - a permanent tooth has been knocked out. - a tooth has been partially fractured, and pain and swelling results. in the case of simple tooth fractures, a nonemergency dental appointment can be made. after a major accident, if you are not able to bring your upper and lower teeth together, the jaw may be broken. this requires immediate attention. you may call a dentist, but also seek help at a hospital. - wear a mouth guard when playing any contact sport. - avoid fights. - avoid hard foods, such as bones, stale bread, and tough bagels. - always wear a seatbelt. roberts jr, hedges jr, eds. clinical procedures in emergency medicine. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders ; 2004. marx ja, hockberger rs, walls rm, eds. rosen \u2019 s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 5th ed. st. louis, mo : mosby ; 2002. jack d. rosenberg, dds, advanced dental care, palm beach gardens, fl. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, m. d., mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4315790189108556, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:037995e1-55f2-4af4-b02b-9aa4e3e81a42>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.985857"}
{"text": "a person may need emergency treatment after a suicide attempt. they may need first aid, people who try to commit suicide may need to stay in a hospital for treatment and to reduce the risk of future attempts. therapy is one of the most important parts of treatment. the condition that may have caused the suicide attempt should be treated. this includes : - bipolar disorder - borderline personality disorder - drug or alcohol dependence - major depression people who are at risk for suicidal behavior may not get treated for many reasons, including : - they believe nothing will help - they do not want to tell anyone they have problems - they think it is a sign of weakness to ask for help - they do not know where to go for help if you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, there are numbers that you can call from anywhere in the united states, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week : 1 - 800 - suicide or 1 - 800 - 999 - 9999. as with any other type of emergency, call the local emergency number ( such as 911 ) right away if someone you know has attempted suicide. do not leave the person alone, even after you have called for help. always take suicide attempts and threats seriously. about one - third of people who try to commit suicide will try again within 1 year. about 10 % of people who threaten or try to commit suicide will eventually kill themselves. the person needs mental health care right away. do not dismiss the person as just trying to get attention. complications depend on the type of suicide attempt. calling your health care provider call a health care provider right away if you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide. review date : 03 / 07 / 2011 reviewed by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, unviersity of washington, school of medicine ; and david b. merrill, md, assistant clinical professor of psychiatry, department of psychiatry, columbia university medical center, new york, ny. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4029207764679823, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f2ded31-d90c-4724-8db4-36f31d771bf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:45.988140"}
{"text": "cloud computing as commonly defined is when a business gives its data, applications, storage and computational power to a cloud computing provider and accesses those resources via the public internet. it ' s been a godsend for many organizations, most notably small enterprises that can save enormously on infrastructure costs and have access to highly skilled i. t. expertise that they couldn ' t afford otherwise. salesforce. com and amazon. com have quickly become giants in the \" public \" cloud service sector thanks to the convenience and low start - up costs for their services. international data corp., a technology research firm, estimates in a recently released report that the cloud software market reached $ 22. 9 billion in 2011, a 31 percent year - over - year growth increase. the market is expected to reach $ 67. 3 billion by 2016 at a compound annual growth rate of 24 percent. idc also estimates that small businesses - defined as those with 100 or fewer employees - spent $ 3. 5 billion on cloud technologies in 2011, or about 7 percent of the $ 53 billion the small business segment spent overall on i. t. expenditures. that enthusiasm for remotely hosted services and low - cost infrastructure is shared by the health care industry, but not necessarily in the same way, or to the same degree, as industries such as construction or retail. klas enterprises, a utah - based health care i. t. research firm, polled nearly 100 provider organizations for a 2011 \" perception \" study of cloud computing. right off the bat, erik westerlind, the report author, had to sift through how respondents - of which nearly 70 percent were c - level executives - defined cloud computing. \" we ran into a lot of cases where executives would tell us that yes, they use the cloud because they ' re having their electronic health record remotely hosted by cerner, for example, \" he says. \" but those types of services are not really how \" the cloud \" is typically defined outside this market - yes, they ' re remotely hosted, but the applications are running via direct connections to cerner ' s data center, and all their information is housed in one place, kansas city. \" some of the confusion about how to define cloud services is due to the \" cloud washing \" going on - rebranding application service provider or application hosting services as \" cloud \" solutions. \" true \" cloud service is virtualized, elastic, scalable, metered out and resides on pooled or shared resources on the web. respondents mentioned every one of these attributes, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5180298114227369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d06f2b3-c83d-403a-87d9-11bef4cd4e57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.004520"}
{"text": "service provider or application hosting services as \" cloud \" solutions. \" true \" cloud service is virtualized, elastic, scalable, metered out and resides on pooled or shared resources on the web. respondents mentioned every one of these attributes, but only a few mentioned them all, according to the klas report. the health care execs most commonly used two attributes - an application was remotely hosted, and it was available via the web - to define the cloud. the bottom line is that interest in the cloud is strong in health care, but neither klas nor other industry experts expect a stampede of providers to a public cloud environment where their data is stored and accessible via the public web. not surprisingly, data security and privacy, and lack of control, are the top concerns of health care execs. and while health care is - has to be - downright obsessive about security and privacy, those concerns are not exclusive to the industry. the idc report and other cloud research finds the top drawback for adopting cloud services is data security. \" one hospital cio summed it up pretty neatly - he noted that he has to go before his board of directors every year and attest to them that the hospital is compliant with hipaa regulations, one requirement being that he certifies that he knows where its data resides, \" westerlind says. \" in a public cloud that data could be anywhere in the world. that pretty much sums up why many are taking a cautious approach to public cloud services. \" but then again, interest is high in cloud computing, and 55 percent of respondents to the klas survey are currently deploying some part of their i. t. environment in the cloud, where the definition was the delivery of storage solutions, software solutions, or both over the web. at this point, much of the industry ' s interest is focused on creating private clouds that enable providers to keep control of their data by either storing it on virtual servers they own, or putting it on dedicated virtual servers owned by trusted third parties. a lot of the future of health care cloud computing hinges on trust. while much has been made of the reluctance of health care organizations to use the cloud, another roadblock has been the lack of cloud service providers willing to take on the burden of handling health care data, says jeffrey white, a principal at pittsburgh - based aspen advisors, a health care consultancy. \" there ' s been a reluctance on the part of cloud platform providers to sign hipaa business associate agreements, which has really", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5527634677305548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d06f2b3-c83d-403a-87d9-11bef4cd4e57>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.006295"}
{"text": "burden of handling health care data, says jeffrey white, a principal at pittsburgh - based aspen advisors, a health care consultancy. \" there ' s been a reluctance on the part of cloud platform providers to sign hipaa business associate agreements, which has really hampered the development of truly cloud - based services in the market, \" white says. as a result, many organizations are using hosting services from established health i. t. vendors, which provides some but not all of the benefits of a web - based cloud environment. however, the cloud is coming, thanks in part to the health care industry ' s increased focus on collaboration and consumerism. dignity health provides a good example of how and why cloud computing is starting to carve out a health care space. dignity health is massive, encompassing more than 40 hospitals, operating in 17 states, and with 60, 000 providers working at its facilities. not surprisingly, the health system has a large and skilled i. t. department and a massive technological infrastructure. but while it has the internal capability to meet pretty much any data demand thrown at it, dignity health is putting more and more information on a cloud platform managed by a third party, says scott whyte, the vice president of i. t. connectivity. the impetus behind most of its cloud efforts is the need to collaborate with more and more business partners and provide additional services to physicians and patients. and those various projects need to be done yesterday. \" we ' re forming an accountable care organization and getting more involved with independent physicians, and everything has to happen fast because we ' re dealing with aggressive timelines, either because they ' re regulatory timelines or we have competitive pressures, \" whyte says. \" while we have the resources to do this internally, our cloud services partner brings a lot to the table - they can spin up data center capacity very quickly, and they have very skilled human resources that augment our own staff. \" in addition, that partner, phoenix - based cleardata networks inc., serves only the health care market, and consequently is steeped in the sometimes esoteric health security and privacy requirements required, whyte says. and while it might not matter in every case and to all providers, the cloud services also enable dignity to expand its i. t. environment using operating expenses instead of capital outlays for more servers and other infrastructure, he adds. dignity health also has found that many of its new partners, be they competing hospitals, or insurers or independent physicians, want to have all the collaborative data stored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43441801707064115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d06f2b3-c83d-403a-87d9-11bef4cd4e57>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.008766"}
{"text": "expenses instead of capital outlays for more servers and other infrastructure, he adds. dignity health also has found that many of its new partners, be they competing hospitals, or insurers or independent physicians, want to have all the collaborative data stored in \" neutral \" territory separated from their larger infrastructures, whyte says. not only are there competitive reasons to want to ensure the data is on neutral ground, but it also means there are fewer legal and compliance hoops to jump through to share the necessary data, which enables the organizations to speed up the development timelines. one example is the physician metric reports being used for the emerging aco, whyte says. \" that ' s an application that is really well - suited for a web - based cloud environment : we need to share data among partners and make it widely accessible to physicians using all different types of devices to access it. \" cloud computing at dignity will grow, but likely won ' t encompass its core legacy systems, whyte says. \" we are not fork - lifting legacy applications to the cloud : we use cerner corp. ' s hosting services for our ehr, and we have no plans to move our core financials [ from lawson corp. ] to a cloud environment. we are using the cloud for the new types of collaborative applications we need to offer. \" collaboration doesn ' t necessarily have to be external, either. as health systems continue to grow through consolidation and buying up physician practices, the management of internal data needed for collaborative efforts is getting more complex. jonathan teich, m. d., the chief medical information officer at elsevier corp. and a practicing physician at brigham and women ' s hospital in boston, says the use of cloud platforms for knowledge is far less daunting than the idea of changing the entire computing paradigm. elsevier, an amsterdam - based provider of clinical decision support information, plans to soon make a new service generally available that enables health systems to manage and maintain their clinical order sets via a cloud service. \" health systems with hundreds or thousands of order sets have a hard time having local staff maintain them, and many are widely dispersed, which makes it more difficult to collaborate, \" teich says. that idea of fork - lifting core applications into a cloud environment is a task that many providers seem unwilling to tackle at this point. much of that big legacy technology, as white from aspen advisors points out, is built of proprietary architectures that are not well - suited to transition into a cloud environment. not only that, but most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48573079239940675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d06f2b3-c83d-403a-87d9-11bef4cd4e57>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.010639"}
{"text": "many providers seem unwilling to tackle at this point. much of that big legacy technology, as white from aspen advisors points out, is built of proprietary architectures that are not well - suited to transition into a cloud environment. not only that, but most cloud providers at this point can ' t guarantee the reliability and service levels health care organizations require for those applications. \" when it comes to core systems, providers have invested heavily in the infrastructure around them, including investments in virtualizing their servers and to provide a level of redundancy, that they ' re uncertain they can get from a cloud platform. if you look across different industries, including the financial sector, you ' re seeing cloud adoption, but they ' re not running their businesses over the cloud. \" dan riskin, m. d., ceo of menlo park, calif. - based health fidelity and consulting assistant professor at stanford university, says that his is one of a new wave of health care cloud companies providing a low - cost bridge to convert data into knowledge. health fidelity uses natural language processing technology - which incorporates the medical language encoding and extraction system from columbia university - to identify and encode clinical information in caregiver narratives to standard code sets, such as icd - 9 and 10, cpt - 4 and loinc. the company works with solution providers to standardize all that unstructured data in feeds from providers for use in analytics, revenue cycle and compliance efforts. \" even with the all the efforts at making health care all about discrete data, around 80 percent of the clinical information is unstructured in clinical notes, \" he says. mining the mountain of unstructured data takes a lot of computational power. cloud platforms, riskin says, are ideally suited for the task. \" analytics requires processing power and expertise, and cloud computing is proving in health care and other markets that it can deliver faster and cheaper than internal resources, \" he says. \" what we and other start - ups in this space are doing is bypassing the manual processes of data collection and standardization that take such an enormous amount of time and resources to perform. \" in riskin ' s mind, new health i. t. start - ups, many of which are using cloud computing platforms, are the ones that can work with the data holders in the market - the hospitals, practices and health information exchanges among them - and find ways to embed new knowledge into care processes. \" what the country bet on, and is paying for, is that if the industry can digit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4530731387871541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d06f2b3-c83d-403a-87d9-11bef4cd4e57>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.012604"}
{"text": "patients have a hard time understanding the differences between screening tests and diagnostic tests. the most misunderstandings or misconceptions that seem to arise during pregnancy revolve around screening for aneuploidy ( fetal chromosomal abnormalities ). even for providers, this can be a complex and confusing issue that can be difficult and time - consuming to explain to patients and, therefore, often is not given the attention it deserves. screening tests are used to provide presumptive identification of an unrecognized or unexpected disease or defect. they are usually designed to be relatively rapid and widely applicable to the population at large. they are not diagnostic, often are associated with what are perceived to be high \u2018 false positive \u2019 rates, and are meant to have follow - up if \u2018 abnormal. \u2019 although, only a small percentage of the \u2018 abnormal \u2019 tests are usually found to confirm the diagnosis of the abnormality in follow - up, the wide net that is cast by a good screening test does not often miss the opportunity to make the diagnosis either. in the case of aneuploidy, there are several relatively noninvasive approaches for evaluating the fetus \u2018 at risk \u2019 without putting the fetus at risk by the screening process itself. many patients are put off by the screening tests for aneuploidy during pregnancy and the most common reasons cited when they are asked are : \u201c the false positive rates are too high \u201d ( which i have found, interestingly enough, often means to them that they think they will be asked to make hard decisions regarding the pregnancy based on the screening test alone and don \u2019 t want to take the chance of terminating a normal baby ) ; \u201c i wouldn \u2019 t do anything about it anyway \u201d ; \u201c i will take what i get and i don \u2019 t want to worry about it the whole pregnancy \u201d ; and, \u201c my doctor told me that it wasn \u2019 t a very good test \u201d ( usually related to provider bias or misunderstanding regarding \u2018 false positive rates \u2019 ). although i wish it wasn \u2019 t so, point in fact is that not all pregnancies are perfect ; and, these screening tests can help detect completely unexpected aneuploid fetuses in young women who are at \u2018 low risk \u2019 based on age alone, and also help to guide the \u2018 at risk \u2019 woman in her decisions regarding the need for invasive diagnostic studies that could, potentially, put the pregnancy at risk by the procedure alone. indeed, what i have learned in the two years that we have been offering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4934879737909138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:204f8140-5ba0-4384-8f6c-158d5184dbe8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.024337"}
{"text": "also help to guide the \u2018 at risk \u2019 woman in her decisions regarding the need for invasive diagnostic studies that could, potentially, put the pregnancy at risk by the procedure alone. indeed, what i have learned in the two years that we have been offering \u201c combined first trimester screening \u201d ( the topic for the next post ) to \u2018 at risk \u2019 women, is that most women end up with reassuring results, and sleep better as a consequence, and our number of invasive diagnostic procedures have declined dramatically with no increase in the number of chromosomally abnormal babies missed in women with \u2018 advanced maternal age. \u2019 i have also learned over the years that some patients know they need to know ( and need to be given the opportunity to find out ) ; some patients don \u2019 t know they need to know ( and benefit from unbiased counseling regarding the value and pitfalls of screening ) ; and many ( most? ) don \u2019 t know what they would do with the information until after they find out. if you haven \u2019 t gotten the message thus far, i believe that all pregnant women should be offered aneuploidy screening and i believe more would accept it if they got better counseling. the bottom line is that aneuploidy screening is recommended as a \u2018 standard of care. \u2019 from the provider \u2019 s standpoint, there is proven liability associated with not offering it, not offering it in an unbiased fashion, and with inadequate documentation of informed consent and refusal. the greatest benefit to the patient is that in the vast majority of patients, it can reduce the \u2018 risk \u2019 and therefore the anxiety related to possibly having an abnormal baby ; reduce the need for invasive diagnostic procedures in many cases ; and, in situations in which an aneuploid fetus is detected, it can provide time for preparation for the baby, or allow for timely decision - making for those who choose not to continue their pregnancies \u2026.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45396681579655607, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:204f8140-5ba0-4384-8f6c-158d5184dbe8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.026662"}
{"text": "as a preschooler, your child should have a healthy attitude toward eating. ideally, by this age she no longer uses eating \u2014 or not eating \u2014 to demonstrate defiance, nor does she confuse food with love or affection. generally ( although almost certainly not always ), she \u2019 ll now view eating as a natural response to hunger and meals as a pleasant social experience. despite your preschooler \u2019 s general enthusiasm for eating, she still may have very specific preferences in food, some of which may vary from day to day. your child may gobble down a particular food one day, and then push away the plate with the same food the next day. she may ask for a certain food for several days in a row, and then insist that she doesn \u2019 t like it anymore. as irritating as it may be to have her turn up her nose at a dish she devoured the day before, it \u2019 s normal behavior for a preschooler, and best not to make an issue of it. let her eat the other foods on her plate or select something else to eat. as long as she chooses foods that aren \u2019 t overly sugary, fatty, or salty, don \u2019 t object. however, encourage her to try new foods by offering her very small amounts to taste, not by insisting that she eat a full portion of an unfamiliar food. as a parent, your job is to make sure that your preschooler has nutritious food choices at every meal. if she has healthy options on the dining room table, let her make the decision of what ( and how much ) to eat. if she \u2019 s a picky eater \u2014 resisting eating vegetables, for example \u2014 don \u2019 t get discouraged or frustrated. keep giving them to her even if she repeatedly turns up her nose at the sight of them. before long, she may change her mind, developing a taste for foods that she once ignored. this is the period of time that healthy snacking and healthy habits get reinforced and / or established. remember, meals don \u2019 t need to be elaborate to be nutritious. if you have only a few minutes to prepare a meal, try a turkey sandwich, a serving of green beans, an apple, and a glass of nonfat or low - fat milk. a simple lunch like this takes less time to prepare than driving through a fast - food restaurant, and it is much healthier. television advertising, incidentally, can be a serious obstacle to your preschooler \u2019 s good nutrition. some studies show that children who watch over twenty -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43518860566629497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e70429-1d58-48a3-b043-b8a80374a281>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.031704"}
{"text": "bullying is any behavior person ( s ) exhibit that intends to harm or distress a targeted person ( s ) consistently. the types of bullying are : physical - verbal - cyber - relational ( social aggression ) your child feels sad about attending school - refusal to go to school - loss of personal items such as toys, clothing or lunch money - child may appear withdrawn or anxious - change in sleeping and / or eating habits - complaints of headache and / or stomach ache - frequent visits to health office if you suspect your child is involved in bullying behavior, please consider the following : discuss your concerns with your child, school, or social worker - determine if your child has been having any particular problems with other children - assess if your child is experiencing difficulties in other areas - assist your child in understanding the serious nature and consequences of bullying behavior - share your concerns with your child ' s teacher or any other significant adult ( example teacher, coaches, scout - leaders etc. ) ignore or walk away - tell the person to stop and then walk away - warn that you will get help from an adult and then walk away - get help. tell an adult what has happened bullies keep bullying because of inaction. make sure your child communicates their concerns to a trusted adult. also, if they see bullying happening and they feel comfortable doing so, they should firmly state that those actions are inappropriate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47768075929601017, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be9f62e2-7280-4aef-8de4-3ac6c237a6aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.034913"}
{"text": "december 22, 2006 growing new limbs the zebrafish way a zebrafish tail fin one day after amputation is shown on the left. the image on the right shows that by ten days post amputation, the tail fin has regenerated. a lost tail fin can really slow down a zebrafish - at least for a week or so, until it grows a new one. now scientists have shown that they can turn on or block this regeneration in zebrafish with the flip of a molecular switch. understanding how the fish ' s cells coordinate the regrowth of the structurally complex fin can help scientists understand the process of regeneration, providing clues that may aid in the development of new clinical therapies, such as renewing cardiac tissue after heart disease. the scientists said that not only will their findings advance research aimed at regenerating tissues and organs, but the discoveries could also lead to improved therapies for bone marrow transplants to restore the hematopoetic system in cancer patients. \u201c in studying injury or inflammation in any context, investigators should explore whether wnt signaling is involved. these experiments suggest that wnt signaling is a universal component of regenerative pathways in animals. \u201d randall t. moon the researchers ' findings were published online december 22, 2006, as a development epress article, which is posted in advance of print publication in the journal development. the senior author was howard hughes medical institute investigator randall moon at the institute for stem cell and regenerative medicine of the university of washington school of medicine, and the joint first authors were cristi stoick - cooper and gilbert weidinger, who designed and carried out the experiments in the moon laboratory. using tail fin regeneration in the zebrafish as a model system, the researchers discovered that a major cellular signaling pathway, called the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway, is central to activating the complex machinery of limb regeneration. this pathway is known to play a major role in regulating stem cells in embryonic development and adult tissue maintenance. malfunctions in the pathway have been proven to lead to cancers, as well as being linked to bone density diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway comprises a large group of proteins that are activated when the signaling molecule wnt binds to the pathway ' s cell surface receptors. this activation increases the levels of \u00df - catenin - a master regulator of multiple genes - that reach the cell nucleus. the researchers also found that a related wnt protein, called w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790278104075508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66e88ca3-b743-473a-a2fa-f320474d54bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.042887"}
{"text": "wnt binds to the pathway ' s cell surface receptors. this activation increases the levels of \u00df - catenin - a master regulator of multiple genes - that reach the cell nucleus. the researchers also found that a related wnt protein, called wnt5b, inhibited regeneration. wntb5 governs a signaling pathway that is independent of \u00df - catenin. so, wnt proteins can turn on more than one signaling pathway, and both are involved in regeneration, though with opposite roles. \u201c it was previously known that wnt pathway components were expressed during regeneration, but nobody had really explored whether the pathways were indeed activated, \u201d said moon. \u201c and nobody had separated the two pathways and looked at their effects individually. \u201d in their experiments, stoick - cooper and weidinger genetically manipulated the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway in the fish and measured how that manipulation affected the fish ' s ability to regrow an amputated tail fin. using a fluorescent \u201c reporter \u201d gene that revealed wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway activation by glowing like a firefly, the scientists showed that the pathway was clearly switched on during regeneration, just in the area of the body that was regenerating. similarly, they saw that the pathway was activated during regeneration of zebrafish heart and mouse liver, which they said suggests that the pathway may function in regeneration across species. they further noted that the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway was activated during the formation of the undifferentiated cells that proliferate to regenerate the tail fin. they next genetically engineered fish in which they could switch off the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway by exposing the fish to warm water. doing so, they found, completely blocked regeneration. they could also accelerate regeneration by enhancing wnt / \u00df - catenin signaling. the researchers noted that this is a significant finding for the new field of regenerative medicine, in which a means of enhancing regeneration is an invaluable tool. in contrast, when they engineered fish to activate the wnt5b gene in response to warm water, regeneration was inhibited. the opposite is true in fish with a mutation in the wnt5b gene, in which they found that regeneration was augmented. this is what one would expect, moon noted, since the loss of a functional inhibitor is a double negative - - meaning that regeneration should be accelerated. \u201c these experiments showed that there is a completely novel and unexpected mechanism that antagoni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48482729895300253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66e88ca3-b743-473a-a2fa-f320474d54bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.044205"}
{"text": "was augmented. this is what one would expect, moon noted, since the loss of a functional inhibitor is a double negative - - meaning that regeneration should be accelerated. \u201c these experiments showed that there is a completely novel and unexpected mechanism that antagonizes the regenerative process, \u201d said moon. \u201c there had been other studies indicating that wnt5b - like genes could block the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway, but no one had examined whether this antagonism occurs in the context of the normal regenerative process. \u201d \u201c cristi and gilbert ' s experiments rigorously establish through genetic approaches that the wnt pathways are functionally important in regeneration, \u201d he said. \u201c more generally, they show that in studying injury or inflammation in any context, investigators should explore whether wnt signaling is involved. these experiments suggest that wnt signaling is a universal component of regenerative pathways in animals, \u201d he said. according to moon, the findings by stoick - cooper and weidinger will have clinical implications for tissue regeneration, as well as for encouraging growth of stem cells. stem cells are immature, undifferentiated cells that are capable of maturing into a variety of mature cell types. \u201c wnt / \u00df - catenin signaling plays an important positive role in the differentiation of stem cells and progenitor cells that are required for regeneration, \u201d he said. \u201c it agrees with previous studies in which our laboratory showed in animals that activating this pathway increases the success of transplants of blood - forming hematopoietic stem cells. such transplants in cancer patients whose immune systems have been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy are invaluable as therapy ; and sometimes they fail because they transplanted cells do not engraft into the bone marrow. we believe that enhancing the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway will increase the success rate of such hematopoietic stem cell transplants, \u201d he said. in other clinically - related studies, moon and his colleagues are exploring whether activating the wnt / \u00df - catenin pathway can enhance differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into cardiac cells that could be used to treat heart disease moon and his colleagues are also exploring how the myriad different kinds of cells involved in regeneration respond to wnt - activating signals and, in collaboration with hhmi investigator leonard i. zon at children ' s hospital, boston, how injury switches on wnt / \u00df - catenin signaling. the researchers are optimistic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5082807577884189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66e88ca3-b743-473a-a2fa-f320474d54bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.045291"}
{"text": "on this day in 1863, union general ulysses s. grant breaks the siege of chattanooga, tennessee, in stunning fashion by routing the confederates under general braxton bragg at missionary ridge. for two months following the battle of chattanooga, the confederates had kept the union army bottled up inside a tight semicircle around chattanooga. when grant arrived in october, however, he immediately reversed the defensive posture of his army. after opening a supply line by driving the confederates away from the tennessee river in late october, grant prepared for a major offensive in late november. it was launched on november 23 when he sent general george thomas to probe the center of the confederate line. this simple plan turned into a complete victory, and the rebels retreated higher up missionary ridge. on november 24, the yankees captured lookout mountain on the extreme right of the union lines, and this set the stage for the battle of missionary ridge. the attack took place in three parts. on the union left, general william t. sherman attacked troops under patrick cleburne at tunnel hill, an extension of missionary ridge. in difficult fighting, cleburne managed to hold the hill. on the other end of the union lines, general joseph hooker was advancing slowly from lookout mountain, and his force had little impact on the battle. it was at the center that the union achieved its greatest success. the soldiers on both sides received confusing orders. some union troops thought they were only supposed to take the rifle pits at the base of the ridge, while others understood that they were to advance to the top. some of the confederates heard that they were to hold the pits, while others thought they were to retreat to the top of missionary ridge. furthermore, poor placement of confederate trenches on the top of the ridge made it difficult to fire at the advancing union troops without hitting their own men, who were retreating from the rifle pits. the result was that the attack on the confederate center turned into a major union victory. after the center collapsed, the confederate troops retreated on november 26, and bragg pulled his troops away from chattanooga. he resigned shortly thereafter, having lost the confidence of his army. the confederates suffered some 6, 600 men killed, wounded, and missing, and the union lost around 5, 800. grant missed an opportunity to destroy the confederate army when he chose not to pursue the retreating rebels, but chattanooga was secured. sherman resumed the attack in the spring after grant was promoted to general in chief of all federal forces.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41162047344002706, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b1a4a78-5b08-48b8-86b9-bcbde260344d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.047797"}
{"text": "in the streets of prague and in the united nations headquarters in new york city, czechs protest against the soviet invasion of their nation. the protests served to highlight the brutality of the soviet action and to rally worldwide condemnation of the soviet union. on august 21, 1968, more than 200, 000 troops of the warsaw pact crossed into czechoslovakia in response to democratic and free market reforms being instituted by czech communist party general secretary alexander dubcek. negotiations between dubcek and soviet bloc leaders failed to convince the czech leader to back away from his reformist platform. the military intervention on august 21 indicated that the soviets believed that dubcek was going too far and needed to be restrained. on august 22, thousands of czechs gathered in central prague to protest the soviet action and demand the withdrawal of foreign troops. although it was designed to be a peaceful protest, violence often flared and several protesters were killed on august 22 and in the days to come. at the united nations, the czech delegation passionately declared that the soviet invasion was illegal and threatened the sovereignty of their nation. they called on the u. n. ' s security council to take action. the council voted 10 to 2 to condemn russia ' s invasion ; predictably, the soviet union vetoed the resolution. the 1968 invasion of czechoslovakia severely damaged the soviet government ' s reputation around the world, and even brought forth condemnation from communist parties in nations such as china and france. nonetheless, dubcek was pushed from power in april 1969 and the czech communist party adopted a tough line toward any dissent. the \" prague spring \" of 1968, when hopes for reform bloomed, would serve as a symbol for the so - called \" velvet revolution \" of 1989. in that year, czech dissidents were able to break the communist party ' s stranglehold on their nation ' s politics by electing vaclav havel, the first noncommunist president in 40 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44182244161690626, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbbbe908-244f-44cc-a4ac-0762f8ebf597>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.051429"}
{"text": "an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 where did the italian ciccaroni family come from? what is the italian ciccaroni family crest and coat of arms? when did the ciccaroni family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the ciccaroni family history? the surname ciccaroni came from the personal name cicco, which is found in southern italy and the venetian region as a popular and affectionate form of the name francesco. in comparison with other european surnames, italian surnames have a surprising number of forms. they reflect the regional variations and the many dialects of the italian language, each with its own distinctive features. for example, in northern italy the typical italian surname suffix is \" i \", whereas in southern italy it is \" o \". additionally, spelling changes frequently occurred because medieval scribes and church officials often spelled names as they sounded rather than according to any specific spelling rules. the spelling variations in the name ciccaroni include cicco, cicchi, de cicco, d ' accico, daccico, cicchello, cicchelli, cicchella, ciccarello, ciccarelli, ciccarella, ciccariello, cicchetto, cicchetti, cicchitto, cicchino, cicchini, ciccolo, ciccolino, ciccolini, coccolone, coccoloni, ciccolella, ciccotto, ciccotti, ciccotta, cicconi, ciccone, ciccaglione, ciccaglioni, ciccalotti, ciccarese, ciccaresi, ciccarino, ciccarini, ciccarone, ciccaroni, cichetti, cicutto, cicala, cicconetti, cicalotti, ciceri, cicero, cicera, cicinelli, cicogna, ciconi and many more. first found in piedmont. earliest records date back to the year 1112, when pompeo cicala was a valiant soldier in the city of genoa. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our ciccaroni research. another 262 words ( 19 lines of text ) covering the years 1493, 1623, 1673, 1686, 1751, 1780, and 1804 are included under the topic early ciccaroni history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3975755969990307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96354a77-2136-4431-8cbb-92e896f424aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.055117"}
{"text": "one of the most common uses of flash memory is for the basic input / output system of your computer, commonly known as the bios ( pronounced \" bye - ose \" ). on virtually every computer available, the bios makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and cpu function together. every desktop and laptop computer in common use today contains a microprocessor as its central processing unit. the microprocessor is the hardware component. to get its work done, the microprocessor executes a set of instructions known as software ( see how microprocessors work for details ). you are probably very familiar with two different types of software : - the operating system - the operating system provides a set of services for the applications running on your computer, and it also provides the fundamental user interface for your computer. windows 98 and linux are examples of operating systems. ( see how operating systems work for lots of details. ) - the applications - applications are pieces of software that are programmed to perform specific tasks. on your computer right now you probably have a browser application, a word processing application, an e - mail application and so on. you can also buy new applications and install them. it turns out that the bios is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully. in this article, you ' ll learn all about bios - - what it does, how to configure it and what to do if your bios needs updating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189582650566275, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616e3cef-b8cf-45a1-bf66-aa1696265647>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.056614"}
{"text": "the eduss solution consists of five individual tools that provide you with a complete homeschool curriculum solution covering math, english grammar, comprehension, vocabulary and phonics reading. gap scan technology : the eduss gap scan technology is the intelligent multi - dimensional assessment engine that has the ability to not only identify your child \u2019 s level of knowledge but also their foundational level of understanding. the engine will also expose your child to various learning styles to facilitate the best learning style for your child. automated differentiated diagnostic assessment : most often, learning gaps only become evident sometime after they occur. the eduss diagnostic assessment is designed to search for and identify these learning gaps by using the gap scan technology, even if they occurred earlier in your child \u2019 s learning career. this forms the basis for the individualized learning plan for your child. gap recovery plan : on the basis of information gleaned in the comprehensive diagnostic assessment, the solution generates a learning plan that is specifically designed to meet the individual child \u2019 s needs. it is not a one size fits all. each child begins his / her learning program at the level of proficiency identified in the assessment in each and every strand assessed. personal instructor : the personal instruction module of the solution provides fully narrated step - by - step instruction in any topic of need to the student. because different students learn differently, eduss has been careful to design this instructional module to meet the needs of different learning styles. student management system : the eduss student manager system provides real - time monitoring and mapping through one integrated reporting interface making it easy for you to track and monitor the activity of each of your children individually. real - time information helps you make instructional decisions and / or adjustments. complete reports are available at any time for every component of your child \u2019 s learning cycle : assessment, tutorial, progress made, practice results, homework results, and quiz / test results.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5077848329345723, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e57ce77-fed1-4850-a4e6-ae646319706d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.063157"}
{"text": "research study types there are many different types of research studies, and each has distinct strengths and weaknesses. in general, randomized trials and cohort studies provide the best information when looking at the link between a certain factor ( like diet ) and a health outcome ( like heart disease ). these are studies done in laboratories on cells, tissue, or animals. laboratories provide strictly controlled conditions and are often the genesis of scientific ideas that go on to have a broad impact on human health. however, laboratory studies are only a starting point. animals or cells are no substitute for humans. these studies look at the characteristics of one group of people who already have a certain health outcome ( the cases ) and compare them to a similar group of people who do not have the outcome ( the controls ). while case - control studies can be done quickly and relatively cheaply, they aren \u2019 t ideal for studying diet because they gather information from the past. people with illnesses often recall past behaviors differently from those without illness. this opens such studies to potential inaccuracy and bias in the information they gather. these studies follow large groups of people over a long period of time. researchers regularly gather information from the people in the study on a wide variety of variables ( like meat intake, physical activity level, and weight ). once a specified amount of time has elapsed, the characteristics of people in the group are compared to test specific hypotheses ( like the link between carotenoids and glaucoma, or meat intake and prostate cancer ). though time - consuming and expensive, cohort studies generally provide more reliable information than case - control studies because they don \u2019 t rely on information from the past. cohort studies gather the information all along and before anyone develops the disease being studied. as a group, these types of studies have provided valuable information about the link between lifestyle factors and disease. two of the largest and longest - running cohort studies of diet are the harvard - based nurses \u2019 health study and the health professionals follow - up study. like cohort studies, these studies follow a group of people over time. however, with randomized trials, the researchers actually intervene to see how a specific behavior change or treatment, for example, affects a health outcome. they are called \u201c randomized trials \u201d because people in the study are randomly assigned either to receive or not receive the intervention. this randomization helps researchers hone in on the true effect the intervention has on the health outcome. however, randomized trials also have drawbacks, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069772103144754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01bc9de4-5929-4601-8da7-0fda09b7b437>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.070840"}
{"text": "census of population and housing [ united states ], 1970 : fifth - count tallies : sample data for school districts ( icpsr 3524 ) principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of commerce. bureau of the census summary : these fifth - count tallies by school district were created from the assembled and edited 20 - percent, 15 - percent, and 5 - percent samples portions of the 1970 census of population and housing. ( more info ) these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data. u. s. dept. of commerce, bureau of the census. census of population and housing [ united states ], 1970 : fifth - count tallies : sample data for school districts. icpsr version. washington, dc : u. s. dept of commerce, bureau of the census [ producer ], 1970. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2003. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr03524. v1 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr03524. v1 scope of study summary : these fifth - count tallies by school district were created from the assembled and edited 20 - percent, 15 - percent, and 5 - percent samples portions of the 1970 census of population and housing. geographic coverage : united states date of collection : universe : all persons and housing units in the united states. data types : census / enumeration data data collection notes : ( 1 ) the logical record for the school district file consists of 120 characters of geographical identification followed by 26 16 - character tally fields and 878 8 - character tally fields followed by 96 characters of padding. the file is sorted within state in ascending sequence of 5 - digit school district codes. where school districts cross county lines, school district total and county component records appear separately. in these cases, the school district total record precedes its county component records, which are sorted by 1970 fips county code. school districts with populations of less than 1, 000 persons are combined in the code category 99999. ( 2 ) the codebook and data collection instrument are provided as a portable document format ( pdf ) file. the pdf file format was developed by adobe systems incorporated and can be accessed using pdf reader software, such as the adobe acrobat reader. information on how to obtain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47456426119963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e012176-3cb0-4f23-84bb-c590de62c1ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.113251"}
{"text": "hyped arsenic bacteria research ' should not have been published ' by brian thomas, m. s. * nasa recently issued a series of press releases and arranged a press conference to promote research claiming that life was possible in outer space. 1, 2 however, the research drew heavy criticism from scientists around the world, and the interest - generating tactics that the space agency employed have been called into question. the study, which appeared in the journal science, focused on microbes found in a california lake, not in materials from space. 3 the study ' s authors concluded that certain bacteria could actually incorporate the element arsenic \u2014 a well - known poison \u2014 into the structure of their dna molecules. however, critics quickly noted that the testing procedure was flawed. the research results could have come from arsenic that was on or near the dna, but not in it. it would have been quite simple for the researchers to have \" washed \" the dna and then searched for the arsenic in a clean sample of pure dna \u2014 but they didn ' t. in addition, \" it turns out the nasa scientists were feeding the bacteria salts which they freely admit were contaminated with a tiny amount of phosphate, \" science writer carl zimmer wrote for the online news magazine slate. this could have supplied the phosphorous the bacteria needed, rather than having it completely replaced by arsenic. the university of colorado ' s shelley copley added, \" this paper should not have been published. \" 4 the report in science did not address the additional conundrum that dna has physical size constraints on its elemental building blocks. arsenic atoms are much larger than those of phosphorus and would undoubtedly yield warped and misshapen dna that would be inaccessible to the many dna - binding proteins upon which cellular life depends. the nasa authors have so far refused to engage these issues, pointing to the more proper scientific procedure of publishing in a peer - reviewed journal. critical letters to science are currently in the mail. 4 in the meantime, other scientists are not staying silent. jonathan eisen, university of california, davis genomicist and academic editor of the online science journal plos biology, called the nasa authors ' lack of response \" absurd. \" he told slate, \" they carried out science by press release and press conference. whether they were right or not in their claims, they are now hypocritical if they say that the only response should be in the scientific literature. \" 4 these events have a familiar tone. when media hyped the fossil primate \" ida \" as a \" missing link", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5142756371694799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e873607-c3da-4b12-bc38-7bf5699c4af9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.125332"}
{"text": "their claims, they are now hypocritical if they say that the only response should be in the scientific literature. \" 4 these events have a familiar tone. when media hyped the fossil primate \" ida \" as a \" missing link \" in human evolution, rebuttals appeared in journals and news stories. analysis of the details showed that the claim had absolutely no substance. ida was merely an extinct variety of lemur. 5, 6, 7 the same can be said of nasa ' s 1996 work - up of a meteorite, which supposedly contained intact fossils of martian bacteria. 8 a subsequent report from earlier this month, not accompanied by a press conference, demonstrated how these kinds of \" fossil \" markings are made by ozone gas interacting with minerals. 9 icr news has reported that the practice of doing \" science \" by press release serves an agenda other than presenting scientific data. for instance, since science could not show that the much - hyped \" ardi \" was a human ancestor, that message was instead broadcast through the press. 10 and since nasa needed federal funding at the time, the agency promoted the martian germs. so, did a press conference substitute for quality science when nasa proclaimed its arsenic bacteria find? perhaps the government agency needs more public support again. at any rate, these cases and others show that the science often does not match the headlines, and it pays for readers to dig a little deeper. - brown, d. and c. weselby. nasa - funded research discovers life built with toxic chemical. nasa feature. posted on nasa. gov december 2, 2010, accessed december 9, 2010. - brown, d. and c. weselby. nasa sets news conference on astrobiology discovery ; science journal has embargoed details until 2 p. m. est on dec. 2. nasa press release, november 29, 2010. - wolfe - simon, f. et al. a bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus. science. published onlinedecember 2, 2010. - zimmer, c. \" this paper should not have been published \" ; scientists see fatal flaws in the nasa study of arsenic - based life. slate. posted on slate. com december 7, 2010, accessed december 9, 2010. - thomas, b. new fossil hype fits old pattern. icr news. posted on icr. org may 27, 2009, accessed december 9, 2010. - thomas, b. 2009. the ida fossil : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925944651138575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e873607-c3da-4b12-bc38-7bf5699c4af9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.126291"}
{"text": "first - hand : the foundation of digital television : the origins of the 4 : 2 : 2 component digital standard contributed by stanley baron, ieee life fellow by the late 1970 ' s, the application of digital technology in television production was widespread. a number of digital television products had become available for use in professional television production. these included graphics generators, recursive filters ( noise reducers ), time base correctors and synchronizers, standards converters, amongst others. however, each manufacturer had adopted a unique digital interface, and this meant that these digital devices when formed into a workable production system had to be interfaced at the analog level, thereby forfeiting many of the advantages of digital processing. most broadcasters in europe and asia employed television systems based on 625 / 50 scanning ( 625 lines per picture, repeated 50 fields per second ), with the pal color encoding system used in much of western europe, australia, and asia, while france, the soviet union, eastern europe, and china used variations of the secam color encoding system. there were differences in luminance bandwidth : 5. 0 mhz for b / g pal, 5. 5 mhz for pal in the uk and nominally 6 mhz for secam. there were also legacy monochrome systems, such as 405 / 50 scanning in the uk and the 819 / 50 system in france. the color television system that was dominate in the americas, japan, and south korea was based on 525 / 60 scanning, 4. 2 mhz luminance bandwidth, and the ntsc color standard. ntsc and pal color coding are both linear processes. therefore, analog signals in the nstc format could be mixed and edited during studio processing, provided that color sub carrier phase relationships were maintained. the same was true for production facilities based on the pal system. in analog ntsc and pal studios it was normal to code video to composite form as early as possible in the signal chain so that each signal required only one wire for distribution rather than the three needed for rgb or yuv component signals. the poor stability of analog circuitry meant that matching separate channel rgb or yuv component signals was impractical except in very limited areas. secam employed frequency modulated coding of the color information, which did not allow any processing of composite signals, so the very robust secam composite signal was used only on videotape recorders and point to point links, with decoding to component signals for mixing and editing. some secam broadcasters avoided the problem by operating their studios in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078889295944051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.153165"}
{"text": "of composite signals, so the very robust secam composite signal was used only on videotape recorders and point to point links, with decoding to component signals for mixing and editing. some secam broadcasters avoided the problem by operating their studios in pal and recoding to secam for transmission. the international community recognized that the world community would be best served if there could be an agreement on a single production or studio digital interface standard regardless of which color standard ( 525 line ntsc, 625 line pal, or 625 line secam ) was employed for transmission. the cost of implementation of digital technology was seen as directly connected to the production volume ; the higher the volume, the lower the cost to the end user, in this case, the broadcasting community. work on determining a suitable standard was organized by the society of motion picture engineers ( smpte ) on behalf of the 525 / 60 broadcasting community and the european broadcasting union ( ebu ) on behalf of the 625 / 50 broadcasting community. in 1982, the international community reached agreement on a common 4 : 2 : 2 component digital television standard. this standard as documented in smpte 125, several ebu recommendations, and itu - r recommendation 601 was the first international standard adopted for interfacing equipment directly in the digital domain avoiding the need to first restore the signal to an analog format. the interface standard was designed so that the basic parameter values provided would work equally well in both 525 line / 60 hz and 625 line / 50 hz television production environments. the standard was developed in a remarkably short time, considering its pioneering scope, as the world wide television community recognized the urgent need for a solid basis for the development of an all digital television production system. a component - based ( y, r - y, b - y ) system based on a luminance ( y ) sampling frequency of 13. 5 mhz was first proposed in february 1980 ; the world television community essentially agreed to proceed on a component based system in september 1980 at the ibc ; a group of manufacturers supplied devices incorporating the proposed interface at a smpte sponsored test demonstration in san francisco in february 1981 ; most parameter values were essentially agreed to by march 1981 ; and the itu - r ( then ccir ) plenary assembly adopted the standard in february 1982. what follows is an overview of this historic achievement, providing a history of the standard ' s origins, explaining how the standard came into being, why various parameter values were chosen, the process that led the world community to an agreement, and how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269797727385855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.154279"}
{"text": "1982. what follows is an overview of this historic achievement, providing a history of the standard ' s origins, explaining how the standard came into being, why various parameter values were chosen, the process that led the world community to an agreement, and how the 4 : 2 : 2 standard led to today ' s digital high definition production standards and digital broadcasting standards. it is understood that digital processing of any signal requires that the sample locations be clearly defined in time and space and, for television, processing is simplified if the samples are aligned so that they are line, field, and frame position repetitive yielding an orthogonal ( rectangular grid ) sampling pattern. while the ntsc system color sub carrier frequency ( fsc ) was an integer sub multiple of the horizontal line frequency ( fh ) [ fsc = ( m / n ) x fh ] lending itself to orthogonal sampling, the pal system color sub carrier employed a field frequency off set and the secam color system employed frequency modulation of the color subcarrier, which made sampling the color information, contained within those systems a more difficult challenge. further, since some european nations had adopted various forms of the pal 625 line / 50hz composite color television standard as their broadcast standard and other european nations had adopted various forms of the secam 625 line / 50hz composite color television standard, the european community ' s search for a common digital interface standard implied that a system that was independent of the color coding technique used for transmission would be required. developments within the european community in september 1972, the european broadcasting union ( ebu ) formed working party c, chaired by peter rainger to investigate the subject of coding television systems. in 1977, based on the work of working party c, the ebu issued a document recommending that the european community consider a component television production standard, since a component signal could be encoded as either a pal or secam composite signal just prior to transmission. at a meeting in montreux, switzerland in the spring of 1979, the ebu reached agreement with production equipment manufacturers that the future of digital program production in europe would be best served by component coding rather than composite coding, and the ebu established a research and development program among its members to determine appropriate parameter values. this launched an extensive program of work within the ebu on digital video coding for program production. the work was conducted within a handful of research laboratories across europe and within a reorganized ebu committee structure including : working party v on new systems and services chaired by peter rainger ; subgroup v1 chaired by yves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.552547199638574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.155363"}
{"text": "on digital video coding for program production. the work was conducted within a handful of research laboratories across europe and within a reorganized ebu committee structure including : working party v on new systems and services chaired by peter rainger ; subgroup v1 chaired by yves guinet, which assumed the tasks originally assigned to working party c ; and a specialist supporting committee v1 vid ( vision ) chaired by howard jones. david wood, representing the ebu technical center, served as the secretariat of all of the ebu committees concerned with digital video coding. in 1979, ebu vi vid proposed a single three channel ( y, r - y, b - y ) component standard. the system stipulated a 12. 0 mhz luminance ( y ) channel sampling frequency and provided for each of the color difference signals ( r - y and b - y ) to be sampled at 4. 0 mhz. the relationship between the luminance and color difference signals was noted sometimes as ( 12 : 4 : 4 ) and sometimes as ( 3 : 1 : 1 ). the proposal, based on the results of subjective quality evaluations, suggested these values were adequate to transparently deliver 625 / 50i picture quality. the ebu technical committee endorsed this conclusion at a meeting in april 1980, and instructed its technical groups : v, v1, and v1 vid to support this effort. smpte organized for the task at hand three smpte committees were charged with addressing various aspects of world wide digital standards. the first group, organized in late 1974, was the digital study group chaired by charles ginsburg. the study group was charged with investigating all issues concerning the application of digital technology to television. the second group was a task force on component digital coding with frank davidoff as chairman. this task force, which began work in february 1980, was charged with developing a recommendation for a single worldwide digital interface standard. while membership in smpte committees is generally open to any interested and affected party, the membership of the task force had been limited to recognized experts in the field. the third group was the working group on digital video standards. this working group was charged with documenting recommendations developed by the study group or the task force and generating appropriate standards, recommended practices, and engineering guidelines. in march 1977, the society of motion picture and television engineers ( smpte ) began development of a digital television interface standard. the work was assigned by smpte ' s committee on new technology chaired by fred remley to the working group on digital video standards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040384879697187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.156372"}
{"text": "the society of motion picture and television engineers ( smpte ) began development of a digital television interface standard. the work was assigned by smpte ' s committee on new technology chaired by fred remley to the working group on digital video standards chaired by dr. robert hopkins. by 1979, the working group on digital video standards was completing development of a digital interface standard for ntsc television production. given the state of the art at the time and the desire to develop a standard based on the most efficient mechanism, the working group created a standard that allowed the ntsc television video signal to be sampled as a single composite color television signal. it was agreed after a long debate on the merits of three times sub carrier ( 3fsc ) versus four times sub carrier ( 4fsc ) sampling that the composite digital television standard would require the composite television signal with its luminance channel and color sub carrier to be sampled at four times the color sub carrier frequency ( 4fsc ) or 14. 31818... mhz. during the last quarter of 1979, agreement was reached on a set of parameter values, and the drafting of the composite digital television standard was considered completed. it defined a signal sampled at 4fsc with 8 bit samples. this standard seemed to resolve the problem of providing a direct digital interface for production facilities utilizing the ntsc standard. by 1980, the committee on new technology was being chaired by hopkins and the working group on digital video standards was being chaired by ken davies. responding to communications with the ebu and so as not to prejudice the efforts being made to reach agreement on a world wide component standard, in january 1980, hopkins put the finished work on the ntsc composite digital television standard temporarily aside so that any minor modifications to the document that would serve to meet possible world wide applications could be incorporated before final approval. since copies of the document were bound in red binders, the standard was referred to as the \" red book \". seeking a common reference the agenda of the january 1980 meeting of smpte ' s digital study group included a discussion on a world wide digital television interface standard. at that meeting, the study group considered the report of the european community, and members of the ebu working parties had been invited to attend. although i was not a member of the study group, i was also invited to attend the meeting. it was recognized that while a three color representation of the television signal using red, blue, and green ( r, g, b ) was the simplest three component representation, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.555057713854632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.157389"}
{"text": "member of the study group, i was also invited to attend the meeting. it was recognized that while a three color representation of the television signal using red, blue, and green ( r, g, b ) was the simplest three component representation, a more efficient component representation, but one that is more complex, is to provide a luminance or gray scale channel ( y ) and two color difference signals ( r - y and b - y ). the r - y and b - y components take advantage of the characteristics of the human visual system which is less sensitive to high resolution information for color than for luminance. this allows for the use of a lower number of samples to represent the color difference signals without observable losses in the restored images. color difference components ( noted as i, q or u, v or dr, db ) were already in use in the ntsc, pal, and secam systems to reduce the bandwidth required to support color information. members of the ntsc community present at the january 1980 study group meeting believed that the ebu v1 vid proposed 12. 0 mhz, ( 3 : 1 : 1 ) set of parameters would not meet the needs for ntsc television post production particularly with respect to chroma keying, then becoming an important tool. in addition, it was argued that : ( 1 ) the sampling frequency was too low ( too close to the nyquist point ) for use in a production environment where multiple generations of edits were required to accommodate special effects, chroma keying, etc., and ( 2 ) a 12. 0 mhz sampling system would not produce an orthogonal array of samples in ntsc ( at 12. 0 mhz, there would be 762. 666... pixels per line ). the ntsc community offered for consideration a single three channel component standard based on ( y, r - y, b - y ). this system stipulated a 4fsc ( 14. 318 mhz ) luminance sampling frequency equal to 910 x fh525, where fh525 is the ntsc horizontal line frequency. the proposal further provided for each of the color difference components to be sampled at 2fsc or 7. 159 mhz. this relationship between the luminance and color difference signals was noted as ( 4 : 2 : 2 ). adopting 4fsc as the luminance sampling frequency would facilitate trans coding of video recorded using the \u201c single wire \u201d ntsc composite standard with studio mixers and editing equipment based on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5574309428303131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.158383"}
{"text": "signals was noted as ( 4 : 2 : 2 ). adopting 4fsc as the luminance sampling frequency would facilitate trans coding of video recorded using the \u201c single wire \u201d ntsc composite standard with studio mixers and editing equipment based on a component video standard. representatives of the european television community present at the january 1980 study group meeting pointed to some potential difficulties with this proposal. the objections included : ( 1 ) that the sampling frequency was too high for use in practical digital recording at the time, and ( 2 ) a 14. 318 mhz sampling system would not produce an orthogonal array of samples in a 625 line system ( at 14. 318 mhz, there would be 916. 36... pixels per line ). during the january 1980 study group meeting discussion, i asked why the parties involved had not considered a sampling frequency that was a multiple of the 4. 5 mhz sound carrier, since the horizontal line frequencies of both the 525 line and 625 line systems had an integer relationship to 4. 5 mhz. the original definition of the ntsc color system established a relationship between the sound carrier frequency ( fs ) and the horizontal line frequency ( fh525 ) as fh525 = fs / 286 = 15734. 265... hz, had further defined the vertical field rate fv525 = ( fh525 x 2 ) / 525 = 59. 94006 hz, and defined the color sub carrier ( fsc ) = ( fh525 x 455 ) / 2 = 3. 579545.... mhz. therefore, all the frequency components of the ntsc system could be derived as integer sub multiples of the sound carrier. the 625 line system defined the horizontal line frequency ( fh625 ) = 15625 hz and the vertical field rate fv625 = ( fh625 x 2 ) / 625 = 50 hz. it was noted from the beginning that the relationship between fs and the horizontal line frequency ( fh625 ) could be expressed as fh625 = fs / 288. therefore, any sampling frequency that was an integer multiple of 4. 5 mhz ( fs ) would produce samples in either the 525 line or 625 line systems that were orthogonal. i was asked to submit a paper to the study group and the task force describing the relationship. the assignment was to cover two topics. the first topic was how the 625 line / 50hz community might arrive at a sampling frequency close to 14. 318", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582819241949201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.159332"}
{"text": "was asked to submit a paper to the study group and the task force describing the relationship. the assignment was to cover two topics. the first topic was how the 625 line / 50hz community might arrive at a sampling frequency close to 14. 318 mhz. the second topic was to explain the relationship between the horizontal frequencies of the 525 line and 625 line systems and 4. 5 mhz. this resulted in my authoring a series of papers written between february and april 1980 addressed to the smpte task force explaining why 13. 5 mhz should be considered the choice for a common luminance sampling frequency. the series of papers was intended to serve as a tutorial with each of the papers expanding on the points previously raised. a few weeks after i submitted the first paper, i was invited to be a member of the smpte task force. during the next few months, i responded to questions about the proposal, and i was asked to draft a standards document. crunching the numbers the first paper i addressed to the task force was dated 11 february 1980. this paper pointed to the fact that since the horizontal line frequency of the 525 line system ( fh525 had been defined as 4. 5 mhz / 286 ( or 2. 25 mhz / 143 ), and the horizontal line frequency of the 625 line system ( fh625 ) was equal to 4. 5 mhz / 288 ( or 2. 25 mhz / 144 ), any sampling frequency that was a multiple of 4. 5 mhz / 2 could be synchronized to both systems. since it would be desirable to sample color difference signals at less than the sampling rate of the luminance signal, then a sampling frequency that was a multiple of 2. 25 mhz would be appropriate for use with the color difference components ( r - y, b - y ) while a sampling frequency that was a multiple of 4. 5 mhz would be appropriate for use with the luminance component ( y ). since the european community had argued that the ( y ) sampling frequency must be lower than 14. 318 mhz and the ntsc countries had argued that the ( y ) sampling frequency must be higher than 12. 00 mhz, my paper and cover letter dated 11 february 1980 suggested consideration of 3 x 4. 5 mhz or 13. 5 mhz as the common luminance ( y ) channel sampling frequency ( 858 times the 525 line horizontal line frequency rate and 864 times the 625 line rate both equal 13. 5 mhz ). my series of papers suggested adoption of a component color system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.540165917702262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.160261"}
{"text": "as the common luminance ( y ) channel sampling frequency ( 858 times the 525 line horizontal line frequency rate and 864 times the 625 line rate both equal 13. 5 mhz ). my series of papers suggested adoption of a component color system based on ( y, r - y, b - y ) and a luminance / color sampling relationship of ( 4 : 2 : 2 ), with the color signals sampled at 6. 75 mhz. in order for the system to facilitate standards conversion and picture manipulation ( such as that used in electronic special effects and graphics generators ), both the luminance and color difference samples should be orthogonal. the desire to be able to trans code between component and composite digital systems implied a number of samples per active line that was divisible by four. the february 1980 note further suggested that the number of samples per active line period should be greater than 715. 5 to accommodate all of the world wide community standards active line periods. while the number of pixels per active line equal to 720 samples per line was not suggested until my next note, ( 720 is the number found in rec. 601 and smpte 125 ), 720 is the first value that \u201c works. \u201d 716 is the first number greater than 715. 5 that is divisible by 4 ( 716 = 4 x 179 ), but does not lend itself to standards conversion between 525 line component and composite color systems or provide sufficiently small pixel groupings to facilitate special effects or data compression algorithms. < / p > additional arguments in support of 720 were provided in notes i generated prior to ibc ' 80 in september. note that 720 equals 6! [ 6! ( 6 factorial ) = 6x5x4x3x2x1 ] = 24 x 32 x 5. this allows for many small factors, important for finding an economical solution to conversion between the 525 line component and composite color standards and for image manipulation in special effects and analysis of blocks of pixels for data compression. the composite 525 line digital standard had provided for 768 samples per active line. 768 = 28 x 3. the relationship between 768 and 720 can be described as 768 / 720 = ( 28 x 3 ) / ( 24 x 32 x 5 ) = ( 24 ) / ( 3 x 5 ) = 16 / 15. a set of 16 samples in the ntsc composite standard could be used to calculate a set of 15 samples in the ntsc component standard. proof of performance at the september 1980 ibc conference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.566966969961618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.161216"}
{"text": ") / ( 3 x 5 ) = 16 / 15. a set of 16 samples in the ntsc composite standard could be used to calculate a set of 15 samples in the ntsc component standard. proof of performance at the september 1980 ibc conference, international consensus became focused on the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) system. however, both the 12. 0 mhz and 14. 318 mhz systems retained some support for a variety of practical considerations. discussions within the working group on digital video standards indicated that consensus could not be achieved without the introduction of convincing evidence. smpte proposed to hold a \u201c component coded digital video demonstration \u201d in san francisco in february 1981 organized by and under the direction of the working group on digital video standards to evaluate component coded systems. a series of practical tests / demonstrations were organized to examine the merits of various proposals with respect to picture quality, production effects, recording capability and practical interfacing, and to establish an informed basis for decision making. the ebu had scheduled a series of demonstrations in january 1981 for the same purpose. smpte invited the ebu to hold its february meeting of the bureau of the ebu technical committee in san francisco to be followed by a joint meeting to discuss the results of the tests. it was agreed that demonstrations would be conducted at three different sampling frequencies ( near 12. 0 mhz, 13. 5 mhz, and 14. 318 mhz ) and at various levels of performance. from 2nd through the 6th of february 1981 ( approximately, one year from the date of the original 13. 5 mhz proposal ), smpte conducted demonstrations at kpix television, studio n facilities in san francisco in which a number of companies participated. each participating sponsor developed equipment with the digital interface built to the specifications provided. the demonstration was intended to provide proof of performance and to allow the international community to come to an agreement. ' the demonstration organizing committee had to improvise many special interfaces and interconnections, as well as create a range of test objects, test signals, critical observation criteria, and a scoring and analysis system and methodology. the demonstrations were supported with equipment and personnel by many of the companies that were pioneers in the development of digital television and included : abc television, ampex corporation, barco, canadian broadcasting corporation, cbs technology center, digital video systems, dynair, inc., kpix westinghouse broadcasting, leitch video ltd., marconi electronics, rca corporation and rca laboratories, sony corporation, tektronix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419934417298131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.162219"}
{"text": "canadian broadcasting corporation, cbs technology center, digital video systems, dynair, inc., kpix westinghouse broadcasting, leitch video ltd., marconi electronics, rca corporation and rca laboratories, sony corporation, tektronix inc., thomson csf, vg electronics ltd., and vgr corporation. i participated in the demonstrations as a member of smpte ' s working group on digital video standards, providing a vidifont electronic graphics generator whose interface conformed to the new standard. developing an agreement the san francisco demonstrations proved the viability of the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) proposal. at a meeting in january 1981, the ebu had considered a set of parameters based on a 13. 0 mhz ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) system. additional research conducted by ebu members had shown that a ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) arrangement was needed in order to cope with picture processing requirements, such as chroma key, and the ebu members believed a 13. 0 mhz system appeared to be the most economic system that provided adequate picture processing. members of the ebu and smpte committees met at a joint meeting chaired by peter rainger in march 1981 and agreed to propose the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) standard as the world wide standard. by autumn 1981, nhk in japan led by mr. tadokoro, had performed its own independent evaluations and concurred that the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) standard offered the optimum solution. a number of points were generally agreed upon and formed the basis of a new world wide standard. they included : - the existing colorimetry of ebu ( for pal and secam ) and of ntsc would be retained for 625 line and 525 line signals respectively, as matrixing to a common colorimetry was considered overly burdensome ; - an 8 bit per sample representation would be defined initially, being within the state of the art, but a 10 bit per sample representation would also be specified since it was required for many production applications ; - the range of the signal to be included should include head room ( above white level ) and foot room ( below black level ) to allow for production overshoots ; - the line length to be sampled should be somewhat wider than those of the analog systems ( ntsc, pal, and secam ) under consideration to faithfully preserve picture edges and to avoid picture cropping ; - a bit parallel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5147260634025733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.163155"}
{"text": "overshoots ; - the line length to be sampled should be somewhat wider than those of the analog systems ( ntsc, pal, and secam ) under consideration to faithfully preserve picture edges and to avoid picture cropping ; - a bit parallel, sample multiplexed interface ( e. g. transmitting r - y, y, b - y, y, r - y,... ) was practical, but in the long term, a fully bit and word serial system would be desirable ; - the gross data rate should be recordable within the capacity of digital tape recorders then in the development stages by ampex, bosch, rca, and sony. the standard, as documented, provided for each digital sample to consist of at least 8 bits, with 10 allowed. the values for the black and white levels were defined, as was the range of the color signal. ( r - y ) and ( b - y ) became cr [ = 0. 713 ( r - y ) ] and cb [ = 0. 564 ( b - y ) ]. while the original note dated february 1980 addressed to the task force proposed a code of 252 ( base10 ) = ( 1111 1100 ) for \u2018 white \u2019 at 100 ire and a code of 72 ( base10 ) = ( 0100 1000 ) for \u2018 black \u2019 at 0 ire to allow capture of the sync levels, agreement was reached to better utilize the range of codes to capture the grey scale values with more precision and provide more overhead. \u2018 white \u2019 was to be represented by an eight bit code of 240 ( base10 ) = ( 1111 0000 ) and \u2018 black \u2019 was to be represented by an eight bit code 16 ( base10 ) = ( 0001 0000 ). the original codes for defining the beginning and the end of picture lines and picture area were discussed, modified, and agreed upon, as well as synchronizing coding for line, field, and frame, each coding sequence being unique and not occurring in the video signal. smpte and ebu organized an effort over the next few months to familiarize the remainder of the world wide television community with the advantages offered by the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) system and the reasoning behind its set of parameters. members of the smpte task force traveled to europe and to the far east. members of the ebu committees traveled to the, then, eastern european block nations and to the members of the oti, the organization of the south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.544673623140548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.164114"}
{"text": "of parameters. members of the smpte task force traveled to europe and to the far east. members of the ebu committees traveled to the, then, eastern european block nations and to the members of the oti, the organization of the south american broadcasters. the objective of these tours was to build a consensus prior to the upcoming discussion at the itu in the autumn of 1981. the success of this effort could serve as a model to be followed in developing future agreements. i was asked to draft a smpte standard document that listed the parameter values for a 13. 5 mhz system for consideration by the smpte working group. since copies of the document were bound in a green binder prior to final acceptance by smpte, the standard was referred to as the \u201c green book \u201d. in april 1981, the draft of the standard titled \u201c coding parameters for a digital video interface between studio equipment for 525 line, 60 field operation \u201d was distributed to a wider audience for comment. this updated draft reflected the status of the standard after the tests in san francisco and agreements reached at the joint ebu / smpte meeting in march 1981. the ebu community later requested a subtle change to the value of \u2018 white \u2019 in the luminance channel, and it assumed the value of 235 ( base10 ). this change was approved in august 1981. after review and some modification as noted above to accommodate european concerns, the \u201c green book \u201d was adopted as smpte standard 125. itu / r recommendation 601 the european broadcasting union ( ebu ) generated an ebu standard containing a companion set of parameter values. the smpte 125 and ebu documents were then submitted to the international telecommunications union ( itu ). the itu, a treaty organization within the united nations, is responsible for international agreements on communications. the itu radio communications bureau ( itu - r / ccir ) is concerned with wireless communications, including allocation and use of the radio frequency spectrum. the itu also provides technical standards, which are called \u201c recommendations. \u201d within the itu, the development of the recommendation defining the parameter values of the 13. 5 mhz ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) system fell under the responsibility of itu - r study group 11 on television. the chair of study group 11, prof. mark i. krivocheev, assigned the drafting of the document to a special committee established for that purpose and chaired by david wood of the ebu. the document describing the digital parameters contained in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5112332969134231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.165147"}
{"text": "chair of study group 11, prof. mark i. krivocheev, assigned the drafting of the document to a special committee established for that purpose and chaired by david wood of the ebu. the document describing the digital parameters contained in the 13. 5 mhz, ( 4 : 2 : 2 ) system was approved for adoption as document 11 / 1027 at itu - r / ccir meetings in geneva in september and october 1981. a revised version, document 11 / 1027 rev. 1, dated 17 february 1982, and titled \u201c draft rec. aa / 11 ( mod f ) : encoding parameters of digital television for studios \u201d was adopted by the itu - r / ccir plenary assembly in february 1982. it described the digital interface standard for transfer of video information between equipment designed for use in either 525 line or 625 line conventional color television facilities. upon approval by the plenary assembly, document 11 / 1027 rev. 1 became ccir recommendation 601. the foundation for hdtv and digital television broadcasting services the 4 : 2 : 2 component digital television standard allowed for a scale of economy and reliability that was unprecedented by providing a standard that enabled the design and manufacture of equipment that could operate in both 525 line / 60hz and 625 line / 50hz production environments. the 4 : 2 : 2 component digital television standard permitted equipment supplied by different manufacturers to exchange video and embedded audio and data streams and / or to record and playback those streams directly in the digital domain without having to be restored to an analog signal. this meant that the number of different processes and / or generations of recordings could be increased without the noticeable degradation of the information experienced with equipment based on analog technology. a few years after the adoption of the 4 : 2 : 2 component digital television standard, all digital production facilities were shown to be practical. a few years later when the itu defined \u201c hdtv, \u201d the recommendation stipulated : \u201c the horizontal resolution for hdtv as being twice that of conventional television systems \u201d described in rec. 601and a picture aspect ratio of 16 : 9. a 16 : 9 aspect ratio picture requires one - third more pixels per active line than a 4 : 3 aspect ratio picture. rec. 601 provided 720 samples per active line for the luminance channel and 360 samples for each of the color difference signals. starting with 720, doubling the resolution to 1440, and adjusting the count for a 16 : 9 aspect ratio leads to the 1920 samples per active line defined as the basis for hdtv.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48406669075648906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.167091"}
{"text": "channel and 360 samples for each of the color difference signals. starting with 720, doubling the resolution to 1440, and adjusting the count for a 16 : 9 aspect ratio leads to the 1920 samples per active line defined as the basis for hdtv. accommodating the hollywood and computer communities ' request for \u201c square pixels \u201d meant that the number of lines should be 1920 x ( 9 / 16 ) = 1080. progressive scan systems at 1280 pixels per line and 720 lines per frame are also a member of the \u201c 720 pixel \u201d family. 720 pixels x 4 / 3 ( resolution improvement ) x 4 / 3 ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio adjustment ) = 1280. accommodating the hollywood and computer communities ' request for square pixels meant that the number of lines should be 1280 x ( 9 / 16 ) = 720. the original 720 pixel per active line structure became the basis of a family of structures ( the 720 pixel family ) that was adopted for mpeg based systems including both conventional television and hdtv systems. therefore, most digital television systems, including digital video tape systems and dvd recordings are derived from the format described in the original 4 : 2 : 2 standard. the existence of a common digital component standard for both 50 hz and 60 hz environments as documented in smpte 125 and itu recommendation 601 provided a path for television production facilities to migrate to the digital domain. the appearance of high quality, fully digital production facilities providing digital video, audio, and metadata streams and the successful development of digital compression and modulation schemes allowed for the introduction of digital television broadcast services. in its 1982 - 1983 award cycle, the national academy of television arts and sciences recognized the 4 : 2 : 2 component digital standard based on 13. 5 mhz ( y ) sampling with 720 samples per line with three emmy awards : the european broadcasting union ( ebu ) was recognized : \u201c for achieving a european agreement on a component digital video studio specification based on demonstrated quality studies and their willingness to subsequently compromise on a world wide standard. \u201d the international telecommunications union ( itu ) was recognized : \u201c for providing the international forum to achieve a compromise of national committee positions on a digital video standard and to achieve agreement within the 1978 - 1982 period. \u201d the society of motion picture and television engineers ( smpte ) was recognized : \u201c for their early recognition of the need for a digital video standard, their acceptance of the ebu proposed component requirement, and for the development of the hierarchy and line lock 13. 5 mhz demonstrated specification, which provided the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.516352590508133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a916a8d-2c90-4824-b961-0b5932af2602>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.168202"}
{"text": "frank b. jewett frank b. jewett : biography born : 5 september 1879 died : 18 november 1949 frank b. jewett was born on 5 september 1879 in pasadena, ca, and graduated from the throop institute of technology ( later known as the california institute of technology ) in 1898. he did graduate work at the university of chicago, il, where he received the doctoral degree in physics in 1902. he then accepted a teaching position at the massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, where he remained until 1904, when he joined the mechanical department of the american telephone and telegraph company ( at & t ) in boston, ma. initially, he assisted george a. campbell in research related to telephonic transmission. he then succeeded campbell as director of the transmission research group in 1906. in 1907, the mechanical department merged with the engineering department of western electric, located in new york city, as part of a corporate reorganization. jewett moved to new york, where he became a research manager under j. j. carty, the chief engineer of at & t. by 1912, at & t was diversifying its research to include radio communication and electronic tubes. jewett was among the at & t engineers who witnessed a demonstration of the triode amplifier early in 1912, and he was instrumental in recruiting h. d. arnold and others to develop the vacuum tube and its applications to telecommunications. jewett led the engineering effort at at & t that resulted in completion of the first transcontinental telephone line in time for the panama - pacific exposition in san francisco, ca, in 1915. that same year, at & t engineers under jewett demonstrated transatlantic radio telephony using a vacuum - tube transmitter. he was given a commission with the rank of major in the u. s. army signal corps during world war i. in october 1917, jewett presented a paper on the subject of industrial research at an aiee meeting in philadelphia, pa. he stated that the war already was \" exerting an enormous, stimulating influence on the extension of industrial research. \" he discussed some differences and some connections between the research done in an industrial environment and the \" pure science \" research at universities. he observed that contemporary industrial researchers had progressed beyond \" the era of the cut and try method. \" jewett argued that industrial and academic research laboratories were \" very closely associated and must grow together and with the same relative vigor if the best interests of civilization are to be served. \" he cautioned, however, that schools should not \" attempt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4679327707228442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fff4a6e7-56b9-4c32-ae93-9633e37ee6ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.174148"}
{"text": ". \" jewett argued that industrial and academic research laboratories were \" very closely associated and must grow together and with the same relative vigor if the best interests of civilization are to be served. \" he cautioned, however, that schools should not \" attempt to enter too largely into the realm of industrial research \" or they would run the risk of creating \" an atmosphere highly prejudicial to the broad training of men or to pure scientific research. \" conversely, he noted that \" the industrial research organization is not equipped to undertake the general work of the university either in the training of men or the conduction of pure research, nor can it afford to do so. \" he concluded that industrial research was \" destined to grow enormously, provided an adequate supply of capable and highly trained investigators can be secured. \" as part of an effort to make the industrial research environment more attractive to college - educated people he recruited, jewett implemented a change in policy by encouraging his research staff to present and publish professional papers about their work. he assigned one individual to digest and report on the latest developments in science to the research engineers at bell. as an example of the new policy, jewett and a colleague, b. gherardi, presented a joint paper on \" telephone repeaters \" at a joint meeting of the aiee and the institute of radio engineers in october 1919. in the paper, they reviewed the history of research and development on telephone amplifiers and asserted that \" a complete solution of the problem was made possible only by the existence of a great unified engineering and research department, such as that maintained by the bell system. \" they concluded that the successful application of the electron tube as a telephone repeater amounted to a \" revolution in the entire scheme of telephone transmission. \" the bell telephone laboratories were established in 1925 with a staff of approximately 3600 and with jewett as president, a position he held until 1940. his style of research management has been characterized by historian g. wise as \" endothermic, \" in contrast to the \" exothermic \" management style of w. r. whitney of the general electric research laboratory. the exothermic manager was \" like a chemical reaction that gives off energy to its surroundings, \" whereas the endothermic research managers \" could draw energy from their institutional surroundings. \" as an endothermic prototype, jewett seemed more comfortable in the committee room, on the telephone, or behind the desk than on the lecture platform or roaming the halls of the laboratory. jewett was president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47799723972839425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fff4a6e7-56b9-4c32-ae93-9633e37ee6ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.175296"}
{"text": "important research issues in west africa are consistent with ilri \u2019 s global livestock development challenges especially the overarching issues of sustainable intensification of crop livestock systems and sustainability / vulnerability in pastoral areas, with other challenges \u2013 market opportunities, use and conservation of animal genetic resources, ( re - ) emerging diseases and animal health related to these. local as well as regional policy dimensions impact on a number of these aspects, targeting and innovation approaches play a critical supporting role in the region. climate change \u2013 both targeting ( identifying hotspots ) and adaptation \u2013 will be important in west africa especially in arid areas. major outcomes to be addressed in west africa are summarized here : the major significance of mixed crop livestock systems in the region, in terms of numbers of people ( an estimated 454 million by 2050! ) and animals means that issues of sustainable intensification are critical here. for sustainable intensification of mixed crop - livestock systems research will focus on : - ( 1 ) feed ( especially interface with crop production ) and natural resource management and - 2 ) market opportunities \u2013 addressing specific value chains and covering institutional and food safety dimensions ( 1 ) addressing institutional, feed and environmental management dimensions of new market opportunities ; ( 2 ) institutional, measurement and incentive issues related to new opportunities for ecosystem stewardship the market dimensions of intensifying crop livestock systems are significant and there is a lot of scope for research on market chains, potentially linked to specialized production aspects in different ecological zones, in feed systems and crop - livestock intensification and in institutional arrangements. there is a lot of regional interest in markets, including issues such as harmonizing policies and regulations. as markets develop, issues of sps and risk assessment become important. animal health is a priority, both for mixed and agropastoral systems. recent work on emerging diseases includes usaid and world bank engagement with ilri in implementing artificial insemination ( ai ) surveillance and response studies in nigeria and ghana. there is currently no research on vaccines in west africa but we recognize that this is an area in which west african priorities and institutions could be engaged, taking advantage of the biosciences eastern and central africa ( beca ) hub platform. in that regard, the work being done ilri biotechnology theme on the development of cbpp and ppr could of interest to partners such as african agricultural technology foundation ( coraf ) and commonwealth scientific & industrial research organization ( csiro ). assessments that provide information on land and water requirements in relation to feed needs are also beginning as is work on trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44822106600942396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3254146-a74a-4c10-bfa3-c51dd6085678>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.186607"}
{"text": "##r could of interest to partners such as african agricultural technology foundation ( coraf ) and commonwealth scientific & industrial research organization ( csiro ). assessments that provide information on land and water requirements in relation to feed needs are also beginning as is work on trade offs in biomass use. a cornerstone of ilri research efforts in west africa over the next several years will be a broad - based program on endemic livestock funded by global environment facility ( gef ) and linked to a livestock development program funded by the african development bank, regional project on sustainable management of endemic ruminant livestock ( progebe ). the project addresses simultaneously genetics and breeding, market development, natural resource management and policy and knowledge management. with the advent of the global environment facility project, present research in west africa focuses around two \u201c hubs \u201d one in nigeria and one in mali. as a result, ilri is now well positioned to systematically develop its priorities, partners and research funding needs in a coordinated way that allows the integration of different research components to deliver practical development solutions. the two hubs in nigeria and mali are ideally suited to address the priority outcomes, with both in good proximity to crop - livestock and pastoral systems but presenting different institutional settings. now is an opportune time to approach the region \u2019 s challenges in a systematic way and ilri can contribute towards the current vacuum in the region with regard to agenda setting, particularly in the livestock sector in collaboration with key partners such as coraf. in this respect, ilri proposes to initiate a process along the lines of the \u201c champions model \u201d used in southern africa that will enable consultations with national, regional and international partners to understand and respond to the priorities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781694265629405, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3254146-a74a-4c10-bfa3-c51dd6085678>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.187452"}
{"text": "now, as to this nonsense about secession, let me quote an impeccable authority : \u201c as an american citizen, i take great pride in my country, her prosperity and her institutions, and would defend any state if her rights were invaded. but i can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than the dissolution of the union. it would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of, and i am willing to sacrifice everything but honor for its preservation. i hope, therefore, that all constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force. secession is nothing but revolution. \u201d the letter was written on jan. 23, 1861, from an army officer in fort mason, texas, to his son. the recipient was custis lee. his father was col. robert e. lee. before the year had ended, col. lee became gen. robert e. lee, commander of the redoubtable army of northern virginia, which he led in an epic struggle aimed at dismembering the union. yet, he believed that secession was unconstitutional. \u201c the framers of our constitution never exhausted so much labor, wisdom and forbearance in its formation, and surrounded it with so many guards and securities, if it were intended to be broken by every member of the confederacy at will, \u201d he wrote to his son. \u201c it is intended for perpetual union, so expressed in the preamble, and for the establishment of a government ( not a compact ) which can only be dissolved by revolution or by the consent of all the people in convention assembled. \u201d lee could conscientiously take up arms in behalf of secession only by appealing to the principles outlined in the declaration of independence, which appealed, not to statutory law but to \u201c the laws of nature and of nature \u2019 s god. \u201d it referred to \u201c unalienable rights \u201d under these higher laws, and declared that \u201c... whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government. \u201d the declaration of independence was written to justify secession from the british empire. it was an extra - legal declaration, since the laws of the british empire did not permit british colonies to leave the empire unilaterally. in declaring the right of secession under \u201c the laws of nature and of nature \u2019 s god, \u201d the authors of the declaration issued a caveat : \u201c prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4664732619462779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed9b53dc-0aad-40f4-a464-91381000141b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.192627"}
{"text": "leave the empire unilaterally. in declaring the right of secession under \u201c the laws of nature and of nature \u2019 s god, \u201d the authors of the declaration issued a caveat : \u201c prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. \u201d the south of lee \u2019 s generation concluded that the cause of preserving its way of life, including the institution of slavery, was more than \u201c light and transient, \u201d and therefore justified the expenditure of 650, 000 lives in a civil war. the trigger for that bloodbath was the election of abraham lincoln as 16th president of the united states. the re - election of barack obama in 2012 has apparently convinced a minority of those who voted against him that the cause of opposing him is worth plunging the nation into another secessionist crisis. or maybe they \u2019 re just being frivolous. the white house issued an invitation to petition the administration for action on whatever issues they desired and promised to consider the proposals if enough signatures were acquired. last time i checked, secessionist petitions were being circulated in 20 states. if you \u2019 re worried about the dissolution of the union, let me provide a measure of comfort : wofford stands a better chance of making it to the finals in college football \u2019 s bowl championship series than those petitions have of delivering their respective states from the union. the simple truth is that secession is beyond the gift of the obama administration. the u. s. constitution just does not allow for secession. i \u2019 ve heard all the arguments to the contrary, but they were all answered pretty conclusively at appomattox court house, on april 9, 1865. modern - day secessionists claim that states have a right to secede under the 10th amendment, which guarantees to states all rights not delegated to the federal government. but the 10th amendment was adopted several years after the constitution went into effect. that document prescribed a clear - cut procedure for admitting new states to enter the union, but none for their withdrawal. the framers obviously decided against providing a way out of the union. when new yorkers, in their ratification convention, proposed a provision allowing for secession, virginia \u2019 s james madison \u2014 often called the father of the constitution \u2014 asserted that \u201c the constitution requires an adoption in toto, and for ever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45621673831395215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed9b53dc-0aad-40f4-a464-91381000141b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.193626"}
{"text": "cavendish, henry, 1731 \u2013 1810, english physicist and chemist, b. nice. he was the son of lord charles cavendish and grandson of the 2d duke of devonshire. he was a recluse, and most of his writings were published posthumously. his great contributions to science resulted from his many accurate experiments in various fields. his conclusions were remarkably original. his chief researches were on heat, in which he determined the specific heats for a number of substances ( although these heat constants were not recognized or so called until later ) ; on the composition of air ; on the nature and properties of a gas that he isolated and described as \" inflammable air \" and that lavoisier later named hydrogen ; and on the composition of water, which he demonstrated to consist of oxygen and his \" inflammable air. \" in his electrical researches ( 1879 ) he anticipated some of the discoveries of coulomb and faraday. his experiments to determine the density of the earth led him to state it as 5. 48 times that of water. his scientific papers were collected in two volumes ( electrical researches and chemical and dynamical ) in 1921. see biography by a. j. berry ( 1960 ) ; j. g. crowther, scientists of the industrial revolution ( 1963 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on henry cavendish from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : physics : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5660056277418857, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fc402be-5435-4539-b6e0-2d95022eded9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.195206"}
{"text": "mars has a striking red appearance, and in its most favorable position for viewing, when it is opposite the sun, it is twice as bright as sirius, the brightest star. mars has a diameter of 4, 200 mi ( 6, 800 km ), just over half the diameter of the earth, and its mass is only 11 % of the earth ' s mass. the planet has a very thin atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide ( 95 % ) with some nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and other gases. mars has an extreme day - to - night temperature range, resulting from its thin atmosphere, from about 80\u00b0f ( 27\u00b0c ) at noon to about - 100\u00b0f ( - 73\u00b0c ) at midnight ; however, the high daytime temperatures are confined to less than 3 ft ( 1 m ) above the surface. surface features a network of linelike markings first studied in detail ( 1877 ) by g. v. schiaparelli was referred to by him as canali, the italian word meaning \" channels \" or \" grooves. \" percival lowell, then a leading authority on mars, created a long - lasting controversy by accepting these \" canals \" to be the work of intelligent beings. under the best viewing conditions, however, these features are seen to be smaller, unconnected features. the greater part of the surface area of mars appears to be a vast desert, dull red or orange in color. this color may be due to various oxides in the surface composition, particularly those of iron. about one fourth to one third of the surface is composed of darker areas whose nature is still uncertain. shortly after its perihelion mars has planetwide dust storms that can obscure all its surface details. photographs sent back by the mariner 4 space probe show the surface of mars to be pitted with a number of large craters, much like the surface of earth ' s moon. in 1971 the mariner 9 space probe discovered a huge canyon, valles marineris. completely dwarfing the grand canyon in arizona, this canyon stretches for 2, 500 mi ( 4, 000 km ) and at some places is 125 mi ( 200 km ) across and 2 mi ( 3 km ) deep. mars also has numerous enormous volcanoes \u2014 including olympus mons ( c. 370 mi / 600 km in diameter and 16 mi / 26 km tall ), the largest in the solar system \u2014 and lava plains. in 1976 the viking spacecraft landed on mars and studied sites at chryse and utopia. they recorded a desert environment with a reddish surface and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.470159672401407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b209998-4433-4b7d-8629-dc91f68d4b69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.201240"}
{"text": "in diameter and 16 mi / 26 km tall ), the largest in the solar system \u2014 and lava plains. in 1976 the viking spacecraft landed on mars and studied sites at chryse and utopia. they recorded a desert environment with a reddish surface and a reddish atmosphere. experiments analyzed soil samples for evidence of microorganisms or other forms of life ; none was found, but a reinterpretation ( 2010 ) of the results in light of data collected later suggests that organic compounds may have been present. in 1997, mars pathfinder landed on mars and sent a small rover, sojourner, to take soil samples and pictures. among the data returned were more than 16, 000 images from the lander and 550 images from the rover, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. mars global surveyor, which also reached mars in 1997 and remained operational until 2006, returned images produced by its systematic mapping of the surface. the european space agency ' s mars express space probe went into orbit around mars in late 2003 and sent the beagle 2 lander to the surface, but contact was not established with the lander. in addition to studying mars itself, the orbiter has also studied mars ' s moons. the american rovers spirit and opportunity landed successfully in early 2004 and have explored the martian landscape ( spirit ' s last transmission was in 2010 ). in 2008 nasa ' s phoenix lander touched down in the planet ' s north polar region ; it conducted studies for five months. curiosity, another nasa rover, landed on mars near its equator in 2012. analysis of space probes ' data indicates that mars appears to lack active plate tectonics at present ; there is no evidence of recent lateral motion of the surface. with no plate motion, hot spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface ; this, along with the lower surface gravity, may be the explanation for the giant volcanoes. however, there is no evidence of current volcanic activity. there is evidence of erosion caused by floods and small river systems as well as evidence of ancient lakebeds. the possible identification of rounded pebbles and cobbles on the ground, and sockets and pebbles in some rocks, suggests conglomerates that formed in running water during a warmer past some 2 \u2013 4 billion years ago, when liquid water was stable and there was water on the surface, possibly even large lakes or oceans. rovers have identified minerals believed to have formed in the presence of liquid water. there is also evidence of flooding that occurred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4597484066112981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b209998-4433-4b7d-8629-dc91f68d4b69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.202300"}
{"text": "2 \u2013 4 billion years ago, when liquid water was stable and there was water on the surface, possibly even large lakes or oceans. rovers have identified minerals believed to have formed in the presence of liquid water. there is also evidence of flooding that occurred less than several million years ago, most likely as the result of the release of water from aquifers deep underground or the melting of ice. however, other evidence suggests that the water would have been extremely salty and acidic. data received beginning in 2002 from the mars odyssey space probe suggests that there is water in sand dunes found in the northern hemisphere, and the mars reconnaissance orbiter, which went into orbit around the planet in 2006, collected radar data that indicates the presence of large subsurface ice deposits in the mid - northern latitudes of mars. most of the known water on mars, however, lies in a frozen layer under the planet ' s large polar ice caps, which themselves consist of water ice and dry ice ( frozen carbon dioxide ) ; the lander phoenix found and observed frozen water beneath the soil surface in the north polar region in 2008. because the axis of rotation is tilted about 25\u00b0 to the plane of revolution, mars experiences seasons somewhat similar to those of the earth. one of the most apparent seasonal changes is the growing or shrinking of white areas near the poles known as polar caps. these polar caps, which are are composed of water ice and dry ice ( frozen carbon dioxide ). during the martian summer the polar cap in that hemisphere shrinks and the dark regions grow darker ; in winter the polar cap grows again and the dark regions become paler. the seasonal portion of the ice cap is dry ice. when the ice cap is seasonally warmed, geyserlike jets of carbon dioxide gas mixed with dust and sand erupt from the ice. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : astronomy : general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45840724182381204, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b209998-4433-4b7d-8629-dc91f68d4b69>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.203131"}
{"text": "recreating the wright stuff a full - scale replica of the historic 1903 wright flyer was constructed and delivered to nasa ' s ames research center at moffett field, calif., for wind - tunnel testing during the spring of 1999. during the tests, engineers studied the biplane ' s stability, control, and handling at speeds up to 27 knots ( 30 mph ) in the wind tunnel. the data obtained was used to build a second wright flyer, which was to be flown flown at kitty hawk, n. c., on dec. 17, 2003, on the 100th anniversary of the first flight. bad weather prevented pilot kevin kochersberger from completing the reenactment. constructed by a team of volunteers from the los angeles section of the american institute of aeronautics and astronautics ( aiaa ), using plans provided by the smithsonian, the replica features a 40 - foot, 4 - inch wingspan reinforced with piano wire, cotton wing coverings, spruce propellers, and a double rudder. the second flyer, with some modifications for safety, was built by the team of volunteers from the aiaa. although others had created \u201c flying machines \u201d before them that could barely lift off the ground and were incapable of true flight, the wright brothers painstakingly worked four years to construct the first power - driven, human - carrying craft that was heavier than air and capable of controlled, sustained flight. after many trials and setbacks, the former bicycle mechanics from dayton, ohio, flew into history in their double - winged craft on dec. 17, 1903, with orville at the controls and wilbur running alongside him. the era of the air age began, and the world was never the same. their invention would create a new industry and revolutionize transportation, commerce, and communication throughout the globe. in december 1998, president clinton signed into law the centennial of flight commemoration act, which established a commission to coordinate the celebration in 2003 of the 100th anniversary of the wright brothers ' first flight. information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. more on recreating the wright stuff from infoplease :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4564759234407919, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de645e5b-e0c6-425b-b5ca-7710660dd196>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.205416"}
{"text": "ideally, everyone should be able to study kabbalah. kabbalah is the inner wisdom of creation revealed to us by god in order to bring us closer to him. clearly, god desires that all human beings come as close to him as possible. thus, kabbalah is important for all people. that said, it is important to clarify that each of us has to study kabbalah at his own individual level, which, contrary to common misconceptions, may have nothing to do with age, gender, or any other imagined limitation. since kabbalah is part of jewish tradition, it is often mistakenly assumed that it has no pertinence to non - jews. however, much of kabbalah is pertinent to all human beings, since the study of kabbalah arouses in all students the desire to worship one god, as commanded in the torah to all mankind. the torah anticipates that every human being become a righteous servant of the one god of israel, exclusively. for a non - jew, this means to become a righteous gentile, unless he desires to proceed even further and to convert to judaism. much of the kabbalah is pertinent to the consciousness of righteous gentiles. kabbalah and chassidut arouse one to the true worship of god, a commandment relevant to all mankind. in order to worship, one has to be conscious of and to experience the emotions of love and fear of god, two of the six constant commandments of the heart. in order to experience these emotions, one has to have meditative content and input. chassidut teaches that non - jews should also meditate on those truths and depths of reality of divine providence in the world that will arouse their hearts to serve the one god of israel. these sections of the kabbalah are prerequisites for non jews to come close to god. the levels of divine light that are pertinent for non - jews to study are the explicitly immanent levels of divinity. this is the influx of divine energy that is present in the creative process. god ' s infinite light is absolutely transcendent. the ultimate purpose of chassidut is to bring transcendence into the perspective of immanence. until mashiach comes, though, this is still relatively a state of jewish consciousness. thus, a non - jew should learn in kabbalah those secrets of creation that help him to appreciate and become aware of god ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503516138298937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8f27376-0b7c-4b78-a9c0-cada436ae0d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.210702"}
{"text": "immanence. until mashiach comes, though, this is still relatively a state of jewish consciousness. thus, a non - jew should learn in kabbalah those secrets of creation that help him to appreciate and become aware of god ' s immanent light in creation. this draws him closer to god and augments his desire to serve him. clearly, in order for non - jews to study kabbalah - - which, after all, is an intrinsic expression of jewish faith - - they have to identify with receiving this wisdom through the channel of the torah and the jewish people, and commit themselves to worship the one god of israel and live in accordance with the seven commandments given by him to noah for all peoples. please refer to our section on the seven noahide commandments and kabbalah for non - jews. even though there is an opinion that one should not begin to study kabbalah until the age of 40, the great masters of kabbalah and chassidut did not agree with this opinion. some of the greatest teachers of kabbalah - - including the ari, rabbi moshe chaim luzzatto ( also known as the ramchal ), and rebbe nachman of breslov - - did not live to the age of 40! from an early age they began to study kabbalah. in the zohar we find that a sign of the coming of the mashiach is when children will study and discuss kabbalah. chassidut reveals to us the drama of god \u2019 s creation of the universe. it is like a game of hide - and - seek. in this divinely inspired game, god conceals himself, but he desires that we seek him. he promises us that if we seek him with all our heart and soul, we will ultimately find him. the seeking is the study of kabbalah. it can begin from the first moment that a person realizes that there is more to this world than what meets the eye, and this can be at a very early stage of life. the reason that some authorities have warned against studying kabbalah at too early an age was that there were instances in jewish history, even relatively recently, when most negative phenomena resulted from the misrepresentation and misuse of kabbalah. for example, approximately 350 years ago, a misguided jew, shabbetai tzvi, proclaimed himself the messiah, basing himself on misinterpretations of kabbalah. before he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105525478646137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8f27376-0b7c-4b78-a9c0-cada436ae0d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.211613"}
{"text": "a slender boy of 14 moves slowly across the room. his full head of long red hair bounces as he walks. his mind is racing. he sits at the oak table near the window of the vast room. on the table is a box ; a box that glows with flashing lights and a screen. printed on the screen is less than 100 words. at the top of the box is a single word printed in a playful font. under the word is another box ready for the boy \u2019 s command. the boy smiles as he realizes that before him is all the knowledge of the world. sitting before him is almost every idea and thought that mankind has ever put onto paper, stone, papyrus, film, video, or in bytes. he is about to use google. we all have amazing access to amazing knowledge. the trick is to find what you want in the billions of pages indexed and cataloged by google. forget the haystack. the search for information is like looking for a particular needle in four states, given the available data. finding stuff on the web is a skill that we can all gain from. i pick on google here as it is, by far, the most popular search engine. other search tools have similar functionality. the google search box is much more than a place to enter the subject of your search. here are some of the non - traditional search features of the google box : calculator \u2013 type 8 * 12 in the box and hit the enter key. up comes the answer. the box is a powerful financial and scientific calculator. currency conversion \u2013 type 3, 500 euros to dollars to learn the premium your client \u2019 s french office is being charged. conversion of measures \u2013 enter 4 cups to oz. the answer will be at the top of the results page. dictionary \u2013 unsure of the definition of a word? type define : pontification. spell checker \u2013 just type the word as close as you can get it, and let google provide you with options. package tracking \u2013 you can track packages by typing the tracking number for your ups, fedex, or usps package into the search box. weather reporter \u2013 type the word weather, then a city name, and up comes the latest weather report. zip code look up \u2013 enter zip and the city name to learn the various zip codes in a city. airline flight tracker \u2013 enter the airline and the flight number to learn the current arrival and departure times of the flight. world clock \u2013 type what time is it in detroit to learn the current time at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221483668285889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0733fb5-4e97-4345-8a1f-64aa4ca51f1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.217622"}
{"text": "name to learn the various zip codes in a city. airline flight tracker \u2013 enter the airline and the flight number to learn the current arrival and departure times of the flight. world clock \u2013 type what time is it in detroit to learn the current time at any location. fact provider \u2013 try albert einstein was born in *. the asterisk is a wildcard and lets google fill in the blank. refining a search is the best way to get what you want from your google search. typing \u201c insurance \u201d will get you 348, 000, 000 results. typing auto insurance brings it down to 82 million. auto insurance boston ma gets you a list of agents in boston. using auto insurance boston ma - nationwide gives you all the results where the word \u201c nationwide \u201d does not appear. ( sorry nationwide ). the dash followed by a word tells google to remove results with that word on the page. perhaps more useful for this audience would be a search for a microsoft compatible application forms for directors \u2019 and officers \u2019 insurance. google directors \u2019 officers \u2019 application filetype : doc. the inclusion of the term \u201c filetype : \u201d followed by the file extension, \u201c doc \u201d tells google to only search for files stored on the internet that end in the extension \u201c. doc. \u201d putting a search phrase in quotation marks tells google to only search for that exact phrase. \u201c business income insurance exclusions \u201d will only return results where those four words are placed in the exact phrase. \u201c business income insurance \u201d exclusions will result in all documents where the phrase business income insurance is included with the word exclusions someplace in the text. google has an advanced search feature that can be useful in narrowing search. just click the phrase \u201c advanced search \u201d on the google home page. google has a separate section for book searches. google google books and you will be brought to the page. here you can do text searches within the 10, 000, 000 books google has indexed ( so far ). searching \u201c standard fire policy \u201d in google book search brings up insurance history from books written in the 1890s, 1900s, and current times. have you found a site on the topic you like? enter related : www. site. com and you will see sites that google thinks are similar to the site you entered. want to search the site you are on? enter site : www. site. com the phrase you want searched and google will search only that site. how about learning who has linked to your web site? enter linked : www. yoursitenamehere. com and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48824359051387267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0733fb5-4e97-4345-8a1f-64aa4ca51f1a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.219868"}
{"text": "| | | minding your mind | | | psychiatric treatment for preschoolers last reviewed and revised on june 17, 2011 by michael craig miller, m. d. harvard medical school the number of medications prescribed to children ages two to four to treat psychiatric disorders increased dramatically after the early 1990s. a delicate balance as any parent can attest, the preschool years are a time of tremendous brain development. between the ages of two and five, children learn to talk, develop hand and eye coordination, and learn how to interact with others. brain changes underlie these developments. the number of synapses ( connections between brain cells ) and neurotransmitter receptors reach their peak at age three, while the brain ' s metabolic rate peaks between ages three and four. clinicians and parents thus face a delicate balancing act when it comes to treating psychiatric disorders, especially in the youngest children. there are risks associated with giving medications, because we don ' t know exactly what effects psychiatric drugs may have on the developing brain. but there can also be significant risk from not giving medications, because mental disorders also have a negative effect on brain development. mental disorders can lead to impaired peer and family relationships and poor school performance. untreated childhood problems may give way to continuing mental health problems when the child when he or she grows up. and there is evidence that many lifelong psychiatric disorders begin early. a harvard study published in 2005 estimated that half of all disorders that meet standard criteria for a diagnosis start by age 14. there is no simple way to tell normal variations in temperament or development from the beginnings of a mental health problem. in practical terms, a child ' s problems may require medication to ease suffering and help him or her develop normally. medications may be worth trying especially if non - drug treatments haven ' t been effective. but it is worth emphasizing that these decisions are almost always very difficult to make in the youngest children. back to top guidance for three disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder experts recommend a thorough evaluation to define the problem. this requires reports from parents, teachers and child care providers so that the clinician can assess the child ' s symptoms in multiple settings. parents can be taught the best ways to help their children. whether a child needs medication or not, he or she will probably do better if the parents become comfortable with skills for setting limits and rewarding positive behavior. if parent guidance and psychotherapy are not sufficient to control symptoms, a trial of methylphenidate ( ritalin ) or another related drug for six months may be considered.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4676695300235772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53bdaba2-de2b-4610-a413-6dd7a7d2ebc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.225617"}
{"text": "the parents become comfortable with skills for setting limits and rewarding positive behavior. if parent guidance and psychotherapy are not sufficient to control symptoms, a trial of methylphenidate ( ritalin ) or another related drug for six months may be considered. after six months, the doctor can stop the medication to see if the child still needs it, either for controlling symptoms or improving functioning in school. numerous other medications are available if methylphenidate does not work. anxiety disorders ( separation anxiety, selective mutism, specific phobia ) in addition to making their own observations, clinicians will have an easier time defining the problem if they can get information from parents, teachers and other caregivers. sometimes formal rating scales and questionnaires are used during the evaluation. the clinician should also remain alert to co - existing problems, like depression or behavior problems. available research suggests that psychotherapy may teach a child to better control behavior while also improving self - esteem. so, a course of at least 12 weeks is usually the first intervention to try. if psychotherapy does not provide relief and anxiety symptoms continue to impair the child ' s functioning, a low dose of fluoxetine ( prozac ) or a similar drug can be considered. after six to nine months, the clinician may be able to taper and then stop medication. developmental disorders, such as autism these children should have formal intelligence tests, plus tests of hearing and language skills. useful evaluation instruments are the childhood autism rating scale and the aberrant behavior checklist. before thinking about medication, a team of helpers may be necessary to coach a child to improve language skills, enhance social development, and reduce repetitive behavior and aggression. medication may eventually be necessary for children who have severe behavioral problems that interfere with functioning. as with anxiety disorders, the clinician can assess if medication is still needed after six to nine months. back to top maximize help and minimize harm here are some useful principles to guide the evaluation and treatment of any problem that comes up in a young child. - address diagnostic challenges. preschoolers vary in terms of development, personality, and communication skills. diagnostic criteria for adults and older children may not be relevant to preschoolers. when possible, a diagnosis should be made after several visits with the child and only after multiple sources have provided information about the child ' s progress ( the child, parents, teachers, other clinicians ). - track symptoms and impairment. before starting any treatment, the clinician and family should work together to define symptoms and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4714479262040854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53bdaba2-de2b-4610-a413-6dd7a7d2ebc6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.226628"}
{"text": "and only after multiple sources have provided information about the child ' s progress ( the child, parents, teachers, other clinicians ). - track symptoms and impairment. before starting any treatment, the clinician and family should work together to define symptoms and any functional impairment, so these can be tracked over time. this will help in assessing whether a particular treatment is working. - try psychotherapy first. various types of psychological interventions are worth trying first, and for a sufficient time, before adding a medication to the mix. - once medication has been started, monitor the response. if a child ' s symptoms do not improve after trying medication, stop the medication. even when a medication works, plan on discontinuing it for a time to see if the drug is still necessary. ( a child ' s ongoing brain development may correct the underlying problem. ) avoid adding medications to alleviate side effects of other medications. - clinicians should invite parents to stay involved. parents are important partners in care. if parents need help in handling stress, learning better parenting skills or dealing with their own mental health issues, they should be referred to an appropriate practitioner. when a child has significant mental or behavior trouble, it places a strain on them, the parents, siblings and classmates. basic principles don ' t necessarily make life easy. but taking a systematic approach will improve the chances your child will avoid unnecessary troubles, and have the best chance to get needed help. back to top michael craig miller, m. d. is editor - in - chief of the harvard mental health letter and an assistant professor of psychiatry at harvard medical school. dr. miller has an active clinical practice and has been on staff at beth israel deaconess medical center for more than 25 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4786963134445703, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53bdaba2-de2b-4610-a413-6dd7a7d2ebc6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.227387"}
{"text": "- development & aid - economy & trade - human rights - global governance - civil society saturday, may 18, 2013 - the old adage \u2018 nature is the great equaliser \u2019 no longer holds true in countries like sri lanka, where the poor bear the brunt of extreme weather events. gamhevage dayananda, a farmer from the remote village of pansalgolla in sri lanka \u2019 s north - central polonnaruwa district, can attest to this reality, as he and his fellow farmers struggle to survive alternating periods of drought and flooding. unexpectedly heavy rains in february 2011 forced engineers to open the sluice gates of large irrigation tanks in the area, flooding hectare upon hectare of farmland, including dayananda \u2019 s modest plot. he lost his entire rice harvest, no small setback for his family of four who depend on this crop for their very survival. this year, dayananda found himself facing another crisis when drought destroyed his crop and put him at risk of falling deeper into debt. \u201c one season it \u2019 s all rain, next it \u2019 s all sun, \u201d dayananda told ips. \u201c there is nothing in moderation, it is all in extremes. \u201d the trend of extreme weather events alternating year after year is unlikely to change, according to w l sumathipala, former head of the climate change unit at the ministry of environment, adding that sri lanka is at the receiving end of changing climate patterns. last year \u2019 s annual report for the united nations central emergency response fund ( cerf ) noted, \u201c climate - related emergencies, such as those linked to drought, floods, and storms, expose the poor and most vulnerable to hazards that have lasting consequences for the health, livelihoods, and well - being of people who have the least capacity to cope with and mitigate the effects of natural disasters. \u201d currently about 8. 9 percent of this south asian island nation \u2019 s 21 million people live below the poverty line. of these, according to abha joshi - ghani, head of the world bank \u2019 s urban development and local government unit, \u201c the poor in urban areas are likely to be affected more by the changing climate patterns. they are the most vulnerable because they live in sensitive areas, on precarious land where no one else will settle. \u201d the british - based charity homeless international estimates that 12 percent of sri lanka \u2019 s urban population of about three million can be found in slums. defence and urban development secretary gotabaya rajapaksa was recently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4405311037328688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fda0a0c-a5c1-4d9c-90ef-47767dd2e04e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.235988"}
{"text": "no one else will settle. \u201d the british - based charity homeless international estimates that 12 percent of sri lanka \u2019 s urban population of about three million can be found in slums. defence and urban development secretary gotabaya rajapaksa was recently quoted as saying that shanty dwellers in the capital colombo can be found \u201c mostly on government lands \u201d. \u201c many of them are on the reservations set aside around the lakes, canals, roadways, and railway tracks, \u201d he added. the biggest threat to this population is the flash flood. since 2007, the nation \u2019 s capital \u2013 along with other parts of the western region \u2013 has already been submerged more than two dozen times. some areas end up under water after just 30 minutes of heavy rain, as was experienced during the third week of october. this situation can be traced in part to the capital \u2019 s compromised drainage capacity. but increasingly heavy downpours over the years have made matters worse, particularly since there are no signs this trend will let up anytime soon. in its second national communication on climate change 2012, the environment ministry says that colombo and the rest of the western plains can only expect more wet days ahead, with \u201c intense \u201d periods of rain. by contrast, rice farmers are probably going to have to deal with long dry spells for some time to come. according to the environment ministry, the agrarian areas in parts of the east and northern provinces, including polonnaruwa, will not only get less rain than they need, they will also experience higher temperatures. the central bank estimates that a 0. 5 - degree celsius rise in temperatures could reduce rice yields by around five percent. thus it should come as no surprise that an asian development bank report last year identified climate change as the \u201c greatest threat to food security \u201d. local sustainable development expert riza yehiya also warned, \u201c food security fluctuations due to climate change will be accompanied by unsteady energy security, modern society \u2019 s greatest prerequisite ( next to food and water ). \u201d \u201c the combined effects of this triumvirate \u2013 water, food, and energy insecurity \u2013 will render poorer sections of society extremely vulnerable unless social security for this sector is beefed up as part of the climate change mitigation programme. \u201d last april, farmers in polonnaruwa took to the streets after irrigation engineers stopped providing water because of the drought. at the time, the farmers said more than 16, 000 hectares of paddy fields feeding off the parakarama samudarya irrigation tank were already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4199440090174375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fda0a0c-a5c1-4d9c-90ef-47767dd2e04e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.237190"}
{"text": "farmers in polonnaruwa took to the streets after irrigation engineers stopped providing water because of the drought. at the time, the farmers said more than 16, 000 hectares of paddy fields feeding off the parakarama samudarya irrigation tank were already in danger of going completely dry. after being hit by floods in the early part of 2011, which destroyed over 16, 000 hectares of paddy fields and roughly ten percent of the early harvest, rice farmers in the north and north - central regions are now facing the opposite end of that spectrum. severe drought during the first nine months of 2012 affected 1. 3 million people, a rapid assessment by the world food programme ( wfp ) found. experts have estimated that close to 29 percent of an estimated harvest of 1. 1 million metric tones will be lost, while 76, 000 hectares, or 19 percent of the planted crop has already been destroyed. \u201c preliminary findings indicate substantial livelihood impact on a broad spectrum of the population and a deterioration of food security, \u201d according to the wfp global food security update for october. muttukrishna sarvananthan, a prominent economist, believes that unemployment could be as high as 20 percent in some parts of the northern province, though no government data exists to support this view. * this story was produced as part of ips asia - pacific \u2019 s \u2018 climate change : a reporting lens from asia \u2019 series.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4098629419961367, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fda0a0c-a5c1-4d9c-90ef-47767dd2e04e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.237786"}
{"text": "a lot of the irish workhouses fell into ruin or were burned down in the years after the famine, but one of the few remaining can be found in the town of carrick - on - shannon. today, it operates as a geriatric hospital called st. patrick \u2019 s and this year, from the 3rd - 5th of may, it will revisit the haunting past of its workhouse days by offering 30 self - sponsored participants the chance to stay overnight in the rooms of the original whitewashed attic as part of the famine attic experience. between the years of 1845 and 1854, a devastating two million people were forced to emigrate from ireland in search of a better life. for those that remained, the last resort was to enter a workhouse but with the onset of the famine, entire families had no other choice but to do so. the irish workhouse centre in portumna, co. galway writes that, as an inmate of a workhouse, individuals would be packed into crowded sleeping places with straw beds and ragged coverings with only a tub for urination. disease was rampant and deaths were so frequent that corpses were carried away on special carts every day only to be thrown into mass graves on the grounds of the workhouse the famine attic experience will be commemorated with a \u2018 survivors cairn \u2019 and a society of friends ( quaker ) themed supper afterwards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.418876306871062, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a647994f-ddf6-44c5-a14d-49a0adcc532c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.239224"}
{"text": "sure it \u2019 s fun to use 3d printers to make small tool pieces, toys, robots and other gadgets. but have you thought that one day a machine that traces its lineage to an office appliance would ultimately print the building you work in? dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars has designed a one - piece building which will be built with a 3d printer. ruijssenaars, from the universe architecture in amsterdam, is working to with mathematician and artist rinus roelofs on the project. they aim to have the building called landscape house, printed by 2014, according to www. 3ders. org image from universe architecture units of the building will be printed in pieces as large as 6x9 metres using a massive 3d printer called by d - shape, which was designed by italian inventor enrico dini, chairman of the united kingdom - based firm monolite uk ltd. video : 3d printers enter the consumer market autocad and on - demand 3d printing 3d printing technology has been around for several years. back in 2008, autodesk inc. added on - demand 3d printing to its autocad design tool. more recently small 3d printers aimed at consumers have entering the market. as the new machines become more mainstream, we wonder if they would be saddled by the same issue that plague current desktop and office printers \u2013 expensive toner. read the whole story here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43683105005846706, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:725c5079-bb47-4b64-93bd-2a10dbe78fdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.240601"}
{"text": "- 1. a royal seat, or chair of state. the king sits \" upon the throne of his kingdom \" ( deut. xvii. 18 ). pharaoh delegated full power tojoseph to rule over egypt ; \" only in the throne will i be greater than thou \" ( gen. xli. 40 ). the royal throne is sometimes designated as \" the throne of the kings \" ( jer. lii. 32 ). the most magnificent throne was that of solomon ( see jew. encyc. xi. 441 et seq. ; j. s. kolbo made a model of solomon ' s throne and exhibited it in new york city in 1888 ). the throne, like the crown, was a symbol of sovereign power and dignity. it was also the tribunal, the \" throne of judgment \" ( prov. xx. 8 ), where the king decided matters of law and disputes among his subjects. thus \" throne \" is synonymous with \" justice. \" - 2. the throne, the abode of god, known as \" kisse ha - kabod \" ( the throne of glory ), from which god manifests his majesty and glory. micaiah \" saw the lord sitting on his throne, and all the hosts of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left \" ( i kings xxii. 19 ; compare the vision of isaiah [ vi. 1 ] with that of ezekiel [ x. 1 ] ). the throne of god is heaven ( isa. lxvi. 1 ) ; in future it will be jerusalem ( jer. iii. 17 ), and even the sanctuary ( jer. xvii. 12 ). thus the idea of the majestic manifestation of god gradually crystallized in the cabalistic expression \" koah ha - zimzum \" ( the power of concentration ). god ' s throne is the symbol of righteousness ; \" justice and judgment are the habitation of thy throne \" ( ps. lxxxix. 15 [ a. v. 14 ] ). the throne of glory is an important feature in the cabala. it is placed at the highest point of the universe ( hag. 12b ) ; and is of the same color as the sky \u2014 purple - blue, like the \" sapphire stone \" which ezekiel saw and which had previously been perceived by the israelites ( ex. xxiv. 10 ; sotah 17a ). like the torah, it was created before the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5059001477404653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4415afe7-6053-4e77-bc1b-1f3c11cebbe1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.243435"}
{"text": "can you protect in the 3rd century, when rome dominated europe, it was able to deploy 50 legions throughout the empire, securing even the furthermost areas. by the following century the empire had lost much of its muscle, however, and rome ' s forces had diminished to just 25 legions. emperor constantine ' s problem : how to station legions in sufficient strength to protect the most forward positions of the empire without abandoning the core - - namely rome. he devised a new defensive strategy to cope with rome ' s reduced power. the problem is not \" solved \" in a mathematical sense, but a set of rules exists that defines when a solution is acceptable. once you understand the rules, you can attempt to see if you can improve on constantine ' s choice of deployment. a region, then, may be thought of as either secured or securable. it is considered to be secured if it has one or more pebbles placed in it already. it is considered securable if a pebble can be deployed to that region in a single step. at any shift or movement from a region, two pebbles must initially be present together before one of them can be launched. that is, a pebble can only be deployed if it moves from an adjacent region where there is already another pebble to help launch it. this is analogous to the island hopping strategy pursued by general macarthur in world war ii in the pacific theater - - where movement only followed the chain of islands ( secured areas ). now that you know the rules, the challenge is to place just four pebbles in the eight regions of the empire. here is another alternative, not necessarily better than constantine ' s strategy, but it gives you an idea of possibilities. we will place one pebble in gaul, two in rome, and one in constantinople. britain can now be reached in two steps ( a pebble from rome to gaul and a pebble from gaul to britain ), better for britain than before. however, asia minor is now not reachable in one step, but two ( from rome to constantinople and constantinople to asia minor ). all the rest of the empire is reachable in just one step. it is not clear that this is better than constantine ' s strategy. although the number of steps to the worst - off nodes has been reduced to two, the number of regions more than one step away has gone from one to two. can you improve on constantine ' s solution? if you can keep the number of nodes that can ' t be reached in one step to just one, and can reduce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5011260126562851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c33c1a0-3b78-4923-870e-a560cde843eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.246379"}
{"text": "work began on the saint louis municipal bridge in 1909. piers were built, and steel was ordered. the three main steel spans were in place by 1912. at that time, funding ran out, and three successive bonding issues failed to pass during elections. as a result, the bridge sat without the approaches being built. the only part that was finished was the 6 - foot wide walkway, which hung off the downstream side of the structure ( it has since been removed, but the brackets that supported the walkway are still in place and visible in one of the photos below ). several hundred people a day crossed the bridge on foot. funding kicked in again after several years, and the roadway on the upper deck was competed. now known as the free bridge, it opened to auto traffic in 1917. the city and the trra were still feuding, so the trra put a de facto boycott on the bridge. it was not until 1928 that an agreement was reached, and trains started to use the lower deck. the bridge was in full operation by 1931. despite being a city owned \" free bridge \", a small toll was added in 1932. the money was used for depression relief. the bridge was renamed the general douglas macarthur bridge in 1942 after the famous general. the bridge was designated as the route for us - 66 from 1929 to 1935, having taken over that role from the mckinley bridge, and then giving it up to the chain of rocks bridge. it was designated city us - 66 from 1936 to 1955. by 1981, the upper deck roadway had deteriorated to the point that it had to be closed. later, a section of the upper deck was removed for safety reasons. the roadway remains closed today, with the approaches on the illinois side being long bypassed by the tangle of freeways and ramps in the area. in 2006, more work was being done to the roadway, perhaps the remainder is being removed. the city of saint louis is not interested in running railroad bridges, so in 1989, the macarthur and eads bridges were swapped between the city and the trra. the idea was that the trra would run the macarthur as a railroad bridge, while the city would rebuild and operate the dual use eads bridge. the photo above is looking south along leonor k. sullivan blvd, which runs along the riverfront in front of the gateway arch. the image below is a vintage postcard featuring the bridge when it was known as the municipal bridge prior to 1942. given that the upper deck is in use in this postcard, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3906618063281933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82bf5c9f-492a-4475-b51f-c76c3543e211>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.249352"}
{"text": "newars ' festivals start from gathanmugah and ends in sithi nakhah. therefore gathan mugah is also known as kayahmacha nakhah ( the son festival ) and sithi nakhah is also known as mhayamacha nakhah ( the daughter festival ) in newar culture. no festival is observed in between sithinakhah and gathan mukhah as the farmers are busy in the their work at that time. the festivals celebrated by the newars are related with their places and lives. thus through the festivals observed by the newars, one can know many things about them. gathan mugah ( august ) it is festival of cleaning. since farmers are busy in farming in rainy season, they do not get time to clean their house and even take bath and wash their clothes. thus as their work finish by gathan mugah, they take bath, wash their clothes and clean house in gathan mugah. on this very day, girls throw all their playing dolls. every corner of a house is cleaned and incense is burnt to kill insects. chahray angu ( a ring made of metal alloys ) is wore on this occasion. in evening, effigies of gathan mugah are made from green reeds. they are dragged out of the town and burnt there. gunla dharma ( august - september ) gunla is a month according to nepal era, which falls in the middle of monsoon ( august ). this month is considered as holy buddhist month. day in day out, whatever the weather may be, devotees visit buddhist monasteries, courtyards and shrines every early morning by playing gunla bajan. gunla bajan includes dhah and naykhin accompanied by cymbals and shwam. gunhu punhi ( august - september ) gunhu punhi is one of the most significant festivals of the newars which lasts for 9 days. first day, known as gunhu punhi, the newars drink broth consisting of spouted mixed cereals. everyone gets doro, a protection cord tied in one ' s wrist from the brahmans. on this day, food is offered for the frogs in farms, which is known as byanja nakegu. saparu is the second day of gunhu punhi. on this day people, whose family member died in that year, dressed up as cows parade in the town. it is believed that cows help the departed soul to enter the heaven easily. other remarkable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4108600575766915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:456da7ab-3183-4c17-b36d-d0645e7324ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.259084"}
{"text": ", the goddess of wealth is worshipped and in the evening lights are burnt to invite laxmi. mhapuja is the day of worshiping one ' s body. this is the new year ' s day according to nepal era. kija puja, the last day of the swanti, is dedicated to brothers. sisters worship their brothers on this day. sakimila punhi ( november - december ) sakimila punhi ( sakimana punhi ) or the full moon day of boiled arum is the festival of eating arum, sweet potato and fried grains. halimali bwayegu ( exibiting figure designs of fried grains ) with dapha bhajan or dhalcha bhajan ( chanting religious hymns ) takes place in the evening in every section of the settlements. bala chahre ( december ) this is the festival of scattering seeds ( sadhbew ) and praying for the souls of the departed in pashupati, kathmandu. in many places it is celabrated by gathering the members of milah guthi ( a kind of social association ) and banqueting together. yomari punhi ( december - january ) it is post harvest festival of worshipping the newly brought rice and annapurna, the goddess of grains, for good harvest. yomari punhi lends its name from yomari ( a typical steamed cake of rice flour dough stuffed with a mixture of sesame and molasses ), which is offered in dhukoo ( store room ) and eaten on this day. in the evening kids go around the neighborhood to beg yomari. ghayh chaku sanhlhu ( january ) also known as hamoh sanhlu, this festival is observed according to solar calendar. on this day, people take bath early in the morning and offer sugar candy, pills of sesame and molasses etc to their priests. they too eat yams, spinach, sweets of sesame and molasses to warm their body. people rub mustard oil over their bodies in the sun. swasthani bakhan kanegu ( january - february ) in magh month, from mila punhi ( full moon day - jan ) to seeh punhi ( full moon day - feb. ) swasthani bakhan ( swasthani story ) is recited every evening for a month. it is believed that worshipping swasthani brings happiness in life. there is a belief that parbati succeed to get mahadeva as her husband by worship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4358113339722339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:456da7ab-3183-4c17-b36d-d0645e7324ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.261538"}
{"text": "with chariot festival, tongue boring festival and with music and dances in other parts of the valley as well. machhendra nath jatra ( may - june ) there are two machhendra nath festivals, namely rato machhendranath ( bunga dyah ) jatra and seto machhendranath ( janmah dyah ) jatra. the main features of these festivals are pulling of a huge four wheel chariot of machhendranath. the former, observed in lalitpur, starts from pulchowk and ends in jawahlakhel, where ritual display of legendary vest ( bhoto ) takes place. it is observed for a month. the later, observed in kathmandu, starts from tindhara and ends in lagan. swanya punhi ( may - june ) budhha jayanti - full moon day april / may is the day of birth, attainment of enlightenment and death of lord budhha, the light of asia. on this day worship of budhha takes places in buddhist monasteries and specially in swambhu stupa of kathmandu. sithi nakhah ( june ) sixth day of bright lunar fortnight is dedicated to lord kumar. this is the day when kartikeya kumar ( sithi dyah ) was born. on this day, people take bath and houses are cleaned. wells and conduits are also cleaned on this day, this is also the day of eating chatamari - a typical rice flour bread and wo - a flat cake of mashed lentils. it is the last festival of a year that the newars observe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44120273676009814, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:456da7ab-3183-4c17-b36d-d0645e7324ea>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.263174"}
{"text": "anyone remember the 19th century adage, \u201c sticks and stones can break your bones, but words can never hurt you? \u201d i think we \u2019 ve all had an experience that has proven this wrong. words can and do hurt and are unacceptable. but what if what we think the words we \u2019 re using are helpful? what if they aren \u2019 t? research conducted by carole dweck from stanford university makes the case that people develop growth mindsets or fixed mindsets based in part on the words they hear growing up. a fixed mindset believes intelligence is something you have, and can \u2019 t be changed much. a growth mindset believes that no matter what kind of person you are, you can always change. success then is not about proving you \u2019 re smart or talented, it \u2019 s about stretching yourself to learn something new. developing yourself. failure then, becomes a learning experience and not something that confirms your intelligence. dweck believes mindsets are a choice ; they are beliefs that are shaped by the words we hear from others and internalize to ourselves. consider this phrase, \u201c i \u2019 m proud of you \u201d. as a parent and educator, i \u2019 ve said it many times. what could possibly be the problem? consider a study by melissa kamins and carol dweck conducted with kindergarten students. they found that phrases like \u201c i \u2019 m proud of you \u201d, had the same effect on students as the phrase, \u201c i \u2019 m disappointed in you. \u201d it \u2019 s just the other end of the same conversation. the research goes on to state that if we say, \u201c i \u2019 m proud of you \u201d when children are successful, they often fill in the other end of the conversation and begin to believe we are disappointed in them when they are unsuccessful. the moral of the story ( says peter johnston in his book opening minds ) is : don \u2019 t use person - oriented praise. instead, use process - oriented feedback. so \u201c i \u2019 m proud of you \u201d becomes : \u201c you tried really hard \u201d or \u201c you found a good way to do it ; could you think of other ways that would also work? \u201d small changes in language can be significant in whether we see our lives ( and performances ) as \u201c fixed \u201d and therefore out of our control or \u201c changeable \u201d and in our control. we \u2019 re not suggesting that praise is always bad or that we stop completely. rather, the suggestion is that we begin to look at feedback and critiques as opportunities to learn and grow. that we consider intelligence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5278060115343791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f640bf0e-82e8-447c-89a4-1566d2098501>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.269509"}
{"text": "\" let ' s sit down and make an oval, \" sang the enthusiastic group of preschooolers. it ' s an age when the kids need to learn how to behave in a group, to line up, and to share. but these preschoolers were going beyond those lessons, in a locally developed program called second step. \" how do you feel? \" asked their teacher, daren chamberlin. \" i feel mad. you ' re mad? what ' s going on? i feel happy, \" called out a second student. circle time starts with an exercise in identifying emotions. \" what ' s after we name our feelings? \" chamberlin asked. \" take belly breaths, \" replied one preschooler, telling what they had practiced to control their emotions. \" emotions even for us as adults can be really overwhelming. when they feel like they can name it and you know the ways to calm down, helps them manage those feelings, \" explained chamberlin. story books the children read reinforce the curriculum. \" it ' s ok to be different \", by todd parr topped the reading list on this day. at denise louie education center that ' s an important message for the children to hear. most are from immigrant and refugee families. kindergarten will be an adjustment. and acceptance skills will be as crucial for them as math, reading, and language skills according to executive director janice deguchi. \" getting along, so social emotional skills, recognizing and being able to name my feelings, and then being able to have empathy for your other peers in your classroom, \" all skills they ' ll need deguchi said. \" everybody is different. see all the pictures? everybody is different, \" explained one of the youngsters as she pointed out photos displayed on the walls. the second step approach contains 27 lessons. its effectiveness has been studied in elementary school children. kids who went through the program had better coping, and cooperation skills, and less agression. teacher daren chamberlin said since the kids in his preschool class started the curriculum he ' s seen fewer outbursts and tantrums. \" there ' s a lot of instances where things just never have the opportunity to escalate because the kids have these skills themselves, \" chamberlin said. the skills kids learned were demonstrated in the center ' s lunchroom. \" brian get your milk and pass to your friend, \" said a staff person as the children helped each other share a meal. it ' s a program that ' s helping them be better prepared for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446446338288069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adf333b9-3dda-48b4-a255-9d0bf9f6b4c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.272358"}
{"text": "tuesday, april 17, 2012 san diego unlike real earthquakes, this one came with a two - minute warning and a countdown. the shaking table began moaning as the machine reproduced an 8. 8 magnitude quake, like the one that ravaged chile. moving a fully equipped five story building that weighs millions of pounds is no small feat. engineers can reproduce the force and impact of a killer earthquake on simulations run by computers. for months, they have been building this structure on a shaking table, because computer simulations don ' t compare to shaking a building in real life. \" it ' s like going through a car crash where the building may be ok with some kind of little dimples and scratches there, \" said jose restrepo, a uc san diego engineer. \" but the contents will experience more damage. and that ' s what we ' re trying to study for the future. \" researchers hope the tests tell them how pipes, stairwells, elevators and other non - structural components perform under severe stress. the research is unique because it is being done on a complete building, with all the elements of a real five story structure. \" and then you see the five stories, on the roof you see a water tank. you see a little mezzanine there, \" said joel conte, a uc san diego structural engineer. conte points at the stucco covered structure. inside there ' s a simulated hospital surgery suite, an intensive care unit and a computer server room. all experienced quite a ride. \" when we simulated some earthquakes under the building, i saw the base isolators deforming a lot, \" conte said. \" and the building moving as a rigid box, very slowly back and forth. with no distortion. no damage. \" seventy cameras and more than 500 sensors will tell researchers the story of the test, but it will take months to to interpret the results. the building will be shaken again several times without the base isolators, and those results will be compared to these tests. next month the scientists will also light a fire on the third floor to see how that affects the structure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45886133808806706, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0091dc7c-99a8-4cca-a21f-b777e82d66e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.276511"}
{"text": "( newsusa ) - for teens, peer pressure or wanting to escape emotional stress can often lead to prescription drug experimentation, which in turn can lead to abuse, addiction and sometimes a drug overdose. according to the national survey on drug use and health, 70 percent of children age 12 and older say they got prescription drugs, not from a drug dealer, but from a friend or relative. \" each day, more than 2, 000 teens begin abusing prescription medications, believing that doctor - prescribed medicine is safer to experiment with than illegal drugs, \" says steve pasierb, president and ceo of the partnership at drugfree. org. \" parents and grandparents take great pains to prevent poisoning in young children by keeping household chemicals out of the reach, \" according to pasierb. \" the same approach needs to be taken to safeguard medications in the home. \" the first step is to get informed about the dangers and know how to intervene. the website www. rxsafetymatters. org provides information to parents and community groups on how to prevent prescription drug abuse. tips for parents include : * learn to recognize the signs of abuse. warning signs include sudden mood swings, changes in social circles, secretive behavior, excessive sleeping and a loss of interest in appearance or hobbies. symptoms often occur in clusters. * monitor your medications. keep a detailed record of which prescription drugs you have in your home and the remaining number of pills. store your medications in a secure location. if you have medications that you no longer need or have expired, dispose of them properly. * educate others. talk to your relatives, neighbors and other parents in households where your children spend time. grandparents ' homes are frequently a source of pills, simply because older people take more medications. talk to the pta at your teen ' s school, and encourage others to take preventive steps to prevent prescription drug abuse. * talk to your children, and listen for clues. make sure your children understand the dangers of misusing prescription medications - - but avoid providing information about which drugs are popular to abuse. listen to your kids, and always ask these questions : \" who are they meeting, what will they be doing, and where will they be? \" to learn more about how to prevent prescription drug abuse, download the free \" parents guide to understanding prescription drug abuse \" at www. rxsafetymatters. org. purdue pharma l. p. developed www. rxsafetymatters. org as a public service to help combat prescription drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45836937082726487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bd0ea82-9932-4602-8c63-97cc9d82b911>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.282134"}
{"text": "cool things - moon rocks a little piece of the moon is in kansas in the form of these rocks brought to earth by apollo 11. when the apollo 11 spacecraft left the earth in july 1969, among the items it carried were small flags from each u. s. state, including kansas. these flags later landed on the moon and traveled across its surface in the lunar module with the astronauts. the flags eventually returned to our planet along with numerous samples of material from the moon ' s surface. nasa ' s purpose in carrying state flags to the moon was to return each to its home state along with a gift of lunar particles ( crystalline rock, breccia, and glass ) collected from the sea of tranquility. these mementoes of the country ' s first successful manned mission to the moon were mounted in a special walnut stand and presented to each governor. kansas ' flag and moon rocks were received by governor robert docking from president richard nixon at the white house in december 1969. the inscription printed on a plate at the base of the stand reads, \" this flag of your state was carried to the moon and back by apollo 11, and this fragment of the moon ' s surface was brought to earth by the crew of that first manned lunar landing. \" the stand and its three particles of moon rock are on display in the main gallery of the kansas museum of history. although no kansans accompanied apollo 11 into space, a native was among the original astronauts chosen for the apollo program. ron evans, born in st. francis, kansas, was a member of the capsule ' s support crew. a few years after the successful completion of the apollo 11 mission, evans served as command module pilot for apollo 17. this was the u. s. ' last manned lunar landing, in 1972. evans later donated a number of commemorative items illustrative of his career to the museum. entry : cool things - moon rocks author : kansas historical society author information : the kansas historical society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state ' s history. date created : october 2006 date modified : march 2013 the author of this article is solely responsible for its content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4679653041891019, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77e1cc4a-9c09-4840-ae18-e4b4f5544d02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.287183"}
{"text": "family matters : the money squeeze tue may 29, 2012 listening to parents key to financial responsibility originally published on tue may 29, 2012 3 : 34 am as an increasing number of americans live into their 80s and 90s, many families are struggling to find ways to make retirement dollars \u2014 that were once supposed to support seniors for years \u2014 now stretch over decades. more and more, families have to care for the very elderly, as well as look after children who might be college grads but haven ' t found a job in a difficult economy. all this requires one very important thing : lots of money. psychologists and other researchers have spent decades studying why some people are better than others at saving money, so they can address such needs later in life. in the early 1970s, researchers conducted a marshmallow experiment, where they had young children sit before a table. the researchers placed a marshmallow on the table and told each child that she could eat it \u2014 but that if she waited 15 minutes, she could have two marshmallows. over the years that followed, researchers found that children who were able to hold off eating the marshmallow \u2014 who delayed gratification \u2014 did better at school. other researchers identified brain differences between people who were impulsive and those who had more self - control. much of the research into self - control has been focused on documenting which people have it and why. but new research is trying to find whether there are ways to boost self - control among young people, especially when it comes to financial matters and making responsible long - term decisions, such as saving for retirement or nursing care late in life. while brain biology plays a strong role in shaping temperament, some new studies have found that social factors make a difference in whether people become spenders or savers. chief among them : the role of parents. \" we found that parents played a really big role in the kinds of behaviors that their children exhibited, \" said joyce serido, a researcher at the university of arizona, tucson. \" so, those kids who said they spoke with their parents about financial matters actually performed more responsible financial behaviors. \" serido said that she and her colleagues interviewed large numbers of freshmen entering the university and documented different aspects of their family lives. young people who reported their families had included them in conversations about money and budgets \u2014 who, for example, roped children into discussions about what kind of car the family could afford \u2014 were much more likely to make more responsible financial decisions as it came time for them to graduate from college.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45838417582636837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e37f42e-c953-4e5f-ad36-1569e1133e52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.290643"}
{"text": "included them in conversations about money and budgets \u2014 who, for example, roped children into discussions about what kind of car the family could afford \u2014 were much more likely to make more responsible financial decisions as it came time for them to graduate from college. many of these students, serido said, were using a budget, making tough choices between different wants, and saving money. she said the difference was not explained by socio - economic differences \u2014 children from well - to - do families did not save more than children from poorer families. rather, she said, patterns of family dynamics tended to predict which kids developed strong saving habits. besides talking with kids about money, serido said she would advise parents to communicate their expectations to their children \u2014 to say they expected a young person would save some portion of their allowance, for example. so why do such conversations happen rarely when they are so important? serido said it may be as difficult to talk to kids about bills and bonds as it often is to talk about the birds and the bees. \" the first couple of times you talk with your child about money or savings, or you talk with a parent about their health or what are they going to do with the house long - term, yeah, it ' s scary and uncomfortable, \" she said. \" and let ' s face it, it ' s scary and uncomfortable because sometimes we don ' t want to think about it ourselves. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4441409186064193, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e37f42e-c953-4e5f-ad36-1569e1133e52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.291324"}
{"text": "how safe is your password? the first step in protecting your online privacy is creating a safe password - i. e. one that a computer program or persistent individual won ' t easily be able to guess in a short period of time. to help you choose a secure password, we ' ve created a feature that lets you know visually how safe your password is as soon as you create it. tips for creating a secure password : things to avoid : - include punctuation marks and / or numbers. - mix capital and lowercase letters. - include similar looking substitutions, such as the number zero for the letter ' o ' or ' for the letter ' s '. - create a unique acronym. - include phonetic replacements, such as ' luv 2 laf ' for ' love to laugh '. tips for keeping your password secure : - don ' t use a password that is listed as an example of how to pick a good password. - don ' t use a password that contains personal information ( name, username, birth date, etc. ) - don ' t use words or acronyms that can be found in a dictionary. - don ' t use keyboard patterns ( asdf ) or sequential numbers ( 1234 ). - don ' t make your password all numbers, uppercase letters or lowercase letters. - don ' t use repeating characters ( aa11 ). - never tell your password to anyone ( this includes significant others, roommates, parrots, etc. ). - never write your password down. - never send your password by email. - periodically test your current password and change it to a new one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5037501702458658, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c995d1f4-9172-43b6-b506-a61b455d2381>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.293268"}
{"text": "q : hi, greg, and thanks for helping me with this question. who marketed the first front - wheel drive car, either foreign or domestic? thanks much, larry f., old - timer from new england. a : larry, the first consumer - available front - wheel drive, mass - marketed car came from the dkw f1 from germany in 1931. other german car producers, of which there were many back then, followed, as stoewer later in 1931 offered a front drive. in 1932, the adler car company released a front drive, followed by audi in 1933. to this day, audi and its quattro all - wheel - drive is the most respected, be it front drive or all - wheel drive. in 1934, french manufacturer citroen joined the fray. the first american manufacturer with front drive is a toss - up between ruxton and cord, both who tried in 1929 but never sold enough cars to be labeled as mass - produced. bsa, the motorcycle name from overseas, sold a three - wheeled front - drive machine in 1929 with success, but we can \u2019 t include any \u201c less than four wheel \u201d vehicles on this list. personally, i remember the simca cars in 1960 as front - wheel drive, although i \u2019 m sure many other foreign makes also sold fwd cars. i know the saab \u201c bumble bees \u201d were front drive ( emitting that special sound from their little engines ), and the austin mini coopers, too, the latter which were great in road racing classes. as for the domestic big three and not counting the cord 810, which had the transmission and engine installed backward in 1938, resulting in front drive worthiness, modern - day front - drive cars first appeared on those 1966 olds toronados, and then subsequent buick rivieras and cadillac eldorados. these were well before the plymouth horizon and dodge omni of 1978, followed by chevy \u2019 s citation, which came about in 1980. after 1980, many manufacturers introduced front - drive vehicles and minivans. i had the opportunity to drive a \u2018 66 toronado thanks to my date to the prom \u2019 s family that year! as for me, i \u2019 m still a fan of rear - wheel drive. i \u2019 ll admit that front drive is better in the snow, hands down, but for normal weather driving, a rear drive delivers the best in handling and weight transfer, far and above a front - drive design. that \u2019 s why most all of the world \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41352332333456326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dd4feae-f3e3-432d-8e54-ffea08c42779>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.295921"}
{"text": "ct scans faq how does a ct scan work? the ct scanner uses x - rays to produce cross sectional images of the human body. what are the benefits of a ct scan? - precise staging of a disease. - safe, non - invasive diagnostic procedure. - provides detailed diagnostic information. - shorter time for definitive diagnosis. - earlier detection of disease with fewer invasive diagnostic procedures. - can result in less intensive surgery and / or avoidance of some surgeries. - identification of distant tumors. what should i do prior to the ct scan? - tell your doctor and technologist if you are diabetic. - tell your doctor and technologist if you are allergic to iv contrast ( x - ray dye ). - tell your doctor if you are pregnant, think you might be pregnant or if you are a nursing mother. - wear comfortable clothing in layers. - you may wear your hearing aid, glasses and dentures to the pet / ct center but leave valuables at home. - take any prescribed medications on the day of your test unless instructed differently by your doctor. - do not eat for at least four hours before your scan. - drink only clear liquids for four hours prior to your exam. - increase water intake starting the night before the exam. - depending on the type of exam you are having, you may be asked to drink diluted barium before your exam. can i eat or drink before my scan? typically, you will be asked to not eat or drink anything except water for at least four hours before your scan. how long will the scan last? you can expect to be in the ct area for approximately an hour. the actual scan takes about 15 minutes. how do i prepare for the scan? different tests require different preparations. you may be asked to drink an oral contrast agent which may be diluted barium or diluted iv contrast. the oral contrast must be ingested approximately 90 minutes ( 1 - 1 / 2 hours ) prior to the time you are scanned. the oral contrast allows the radiologist to distinguish your normal intestines from abnormalities in the abdomen and pelvis. will the exam require an injection? other tests may require you to only drink clear liquids 4 hours prior to your exam or have some lab work done. some exams require the injection of iv contrast material administered by a technician through an iv. this allows the radiologist to see your organs and soft tissue with more clarity. this contrast material may cause a warm sensation in your body ; it will only last momentarily and will not cause any pain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4786693382193853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b7190b2-1ee6-47df-8ef7-f3621a888af0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.300938"}
{"text": "contrast material administered by a technician through an iv. this allows the radiologist to see your organs and soft tissue with more clarity. this contrast material may cause a warm sensation in your body ; it will only last momentarily and will not cause any pain. what do i need to tell my doctor or technologist? if you have a history of prior allergic reaction, please let the doctor or technologist know. what will the test be like? the ct machine looks like a large square doughnut and only covers the area that is being examined. once the technologist positions you on the table the scan will begin. during the exam you will be in the room alone ; however, your technologist will be able to see and hear you throughout the whole procedure. each ct room has pictorial \u201c skylights \u201d above the scanner to help you stay relaxed and comfortable. how will i feel after the test? you will be able to return to normal activities after your scan. how will my physician get the results? after your scan is completed, a radiologist will study the exam by looking at the images on a computer using the picture archiving & communication system ( pacs ). the radiologist will issue a report and a copy of that report will be sent to your physician. your physician \u2019 s office will then contact you with the results. films of the exam can also be produced and sent to your physician.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45880871592207545, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b7190b2-1ee6-47df-8ef7-f3621a888af0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.301955"}
{"text": "medieval and early modern inquisitions were major forces within their host societies not only locally but also regionally and even internationally, with an impact that often went well beyond strict enforcement of church discipline through trial and punishment. the very fact of an inquisitorial tribunal \u2019 s existence as a looming institutional presence, whether sporadically in some early times and rural places or more continuously in early modern urban centers, could not fail to affect the behaviors and mentalities of entire populations even in the absence of actual prosecutions. but inquisitions were also mundane corporate entities, struggling like all such bodies to efficiently make and execute policy while staying more or less within a budget. as they evolved, too, inquisitions developed significant financial roles within local economies as well as political influence at courts both secular and ecclesiastical. from any number of historical perspectives it is therefore well worth examining the various sorts of administrative documents produced by and around these complex organizations \u2014 from the day - to - day running of a tribunal \u2019 s affairs as evidenced by public edicts and financial records, to the shifting nature and concerns of the inquisitorial project itself as reflected in high - level policy statements and internal communications. as a general rule, inquisitors took pains to ensure broad awareness of their disciplinary mandate through the issuance of formal public announcements. in medieval times sermons were given to proclaim the arrival of an inquisitorial visitation, to explicate the types of offences being investigated, and to offer those in attendance a limited \u201c period of grace \u201d in which to voluntarily come forward and confess their own ( and their neighbors \u2019 ) crimes. 1 early modern tribunals maintained this practice, though in time grace periods were often abandoned ; \u201c edicts of grace \u201d [ inq 556 ] were gradually replaced by increasingly lengthy \u201c edicts of faith \u201d that focused instead on an exhaustive listing of sinful behaviors. 2 by the seventeenth century inquisitors had begun to convey such messages with the help of more or less standardized printed texts which could be nailed to a church door after their initial proclamation [ inq 288, inq 389 ]. 3 edicts of faith were in principle to be read ( and then posted ) on an annual basis at lent, accompanied in some cases by the 1569 bull si de protegendis, which warned of dire consequences awaiting all those who dared oppose the inquisitors [ inq 207, inq 208, inq 214 ]. 4 other edicts would follow these initial notices, intended to alert specific audiences of significant new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451973863475249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.329331"}
{"text": "the seventeenth century ), inquisitions were rarely profitable money making ventures. 7 day to day expenses could be met thanks to income from church benefices set aside for the purpose, so inquisitors had to be knowledgeable about the state of ecclesiastical resources in the regions to which they were assigned [ inq 5 ]. as time went on, revenues from seizures, royal grants or other sources were also regularly invested in real estate as a means of producing censo income. 8 yet spiraling personnel costs and extravagant auto de fe ceremonies ensured that many tribunals were perpetually short of cash or in debt. it was thus essential, whenever possible, that monies be well managed. the few financial documents in the notre dame inquisition collection hint at some aspects of this management, which is much more fully documented in larger archival collections : these include property transactions and inventories of seized property [ inq 4, inq 237 ]. a scattering of rare documents from the peruvian inquisition provides especially interesting glimpses of day to day expenses in a new world tribunal : food, medicine, and even tobacco all had to be purchased and provided to prisoners on a regular basis [ inq 570, inq 575, inq 579 ]. while prisoners were generally expected to fund their own expenses [ inq 572 ], there were always cases of indigence. furthermore, in some instances prisoners would eventually be released and appeal for partial or full return of their confiscated property [ inq 574 ]. it must also be borne in mind that inquisitors and their staffs were not only agents of a persecutory spiritual tribunal, but also were likely to be knowledgeable and well - connected members of the local elites among whom they resided. as such, they were sometimes drawn into legal and financial conflicts that might have little to do with the business of inquisition per se [ inq 17, inq 568 ]. in relatively underdeveloped settings such as colonial peru, inquisitors \u2019 familiarity with legal and religious affairs may have made their intervention all the more desirable for clerical or university colleagues dealing with complex financial issues such as the execution of a will or a bankruptcy [ inq 573, inq 580 ]. over time, inquisitorial policies evolved and changed to deal with changing circumstances. in some cases this involved purely internal reflections on best practice, but change was also often prompted by pressure from outside forces such as the papacy or secular rulers. from the earliest decades of the spanish inquisition \u2019 s establishment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3696548341536777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.331521"}
{"text": "and changed to deal with changing circumstances. in some cases this involved purely internal reflections on best practice, but change was also often prompted by pressure from outside forces such as the papacy or secular rulers. from the earliest decades of the spanish inquisition \u2019 s establishment in the eastern regions of aragon, catalonia and valencia, for example, fierce debates raged over the extent to which inquisitorial privileges and practices could be made to accommodate local privileges or fueros dating back to medieval times [ inq 206 ]. 9 the spanish monarchy played a major role in these disputes, and thereafter royal support for ( and therefore potential control over ) the inquisition was to prove an important consideration throughout its history [ inq 10 ]. 10 spanish kings might issue orders commanding that greater inquisitorial attention be paid to certain crimes [ inq 233 ], and they could also alter tax exemptions and other privileges which facilitated the tribunals \u2019 day to day functioning [ inq 322, inq 340 ]. similar advisories calling for alteration of inquisitorial practice were issued from the papal curia [ inq 15 ] ; these could be dead letters but as long as they were endorsed by the inquisitors themselves they were duly implemented [ inq 324, inq 332, inq 358, inq 392 ]. in portugal too, kings did not hesitate to make agreements limiting inquisitorial prosecution of some valued subjects when it suited them, only to cancel those same agreements when circumstances changed [ inq 241 ]. 11 royal intervention would become especially marked after the accession of the bourbon dynasty in 1700, and indeed philip v did not hesitate to use his spanish inquisitors as allies in the suppression of pro - habsburg catalan resistance movements, which included many priests [ inq 286, inq 294, inq 297 ]. 12 not all policies were imposed by powerful external forces. the theological and legal merits of whether or not to enforce limpieza de sangre statutes, for example, were considered at length even by relatively low - level inquisition officials [ inq 232 ]. 13 inquisitors similarly took both theoretical and practical points into consideration when determining the desirability of allowing local clergy in jubilee years to grant absolutions for crimes that normally fell under inquisitorial jurisdiction ; this decision was communicated in a series of eighteenth - century edicts [ inq 345, inq 356, inq 366, inq 388 ]. nevertheless, royal control remained significant to the very end, and inqui", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4565865571670119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.332770"}
{"text": "effecting a rapprochement between james i of england and the spanish crown in 1623 [ inq 221 ]. when rome found itself pitted against a pro - bourbon suprema during the war of the spanish succession, a new flurry of dispatches was generated to keep cardinals such as vincenzo grimani, otherwise better known for his patronage of musicians such as g. f. handel and alessandro scarlatti, up - to - date with developments in the peninsula [ inq 583, inq 584, inq 21, inq 22, inq 23, inq 24 ]. nor did political tensions or religious differences prevent inquisitor general guidice from communicating with british diplomats in the same period ; a man in his position needed to stay well informed at the center of political affairs. 16 these sorts of documents have the potential to reveal further untold dimensions of the special roles played by inquisitions and their officers within european and world history. a final type of policy debate was unleashed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century as different jurisdictions began to abolish the various inquisitions ( see polemics and histories ). in spain, first napoleon and then the cortes of cadiz moved to close the tribunals ; the latter vigorously insisted on its right to act in this matter and denounced efforts by the papal nuncio to prevent it [ inq 407, inq 410 ]. in 1813 the command was thus formally issued to remove inquisitorial records and memorabilia ( such as the hated sanbenitos ) from local churches and monasteries [ inq 408, inq 409 ]. yet the same cortes did not countenance giving free reign to all forms of belief and unbelief, and orders were given for the continuance of punishments for heresy even in the absence of a formal inquisition structure [ inq 411 ]. competing edicts continued to fly with the short - lived re - establishment of a spanish inquisition by king ferdinand vii in 1814 [ inq 413 ], and to some extent one could describe its final decades as a long drawn - out process of death by paperwork. inquisition documents relating to policy, procedures and other types of administrative functioning thus constitute a vast and extremely varied set of sources for further research. it is also however this very vastness and variety which make them so challenging to use ; each type of document must be comprehended on its own terms, and placed within an organizational as well as a historical context, which is extremely difficult if not impossible to fully reconstruct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727825179410139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.338617"}
{"text": "vastness and variety which make them so challenging to use ; each type of document must be comprehended on its own terms, and placed within an organizational as well as a historical context, which is extremely difficult if not impossible to fully reconstruct. for this reason many scholars have avoided fully exploring the potential of documents whose immediate relevance to major topics in inquisition studies ( lives of the accused, types of trial process and torture, censorship, etc. ) is not always evident. yet, while in some ways tangential to the fulfillment of inquisitors \u2019 overall goals of combatting heresy, these documents demonstrate the many important ways in which such ideological struggles took place amid other more mundane distractions and concerns. from the tedium of daily business to the chessboard moves of high politics, they thus represent the some of the most crucial \u2014 though also the most challenging \u2014 of avenues through which to study inquisition history in all its nuance and complexity. the inquisition collection at the university of notre dame contains dozens of items that can be used to study the actual day to day organizational structures and functioning of inquisitorial tribunals. similar documentation can be found in a variety of library collections, but the bulk of inquisitorial administrative documents remain in archives such as the archivo historico nacional in madrid. inq 207. translation of papal bull si de protegendis, rome 1569 (? ). inq 208. translation of papal bull si de protegendis, mexico 1569. inq 214. translation of papal bull si de protegendis, logrono 1609. inq 556. edict of grace announced at logrono 1611. inq 217. edict notifying local confessors of inquisitorial jurisdiction, mexico 1620. inq 220. carta acordada forbidding inquisitors from publicly disparaging individual lineage ( limpieza ) claims, madrid 1622. inq 222. edict confirming papal support for the jesuit order and condemning anti - jesuit claims, seville 1625. inq 224. indulgence certificate issued by inquisitor - general sotomayor, madrid 1632. inq 326. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1633. inq 226. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1634. inq 228. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1635. inq 229. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46154418646750495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.339582"}
{"text": "papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1634. inq 228. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1635. inq 229. edict ordering annual reading of papal bulls relating to inquisition in all monasteries, madrid 1635. inq 242. edict condemning illicit private religious gatherings and other devotional acts, mexico 1659. inq 264. edict condemning attacks on religious orders ( first issued 1634 ), madrid 1688. inq 276. edict condemning attacks on religious orders ( first issued 1634 ), madrid 1696. inq 288. edict of faith announced at valencia 1700. inq 389. edict of faith announced at cadiz 1776, with anathema, abjuration and absolution formulae. inq 4. property transfer involving inquisition prison, 1513. inq 5. inventory of clerical benefices and properties, seville 1559. inq 568. petition for inquisitors \u2019 intervention in a financial dispute, peru 1598. inq 570. tobacco and food expenses for inquisitorial prison, peru 1622. inq 572. assignment of confiscated property to cover imprisonment expenses, peru 1637. inq 237. demand for information relating to confiscated estates, mexico 1642. inq 573. inquisition orders for payment by executors of a will, peru 1656. inq 574. consideration of petition regarding compensation for confiscated books, peru 1662. inq 575. medical expenses for inquisitorial prison, peru 1678. inq 17. letter of thanks to inquisitor for assistance in a legal dispute, madrid 1682. inq 579. food expenses for inquisitorial prison, peru 1755. inq 580. inquisition order for funds transfer from a bankruptcy case to university in lima, peru 1780. inq 567. fragment of a royal financial document, peru 1811. inq 206. royal notice of 1568 concerning limits of inquisitorial jurisdiction in aragon, valencia and catalonia, as determined at the 1564 corts of monzon. inq 10. collection of spanish inquisition policy documents communicated to the king, ca. 1625. inq 232. brief by an inquisition notary in favor of limpieza statute, granada 1638. inq 233. royal order for inquisitorial and other prosecutions of illicit oaths, madrid 1639. inq 241. cancellation of agreement between portuguese crown and merchants convicted of judaizing, lisbon 1657. inq 15. papal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4079520420522257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.340446"}
{"text": "dispatches from spanish inquisition agents in rome, 1596 - 1610. inq 221. letter from pope gregory xv to inquisitor general pacheco concerning anglo - spanish diplomatic relations, rome 1623. inq 571. suprema correspondence with lima tribunal concerning possible establishment of new inquisition at buenos aires, 1636. inq 267. letter to inquisition comisario containing updates on a case in elche, 1689. inq 120. letter to inquisition comisario containing updates on cases in elche, 1690. inq 583. notes on pro - bourbon inquisition involvement in war of the spanish succession, rome 1707 (? ). inq 584. notes on pro - bourbon inquisition involvement in war of the spanish succession, rome 1707 (? ). inq 21. copy of report to rome on pro - bourbon inquisition involvement in war of the spanish succession, barcelona 1707 (? ). inq 22. translation of report to rome on pro - bourbon inquisition involvement in war of the spanish succession, barcelona 1707 (? ). inq 23. notes on pro - bourbon inquisition involvement in war of the spanish succession, barcelona 1707 (? ). inq 24. copy of an inquisition decree enjoining allegiance to philip v ( part of a larger internal report ), barcelona 1707 (? ). documents relating to abolition : inq 408. cortes order to remove inquisition records from churches and monasteries, cadiz 1813. inq 409. cortes order to remove inquisition records from churches and monasteries, cadiz 1813. inq 411. cortes policy on maintenance of punishments for heresy despite having abolished the inquisition, cadiz 1813. inq 410. collection of documents relating to the abolition of the spanish inquisition, ca. 1813. inq 407. condemnation of papal nuncio for interference in efforts to abolish the inquisition, cadiz 1813. inq 413. royal proclamation restoring the spanish inquisition, mallorca 1814. 1 henry charles lea, a history of the inquisition of the middle ages ( 1887 ; repr. new york 1955 ), vol. 1, pp. 371 - 372. the grace period typically varied from about 15 to 40 days. 2 inquisitorial edicts ( including the revival of edicts of grace ca. 1610 for basque witches, and a reproduction of a 1663 catalan edict of faith ) are discussed at length in francisco bethencourt, the inquisition : a global history, 1478 - 1834 ( 1995 ; tr. jean birrell, cambridge 2009 ), pp. 174", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40068651395798294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.342381"}
{"text": "witches, and a reproduction of a 1663 catalan edict of faith ) are discussed at length in francisco bethencourt, the inquisition : a global history, 1478 - 1834 ( 1995 ; tr. jean birrell, cambridge 2009 ), pp. 174 - 210. one major aspect of their content is still more closely studied in charles amiel, \u201c crypto - judaisme et inquisition. la \u2018 matiere juive \u2019 dans les edits de la foi des inquisitions iberiques \u201d in revue de l \u2019 histoire des religions 210 : 2 ( 1993 ), pp. 145 - 188. on edicts relating specifically to book censorship, see censorship 3 henry kamen, the spanish inquisition ( new haven 1997 ), pp. 174 - 175 points out that edicts of grace also enjoyed a brief revival in the context of valencian anti - morisco investigations of the later sixteenth century, and that the spanish edicts of faith only became standardized around 1630. a sample text of the latter is printed in j. jimenez montserin, introduccion a la inquisicion espanola ( madrid 1980 ), pp. 503 - 535. 4 readings of si de protegendis became mandatory in spain from 1637 but it was clearly used to reinforce inquisitorial authority long before that date ; bethencourt, inquisition p. 180. 6 pioneering work was done by henry charles lea, a history of the inquisition of spain ( 1906 ; repr. london 1922 ), vol. 2, pp. 315 - 456. more recently, see jose martinez millan, la hacienda de la inquisicion ( 1478 - 1700 ) ( madrid 1984 ) and ibid., \u201c structures of inquisitorial finance \u201d in angel alcala ( ed. ), the spanish inquisition and the inquisitorial mind ( highland lakes 1987 ), pp. 159 - 176. 7 stephen haliczer describes the disappointing results of an early eighteenth - century crackdown on new christian tobacco barons in inquisition and society in the kingdom of valencia 1478 - 1834 ( berkeley 1990 ), pp. 232 - 234. for more successful prosecutions of wealthy converso merchants in mexico see stanley hordes, \u201c the inquisition as economic and political agent : the campaign of the mexican holy office against the crypto - jews in the mid - seventeenth century \u201d in the americas 39 : 1 ( 1982 ), pp. 23 - 38. 8 censos, essentially a system of annual rental payments, were a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45025507927731423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.343397"}
{"text": "campaign of the mexican holy office against the crypto - jews in the mid - seventeenth century \u201d in the americas 39 : 1 ( 1982 ), pp. 23 - 38. 8 censos, essentially a system of annual rental payments, were a major feature of the iberian financial system throughout the early modern period and regularly relied upon by religious establishments. for a detailed study of their use in colonial peru, see kathryn burns, colonial habits ( durham 1999 ). 9 kamen, spanish inquisition p. 147. 10 the issue of jurisdiction is examined in great detail by lea, history of the inquisition of spain vol. 1, pp. 427 - 526. 11 the 1649 suspension of proceedings against alleged portuguese judaizers, on condition that they invest in brazilian trade, is noted in bethencourt, inquisition p. 371 ; for further information on this venture see david smith, \u201c old christian merchants and the foundation of the brazil company, 1649 \u201d in the hispanic american historical review 54 : 2 ( 1974 ), pp. 233 - 259. 12 lea, history of the inquisition of spain vol. 4, pp. 275 - 276. 15 e. g. london, british library, ms add. 28703l for original letters from spanish ambassadors at rome to inquisitor general espinosa, dated 1566 - 1572. several other volumes in the same library contain similar materials. 16 see london, british library, mss egerton 2170 - 2175 ( original correspondence of george bubb, envoy extraordinary in spain 1714 - 1718 ). to cite this essay : vose, robin. \u201c introduction to inquisition policies and proceedings documents. \u201d hesburgh libraries of notre dame, department of rare books and special collections. university of notre dame, 2010. < http : / / www. library. nd. edu / rarebooks / digital _ projects / inquisition / collections / rbsc - inq : collection / essays / rbsc - inq : essay _ policiesandproceedings >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47129028992896704, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c1845a-3b35-4b60-9379-0b0b8cf63bf3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.344170"}
{"text": "what is an emergency medicine specialist and what do they do? emergency medicine specialists, also called emergency physicians or emergency room ( er ) doctors, are trained in acute illnesses or injuries that need immediate medical attention. they diagnose and treat a variety of illnesses and stabilize patients to prepare them for additional care ( such as surgery ) or for release after treatment. emergency medicine doctors typically practice in hospital emergency rooms or other emergency - care facilities, as well as urgent care facilities. the knowledge base of emergency medicine specialists is very broad, as they need vast education and training in aspects of anesthesiology, cardiology, surgery, plastic surgery, orthopedics and other specialties. their training, however, emphasizes stabilization of the critically ill patient. education includes four years of medical school followed by 3 - 5 years of specialty training. they are certified after an examination administered by the american board of emergency medicine. what sort of emergencies require a trip to the er? er doctors must be quick on their feet and able to make split - second decisions. a constant flow of patients with illness or trauma present themselves to the er day and night. emergency medicine specialists work quickly to evaluate, stabilize, diagnose and treat the problems they encounter. they may see diseases or injuries ranging from a broken finger to a cocaine overdose, from gunshot wounds to severe infections, and from blunt trauma from motor vehicle accidents to heart attack, cardiac arrest, stroke and even delivering babies. part of the daily duties might include reading x - rays, performing screening examinations, suturing lacerations, and examining victims of sexual assault. also, it is common for other physicians to refer their patients to the er when they feel the patient needs emergent treatment. it is the responsibility of the emergency physician to inform family and loved ones should the patient not survive their illness or injury. ers are open 24 / 7, meaning they must be staffed around the clock. er doctors may have a varied schedule or work shifts, including night shifts or day shifts often lasting 10 hours or more. what should i expect if i ever need to visit an er for emergency care? emergency departments work on a system of triage. in the er, this means that the most severe cases are evaluated first. you may arrive in an er and have to wait to see a doctor, depending on the severity of your illness. if your case is severe, you will be taken into a room called a \u201c resuscitation bay, \u201d where doctors and nurses will assess your condition and administer treatment. the triage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40333616829009905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27a625ab-936a-4108-95df-e38a2b6c400a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.348498"}
{"text": "see a doctor, depending on the severity of your illness. if your case is severe, you will be taken into a room called a \u201c resuscitation bay, \u201d where doctors and nurses will assess your condition and administer treatment. the triage system assigns a numerical rating denoting acuity ( severity ) of illness and, as such, the order in which patients will be seen by a physician. levels range from 1 - 5, with five being the least severe. level 1 acuity cases are the most severe, and could include traumatic injuries such as serious car accidents and falls ( blunt trauma ) or gunshot and stab wounds ( penetrating trauma ). other level 1 conditions include cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, internal bleeding and severe infections, among others. with respect to trauma, hospitals in the united states are designated level 1 - 3 ( some states have level 4 and 5 ) based on their trauma management capabilities. a level 1 trauma center treats the most severe trauma cases, and these centers have trauma surgeons on staff. a level 2 trauma center will receive minor trauma, and so on. the system functions as such : paramedics responding to a 911 call contact the regional hospital er \u201c base station \u201d that determines which hospital should receive the patient. if it is major trauma, the patient is taken to a level 1 trauma center and may bypass a level 2 center on its way. on the other hand, most hospital ers, regardless of trauma designation, are medical receiving facilities, and major illness such as heart attack and stroke will go to the nearest available hospital. in other words, medical receiving hospitals and trauma receiving hospitals are not mutually exclusive. the united states has, by far, the most advanced ems system in the world. what are the most common conditions emergency medicine specialists treat? related articles : pregnancy health center how to prevent and treat urinary tract infections chest pain in women : heartburn or heart attack? first aid : 10 medicine - cabinet must - haves - cardiovascular complaint - head injury - heart attack - non - insulin - dependent diabetes - shortness of breath - urinary tract complaint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.414402109738776, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27a625ab-936a-4108-95df-e38a2b6c400a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.352780"}
{"text": "chicago ( reuters ) - drugs used to control diabetes do not reduce signs of inflammation that are linked with heart disease, u. s. researchers said on tuesday in a study that reinforces the need for diet and exercise. both heart disease and diabetes are inflammatory diseases, and researchers had assumed that controlling diabetes would have an effect. \" at the time we initiated the trial, we were thinking if we treat the diabetes, we will lower inflammation, \" said dr. aruna pradhan of brigham and women ' s hospital and harvard medical school in boston, whose study appears in the journal of the american medical association. \" this study suggests that lowering glucose alone does not impact one important risk factor for heart disease, and that is inflammation, \" pradhan said in a telephone interview. she said the data may help explain the findings of a number of large studies in diabetics that found aggressive control of blood glucose did little to protect against heart attacks and stroke. \" just simply treating diabetes does not seem to have a benefit at preventing these vascular events, \" she said. an estimated 23. 6 million people in the united states and 246 million people globally have diabetes. most have type 2 diabetes, the kind linked with a poor diet and lack of exercise. adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely to have heart disease or suffer a stroke than people without diabetes. seventy - five percent of diabetics die from heart disease or stroke, according to the american heart association. pradhan and colleagues studied 500 people with type 2 diabetes to see whether insulin, or the common diabetes pill metformin, or both could lower levels of inflammatory markers such as c - reactive protein, an immune chemical called interleukin - 6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 or stnfr2, which plays a role in autoimmune disease. people in the study got insulin plus a placebo pill, metformin alone or metformin plus insulin. after 14 weeks, the team found the drugs helped lower blood glucose levels, but had little effect on inflammation. pradhan said everyone in the study was obese, with a body mass index of 36. bmi is equal to weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. someone with a bmi of 25 to 29 is classified as overweight ; 30 and over is considered obese. while treating diabetes alone may not reduce inflammation, a study last november showed that taking astrazeneca ' s cholesterol fighter crestor, a statin, had a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40592832063852835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad116b5-9fe3-4969-bccb-3a1f95f01c29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.355988"}
{"text": "29 is classified as overweight ; 30 and over is considered obese. while treating diabetes alone may not reduce inflammation, a study last november showed that taking astrazeneca ' s cholesterol fighter crestor, a statin, had a powerful effect at reducing deaths, heart attacks and strokes in people who had normal cholesterol but high levels of c - reactive protein. pradhan said her study confirms the need for diabetics to exercise and have a healthy diet and weight. some may also need to take statins and aspirin to control their heart disease risk. and she said diabetics still need to control their blood sugar to reduce other complications such as eye and kidney problems, and damage to blood vessels that can lead to amputations. source : journal of the american medical association, september 16, 2009. the # 1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. we could all use some encouragement now and then - we ' re human! explore your destiny as you discover what ' s written in your stars. the latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. healthy food that tastes delicious too? no kidding. yoga for back pain pets helpyour heart are youmoney smart?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44788929745108574, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad116b5-9fe3-4969-bccb-3a1f95f01c29>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.356470"}
{"text": "cystitis is an infection of the bladder. the bladder is the part of the urinary tract that collects the urine from the kidneys. the urinary tract copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the urinary tract normally contains no microorganisms. however, sometimes bacteria or yeast from the lower gastrointestinal tract or rectal area enter the urinary tract. this usually happens through the urethra ( tube that allows urine to pass out from the bladder ). when bacteria or yeast cling to the urethra, they can multiply and infect the urethra. they can then travel up and infect the bladder. most cases of cystitis are caused by bacteria from the rectal area. in women, the rectum and urethra are fairly close to each other. this makes it relatively easy for bacteria to make their way into the urethra. some women develop cystitis after a period of frequent sexual intercourse. this happens because bacteria enter the urethra during sex and cause infection. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. risk factors include : symptoms of cystitis vary from person - to - person and can range from mild to severe. they include : the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. a sample of your urine will be tested for blood, pus, and bacteria. if bacteria are present in the urine, you will likely be diagnosed with cystitis. children and men who develop cystitis may require additional testing. the doctor will use a cystoscope to check for structural differences in the urinary system that increase the likelihood of infection. bacterial cystitis is treated with antibiotic drugs. antibiotics ( usually trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or fluoroquinolones ) will be prescribed for at least 2 - 3 days and perhaps for as long as several weeks. the length of the treatment depends on the severity of the infection and your personal history. you will probably start to feel better after a day or two. however, it is important that you complete the entire course of medication. otherwise, the infection is likely to return. you may have your urine checked after you finish taking the antibiotic. this is to make sure that the infection is gone. if you experience more infections, your doctor may prescribe stronger antibiotics or have you take them for a longer period of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985630596441682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e3ee317-7896-4872-a2e2-0e1e19d51e3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.360711"}
{"text": ". you may have your urine checked after you finish taking the antibiotic. this is to make sure that the infection is gone. if you experience more infections, your doctor may prescribe stronger antibiotics or have you take them for a longer period of time. he or she may also recommend that you take low - dose antibiotics as a preventive measure, either daily or after sexual intercourse. if you still experience recurrent infections, you may be referred to a specialist. ( pyridium ) is a medicine that decreases pain and bladder spasms. taking phenazopyridine will turn your urine and sometimes your sweat an orange color. this medication is generally available without a prescription. it can usually relieve symptoms effectively while waiting for medical treatment to work. here are some steps you can take to keep bacteria out of your urinary tract : national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) http : / / www. niddk. nih. gov / national kidney foundationhttp : / / www. kidney. org / american urological association foundationhttp : / / www. urologyhealth. org / the kidney foundation of canadahttp : / / www. kidney. ca / cranberry. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at :. updated september 17, 2012. accessed october 17, 2012. interstitial cystitis / painful bladder syndrome. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases website. available at : published september 2011. updated june 29, 2012. accessed october 17, 2012. kahn bs, stanford ej, mishell dr jr, rosenberg mt, wysocki s. management of patients with interstitial cystitis or chronic pelvic pain of bladder origin : a consensus report. curr med res opin. katchman ea, milo g, paul m, et al. three - day vs longer duration of antibiotic treatment for cystitis in women : systematic review and meta - analysis. am j med. parsons m, toozs - hobson p. the investigation and management of interstitial cystitis. j br menopause soc. phatak s, foster he jr. the management of interstitial cystitis : an update. nat cin pract urol. urinary tract infection ( uti ) in adults. ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated august 31, 2012. accessed october 17, 2012. 5 / 6 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4476496498519051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e3ee317-7896-4872-a2e2-0e1e19d51e3a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.361646"}
{"text": "preparing a patient for... preparing a patient for cancer treatment how can patients prepare for treatment? as a patient, you play an important role in preparing for your cancer treatment. the following are some of the most important things to consider before treatment begins : find an oncologist and treatment center. this step is important to everyone with cancer - - you want to be sure you get the best care possible. ask your general or primary care doctor for a referral to an oncologist ( a doctor who specializes in treating cancer ). you can also contact government and professional medical organizations, such as your state ' s health department, the national cancer institute ( nci ), or the american medical association ( ama ) for information on cancer specialists and treatment centers in your area. get a second opinion. it is common for people diagnosed with cancer to ask another cancer specialist for their opinion. a second opinion can help you to be sure your diagnosis and treatment plans are most appropriate for your individual medical history and profile. in fact, many health insurance companies require people to get a second opinion before treatment begins. asking for a second opinion also provides more information to consider when making choices about your treatment. often, your oncologist can help you locate another cancer specialist for a second opinion. many hospitals and cancer centers have \" tumor boards \" where patient cases are presented to all of the disciplines involved in cancer care : medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and others. the tumor board will discuss your case and offer suggestions or recommendations to your doctors. you can ask your doctor to present your case for a tumor board review. find out about your cancer treatment. your cancer care team will help you understand your treatment and answer questions. it also helps to learn about the type of cancer you have, as well as your treatment options. ask your doctor where you can find more information about cancer. this website contains information on many cancer topics. also, the nci, the american cancer society ( acs ), and other cancer - and health - related organizations provide helpful information. find support when you need it. cancer treatment can be a long and tiring experience. many people with cancer need help throughout the process. getting help from others can make your experience more successful. support groups for people with cancer and their families are available in many communities. managing your emotional health, your diet, and your finances are all things you can do to reduce the stress involved in the treatment process. oncology nurses and social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4416199474149883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3da05d9-393d-48a5-a408-0c11b1c9c04f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.370157"}
{"text": "archaeological dig at scotts landing, eggemoggin reach fri, 06 march 2009 14 : 28 archaeologists unearth paleo - indian artifacts at island heritage trust site in the summer of 2006 ancient materials come to light in scott ' s landing archaeological dig holding artifacts that not seen the light of day for over 2, 000 years, a group of amateur and professional archaeologists unearthed ancient materials from a shell midden illustrating life in the early archaic and ceramic periods of deer isle ' s paleo - indian ancestors at scott ' s landing this summer. blessed with good weather, over 20 amateur archaeologists and islanders dug and meticulously screened a small patch of the island ' s newest preserve in late june and early july. after a lecture and welcoming meal at ann and roger hooke ' s the night before, cox led his own archaeological team and the community participants through an enthralling but exhausting sun - up to sun - down field school on the shores of eggemoggin reach. cox ' s team has worked with him on many other digs so they were paired up with community members to learn proper archaeological field techniques and how to recognize materials such as stone tools, pottery, food remains, and cultural features such as hearths and tent floors. cox and others taught the more inexperienced participants how to record and interpret results and protect fragile artifacts for future study. from the photo of the materials, one can see how crucial it is when excavating a site that everything be carefully removed from a site and its location recorded with precision. many community members remarked on the effort expended and time needed to protect the detailed history and important information that is available in a professionally supervised dig. iht president and anthropologist bill haviland says in his book, deer isle ' s original people, that \" once taken out of context, objects by themselves tell us next to nothing. thus to dig around in archaeological sites looking for relics destroys them and the information they contain as effectively as if they were bulldozed into oblivion. \" he goes to say that paleo - indian sites are generally \" very small briefly but repeatedly by small groups of people ; perhaps 1 or 2 families together. \" often the sites were used for seasonal camping, fishing and harvesting for a highly mobile people who worked closely in clans and small units. steve cox will be providing an in - depth public lecture about the findings of the scott ' s landing sometime in the fall of 2007. many thanks to ken and marnie reed crowell for their key role in creating this great opportunity for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550209264858075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d98fec6-56bc-4822-a6ae-2424287a878d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.373427"}
{"text": "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - news room > special reports > archive mid learning years preliminary recommendations of the middle learning years task force national and state testing data reveal a disturbing trend of stagnating middle school performance. maryland school performance assessment program data illustrates the lack of growth in eighth - grade student performance as compared to third - and fifth - grade student performance. results from the third international math and science study ( timms ) show that while u. s. fourth - grade students scored above the international average for five of the six topics measured, eighth - graders scored below average. co - author of the timms report william schmidt alludes to middle schools as an educational \u201c wasteland. \u201d state superintendent of schools nancy s. grasmick charged the middle learning years task force with the investigation and elimination of this declining performance phenomena. the task force members comprise an impressive body of extensive practical experience and education theory relevant to the issue of middle school performance. members represent school systems, educational organizations, and community and business leaders. while their work is not yet complete, the middle learning years task force has made preliminary recommendations in three areas for improving education in the middle years. upgrade instruction for all children, emphasizing academics and achievement. - increase academic expectations and course rigor, emphasizing the application of content knowledge to real - world problems. - ensure that curriculum, instruction, and assessment complement each other and are in alignment with maryland ' s learning outcomes, content standards, and essential core learning goals. - provide specific reading instruction for all middle grades students. - integrate reading and writing in the content areas. - strengthen the engagement of middle school students in academic learning. - adopt strategies to foster achievement for all students, preventing both grade retention and social promotion. - provide accelerated academic intervention to students achieving below standards. - identify advanced learners and struggling learners and provide them with appropriately challenging programs. revamp programs to enhance teacher quality, preparing teachers specifically for middle school classrooms. - require middle grade administrators and teachers to undergo middle grade - specific training and to be licensed by the maryland state department of education to teach their content area in the middle grades. - require maryland ' s institutions of higher education to develop middle level education programs that correspond to state licensing requirements. - ensure that at - risk, under - performing, and minority populations receive challenging instruction that is delivered by teachers experienced with diverse populations. - provide ongoing staff development of high quality and rigor that meets national staff development council standards. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47204822534215113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:006e47b4-e3e3-44a5-a14e-f7416e452ef4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.378685"}
{"text": "licensing requirements. - ensure that at - risk, under - performing, and minority populations receive challenging instruction that is delivered by teachers experienced with diverse populations. - provide ongoing staff development of high quality and rigor that meets national staff development council standards. - provide all teachers and students with access to and training in technology. restructure middle schools to reflect the most current research on adolescent development and learning. - create a culture and climate conducive to school - based reform and academic success. - provide an organization that creates a small, personalized learning environment. - eliminate ability grouping practices that hinder students ' access to more rigorous academic preparation. - adopt flexible scheduling as needed, viewing time as a resource to provide additional learning opportunities. - develop meaningful school - family connections that keep parents informed and involved in their child ' s education. - provide opportunities for character education and service - learning experiences. the middle learning years task force school system representatives | fred jenkins | | principal, central ms | | anne arundel co | | dr. craig spilman | | prinicpal, canton ms | | baltimore city | | elaine gorman | | director, secondary education | | baltimore co | | deborah pulley | | principal, calvert middle school | | calvert co | | richard delong | | principal, north carroll ms | | carroll co | | john perry | | supervisor of instruction | | caroline co | | carol brannock | | learning resource teacher, elkton ms | | cecil co | | william g. wise | | principal, mattawoman ms | | charles co | | elizabeth martz | | science teacher, mace ' s lane ms | | dorchester co | | bruce brown | | director of middle schools for frederick county | | frederick co | | marianne green | | language arts teacher, southern ms | | garrett co | | alice haskins | | task force co - chair, | administrative coordinator k - 12, middle school director | jill eisner | | special education, patapsco ms | | howard co | | charles cooper | | middle school teacher, galena ms \u2013 math & ss | | kent co | | dr. eileen m. oickle | | chief, middle and high school learning, & cross department programs | | msde | | margaret donnellon | | director, middle school instruction | | montgomery co | | joan brown | | chief educational administrator | | prince george ' s co | | glen ennis | | tech ed teacher, woodson ms | | somerset co |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42506633944478595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:006e47b4-e3e3-44a5-a14e-f7416e452ef4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.379653"}
{"text": "| margaret donnellon | | director, middle school instruction | | montgomery co | | joan brown | | chief educational administrator | | prince george ' s co | | glen ennis | | tech ed teacher, woodson ms | | somerset co | | mary blakely | | principal, leonardtown ms | | st. mary ' s co | | gail phillips | | teacher, easton ms \u2013 phys. ed. | | talbot co | | sherry purkey | | supervisor, k - 8 reading / language arts | | washington co | | beverly elze | | teacher, wicomico ms, care room | | wicomico co | | teresa hammerbacher | | principal, pocomoke ms | | worcester co | | dr. douglas maciver | | task force co - chair, assoc. dir & research scientist | | johns hopkins university | | ella hamilton | | baltimore teacher ' s union, northeast ms | | baltimore teacher ' s union | | glenn jensen | | assistant principal, southampton ms | | mabe | | gary l. llewellyn | | middle school principal, westmar | | maesp | | don barron | | montgomery village ms | | massp | | dr. margaret spicer | | principal, sparrows point high school | | massp | | dr. clarence miller | | johns hopkins university | | maryland association of teacher educators | | brian stringfield | | catonsville ms | | md / national association of black school educators | | mark herwig | | nationsbank | | md business roundtable for education & md business | | debbie montgomery | | maryland middle school association | | mssa | | elizabeth crosby | | middle school experience | | maryland pta | | clara floyd | | president, md state teachers ' union, t. w. pyle ms | | msta | | dr. bernard sadusky | | superintendent, queen anne ' s co pub sch | | pssam | | dr. stuart bounds | | president, chesapeake college | | southern md tri - county community action committee, inc. | | marcellina brooks | | director, ctr for excellence in urban education, coppin state college | | university of md system administration | | maryland state department of education | 200 west baltimore street | maryland state department of education | 200 west baltimore street", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.398761888726941, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:006e47b4-e3e3-44a5-a14e-f7416e452ef4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.380456"}
{"text": "when springfield was carved out of the wilderness 375 years ago it began as a business venture and ever since then what people do for work has defined the community. in the beginning the little settlement was about fur trading with the native americans and subsistence farming on the fertile meadows along the connecticut river. the puritan settlers had strict rules for conducting commerce in 1636. they set out regulations for \u201c workmen and labourers \u201d that specified wages, adjusted by the season. how long the workday would be and also capped how much \u201c carpenters, joyners, sawers, wheelwrights, or such like artificers, \u201d could earn. it was specified that a teamsters and his four cattle could not earn above six shillings for an eight - hour day. borders where set up where \u201c candlewood \u201d could not be gathered for the making of \u201c tarr, pitch or coale \u201d for sale, but inhabitants could gather candlewood for their own family \u201c where he pleaseth. \u201d within two years of his founding of springfield, william pynchon was involved in a court case in hartford. he was charged with dominating the indian corn trade by an influential resident of connecticut, capt. john mason. this dispute, which pynchon lost in 1638, led to springfield forever siding with massachusetts and cutting its ties with connecticut. early histories of springfield take special note of a january, 1646, town meeting at which miles morgan and george colton were commissioned to \u201c get a smith for ye towne. \u201d by september of that year francis ball was set up in his 12 by 16 foot blacksmith shop and the settlement of 42 men, and an undisclosed number of women and children who were not counted in the assessment census, had their first metal worker who would be the pioneer of an industry that made the region famous. by the late 1600 \u2019 s the brooks and rivers in springfield were strung with sawmills and grist mills and in 1697, john pynchon was granted permission to set up an \u201c iron works upon the mill river below the present corn mill. the industrial age had modestly begun. soon there was jobs for ore gatherers, charcoal makers, and iron workers. the wide slow waters of the connecticut river became the principal highway where raw materials were brought upstream and lumber and furs traders came downstream. the westfield river and the chicopee river created a water - fed crossroads that intersected at springfield. in january of 1673, the first post rider from new york to boston passed through springfield on the new post road. this confluence of land and water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39839403789655364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f18b10d1-f142-4518-88cd-6a15c7324c4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.387740"}
{"text": "the westfield river and the chicopee river created a water - fed crossroads that intersected at springfield. in january of 1673, the first post rider from new york to boston passed through springfield on the new post road. this confluence of land and water routes would help springfield businesses thrive for the next three centuries. the early metal workers, either blacksmiths or foundry men, made a niche for themselves in the pioneer valley and soon the area was noted for its craftsmen, particularly gunsmiths. that was a fact not lost on a young continental army colonel named henry knox who passed through springfield in the winter of 1775 headed for boston with a load of cannon captured at fort ticonderoga. he became a close confidant of gen. george washington and had a lot to do with suggesting the springfield area as the site for the first colonial arsenal in 1787 and eventually the world famous springfield armory. soon other manufacturers set up shop to work with the armory or were attracted by the skilled labor force. in the first half of the 19th century the armory became a training grounds for the future giants of industry that would call springfield home. daniel b. wesson would found his pistol factory with partner horace smith. thomas blanchard in 1819 patented his \u201c blanchard lathe \u201d that cut out irregular shapes, musket stocks in this case, and paved the way for mass production and the industrial revolution. blanchard, in 1826, built the first automobile in america, a 2, 000 - pound steam powered giant that he drove through the streets of springfield. within a few years he was manufacturing steamboats from a shop on the connecticut river that were making trips both north and south. the steamboats supplanted the barges that had been bringing goods and passengers up and down the river for more than a century. by 1839, the railroad had reached springfield. water, rail and stagecoach lines now linked the community in all directions. in 1845, just a few years after the railroad arrived, thomas wason began making cars for the new trains. his business would grow into wason manufacturing co., the largest maker of railroad cars and locomotives in the country. a town had to have a population of at least 10, 000 to become a city, a point springfield reached in the 1840 census with 10, 985. by 1845 it had 14, 703 inhabitants, but in 1848, chicopee broke off and formed its own town, dropping springfield under the limit. by 1852, springfield had more than 20, 000 people and became a city on may 25. the year before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38536315981845276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f18b10d1-f142-4518-88cd-6a15c7324c4b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.388976"}
{"text": "it had 14, 703 inhabitants, but in 1848, chicopee broke off and formed its own town, dropping springfield under the limit. by 1852, springfield had more than 20, 000 people and became a city on may 25. the year before, massachusetts mutual life insurance co. had been founded. its president, caleb rice became the first mayor of springfield. the 1853 city directory contains 50 pages on businesses and manufacturing firms doing business in the city. there were chemical companies, drug wholesalers, dye houses, millinery shops, and a number of large machine shops that made castings and forgings for steam engines and locomotives. there was the bemis & call co. where the monkey wrench was invented and six ads for blacksmith operations. there were boot manufactures, pump manufacturers, soap and candle makers, coffin makers, bakers, grist mills, cabinet makers, planing mills, stove shops and carriage makers and confectioners. the diversity of springfield businesses have kept it from being a company town, although the huge influence of the armory, especially during time of war was an economic engine of enormous proportions. when the civil war broke out in 1861, springfield became a boom town. the fall of harpers \u2019 ferry in virginia left the springfield armory as the sole federal arsenal. workers poured into the city and soon every boarding house and spare room in town was rented. production was doubled and tripled within the first months of the war. during the early stages of the war it was announced that harpers \u2019 ferry production would be replaced by the construction of an armory at rock island, ill. it never approached springfield \u2019 s magnitude during the civil war, but in 1965, when the unthinkable happened, and the armory was closed, its operations were moved to rock island. over the years springfield has seen companies come and go. the city that was the birthplace of the automobile in america with the duryea in 1895 and became home to knox, duryea, stevens - duryea, atlas, rolls royce and indian motocycles, eventually they all closed. there were also thousands of jobs at american bosch, van norman, westinghouse, u. s. envelope, barney & berry skates, monarch life insurance, meekins, packard and wheat, forbers & wallace and steigers, to name a few. some have been replaced by new industries and technologies, others have just disappeared. but the city is still the hub of western massachusetts and has weathered disappointments and recessions before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35563983693794754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f18b10d1-f142-4518-88cd-6a15c7324c4b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.389961"}
{"text": "the amount of data in our world has been exploding, and analyzing large data sets \u2014 so - called big data \u2014 will become a key basis of competition, underpinning new waves of productivity growth, innovation, and consumer surplus, according to research by mgi and mckinsey ' s business technology office. leaders in every sector will have to grapple with the implications of big data, not just a few data - oriented managers. the increasing volume and detail of information captured by enterprises, the rise of multimedia, social media, and the internet of things will fuel exponential growth in data for the foreseeable future. research by mgi and mckinsey ' s business technology office examines the state of digital data and documents the significant value that can potentially be unlocked. mgi studied big data in five domains \u2014 healthcare in the united states, the public sector in europe, retail in the united states, and manufacturing and personal - location data globally. big data can generate value in each. for example, a retailer using big data to the full could increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. harnessing big data in the public sector has enormous potential, too. if us healthcare were to use big data creatively and effectively to drive efficiency and quality, the sector could create more than $ 300 billion in value every year. two - thirds of that would be in the form of reducing us healthcare expenditure by about 8 percent. in the developed economies of europe, government administrators could save more than \u20ac100 billion ( $ 149 billion ) in operational efficiency improvements alone by using big data, not including using big data to reduce fraud and errors and boost the collection of tax revenues. and users of services enabled by personal - location data could capture $ 600 billion in consumer surplus. the research offers seven key insights. 1. data have swept into every industry and business function and are now an important factor of production, alongside labor and capital. we estimate that, by 2009, nearly all sectors in the us economy had at least an average of 200 terabytes of stored data ( twice the size of us retailer wal - mart ' s data warehouse in 1999 ) per company with more than 1, 000 employees. 2. there are five broad ways in which using big data can create value. first, big data can unlock significant value by making information transparent and usable at much higher frequency. second, as organizations create and store more transactional data in digital form, they can collect more accurate and detailed performance information on everything from product inventories to sick days, and therefore expose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5129144156714535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c2b3cd6-6a90-4fe2-9884-57ee5f2c51c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.394634"}
{"text": "significant value by making information transparent and usable at much higher frequency. second, as organizations create and store more transactional data in digital form, they can collect more accurate and detailed performance information on everything from product inventories to sick days, and therefore expose variability and boost performance. leading companies are using data collection and analysis to conduct controlled experiments to make better management decisions ; others are using data for basic low - frequency forecasting to high - frequency nowcasting to adjust their business levers just in time. third, big data allows ever - narrower segmentation of customers and therefore much more precisely tailored products or services. fourth, sophisticated analytics can substantially improve decision - making. finally, big data can be used to improve the development of the next generation of products and services. for instance, manufacturers are using data obtained from sensors embedded in products to create innovative after - sales service offerings such as proactive maintenance ( preventive measures that take place before a failure occurs or is even noticed ). distilling value and driving productivity from mountains of data michael chui discusses how the scale and scope of companies ' access to data is changing the way they do business. 3. the use of big data will become a key basis of competition and growth for individual firms. from the standpoint of competitiveness and the potential capture of value, all companies need to take big data seriously. in most industries, established competitors and new entrants alike will leverage data - driven strategies to innovate, compete, and capture value from deep and up - to - real - time information. indeed, we found early examples of such use of data in every sector we examined. 4. the use of big data will underpin new waves of productivity growth and consumer surplus. for example, we estimate that a retailer using big data to the full has the potential to increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. big data offers considerable benefits to consumers as well as to companies and organizations. for instance, services enabled by personal - location data can allow consumers to capture $ 600 billion in economic surplus. 5. while the use of big data will matter across sectors, some sectors are set for greater gains. we compared the historical productivity of sectors in the united states with the potential of these sectors to capture value from big data ( using an index that combines several quantitative metrics ), and found that the opportunities and challenges vary from sector to sector. the computer and electronic products and information sectors, as well as finance and insurance, and government are poised to gain substantially from the use of big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5285103754477257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c2b3cd6-6a90-4fe2-9884-57ee5f2c51c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.395785"}
{"text": "a bill that has to do with water - related issues is going through the kansas legislature. numbered sb 43, it is being introduced by the joint committee on energy and environmental policy. it has to do with bank stabilizations and sediment issues. the bill states \" the kansas water office shall prepare a comprehensive plan to increase water storage in kansas reservoirs through dredging that will begin with john redmond reservoir. \" it will employ stream bank stabilization and other methods to reduce sedimentation in watersheds above water supply reservoirs and also assure future water storage in kansas reservoirs ; and finance each improvement project. \" john redmond has lost nearly 40 percent of its original capacity to sedimentation and today, only 43 percent of the remaining capacity contains water, \" susan metzge of the kansas water office testified during committee hearings. \" as a result, we currently have access to only 25 percent of the reservoir \u2019 s storage potential. while john redmond is our current highest priority for storage restoration, it only serves as an example of the condition of many of our state \u2019 s water supply reservoirs. the kansas water office, in partnership with other local, state and federal stakeholders, is actively developing plans and implementing measures to address this issue. \" with the amount of rainfall we have been getting the last couple years this would be something you might want to take advantage of if you are thinking about digging the sediment out of your dry pond. the kansas water office will submit the plan to the kansas legislature on or before dec. 1, 2013. full text of the bill, and metzger ' s testimony, is online at http : / / www. kwo. org / news _ government / news _ government. htm. there is a list of bills at that website pertaining to water issues. \u2014 ryan flaming is a kansas state research and extension agent for harvey county. agriculture is his specialty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4468825986499818, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:923d04ea-b04b-42b6-8907-b4edf5ae55e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.397733"}
{"text": "liver disease ( cont. ) benjamin wedro, md, facep, faaem benjamin wedro, md, facep, faaem dr. ben wedro practices emergency medicine at gundersen clinic, a regional trauma center in la crosse, wisconsin. his background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the university of alberta, a family practice internship at queen ' s university in kingston, ontario and residency training in emergency medicine at the university of oklahoma health sciences center. bhupinder anand, md in this article when to seek medical care for liver disease often, the onset of a liver disease is gradual and there is no specific symptom that brings the affected individual to seek medical care. fatigue, weakness and weight loss that cannot be explained should prompt a visit for medical evaluation. jaundice or yellow skin is never normal and should prompt an evaluation by a medical professional. persisting fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain should also prompt medical evaluation as soon as possible. acetaminophen or tylenol overdose, whether accidental or intentional, can cause acute liver failure. emergent evaluation and treatment is required. antidotes to protect the liver can be provided, but are effective only when used within a few hours. without this intervention, acetaminophen overdose can lead to liver failure and the need for liver transplant. how is liver disease diagnosed? the precise diagnosis of liver disease involves a history and physical examination performed by the health care professional. understanding the symptoms and the patient ' s risk factors for liver disease will help guide any diagnostic tests that may be considered. sometimes history is difficult, especially in patients who abuse alcohol. these patients tend to minimize their consumption, and it is often family members who are able to provide the correct information. liver disease can have physical findings that affect almost all body systems including the heart, lungs, abdomen, skin, brain and cognitive function, and other parts of the nervous system. the physical examination often requires evaluation of the entire body. blood tests are helpful in assessing liver inflammation and function. specific liver function blood tests include : other blood tests may be considered, including the following : imaging studies may be used to visualize, not only the liver, but other nearby organs that may be diseased. examples of imaging studies include : liver biopsy may be considered to confirm a specific diagnosis of liver disease. under local anesthetic, a long thin needle is inserted through the chest wall into the liver, where a small sample of liver tissue is obtained for examination under a microscope. reviewed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45786654456659437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:964ef754-5efd-4ec2-a9c8-8d5a202af016>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.403112"}
{"text": "why do tomatoes change color as they ripen? tomatoes contain two pigments for photosynthesis \u2014 chlorophyll, which is green, and lycopene, which is red. when tomatoes start to grow, they contain much less lycopene than chlorophyll, which gives them their green color. but when harvest season arrives, the days shorten and temperatures drop, causing chlorophyll to dissolve and lycopene to take over the shade of the fruit. during this time, sugar levels rise, acid levels drop, and the tomato softens. it becomes ready to eat. the trick is that this final stage of a tomato \u2019 s life takes place in a relatively short period of time \u2014 and that poses a big problem for farmers trying to get ripe produce to grocery stores before it rots. most farmers begin picking tomatoes while they \u2019 re still green on the vine, and then they treat them with a ripening agent called ethylene gas to induce the red color. far from being a synthetic compound, ethylene gas is produced naturally by other fruits and vegetables as they ripen. in fact, bananas release ethylene gas directly into the air. if you place a ripe banana next to a green tomato, the tomato will ripen, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4575084345026799, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:161961fc-9974-40c9-9878-ddf44a474536>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.406655"}
{"text": "address complex natural resource and climate change adaptation issues, with a focus on increasing resiliency in the face of drought and other external shocks. poverty is widespread. frequent drought, unpredictable harvests and sporadic conflicts put families and rural traditions at risk. millions are still in urgent need of assistance after the worst drought the region has seen for 60 years. - emergency response : treating malnourished children with mobile health units, distributing water, vaccinating livestock, and providing work rebuilding community assets - agriculture & food : improving crop yields and income generation of pastoral and farming households - water : building reservoirs and improving wells in drought - prone communities - women & gender : providing scholarships for girls to continue in secondary school and vocational training to their mothers to generate more income - conflict & governance : increasing good governance and mitigating inter - ethnic conflict in three volatile regions all stories about ethiopia ethiopia : meeting drought - stricken families ' urgent needs in ethiopia july 13, 2011 even before the current horn of africa drought reached its acute stage over the last several days, mercy corps was already hard at work on drought response activities throughout the region. so far, the majority of our drought - related activities have been in ethiopia. ethiopia, somalia, kenya : food crisis hits horn of africa july 6, 2011 ethiopia : tackling water poverty june 29, 2011 the lack of water accounts for enormous challenges for impoverished villages and families in ethiopia. mercy corps is working with communities to ensure sustainable clean water for thousands of people. ethiopia : ethiopia : and the beat goes on february 25, 2011 ethiopia : learning how to run a business january 25, 2011 thirty - year - old felekech indriss lives far out in the countryside in a village called fuchucha, within the konso region of ethiopia, too far from any school where she can be educated. ethiopia : saving and succeeding january 23, 2011 within mercy corps ' prosper program, the savings and credit cooperative project brings much confidence to women in the konso district of ethiopia. once a woman has saved a small amount of money, she is able to join the savings co - op and become eligible to apply for small business loans. ethiopia : reading, finally january 22, 2011 they sit in the shade and practice writing for one hour each day, for five days a week. this is usually done in the morning, well before their daily chores begin. while they do this, their older children take care of the younger ones in order to support their mother ' s education. ethiopia : helping ethiopian mothers protect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43676854772121654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fcb294d-ed95-43f9-b47a-0e88f1208c56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.409719"}
{"text": "in the roman catholic church, the assembly of cardinals gathered to elect a new pope and the system of strict seclusion to which they submit. from 1059 the election became the responsibility of the cardinals. when, after the death of clement iv ( 1268 ), the cardinals dithered for more than two years, the local magistrate locked them in the episcopal palace and fed them only bread and water until they elected gregory x. the system of meeting in closed conclave was codified in 1904 by pius x. voting is by secret ballot ; one ballot is held on the first afternoon of the conclave and four on each subsequent day, two in the morning and two in the afternoon, until a new pope is chosen. in 1996 john paul ii declared that, after 30 ballots, the traditional requirement of a two - thirds majority plus one for the election of a pope could be superseded, at the discretion of the cardinals, by election by a simple majority. ballots are burned in a stove after each vote, and the smoke produced by their burning, which issues from a special pipe through a window, indicates to the crowd assembled in st. peter ' s square whether a new pope has been elected : if there is a new pope, the smoke will be white ; if no majority has yet been reached, the smoke will be black. in addition, bells will be rung to confirm the signal. additives are mixed with the ballots to ensure the proper colour of the smoke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4705160409994012, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9d7de22-4aaf-4fd7-a5e5-3d1b58b8595a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.411126"}
{"text": "metaphysics - the study of the true nature of reality. metaphysics has evolved over the centuries as human consciousness has developed to include science and spiritual awareness as tools to explore and observe the true nature of reality. reality, or physical reality, includes everything we experience. thoughts, ideas, emotions, perceptions, even what we call dreams and hallucinations, life and death ; all are included in this experience that we call \" reality \". science attempts to separate, categorize, quantify, and objectify physical experience, labeling certain aspects as \" real \" and others as \" not real \". metaphysics includes science, and goes beyond it to encompass all aspects and dimensions of life experience as \" real \". religion attempts to separate the physical from the non - physical, or spiritual, aspects of life experience, rejecting the physical and calling it \" bad \" or \" evil \" while embracing the spiritual and calling that \" good \" or even \" god \". metaphysics goes beyond religions, recognizing that the physical and non - physical are one and not separate, neither good nor bad, and that everything is in fact what we might call \" god \". at this point in our conscious evolution, metaphysics has taken its place as the most comprehensive and most effective means of gaining knowledge and understanding or who we really are, why we are here, and the true nature of the physical universe that we can perceive from our present point of view. while science helps us perceive and understand the qualities of various aspects of physical existence, and religion and spirituality can help us integrate what we call non - physical experience into our lives, it is only through metaphysical studies that the \" big picture \" can be seen and applied. the impact of gaining knowledge of the big picture and learning how to manipulate and affect our world at that level will lead to unimaginable developments in our technologies, social systems, health and well being, and our relationships to our planet and the universe. to ignore metaphysics is to ignore the potential of our future ; to embrace it is to embrace everything that life has to offer. so how can you study metaphysics? i have found the only reliable method is to access truth from the heart. by the heart i mean that zero point in the heart that connects us to source, all that is, god, or whatever you want to call it. once you access this point, you will find your level of awareness expands in a way that permits your conscious mind to perceive physical reality more accurately and effectively. you will then find that the words you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6367505301770323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d860db0-fd36-426f-9f99-bf15ef3ad21f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.414874"}
{"text": ", god, or whatever you want to call it. once you access this point, you will find your level of awareness expands in a way that permits your conscious mind to perceive physical reality more accurately and effectively. you will then find that the words you read, hear and experience coming from \" others \" are in fact mirrors reflecting back to you the truth you perceived from the heart. this is true knowledge and it will replace belief as your main mode of conscious functioning. learn how to access the heart and continue your studies by exploring the links below. ~ ~ spirituality : how everything is connected. many aspects of the physical world were once beyond the range of human perception. spirituality is the exploration of those aspects of human experience that are still considered \" non - physical \" only because our technology cannot as yet measure or detect them. ultimately, as science continues to explore spirituality, it discovers that everything is in fact connected. ~ ~ famous scientists and philosophers. these famous scientists and thinkers have devoted a great deal of their lives and energy to the advancement of metaphysical knowledge and ideas. most have made valuable contributions and advancements in areas that contribute directly to the quality of everyday human life. ~ ~ cosmology and the mayan calendar - 2012. today, scientists know that there are powerful electromagnetic fields emanating from the earth, the sun, the center of the galaxy, and even our own hearts. these electromagnetic fields affect and interact with each other. but what is most relevant to the mayan calendar and 2012 is the impact that these cycles, both large and small, have upon life on earth. featured video : metaphysics for life lesson 102 - how it really works.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6343859527375821, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d860db0-fd36-426f-9f99-bf15ef3ad21f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.415563"}
{"text": "james mcneill whistler ( american, 1834 \u2013 1903 ) charcoal and pastel on dark brown wove paper 11 3 / 4 x 7 1 / 4 in. ( 29. 8 x 18. 4 cm ) harris brisbane dick fund, 1917 ( 17. 97. 5 ) whistler went to venice in the fall of 1879 with a commission to make etchings for the fine art society of london and, thereby, to help repair his finances, which had been damaged by the lawsuit he had brought \u2014 and won \u2014 in 1878 against the english critic john ruskin. during his sojourn, he also created about 100 pastels that feature the expanse of the city and its lagoon and vignettes of narrow alleyways and picturesquely worn buildings. here, dark brown paper and sketchy black lines form an armature against which whistler drew color patches that pertain to doorways, bits of drapery, and a few women and children. seeing whistler ' s venice pastels on view in london in january 1881, a critic for the times observed sympathetically : \" these ' pastels ' of mr. whistler are his perfect works \u2014 suggestive little pictures which, if he had tried to make them more than this, would have been deformed into elaborate failures. so it is that... mr. whistler, with his slightest sketch, sets the imagination going and makes us conjure up a picture of some well - remembered beauty. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41152199373751674, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf823cc3-2a7a-4ab2-9ce4-fe8d36d6bb5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.419044"}
{"text": "chicago recently unrolled its pedestrian safety plan, joining the ranks of cities such as portland and new york, which have their own plans for preventing serious pedestrian accidents. the chicago plan has 250 recommendations to prevent injuries and fatalities. could fort lauderdale benefit from a similar plan? some of the recommendations in the chicago policy could help prevent fort lauderdale pedestrian accidents as well : 1 ) chicanes. chicanes are extra turns added to a roadway to slow traffic down. since in many cases fort lauderdale traffic accidents are caused by speeding, reducing traffic speed can be a good way to slash the risk of accidents. 2 ) pedestrian islands. in some cases, fort lauderdale pedestrian accidents occur because a car enters a pedestrian area. pedestrian islands keep pedestrians separated from cars and discourage pedestrians from entering traffic. 3 ) midblock curb bumpouts. these narrow portions of a street to slow traffic, usually by extending the curb. this is yet another way to reduce speed in order to help prevent fort lauderdale car accidents. 4 ) a system for repairing two high - collision areas and four dangerous intersections each year. the chicago plan calls for authorities to find and address dangerous intersections and corridors annually. fort lauderdale also has high collision areas and areas that are considered especially dangerous. identifying and rectifying these problems can help prevent traffic accidents. 5 ) speed humps. reducing speed with speed bumps is effective, according to experts, because speed bumps work whether there is enforcement or not. most cars will slow down rather than taking speed bumps at a high speed, making them more effective than simply lowering the speed limits. 6 ) pedestrian scrambles. a pedestrian scramble stops all vehicle traffic at an intersection and allows pedestrians to walk in every direction at the same time. pedestrians can even walk diagonally. pedestrian scrambles work because they prevent pedestrians and cars from sharing an intersection at the same time. it helps prevent fort lauderdale pedestrian accidents caused by cars turning into a pedestrian area. 7 ) road diets. road diets reduce the number of lanes on some roads, reducing traffic and therefore crashes. former florida bicycle and pedestrian coordinator dan burden is a fan of road diets, noting that they improve road safety and may help prevent fort lauderdale bicycle accidents and florida traffic accidents. roundabouts. these round intersections separate pedestrians from traffic entirely, by having pedestrians stay one car length outside of the intersection. when crossing this type of intersection, pedestrians only face oncoming traffic from one area and traffic is slowed down significantly in roundabouts, which could also reduce the risk of fort lauderdale traffic accidents. 9 ) an improved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42938021685040184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85e87738-c52e-483c-936b-ff3e82d26ee6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.422323"}
{"text": "curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) unix programmer ' s manual curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) del _ curterm, mvcur, putp, restartterm, set _ curterm, setterm, setupterm, tigetflag, tigetnum, tigetstr, tparm, tputs, vid _ attr, vid _ puts, vidattr, vidputs - curses interfaces to terminfo database # include < curses. h > # include < term. h > int setupterm ( char * term, int fildes, int * errret ) ; int setterm ( char * term ) ; terminal * set _ curterm ( terminal * nterm ) ; int del _ curterm ( terminal * oterm ) ; int restartterm ( const char * term, int fildes, int * errret ) ; char * tparm ( char * str,... ) ; int tputs ( const char * str, int affcnt, int ( * putc ) ( int ) ) ; int putp ( const char * str ) ; int vidputs ( chtype attrs, int ( * putc ) ( int ) ) ; int vidattr ( chtype attrs ) ; int vid _ puts ( attr _ t attrs, short pair, void * opts, int ( * putc ) ( char ) ) ; int vid _ attr ( attr _ t attrs, short pair, void * opts ) ; int mvcur ( int oldrow, int oldcol, int newrow, int newcol ) ; int tigetflag ( char * capname ) ; int tigetnum ( char * capname ) ; char * tigetstr ( char * capname ) ; these low - level routines must be called by programs that have to deal directly with the terminfo database to handle certain terminal capabilities, such as programming function keys. for all other functionality, curses routines are more suitable and their use is recommended. initially, setupterm should be called. note that setupterm is automatically called by initscr and newterm. this de - fines the set of terminal - dependent variables [ listed in terminfo ( 5 ) ]. the terminfo variables lines and columns are initialized by setup", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4407364855436299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.438865"}
{"text": "setupterm is automatically called by initscr and newterm. this de - fines the set of terminal - dependent variables [ listed in terminfo ( 5 ) ]. the terminfo variables lines and columns are initialized by setupterm as follows : if use _ env ( false ) has been called, values for lines and columns specified in ter - minfo are used. otherwise, if the environment variables lines and columns exist, their values are used. if these environment variables do not exist and the program is run - ning in a window, the current window size is used. other - wise, if the environment variables do not exist, the values for lines and columns specified in the terminfo database are used. the header files curses. h and term. h should be included ( in this order ) to get the definitions for these strings, numbers, and flags. parameterized strings should be passed through tparm to instantiate them. all terminfo strings [ in - miros bsd # 10 - current printed 26. 4. 2013 1 curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) unix programmer ' s manual curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) cluding the output of tparm ] should be printed with tputs or putp. call the reset _ shell _ mode to restore the tty modes before exiting [ see curs _ kernel ( 3 ) ]. programs which use cursor addressing should output enter _ ca _ mode upon startup and should output exit _ ca _ mode before exiting. programs desiring shell escapes should call reset _ shell _ mode and output exit _ ca _ mode before the shell is called and should output enter _ ca _ mode and call reset _ prog _ mode after returning from the shell. the setupterm routine reads in the terminfo database, ini - tializing the terminfo structures, but does not set up the output virtualization structures used by curses. the termi - nal type is the character string term ; if term is null, the environment variable term is used. all output is to file descriptor fildes which is initialized for output. if errret is not null, then setupterm returns ok or err and stores a status value in the integer pointed to by errret. a return value of ok combined with status of 1 in errret is normal. if err is returned, examine errret : 1 means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4600907574356105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.440050"}
{"text": "a status value in the integer pointed to by errret. a return value of ok combined with status of 1 in errret is normal. if err is returned, examine errret : 1 means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot be used for curses applications. 0 means that the terminal could not be found, or that it is a generic type, having too little in - formation for curses applications to run. - 1 means that the terminfo database could not be found. if errret is null, setupterm prints an error message upon finding an error and exits. thus, the simplest call is : setupterm ( ( char * ) 0, 1, ( int * ) 0 ) ;, which uses all the defaults and sends the output to stdout. the setterm routine is being replaced by setupterm. the call : setupterm ( term, 1, ( int * ) 0 ) provides the same functionality as setterm ( term ). the set - term routine is included here for bsd compatibility, and is not recommended for new programs. the set _ curterm routine sets the variable cur _ term to nterm, and makes all of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables use the values from nterm. it returns the old value of cur _ term. miros bsd # 10 - current printed 26. 4. 2013 2 curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) unix programmer ' s manual curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) the del _ curterm routine frees the space pointed to by oterm and makes it available for further use. if oterm is the same as cur _ term, references to any of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables thereafter may refer to in - valid memory locations until another setupterm has been called. the restartterm routine is similar to setupterm and initscr, except that it is called after restoring memory to a previ - ous state ( for example, when reloading a game saved as a core image dump ). it assumes that the windows and the input and output options are the same as when memory was saved, but the terminal type and baud rate may be different. ac - cordingly, it saves various tty state bits, does a setup - term, and then restores the bits. the tparm routine instantiates the string str with parame", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5151836107634964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.442543"}
{"text": "type and baud rate may be different. ac - cordingly, it saves various tty state bits, does a setup - term, and then restores the bits. the tparm routine instantiates the string str with parame - ters pi. a pointer is returned to the result of str with the parameters applied. the tputs routine applies padding information to the string str and outputs it. the str must be a terminfo string vari - able or the return value from tparm, tgetstr, or tgoto. affcnt is the number of lines affected, or 1 if not applica - ble. putc is a putchar - like routine to which the characters are passed, one at a time. the putp routine calls tputs ( str, 1, putchar ). note that the output of putp always goes to stdout, not to the fildes specified in setupterm. the vidputs routine displays the string on the terminal in the video attribute mode attrs, which is any combination of the attributes listed in curses ( 3 ). the characters are passed to the putchar - like routine putc. the vidattr routine is like the vidputs routine, except that it outputs through putchar. the vid _ attr and vid _ puts routines correspond to vidattr and vidputs, respectively. they use a set of arguments for representing the video attributes plus color, i. e., one of type attr _ t for the attributes and one of short for the color _ pair number. the vid _ attr and vid _ puts routines are designed to use the attribute constants with the wa _ prefix. the opts argument is reserved for future use. currently, ap - plications must provide a null pointer for that argument. the mvcur routine provides low - level cursor motion. it takes effect immediately ( rather than at the next refresh ). miros bsd # 10 - current printed 26. 4. 2013 3 curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) unix programmer ' s manual curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) the tigetflag, tigetnum and tigetstr routines return the value of the capability corresponding to the terminfo cap - name passed to them, such as xenl. the tigetflag routine returns the value - 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47226247435819224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.445153"}
{"text": "tigetflag, tigetnum and tigetstr routines return the value of the capability corresponding to the terminfo cap - name passed to them, such as xenl. the tigetflag routine returns the value - 1 if capname is not a boolean capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. the tigetnum routine returns the value - 2 if capname is not a numeric capability, or - 1 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. the tigetstr routine returns the value ( char * ) - 1 if capname is not a string capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. the capname for each capability is given in the table column entitled capname code in the capabilities section of termin - fo ( 5 ). char * boolnames, * boolcodes, * boolfnames char * numnames, * numcodes, * numfnames char * strnames, * strcodes, * strfnames these null - terminated arrays contain the capnames, the termcap codes, and the full c names, for each of the termin - fo variables. routines that return an integer return err upon failure and ok ( svr4 only specifies \" an integer value other than err \" ) upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descriptions. routines that return pointers always return null on error. x / open defines no error conditions. in this implementation del _ curterm returns an error if its terminal parameter is null. restartterm returns an error if the associated call to setup - term returns an error. setupterm returns an error if it cannot allocate enough memory, or create the initial windows ( stdscr, curscr, newscr ). other error conditions are docu - miros bsd # 10 - current printed 26. 4. 2013 4 curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) unix programmer ' s manual curs _ terminfo ( 3 ) mented above. the setupterm routine should be used in place of setterm. it may be useful when you want to test for terminal capabili - ties without committing to the allocation of storage in - volved in initscr. note that vidattr and vidputs may be macros. the function setterm is not described in the xsi curses standard and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47226901424854556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.456470"}
{"text": "capabili - ties without committing to the allocation of storage in - volved in initscr. note that vidattr and vidputs may be macros. the function setterm is not described in the xsi curses standard and must be considered non - portable. all other functions are as described in the xsi curses standard. in system v release 4, set _ curterm has an int return type and returns ok or err. we have chosen to implement the xsi curses semantics. in system v release 4, the third argument of tputs has the type int ( * putc ) ( char ). the xsi curses standard prototypes tparm with a fixed number of parameters, rather than a variable argument list. this implementation uses a variable argument list. portable ap - plications should provide 9 parameters after the format ; zeroes are fine for this purpose. xsi notes that after calling mvcur, the curses state may not match the actual terminal state, and that an application should touch and refresh the window before resuming normal curses calls. both ncurses and system v release 4 curses im - plement mvcur using the screen data allocated in either in - itscr or newterm. so though it is documented as a terminfo function, mvcur is really a curses function which is not well specified. curses ( 3 ), curs _ initscr ( 3 ), curs _ kernel ( 3 ), curs _ termcap ( 3 ), putc ( 3 ), terminfo ( 5 ) miros bsd # 10 - current printed 26. 4. 2013 5 generated on 2013 - 04 - 27 00 : 20 : 00 by $ miros : src / scripts / roff2htm, v 1. 77 2013 / 01 / 01 20 : 49 : 09 tg exp $ these manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers ; their source is available at our cvsweb, anoncvs, and other mirrors. the rest is copyright \u00a9 2002 \u2012 2013 the miros project, germany. this product includes material provided by thorsten glaser. this manual page \u2019 s html representation is supposed to be valid xhtml / 1. 1 ; if not, please send a bug report \u2013 diffs preferred.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4754450698367604, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c064ce7-a80f-4146-8f24-338e8d1b43c8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.461386"}
{"text": "the right hook, when a right - turning vehicle collides with a bicycle traveling straight - through, can be prevented with assertive lane position and never passing on the right. another common bike - car collision is the left hook, when an oncoming car turns left into the path of a bicyclist going straight through an intersection. the reason for this is the same as for most car - bike collisions : the motorist doesn \u2019 t see the bicycle. that may come as a surprise, because in the left hook situation, the motorist is facing the cyclist. the failure of a motorist to see a bicycle right in front of him can be explained by the \u201c moonwalking bear test \u201d, a short video which challenges the viewer to count the number of times a ball is passed between players in white. the viewer is so focused on counting passes that he never sees the prominent moonwalking bear. motorists and bicyclists alike don \u2019 t see what we aren \u2019 t looking for. a motorist making a left turn may be looking for oncoming cars, cars coming from the right or left, and cars that may be already in the target lane. in places like kirksville where there aren \u2019 t a lot of bicycles, motorists don \u2019 t expect to see them, and aren \u2019 t looking for them. as a motorist, you can prevent a left hook by avoiding distractions while driving ( such as talking or texting ) and by watching for bicycles. as a cyclist, you can prevent a left hook using again the third layer of crash prevention, \u201c discourage drivers \u2019 mistakes \u201d with an assertive lane position. allow at least an arm \u2019 s length from the edge of the road, but when approaching an intersection, especially if an oncoming motorist is waiting to turn left, move more toward the center of the lane. ( always check behind before changing your lane or your lane position ). this assertive lane position makes you more visible. finally, keep an eye on the oncoming traffic, whether or not you see a turn signal. being aware that a motorist might make that left turn even though you have the right of way can give you that extra bit of reaction time you need to avoid a collision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42045703370786675, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc1b2b9f-ee21-4c13-8848-d7ff5c5f91b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.475647"}
{"text": "we recently received this intruiging article from dave horvath and invite you to read it and then join in the discussion. a substantial number of unexplained crashes of radio control model airplanes on 2. 4ghz frequency prompted me to write this article on the so - called \u201c interference free \u201d radio control systems on the 2. 4ghz band. the electromagnetic wave spectrum is subject to the immutable laws of physics. the propagation characteristics of the 2. 4ghz wavelength and the environmental effects of this frequency are more complex than on the 72mhz band. to better understand this, we have to look at the electromagnetic wave spectrum where 72mhz band is in the broadcasting region and the 2. 4ghz band is in the microwave region. it is easier to see the huge difference between 72mhz and 2. 4ghz frequencies when we convert 2. 4 gigahertz to megahertz. now it is 2400mhz versus 72mhz. when frequency increases, wavelength decreases. therefore, the 2. 4ghz wavelength is shorter and closer to visible light on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. since visible light is also an electromagnetic wave, 2. 4ghz wavelength behaves more like visible light and travels in straight lines until it is reflected, deflected, diffracted or absorbed. reflection and diffraction will create interference. when parallel rays of light are reflected by a concave mirror, it greatly increases the intensity of light at the focal point. a parabolic dish antenna works the same way for a 2. 4ghz electromagnetic wave. since we cannot focus a high gain directional parabolic dish antenna between our constantly moving model airplane and our transmitter, we have to use an omnidirectional vertical antenna system which has much lower signal intensity. the fhss ( frequency - hopping - spread - spectrum ) and the dsss ( direct - sequence - spread - spectrum ) techniques can share the same band. however, they interfere with each other causing a degradation of performance. range decreases as the number of clear channels decreases. bandwidth drops each time fhss encounters a blocked frequency on a crowded spectrum. the crowded spectrum on the 2. 4ghz band reduces the bandwidth, increases the ever present background noise, increases the adjacent channel leakage ratio, reduces the range, and causes overlapping. overlapping is a direct interference. unlike the 72mhz wavelength which penetrates most objects, the 2. 4ghz wavelength", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5740985511105035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32d54870-15ba-4ace-b907-df9fe87daa8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.507953"}
{"text": ", increases the ever present background noise, increases the adjacent channel leakage ratio, reduces the range, and causes overlapping. overlapping is a direct interference. unlike the 72mhz wavelength which penetrates most objects, the 2. 4ghz wavelength behaves more like visible light. signal absorption from objects on a model airplane like the engines, electric motors, batteries, servos, pushrods, landing gears, switches, wires, etc., may cause path interference. signal reflection from objects in the terrain, like fences, walls, buildings, trees, hills, power lines cause line of sight interference. high speed data transfer reduces the receiver \u2019 s sensitivity on 2. 4ghz band. there is a trade - off between speed versus range. the signal strength decreases quadratically as distance increases at constant radiation levels. this is called path loss. when frequency increases, path loss also increases. this is one of the reasons why 72mhz radios have a better range than the 2. 4ghz radios. we can see this clearly when we look at the wireless range calculator : frequency distance loss 100mhz 0. 2 mile 62 decibel 2400mhz 0. 2 mile 90 decibel these calculations are under non - existing ideal conditions, less fresnel ( pronounced frehnel ) effect. when we fly our model airplane on 2. 4ghz, the area around us is known as the fresnel zone. since we have to use an omnidirectional antenna system, the electromagnetic waves will scatter and diffract from objects and from the terrain around us. when the diffracted wave reaches the receiver antenna, it is slightly lags behind the signal which traveled to the receiver antenna in a straight line that creates interference due to the phase canceling effect. the fresnel effect also deals with the behavior of electromagnetic waves over a water surface. as mentioned before, the 2. 4ghz radiation behaves more like visible light, so we have to think of reflections and shadows. flying a 2. 4ghz radio control model over a reflective surface like water, snow, ice or wet terrain negatively affects the radio link. occasionally a 3d aerobatic model plunges into water while hovering. when the rudder is near the water surface, the prop wash creates a chaotic wave pattern which generates a myriad of false - signals. the fresnel effect and the described interference on the 2. 4ghz band work pretty well. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5737414629539205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32d54870-15ba-4ace-b907-df9fe87daa8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.509867"}
{"text": "hovering. when the rudder is near the water surface, the prop wash creates a chaotic wave pattern which generates a myriad of false - signals. the fresnel effect and the described interference on the 2. 4ghz band work pretty well. we successfully tested this at different locations. unfortunately, the \u201c unbreakable tx - rx link \u201d broke when our model was over 0. 2 miles away at 45 degree angle. despite the fact that a 90 decibel signal loss over a thousand feet ( 0. 2 miles ) is rather significant, we should have had control at this distance. there are too many factors that can determine the overall range on 2. 4ghz. 2. 4ghz receivers are not immune to ignition and electrical noise as advertised. occasional arc from high tension insulators could break the bind. latency is the time between stimulation and the beginning of response caused by propagation delays. there is a huge time difference in latency claims by different radio manufacturers. some latency claims are in milliseconds, others are in microseconds! this is confusing since one millisecond is one thousandth of a second and one microsecond is one millionth of a second. velocity of electromagnetic waves is 186, 283 miles per second. the velocity of the electric signal through conductors is nearly at the speed of light. with an adequate power output, our radio signal will travel one microsecond which is one millionth of a second to reach our model airplane one thousand feet away. this applies to all brands of radios on 72mhz or on 2. 4ghz. as we know, nothing travels faster than the electromagnetic waves. therefore, i don \u2019 t see how latency could be improved \u201c 50 % \u201d over the leading competitors regardless of different processing. a seven millisecond latency or a fourteen millisecond latency claim is irrelevant since the human being, the rc pilot, has a painfully slow 200 millisecond latency and can not differentiate between seven or fourteen milliseconds. at huge events, like nationals, the 2. 4ghz pin - free radio system makes life easier for competitors and organizers. however, there is a huge difference between flying on 2. 4ghz band in the beautiful country side near muncie where chances are good that there won \u2019 t be any noticeable interference and flying on 2. 4ghz band in the middle of one of the largest concentration of population and industries in los angeles or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240948640125349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32d54870-15ba-4ace-b907-df9fe87daa8a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.514257"}
{"text": "##z band in the beautiful country side near muncie where chances are good that there won \u2019 t be any noticeable interference and flying on 2. 4ghz band in the middle of one of the largest concentration of population and industries in los angeles or other urban areas. 2. 4ghz radios under harsh conditions work most of the time, however most of the time is unacceptable. illegal signal boosting, ham radio, and rolling hills further aggravate the situation. 2. 4ghz wavelength has higher incurred losses than 72mhz wavelength. in any case, we should hold on to our assigned frequencies on 27mhz, 50mhz, and 72mhz bands. despite glowing reviews, the so - called \u201c bulletproof 2. 4ghz technology \u201d has had range and reliability problems since day one. a bench test inside a building in a controlled environment where the receiver is a few inches away from the transmitter is meaningless. 2. 4ghz wavelength is not the best choice to control model airplanes. furthermore, we have ended up with complex radio systems on an overcrowded band on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. the bottom line is that glitch - free software, error - free computers, and an interference - free radio link is only an illusion. www. google. com electromagnetic spectrum images for electromagnetic spectrum videos for electromagnetic spectrum www. google. com frequency - hopping spread spectrum dsss and fhss - spread spectrum tutorials www. google. com 2. 4 ghz interference interference in the 2. 4ghz ism band : challenges and solutions by n golmie 20 myths of wi - fi interference ( rf solutions ) www. google. com path loss in the 2. 4ghz speed vs. distance isa 900 mhz versus 2. 4ghz \u2013 learning center www. google. com polarization of light images for polarization of light videos for polarization of light mit physics demo - microwave polarization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49570150790477696, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32d54870-15ba-4ace-b907-df9fe87daa8a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.518920"}
{"text": "i \u2019 m struggling a bit to teach my children to pack for themselves. i want them to learn how to be self - reliant, but i also want to make sure they have everything they need for the day. if i don \u2019 t triple check every detail, they \u2019 re likely to be fully prepared for snack time but missing important papers or sports equipment. what \u2019 s the right thing to do? your desire to raise self - reliant children is fantastic. but there \u2019 s no doubt that passing the baton can be tough. the first question has to be : how old are your children? a good general rule of thumb is, if they \u2019 re old enough to read, they \u2019 re old enough to pack their own bags. assuming your little ones are old enough, the most effective thing to do is give them some time frame to take complete responsibility for getting themselves ready, ask questions to help prompt them if you think they aren \u2019 t paying attention to something crucial, and most importantly, when things aren \u2019 t crucial ( e. g. do they have the right uniform packed ), letting them fail. nothing teaches quite like experience. as you let go of the reigns a bit, here are some more ideas to guide you. \u2022 planning starts the night before. mornings are not the right time to teach your children how to pack themselves. you \u2019 re rushed, and they \u2019 re often bleary - eyed and grumpy. the ideal time to sit down with them, explain what you are trying to accomplish, and get them to start preparing for the next day is after homework but before tv time. that way you have time to ask them questions and offer un - stressed help in the initial stages. this is a process that will take time and spending time in the evenings helping them learn how to become responsible for themselves is time well spent. \u2022 explain as you go. you need to develop a checklist with them and then go through the items. don \u2019 t criticize or watch over the task being done. accept that the task will not be done exactly the way you would do it but recognize that as long as it is accomplished and done on time, that it is okay. in the beginning, be prepared to patiently ask and answer a lot of questions! why do emergency numbers need to be in the backpacks? because you might need to call someone. why does lunch have to be prepared? so that mom knows they are eating healthy and, besides, too much sugar will make them feel bad, why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41453549800983025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2dcc337-4538-4bf9-8838-d2005b03e76d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.530215"}
{"text": "about county government montgomery county is proud of the services it offers. these include some of the best in the nation, which we strive to deliver in keeping with our vision statement and guiding principles. an organization chart is provided to show you the various levels of the county government. approved by the voters in 1968 and implemented in 1970, the montgomery county charter provides for a council / executive form of government. the county is composed of the executive and legislative branches. the judicial system consists of the county ' s circuit court, the state district court, the court of special appeals and court of appeals. the executive branch implements and enforces montgomery county ' s laws and provides executive direction to the government. its chief executive officer is the county executive. there are over 30 executive branch departments and agenciesthat help to deliver services to county residents. libraries, transportation and police are just a few. the legislative branch consists of the county council and five related agencies. the charter defines the council ' s powers in three major areas : legislation, land use, and the budget. the other agencies of the legislative branch are : - office of inspector general - the office of legislative oversight - office of zoning and administrative hearings - board of appeals - merit system protection board the judicial system is responsible for the resolution of all matters involving civil and criminal law in the county. the circuit court for montgomery county is the trial court of general jurisdiction that has full common law equity powers in all civil and criminal cases, along with additional powers and jurisdiction conferred by the constitution. it is the only court in the county having the authority to conduct jury trials. its jurisdiction is very broad and it handles major civil cases and more serious criminal cases. additionally, there is the district court of maryland, the court of special appeals, and the court of appeals. montgomery county public schools operate under the authority of the board of education, which is an eight - member body - seven elected by county voters and one student representative, elected by county students. the superintendent of schools, appointed by the board, provides daily administration of the schools. the school ' s overall operating and capital budgets are determined by the county executive and county council. however, the line - item distribution of the funds within the school system is set by the superintendent and the board of education. montgomery college - the county ' s two - year college - operates under the authority of its board of trustees. the college ' s overall budget is determined by the county executive and the county council and is managed by the trustees. there are four other agencies who ' s budgets are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45585577287777834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:045ad6ff-deb5-4f86-a1b5-7033c1b34c58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.538922"}
{"text": "the anthocyanidins of bilberry have considerable pharmacologic activity. they are especially used as anti - aging substances. these bitter compounds inhibit collagen destruction, scavenger free radicals, reduce capillary permeability, increase bloods circulation to peripheral blood vessels and the brain, reduce inflammation and pain and relieve muscle spasms. it is one of the most popular over - the - counter drugs in europe. it is so effective that a single dose it said to improve one \u2019 s night vision within hours. it has traditionally been used to treat poor night vision, bruising, capillary fragility, varicose veins, poor circulation, raynaud \u2019 s disease, circulation complications due to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and periodontal disease. this herb is becoming more important to the aging populations of the world. this fruit and its extracts have marvelous anti - aging properties. bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. bilberry may be useful in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma since it strengthens connective tissue and prevents free radical damage. in the control of diabetes short term, one \u2019 s blood sugar is lowered and long term, one \u2019 s circulatory system is preserved. connective tissue is not destroyed and capillaries function more normally. in other chronic degenerative diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, the inflammation and pain are reduced while damage to connective tissue is kept to a minimum. uses : bilberry leaf is something you ' ll want to use often in teas and tincture blends. we add it to many food recipes as we would spices ( any meat dishes, salads, vegetable dishes, stir - fry, etc. ). it can be used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. it can be used as often as you would like. voice of experience : when a more plump and juicy dried berry is desired, we soak ( reconstitute ) these bilberries in water over night. of course, any liquid of choice could be used in place of water. storage : bilberry leaf should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. questions? : check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493571202250189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee1c1e8-e020-4c4e-ad15-34880e36c985>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.550910"}
{"text": "the cashew nut, a popular treat found on grocery and health food store shelves across the world, is jam - packed with nutritional content and can readily be found year round. it has a delicate flavor, and makes wonderful nut butter or special addition to salads and stir - fry dishes. cashew nuts are actually the kidney - shaped seeds that adhere to the bottom of the cashew apple, the fruit of the cashew tree, which is native to the coastal areas of northeastern brazil. it packs 5 grams of protein per ounce and high levels of the essential minerals iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese, all of which are necessary for a healthy body. not only do cashews have a lower fat content than most other nuts, approximately 75 % of that fat is unsaturated fatty acids, with 75 % of this unsaturated fatty acid content being oleic acid, the same heart - healthy monounsaturated fat found in olive oil. studies show that oleic acid promotes good cardiovascular health, even in individuals with diabetes. to lower your risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, enjoy a handful of cashews or other nuts, or a tablespoon of nut butter, at least 4 times a week. topping your morning cereal with a quarter - cup of cashews will supply you with 38 % of the daily value for copper. an essential component of many enzymes, copper plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes including iron utilization, elimination of free radicals, development of bone and connective tissue, and the production of the skin and hair pigment called melanin. a quarter - cup of cashews also provides you with 22. 3 % of the daily value for magnesium. everyone knows that calcium is necessary for strong bones, but magnesium is also vital for healthy bones. about two - thirds of the magnesium in the human body is found in our bones. some help give bones their physical structure, while the rest is found on the surface of the bone where it is stored for the body to draw upon as needed. cashews do have a relatively high fat content ( 12 grams per ounce, 2 grams saturated fat ), but it is considered \" good fat. \" this is due to the agreeable fat ratio in the nut, 1 : 2 : 1 for saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated, respectively, which scientists say is the ideal ratio for optimal health. even with the relatively high fat content, cashew nuts are considered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4834325988456897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40999529-0ff8-4f32-97bb-efc47a252245>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.561784"}
{"text": "science of the quake developments in the wake of japan ' s triple disasters : earthquake, tsunami, nuclear. the us geological survey upgraded japan ' s 11 march earthquake today to 9. 0 from 8. 9. based on japan ' s huge network of 1, 200 gps monitoring stations, the quake shifted the country ' s coastline some 4 meters / 13 feet to the east, and knocked earth of its axis by 16. 5 centimeters / 6. 5 inches, shortening earth ' s days by about 1. 8 millionths of a second. the bbc reports that geographical shift will require that gps - based driving maps be updated, and nautical charts, too, since water depths have been changed. furthermore, much of the flooded coastline appears to have subsided permanently \u2014 or as permanently as anything ever is on this restless planet \u2014 and will not be dry land again anytime in the near future. here are before and after images of the the city of ishinomaki in miyagi prefecture near the quake ' s epicenter. the \" after \" shot, above, was taken three days after the quake. water still inundated the city. the \" before \" shot was from august 2008. both are false color images : water is dark blue ; vegetated land is red ; dirt is tan ; buildings are silver. you can see how much of the vegetation in the agricultural fields has been stripped away. this is sure to have an impact on japan ' s food production, perhaps for a while, since saltwater inundation is tough on farmlands. if people in the area depend on aquifers for fresh water, those could be affected by saltwater flooding too. you can also see the extensive flooding around the matsushima air base in the lower left corner of the image. it ' s not at all clear, at this point, just what pollution or toxins may have been unleashed from the air base and nearby industries. meanwhile much of japan ' s chemical industry is still nonoperational due to power shortages. more worrisome is that fate of chemical plants in the tsunami zone. according to chemical & engineering news, there aren ' t many chemical manufacturing plants in this hardest hit region of northeastern japan. but there are some. the effects on them of fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and continued flooding remains largely unknown and / or undisclosed : a raging fire at the cosmo energy refinery in chiba that began march 11 touched off an overnight fire at the neighboring chisso polyethylene and polypropylene plant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4944683058280555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8cbac5b-a324-484f-919c-ed2222fbcc74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.586177"}
{"text": "tsunamis, and continued flooding remains largely unknown and / or undisclosed : a raging fire at the cosmo energy refinery in chiba that began march 11 touched off an overnight fire at the neighboring chisso polyethylene and polypropylene plant. chisso says that none of its workers were injured and that damage to the facility is relatively light. polysilicon producer tokuyama has a subsidiary... located in [ an area ] devastated by the tsunami. tokuyama says it is assessing damage to the subsidiary and to its facilities elsewhere in japan. chemical manufacturer tosoh says its staff in the tohoku area is safe, including the staff of a plant in the town of ishinomaki, which was largely destroyed by the tsunami. this facility was flooded and tosoh says the extent of the damage is unclear. in the images above you can see fires at several oil refineries and industrial complexes, including facilities in the port of sendai and a petrochemical facility in shiogama, where a large explosion was reported. on the left is a natural - color image showing a large brown smoke plume extending about 85 kilometers / 53 miles southeast from the coastline. the image on the right was used to confirm that the brown plume was actually something in the air and not something on the ground / water. here ' s an explanation of the technology used to ascertain that information from far away : [ t ] he right - hand image is a stereoscopic \" anaglyph \" created from data in misr \u2019 s [ multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer aboard nasa \u2019 s terra spacecraft ] red spectral band, and generated by displaying the 46 - degree backward view in red and 60 - degree backward view in cyan. the separation between the red and cyan images is known as stereo parallax, and is related to the height of the observed features above the surface. viewing the anaglyph with red - cyan glasses ( red filter over the left eye ) gives a perception of height. no separation is visible for the coastline, which is at sea level, but the clouds and plume are distinctly elevated. the height of the plume is estimated to be about 2 kilometers ( 1. 2 miles ), at a similar altitude as the nearby clouds. as for efforts to avert disaster at japan ' s imperiled nuclear power plants, the new york times reports near chaos among those running the show : \" they ' re basically in a full - scale panic \" among japanese power industry managers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5106768314869325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8cbac5b-a324-484f-919c-ed2222fbcc74>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.591693"}
{"text": "mount vernon \u2014 keeping up with the health and safety of one \u2019 s pets is a top priority for many. diligence is key for many pet owners in keeping their companions safe from sickness and disease. one disease that can be a threat at any given time is rabies. rabies is a viral disease which is spread through the saliva of an infected animal, usually bats, raccoons, skunks, fox and coyotes. animals contract the rabies virus by exposure with another infected animal through blood or saliva. incubation periods can vary, and it usually takes from 10 to 14 days for symptoms to appear. it is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from an animal to a human. although it has been more than 30 years since a domestic animal has tested positive for rabies in knox county, the threat remains real without proper vaccination. bats were the only animal to test positive for rabies during this period, according to the ohio department of health. incidences of rabies in ohio have occurred in dogs and horses. dr. jessica krueger, dvm, of the mount vernon animal hospital, told the news that there are two types of rabies. first is what is called the \u201c dumb \u201d form where the animal is not respondent and is basically \u201c out of it. \u201d second is the aggressive form where animals will act rather peculiar and may even be aggressive or combative. any mammal can contract the rabies virus, but it is more common in small animals, particularly raccoons and bats. death is the real threat once rabies has been contracted. early treatment of rabies through vaccination can kill the virus, but once it reaches the nervous system it is almost always fatal. most animals die once they have the virus, and deaths have also occurred in humans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4396016937378717, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bd1146b-09d8-4949-98e9-8f2dffdc3094>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.593830"}
{"text": "description of the genus dioecious trees or shrubs. leaves alternate, compound, imparipinnate, ( 1 - ) 3 - 13 - foliolate ; tertiary nerves generally collected into an oblique nerve directed towards the angle between midrib and lateral nerves ( not in s. madagascariensis ) ; leaflets petiolulate. inflorescences of axillary or terminal panicles, sometimes borne on the old wood. flowers 5 - merous, unisexual. male flowers : calyx cup - shaped, shallowly 5 - lobed or - toothed ; petals valvate, longer than the calyx ; stamens 10 - 20 ; disk minutely crenate. female flowers : perianth similar to the male flowers ; staminodes usually 5 ; ovary ovoid, 1 - locular ; style 1 with a 3 - lobed stigma, persistent on the fruit. fruit a 1 - seeded, ellipsoid or asymmetrically ovoid, drupe. worldwide : 50 species in tropical and subtropical africa and madagascar other sources of information about sorindeia : epic ( electronic plant information center ) : sorindeiaflora zambesiaca web site : sorindeiagoogle ( germplasm resources information network ) taxonomy for plants report for sorindeiaipni ( international plant names index ) : sorindeiakew herbarium catalogue copyright : mark hyde, bart wursten, petra ballings and stefaan dondeyne 2007 - 13 hyde, m. a., wursten, b. t., ballings, p. & dondeyne, s.. flora of mozambique : genus page : sorindeia. http : / / www. mozambiqueflora. com / speciesdata / genus. php? genus _ id = 2234, retrieved 18 may 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42921528481261556, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09000a18-bd11-4313-a793-388ac7393bf0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.596878"}
{"text": "traditional christmas greeting : merry christmas ( imported from the west ). also, christmas omedet and merii kurisumasu the majority of japan ' s population is buddhist, and christmas is not a commonly celebrated holiday. however, younger generations do exchange gifts at christmas. shogatsu, new year ' s day, is japan ' s primary winter holiday. on new year ' s eve, many japanese visit their shrine or temple to pray for a healthy and prosperous new year. joya - no - kane is the midnight buddhist chiming of the bells - 108 chimes signifying the 108 earthly sins. traditional christmas greeting : sikukuu njema ya krismasi ( swahili ) bus stations are very crowded in kenya during the holiday season. those who live and work in the city travel to the towns and countryside to spend time with family. throughout the country, shops, homes and mango trees are decorated with colorful ornaments, bells and candles. traditional christmas greeting : jeulguwoon sungtan bonaesaeyo ; meli kliseumaseu saehae pog manhi pateuseyo ; sol tan ul chuka hamnidah ; sung tan chuk ha approximately half of korea ' s citizens are christian. christmas is not a major celebration as it is in the west, but it is a time for sharing and making donations to those less fortunate. children believe in santa haraboji ( father santa ) and many youngsters participate in a christmas eve pageant at their church and go caroling after christmas services. traditional christmas greeting : priecigus ziemassvetkus the latvian holiday season is filled with food and folklore! dishes include lentils with bacon, pork roast, piragi ( rolls with bacon - onion filling ), fresh butter and honey, homemade cheeses and gingerbread. on new year ' s eve, latvian families may drag a large log thoughout the house, then set it ablaze. the effort recalls the hard labor of farming, and burning the log symbolizes removal of hardship and a return to warmth and light. the ashes, said to have healing properties, are sprinkled inside and outside the home. traditional christmas greeting : joyeux noel ( french ), idah saidan wa sanah jadidah ( arabic ) lebanon is the only middle east country that celebrates christmas as an official holiday. on christmas eve, the families attend midnight mass where children sing special musical christmas programs for the church. after returning home from mass, children all over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42837345171622476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20532f67-33ad-4669-afd4-50c4d719788a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.604985"}
{"text": "heart - health benefits of dark chocolate it \u2019 s no secret that fruits, vegetables and grains provide many health benefits - we ' ve been told that for years. but did you know that eating chocolate, specifically dark chocolate, could benefit your heart? it \u2019 s all about the flavonoids in the chocolate. what are flavonoids? flavonoids are naturally - occurring compounds found in plant - based foods. they can be found in a wide array of foods and beverages such as cranberries, apples, peanuts, chocolate, onions, tea and red wine. there are more than 4, 000 combinations of flavonoids. have you had your flavonoids today? flavonoids provide important protective benefits to plants, such as repairing damage and shielding from environmental toxins. when we consume plant - based foods rich in flavonoids \u2013 like dark chocolate \u2013 it appears that we also benefit from this \u201c antioxidant \u201d power. antioxidants are believed to help the body ' s cells resist damage caused by free radicals, which are formed by normal bodily processes such as breathing or environmental contaminants like cigarette smoke and chemicals. when the body lacks adequate levels of antioxidants, free radical damage occurs, leading to high cholesterol and plaque build up on the walls of the arteries. in addition to their antioxidant capabilities, flavonoids may also : \u2022 help reduce platelet activation \u2022 allow blood vessels to move blood more freely \u2022 positively affect the balance of certain hormone - like compounds, which are thought to play a role in cardiovascular health. forms of chocolate before you grab a chocolate candy bar or slice of chocolate cake, let \u2019 s look at what forms of chocolate would be ideal : \u2022 when cocoa is processed into your favorite chocolate products, it goes through several steps to reduce its naturally bitter taste. flavonoids provide this strong taste. the more chocolate is processed ( such as fermentation, alkalizing, roasting ), the more flavonoids are lost. most commercial chocolates fit this category. \u2022 dark chocolate appears to retain the highest level of flavonoids. so your best bet is to choose dark chocolate over milk chocolate. \u2022 some chocolate manufacturers are studying ways to retain the highest level of flavonoids while still providing acceptable taste. stay tuned for more information in this area. what about all of the fat in chocolate? you may be surprised to find out that chocolate isn \u2019 t as bad as once perceived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4563505157008884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504159ff-5c30-451f-aef5-95b97c2fa649>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.759913"}
{"text": "retain the highest level of flavonoids while still providing acceptable taste. stay tuned for more information in this area. what about all of the fat in chocolate? you may be surprised to find out that chocolate isn \u2019 t as bad as once perceived. the fat in chocolate, from cocoa butter, is comprised of equal amounts of oleic acid ( a heart - healthy monounsaturated fat also found in olive oil ), stearic and palmitic acids. stearic and palmitic acids are forms of saturated fat. saturated fats are linked to increases in ldl - cholesterol and risk for heart disease. some points to consider include : \u2022 be cautious as to the type of dark chocolate you choose : chewy caramel - marshmallow - nut - covered dark chocolate is by no means a heart - healthy food option. what wreaks havoc on most chocolate products are the fat and calories that accompany other ingredients. \u2022 there is currently no established serving size of chocolate to reap these cardiovascular benefits. however, what we do know is you no longer need to feel guilty if you enjoy a small 1 - ounce piece of dark chocolate once in awhile. more research in this area is needed to determine just how much chocolate - lovers can eat in order to acquire cardio - protective benefits. until that time, enjoy chocolate in moderate portions a few times per week. don \u2019 t forget to eat other flavonoid - rich foods like apples, red wine, tea, onions and cranberries. here \u2019 s to your heart - health! gayle baingo, r. d., is a registered dietitian at flagstaff medical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4085099459901952, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504159ff-5c30-451f-aef5-95b97c2fa649>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.761084"}
{"text": "joined : 16 mar 2004 | posted : thu aug 06, 2009 11 : 24 am post subject : nanotubes could aid understanding of retrovirus transmission | recent findings by medical researchers indicate that naturally occurring nanotubes may serve as tunnels that protect retroviruses and bacteria in transit from diseased to healthy cells \u2014 a fact that may explain why vaccines fare poorly against some invaders. to better study the missions of these intercellular nanotubes, scientists have sought the means to form them quickly and easily in test tubes. sandia national laboratories researchers have now learned serendipitously to form nanotubes with surprising ease. \u201c our work is the first to show that the formation of nanotubes is not complicated, but can be a general effect of protein - membrane interactions alone, \u201d says darryl sasaki of sandia ' s bioscience and energy center. the tunnel - like structures have been recognized only recently as tiny but important bodily channels for the good, the bad, and the informational. in addition to providing protected transport to certain diseases, the nanotubes also seem to help trundle bacteria to their doom in the tentacles of microphages. lastly, the nanotubes may provide avenues to send and receive information ( in the form of chemical molecules ) from cell to cell far faster than their random dispersal into the bloodstream would permit. given the discovery of this radically different transportation system operating within human tissues, it was natural for researchers to attempt to duplicate the formation of the nanotubes. in their labs, they experimented with giant lipid vesicles that appeared to mimic key aspects of the cellular membrane. giant lipid vesicles resemble micron - sized spherical soap bubbles that exist in water. they are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane only five nanometers thick. the object for experimenters was to create conditions in which the spheres would morph into cylinders of nanometer radii. but researchers had difficulties, says sasaki, perhaps because they used a composite lipid called egg pc that requires unnecessarily high energies to bend into a tubular shape. egg pc is inexpensive, readily available, and offers good, stable membrane properties. it is the usual lipid of choice in forming nanocylinders via mechanical stretching techniques. but sandia postdoctoral researcher haiqing lui instead used popc \u2014 a single pure lipid requiring half the bending energy of egg pc. she was trying to generate nanotubes by a completely different approach that involved the use of motor proteins to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5925094514915475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8be1c3e2-ea54-459f-83ce-a0fd4be35a9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.772400"}
{"text": ". but sandia postdoctoral researcher haiqing lui instead used popc \u2014 a single pure lipid requiring half the bending energy of egg pc. she was trying to generate nanotubes by a completely different approach that involved the use of motor proteins to stretch naturally occurring membranes into tubes. working with sandia researcher george bachand, she serendipitously found that interaction of the popc membrane with a high affinity protein called streptavidin alone was enough to form the nanotubes. \u201c perhaps this information \u2014 linking membrane bending energy with nanotube formation \u2014 may provide some clue about the membrane structure and the cell ' s ability to form such intercellular connections, \u201d sasaki says. the formation was confirmed by sandia researcher carl hayden, who characterized the nanotube formation through a confocal imaging microscope. the custom instrument allows pixel - by - pixel examination of the protein interaction with the membranes comprising the nanotubes by detecting the spectrum and lifetimes of fluorescent labels on the proteins. nanotube formation had been noticed previously by cell biologists, but they had dismissed the tiny outgrowths as \u201c junk \u2014 an aberration of cells growing in culture, \u201d says sasaki. \u201c the reason they were only noticed recently as trafficking routes is because of labeling studies that marked organelles and proteins. this allowed a focused look at what these nanostructures might be used for. \u201d it became clear, says sasaki, that the organelles were being transported with \u201c specific directionality \u201d on the backs of motor proteins within the tubes, rather than randomly. three - dimensional networks of nanotubes also are found to be created by macrophages \u2014 part of the police force of the body \u2014 grown in culture, says george. the tubes in appearance and function resemble a kind of spider web, capturing bacterium and transporting them to the macrophages, which eat them. other paper authors include postdoc hahkjoon kim and summer intern elsa abate. the lipid work is supported by sandia ' s laboratory directed research and development office. motor protein work is supported by doe ' s office of basic energy sciences. results were published in the american chemical society ' s langmuir journal in mid - march. source : sandia. gov /...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5545309118886326, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8be1c3e2-ea54-459f-83ce-a0fd4be35a9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.774687"}
{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 107 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice improving quality through the concept of learning curves w. dale compton, michelle d. dunlap, and joseph a. heim quality is the hallmark of competitive products. consumers reject products that are of inferior quality, and they shun companies who are perceived to provide products or services with less than competitive quality. a company cannot survive in the current world marketplace without providing a product or service that is of high quality. it would be hard to find a u. s. - based manufacturing enterprise that does not place quality near the top of a list of strategic or operating objectives that would also include cost, innovation, and customer focus. this sensitivity to the customer demand for quality has not always been a dominant force in the operating strategies of u. s. companies. having realized its importance, companies find that they must now direct their energies in ways that focus on this objective. a broad range of operating procedures must be modified or, in some cases, created : quality must be designed into products ; a productive interaction must be stimulated among the design, manufacturing, and marketing activities ; input from the customers must be obtained and used ; and active participation by their employees in creating \u201c quality \u201d products and services must be encouraged. with this new awareness of the importance of quality have come two specific needs. first, there is a need to measure the performance of the organization against that of its competitors and, second, there is the need to assess the trends in one ' s performance in order to take appropriate actions to ensure continuous improvement. in the first case, an absolute measure of ocr for page 108 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice performance is needed. this is sometimes referred to as \u201c benchmarking, \u201d or measuring oneself against the world leader \u2014 the \u201c best - of - the - best \u201d \u2014 in a product or process arena ( compton, in this volume ). in the second, progress over time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5554625651190506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.789559"}
{"text": "sometimes referred to as \u201c benchmarking, \u201d or measuring oneself against the world leader \u2014 the \u201c best - of - the - best \u201d \u2014 in a product or process arena ( compton, in this volume ). in the second, progress over time is the prime concern, that is, how well the organization is achieving continuous improvement in performance. a proper combination of these two measures is critical. without them an organization cannot properly evaluate its absolute competitive status, nor can it be assured of its ability to remain competitive over a long period of time. with \u201c high quality \u201d as a prerequisite for being competitive in the marketplace, achieving and maintaining high quality in all aspects of an operation is a critical component of the foundations of all manufacturing systems. orientation this article focuses on the second of the two needs identified above, assessing how an organization improves over time. we will be concerned, therefore, with assessing trends in quality. we will conclude with some observations about the need for continuous and careful collection of the type of data that are critical to a proper assessment of progress. \u201c quality \u201d is not a universal descriptor that has a unique definition under all circumstances. garvin ( 1984 ) has described five approaches to defining quality. the appropriate metric for measuring the quality of a product or process will depend on the definition or circumstance that is of immediate interest. it can, for example, refer to defects arising from a production process, defective parts shipped to customers, or reliability of the product in service. although we will not discuss the various measures of quality in this paper, we have obtained examples of each of the above measures. we offer examples of the first two in this paper. measures of the quality of the outputs of a system can be obtained in many ways. in the day - to - day operation of a manufacturing enterprise, the collection and use of process data to support statistical process control ( spc ) is important to achieving high - quality manufacturing. spc requires that measures of one or more attributes of the quality of a production system be regularly employed, and it provides a paradigm for the efficient use of those measures to control the process. there is ample evidence of the importance of this real - time control in improving the quality of the processes and the products that result from these processes. in every sense, the effective use of spc and total quality control ( tqc ) have become important elements of the foundations of effective manufacturing systems. the measures of quality that are implicit in the application of spc necessarily concern shorter time periods ; that is, they reflect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5479210861234955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.790706"}
{"text": "the effective use of spc and total quality control ( tqc ) have become important elements of the foundations of effective manufacturing systems. the measures of quality that are implicit in the application of spc necessarily concern shorter time periods ; that is, they reflect the current status of the process or system that is producing the product. although the importance of this near - term collection of data \u2014 and appropriate analysis to ocr for page 109 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice accomplish spc \u2014 is not questioned, it is also clear that an understanding and quantification of the longer - term trends in quality are also critical to achieving continuous improvement in quality. the learning curve related to costs a traditional approach to measuring the long - term cost performance in a manufacturing operation is to use the \u201c experience \u201d or \u201c learning \u201d curve concept ( henderson and levy, 1965 ). this asserts that the fractional reduction in the average cumulative cost ( in constant units of measure ) of producing a product is proportional to the fractional increase in the quantity of the product that is produced and yields a power law representation that is similar to that first described by wright ( 1936 ). a common formulation of this law relates the cost of production of the nth unit, xn to the total production volume n xn = kn\u2212b ( 1 ) for large n. equation 1 has been used many times and has been shown to be valid for a wide variety of products in many different industries ( see argote and epple, 1990, for a discussion of this form of the learning curve in manufacturing ). the literature contains numerous discussions of circumstances in which an exponential law is the appropriate formulation for the learning curve ( buck et al., 1976 ; pegals, 1969 ). a simpler formulation for a learning curve, seldom used in the literature and applicable only under limited circumstances, is the linear representation. determination of the form that is most appropriate depends on many factors, including the nature of the data sampling protocol. in general, however, if it is not possible to determine which form is most appropriate, either because of an absence of a priori knowledge or because of a lack of sufficient high - quality data, the simplest formulation is probably best. selecting the simplest formulation entails testing to determine whether the data are best fitted by a linear, an exponential, or a power law representation. irrespective of the formulation chosen, learning curves are not to be viewed as merely descriptive. they can be, and frequently have been, used as an aid in making predictions, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559683576734525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.791814"}
{"text": "a linear, an exponential, or a power law representation. irrespective of the formulation chosen, learning curves are not to be viewed as merely descriptive. they can be, and frequently have been, used as an aid in making predictions, in that early experience in the production of a product can be used to predict future manufacturing costs. assuming that one has confidence in the form of the equation that is chosen \u2014 whether power, exponential, or linear \u2014 and that one can make a reasonable estimate of the constants that appear in them, one can readily predict the costs to produce a unit after some future cumulative production volume has been achieved. even in the absence of detailed data on a given product, the experience of many manufacturers with many products is that manufacturing costs can be expected to decrease by 10 to 20 percent for each doubling ocr for page 110 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice of production volume. abernathy and wayne ( 1974 ) have explored the limits of validity of the learning curve concept. the improvement depicted by the experience curve is a result of conscious effort and attention on the part of the management and employees of the enterprise. it cannot be expected to continue without the attention and focus that accompanies a clearly accepted operating objective, in this case an objective of continuously reducing the costs to manufacture the product or to offer the service. a variety of actions combine to produce the desired cost reductions ( allan, 1975 ) : improved efficiency in the use of labor through training and incentives. introduction of new and improved processes that reduce manufacturing costs. redesign of the product to reduce manufacturing costs. standardization of the product to reduce the variety of tasks demanded of the workers. scale effects resulting from large volume production. substitution of lower - cost materials while retaining product features. the learning curve related to quality just as competitive pressures have forced the management of u. s. companies to pay special attention to costs, so also is management being forced to pay special attention to improvement in quality. although many approaches are taken to improve quality, these efforts have a few key actions in common : simplification of product design to enhance manufacturability. involvement of the employees in designing the manufacturing system. enhanced training of the employees. substitution of automated machinery in areas that are not conducive to human operation. collection of extensive data on each operation, and analysis to identify problems and trends in those operations. introduction of new or improved processes that are less sensitive to variation. although the specific actions taken to improve quality differ from those taken to reduce unit costs, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5769496529865247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.793110"}
{"text": "collection of extensive data on each operation, and analysis to identify problems and trends in those operations. introduction of new or improved processes that are less sensitive to variation. although the specific actions taken to improve quality differ from those taken to reduce unit costs, a striking similarity exists between the two lists. in particular, both result from conscious actions taken by management and employees to accomplish a common strategic objective for the enterprise. ocr for page 111 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice both combine human commitment and training with technical improvements. both require extensive knowledge of the processes being employed and the products being produced. therefore, quality and costs might be expected to share a common representation. one might then speculate that quality should follow an experience curve similar to that of cost. by analogy, therefore, a quality learning curve might take one of three forms such that the quality index ( qi ) for the nth item is defined as follows : ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) in the above equations, ( qi ) n * is the asymptotic value of the quality index, ( qi ) o is related to ( qi ) l, the quality of the first unit produced and to ( qi ) n *, ( qi ) a and ( qi ) b are constants, and n is the cumulative volume of the products produced. in equations 2, 3, and 4, the sign can be positive or negative \u2014 positive if the quality index is improving as cumulative production volume increases, for example, yield from a process ; negative if the quality index reflects defects or defective parts, which will decrease as the cumulative production volume increases. while the particular attribute of the product or process being considered will most likely be different for each product and process, the above formulations are independent of the specific attribute that can be related to the quality index. one should not expect, however, the numerical values of the constants to lie within a specific range or to have any particular relationship from one product to another, because the quality indices can differ depending on the attribute chosen for examination. observations schneiderman ( 1988 ) appears to be one of the first to treat production yields or the quality of products shipped according to a learning curve. schneiderman offers a number of examples of quality learning curves that are presented as exponential formulations in which a measure of quality is plotted as a function of time from the start of production. it should be noted that this formulation is consistent with equation 3 only in the case that production rates are constant over time \u2014 a circumstance that seldom occurs. a test of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5694360944864245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.794148"}
{"text": "a measure of quality is plotted as a function of time from the start of production. it should be noted that this formulation is consistent with equation 3 only in the case that production rates are constant over time \u2014 a circumstance that seldom occurs. a test of the hypothesis that a quality index is describable by equations 2, 3, or 4 can, in principle, be made by examining the quality of products or processes at various levels of production. for some dozen products \u2014 for which measures of quality and production volumes could be obtained \u2014 we have generally found that two of the three formulations are virtually indis - ocr for page 112 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice tinguishable in their ability to represent the data. in some cases, the linear and exponential laws were indistinguishable \u2014 meaning that the coefficient of correlation for the two laws was nearly the same \u2014 while in others, the power and exponential laws were indistinguishable. we found no case in which all three representations were equally good. data are presented in figure 1 figure 2 through figure 3 relating an index of quality to the cumulative volumes of production for three different products \u2014 light bulbs, a small electric motor, and grey iron castings. general electric company and the dalton foundries, inc., graciously supplied the data contained in these figures. a description of the quality index for each of the products is given in the figure captions. having no a priori basis on which to choose the preferred formulation for representing the quality index, we examined each of the products using equations 2, 3, and 4. following an observation by buck et al. ( 1976 ) that the exponential form of the learning curve is some - figure 1 a normalized measure of defects in light bulbs for the period between 1970 and 1989 as a function of normalized volumes. quality is measured in defects per million light bulbs. these data represent the cumulative production from a single plant. correlation coefficient r =. 82 ( for the linear representation, r =. 86 ). courtesy of general electric co. ocr for page 113 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice figure 2 normalized defects as a function of cumulative volumes, in arbitrary units, for small electric motors for the period 1981 through 1989. defects due to production errors are in the range of a few tens per millions of motors. correlation coefficient r =. 89 ( for the exponential representation, r =. 70 ). courtesy of general electric co. what to be preferred for batch, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5586017314411229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.795131"}
{"text": "defects due to production errors are in the range of a few tens per millions of motors. correlation coefficient r =. 89 ( for the exponential representation, r =. 70 ). courtesy of general electric co. what to be preferred for batch, or average, sampling of the metric in question, we have chosen to present three of these sets of data in terms of the exponential relationship of the quality index to the cumulative volumes of the product produced. in none of these cases was saturation apparent, implying either that ( qi ) n * was effectively zero or that the observed values are so far from the saturation value that the present representation is not adequate to display a saturation. it is of particular interest that the correlation coefficients for a linear plot of the data shown in figure 1 and figure 3 are essentially the same as shown for the curves as plotted. the correlation coefficients for the curves shown in the graphs are given in the captions, along with the correlation for the best alternative formulation. each of the data points in these three figures represents an average of the quality metric for a period of one year. thus, for figure 1, the quality data are for 20 years of production, figure 2 for 9 years, and figure 3 for 12 years. in some cases the index is defined as defects in production ; in others, the shipping of a faulty product to a customer. ocr for page 114 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice figure 3 normalized scrap rate as a function of cumulative volumes for the period 1979 through 1989 for a grey iron casting. correlation coefficient r =. 96 ( for the linear representation r =. 94 ). courtesy of the dalton foundries, inc. conclusion in each of the cases examined, there is clear evidence that the quality index, although defined differently for each group of products, is related to cumulative volume of production. with the diversity in product type and processes represented here, the hypothesis that one or more forms of the learning curve exists for quality is supported by these data. although the present data do not appear capable of distinguishing among the various forms for a learning curve for quality, it appears that one or more forms can easily be found to permit a reasonable extension for setting new goals or examining the impact of past actions on performance. because the time frame in which these products were in production is long, it is reasonably certain that the actions suggested earlier as being important for management and employees in achieving a continuous improvement in quality were taken throughout the life of these products. each of the companies that provided these data has indicated that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5517976521362248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.796117"}
{"text": "products were in production is long, it is reasonably certain that the actions suggested earlier as being important for management and employees in achieving a continuous improvement in quality were taken throughout the life of these products. each of the companies that provided these data has indicated that the quality trends demonstrated in these figures are the result of constant and consistent ocr for page 115 manufacturing systems : foundations of world - class practice attention to the importance of continuous improvement. although this dependence of a quality index on cumulative production has been demonstrated for only this select group of products, we believe that this phenomenon is generally true. a collection of additional examples from other industries would help support this conclusion. we have been surprised to find that few companies keep data in the form or with a consistency that allows the following of trends as described in the types of curves shown here. in our view, this is a shortcoming that should be addressed by all concerned with continuous improvement. the systematic collection of data on quality and the representation of these data in the form described by equations 2, 3, or 4, offer a means of tracking progress on the \u201c continuous improvement \u201d of quality and a means by which realistic expectations can be established for future goals. above all, the existence of a learning curve for quality should be viewed as one more example of the need for careful collection of systematic data. without good data, this important foundation cannot be used. creating high - quality products through high - quality manufacturing processes and systems is a critical element in the foundations of manufacturing. the learning curve for quality should therefore be viewed as an important element in the foundations of manufacturing. we believe that the learning curves can be an important contributor to achieving improved quality. acknowledgment this work was supported in part by a grant from the ford motor company fund. representative terms from entire chapter :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335886641988103, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1284ed-31c2-408b-a3f6-9d129911fe20>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.796917"}
{"text": "emerging explorer, national geographic blackstone innovation challenge grantee photograph by dino martins photograph by c. lewis do you like chocolate? coffee? pollinating insects make these and hundreds of other foods possible. the threatened habitats that support those insects may often be out of sight and out of mind, but dino martins brings their importance home. \u201c pollinators are one of the strongest connections between conservation and something everyone needs \u2014 food. \u201d with his infectious enthusiasm and practical solutions, martins acts as a pollinator himself, carrying crucial information to kenya \u2019 s isolated farmers, schoolchildren, and a larger world of travelers and scientists. \u201c insects are the invisible, behind - the - scenes workers that keep the planet going, \u201d martins observes. \u201c they do incredibly complicated things but are never recognized for it. i \u2019 m privileged to be their messenger. \u201d growing up in rural kenya, martins saw the most basic interface between farms, food, and nature every day. \u201c in the developing world, subsistence farmers are on the front lines of poverty, hunger, and either saving or destroying forests. africa is especially vulnerable since so many of the crops that provide nutrition are 100 percent dependent on wild insects. \u201d examples abound. in a shrinking fragment of forest, some of the last remaining african violets cling to a hillside and fight to survive. long - tongued bees grasp the fragile flowers in their teeth, fold back their wings, and vibrate with unimaginable intensity to buzz - pollinate the blossoms. energized, the same bees then travel to pollinate crops in nearby farm fields. but for how long? if the violets vanish, so could the bees, and ultimately acres of crops. elsewhere, a community of farms struggles on land degraded by deforestation, charcoal burning, and high pesticide use. yet when passion fruit trees produce poor yields, what is blamed? bees. \u201c farmers look at the big scary carpenter bees swarming around their trees and rush to kill them, \u201d says martins. \u201c in fact, they need more bees, not fewer. passion fruit nectar lies concealed below a lid in the plant. it takes a big hefty bee to lift the lid, extract the nectar, and pollinate the flower. a little honeybee could never do it. \u201d martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702104083825221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05948a26-6a20-4242-9ad6-ead65affaddb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.802761"}
{"text": "martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees \u2019 pollination and survival. \u201c papaya is such an important crop for many rural communities because it \u2019 s incredibly rich in vitamins, can be used medicinally, and survives drought, \u201d martins notes. \u201c we help farmers recognize and protect its major pollinators. \u201d all across east africa, martins works to identify the most useful plants and pollinators, return them to their habitats, and help both ecosystems and local communities thrive. he stresses that \u201c farmers need to understand why leaving a little space for nature isn \u2019 t a luxury, but a necessity for productive, sustainable agriculture. farmers everywhere are conservative and skeptical. so i make one or two of them my champions in the community, demonstrating the success of our techniques. when others see the proof, they all want to try it. \u201d if you can \u2019 t find martins with farmers in the field, try looking in an outdoor classroom. one school he \u2019 s involved with meets under a tree that \u2019 s buzzing with 400 species of bees. \u201c the biodiversity is overwhelming, \u201d martins exclaims. he works with schoolchildren to start pollinator gardens ; collect bugs ; examine hairy, eight - eyed wonders under magnifying glasses ; and identify the most relevant crops and pollinators in their community. \u201c in largely illiterate areas, these kids are often the first in their families to go to school. they may be resource - poor, but they \u2019 re nature - rich. you couldn \u2019 t ask for better, more enthusiastic young scientists. \u201d technology is transforming his efforts. \u201c now that rural kenya has internet and mobile phone connections, i can email the farmers and field scientists i work with. eventually i want farmers to be able to take pictures with phones and send them to bee taxonomists on the other side of the world. i want kenyan school kids to talk with u. s. kids about pollinators and crops where they live. \u201d martins \u2019 s blog links him with scientists across the globe. one recent entry about mango pollination prompted responses from the u. s., italy, nepal, pakistan, india, and ghana within just one day. his magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. \u201c sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4462294470210432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05948a26-6a20-4242-9ad6-ead65affaddb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.803908"}
{"text": ". s., italy, nepal, pakistan, india, and ghana within just one day. his magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. \u201c sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique to any one place. \u201d martins stresses that everyone can make a difference. \u201c look at your next plate of food and ask where it came from, how it got to you. every time you eat you can choose to support farming that \u2019 s shown to be good, rather than abusive, to nature and people. you vote with your wallet, your feet, and your mouth. \u201d follow @ natgeoexplorers on twitter my name is dino j. martins, i am a kenyan entomologist and i love insects. the kiswahili word for insect is dudu and if you didn ' t know already, insects rule the world! in their words \u201c every single person on our planet has a diet that includes food made possible by pollinating insects. when this connection is threatened, all of humanity is threatened. \u201d martins discusses the age old relationship between honeybees and humans \u2014 and its importance in the future. traditionally, it ' s the birds and the bees that get all the attention - unless you ' re an entomologist. then it ' s the bees and the bees, not to mention the flies and the wasps and the moths. our explorers in action meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46196979049792847, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05948a26-6a20-4242-9ad6-ead65affaddb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.804628"}
{"text": "grading and reporting for all students instructor : stephanie wertkins, instructor ; thomas guskey and lee ann jung, presenter spring, summer & fall ( ongoing ) instruction mode : internet - asynchronous ( online class ) academic level : k - 12 professional development partner course fee : $ 145 partner class offered through knowledge delivery systems this expansive course on the topic of reporting and grading, focuses on the meaning of grades for parents and students. it explores whether teachers are consistent in giving grades and reviews common methods in grading students. presenters guskey and jung challenge traditional practices and propose options that show how grading methods can be modified and combined to benefit students and their parents. also included is a section on the challenges of grading struggling learners and special needs students. jung and guskey lay out a five - step inclusive grading modelresulting in a system that showcases best practices for standards - based grading. after completing this course, educators will know : - aspects of the history of grading in the us to date. - the purpose ( s ) of grading. - recommended grading methods. - the drawbacks of averaging, assigning zeros, and grading on the curve. - the distinctions between the learning criteria of product, process, and progress. - the inclusive grading model as a method for grading struggling and other exceptional learners. - methods for effective communication with parents and other audiences. student learning outcomes : after completing this course, educators will apply the following skills : - articulate a clear purpose for grades. - utilize a standards - based grading system. - distinguish product from process from progress on report cards. - make modifications and accommodations for students as necessary. - adopt the inclusive grading model to ensure they are grading all students, including those who struggle, accurately and fairly. - improve communications with parents and other audiences. register for this class through kdsi. note : upon registration, you have 2 months for course completion. although many of our courses are approved for both 1 and 3 graduate professional development credits, participants can only receive credit for one version of each course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5005106864813036, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2200041-4b96-43ea-bf44-314fa7dab60f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.806945"}
{"text": "worries about pennsylvania facing a severe drought seem to have faded with recent rainstorms, but the question of how to care for your lawn during this summer \u2019 s heat is still important. when it comes to maintaining your lawn, according to an expert in penn state \u2019 s college of agricultural sciences, doing less really may be doing more. \u201c most years, you don \u2019 t need to water if your lawn is in decent shape going into the summer season, \u201d said peter landschoot, professor of turfgrass management. \u201c the spring recipe for lawn care is to fertilize, mow up to twice a week and treat for weeds. but homeowners should back off on all those practices during the summer. \u201d during the hottest, driest months of the year, it is common for cool - season grasses to go into a semidormant state and turn brown and dry. this especially may occur during a drought. fortunately, he explains, lawns generally recover when cool temperatures and moisture return in autumn. he also encourages homeowners to question whether the benefits of watering their lawns are worth the cost of using valuable water resources, particularly during a drought, and advises homeowners to check local watering restrictions that may be in place to limit residential water usage. if you choose to continue watering throughout the summer months, landschoot suggests doing so in the morning, when cooler temperatures and still conditions reduce water - loss due to evaporation. when it comes to watering, he explains that a good rule of thumb is to water deeply and infrequently. \u201c aim to moisten the ground as deep as the roots extend into the soil. \u201d in the case of pest control, he cautions that treatments should be applied during the summer only if there is a significant problem. \u201c grubs are active from mid - august to early october and really can damage some lawns, \u201d landschoot said, noting that most lawns don \u2019 t need annual grub treatments. \u201c grubs are easy to recognize because they eat roots. if you can roll back small areas of turf like a rug, it is likely caused by grubs. \u201d landschoot explained that when mowing your lawn this summer, grass heights should be left a bit higher, between 3 to 3 - 1 / 2 inches. he also suggested that when possible, mowing should be done in the cool of the evening or morning. \u201c late august through mid - october is an optimal time to perform turfgrass maintenance and renovation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.35875660422516326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21b3648e-75e9-46a0-853c-989bffeae2bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.809637"}
{"text": "jamestown, it was thought, had simply disappeared. as the first permanent english settlement in north america, jamestown served as the capital of the jamestown colony throughout most of the 17th century. it was there, along virginia \u2019 s james river, that captain john smith forged his famous bond with pocahontas that kept the jamestown colonists from starving. and it was there that the newly introduced crop of tobacco first flourished in the american colonies. but when the colony \u2019 s capital was relocated in 1699 to what is now modern - day williamsburg, the jamestown site was largely abandoned and gradually succumbed to erosion. though many believed that the original fortified town had been washed away, neh - funded archaeological excavations conducted by the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities in 1996 uncovered the original seventeenth - century fort, revealing it to be intact on three sides. the digs also uncovered hundreds of early colonial artifacts, including glass and copper works, giving glimpses of daily life in the first american colony. learn more about the jamestown 1607 settlement at another neh - supported project, virtual jamestown. created by researchers at virginia polytechnic institute and state university, this online resource lets users peruse early colonial legal suits, see john smith \u2019 s 1608 map of virginia, and visit an interactive 3d recreation of an indian village.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41942183451616677, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47a2e6d7-2ec2-45cb-8393-df99ba81c85b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.812488"}
{"text": "the canons of priscillian, prefixed to the epistles of st. paul in many ( chiefly spanish ) manuscripts, are preceded by an introduction headed \" pro\u0153mium sancti peregrini episcopi in epistolas pauli apostoli \", in which it is explained that the canons were not written by st. jerome but by priscillian, and that they are given in an expurgated edition. the prologue of priscillian himself to his canons follows ; it shows none of the characteristics of style found in the tractates of priscillian ; it has presumably been rewritten by peregrinus, if the tractates are genuine. the codex gothicus of the cathedral of leon contains a prayer, and the words \" et peregrini f. o karissimi memento \". the preface of st. jerome to his lost translation of the books of solomon from the septuagint occurs in some manuscripts after his preface to his translation of those books from the hebrew ; in most of these manuscripts ( spanish, or under spanish influence ) a note is appended explaining that both prefaces are given because, to the vulgate text which follows, there have been added in the margin the additions found in the septuagint ; then come the words \" et idcirco qui legis semper peregrini memento \". the stowe codex of st. john also has a subscription, in which the writer describes himself as \" sonid peregrinus \". sonid is said to be celtic for a warrior ; it reminds us of \" vincentius \", and st. vincent of lerins in fact wrote his commonitorium under the pseudonym of peregrinus. but he cannot be identified with the spanish peregrinus, as he was not a bishop. the latter has been identified by schepss, berger, fritsche, and kunstle with bachiarius, a spaniards who left his country, and is fond of speaking of his peregrinatio ; he was accused of priscillianism, and defended his own orthodoxy ; but he was a monk, and we do not know that he ever became a bishop. it is however most probable that the spanish peregrinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. kunstle is wrong in attributing to him the pseudo - jerome ' s prologue to the catholic epistles. schepss, pri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38225391999574854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13c092d9-a306-429a-ab4d-ef3f58e3fa7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.819184"}
{"text": "##grinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. kunstle is wrong in attributing to him the pseudo - jerome ' s prologue to the catholic epistles. schepss, priscilliani qu\u00e6 supersunt, c. s. e. l., xviii ( vienna, 1889 ), 179 ; berger, histoire de la vulgate ( paris, 1893 ) ; fritsche in zeitschr. fur kirchengesch., xvii ( 1897 ), 212 ; kunstle, das comma johanneum ( freiburg im br., 1905 ) ; chapman, early history of the vulgate gospels ( oxford, 1908 ). apa citation. ( 1911 ). peregrinus. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11664b. htm mla citation. \" peregrinus. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 11. new york : robert appleton company, 1911. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11664b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the sacred heart of jesus christ. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. february 1, 1911. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42206185728274637, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13c092d9-a306-429a-ab4d-ef3f58e3fa7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.819957"}
{"text": "newegg. com - a great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and dvds online. with great prices, fast shipping, and top - rated customer service - once you know, you newegg. if you are reading this message, please click this link to reload this page. ( do not use your browser ' s \" refresh \" button ). please email us if you ' re running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message. table of contents bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless data transfer. bluetooth connectivity is often found in high - end keyboards and mice. bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in comparison to rf technology. dpi and fps dpi ( dots per inch ) and fps ( frames per second ) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. these figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse ' s sensor. the greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more accurately and precisely the surface can be tracked. to detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface. currently 400 and 800 dpi optical mice as well as 800 dpi laser mice are very popular, but some high - end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even 2000 dpi tracking speeds. the personal system / 2 or ps / 2 was the designation for ibm ' s second generation of personal computers. the ps / 2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. ps / 2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color - coded on today ' s systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. most desktop motherboards still provide ps / 2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using usb ports. radio frequency ( rf ) is a wireless communication technology. using rf technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables. the usb ( universal serial bus ) port is a popular i / o interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. it is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy - chained peripheral devices simultaneously. the latest usb 2. 0 specification can deliver 480mbps data transfer bandwidth. in addition, usb provides plug - and - play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on. today, many keyboard and mice use the usb interface.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5710346015028798, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc2f6ff5-32a8-4803-8794-bd3c0c07dc53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.822601"}
{"text": "new oakland child - adolescent and family center \" psychoses \" are defined as abnormal conditions of the mind, a psychiatric term for a mental state involving a loss of contact with reality. psychotic disorders cause distorted thinking and awareness and can vary greatly in their severity. the term \" psychosis \" is very broad and can mean anything from an aberrant experience to a more chronic illness such as schizophrenia. the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are : - delusions : false beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary - hallucinations : experiencing images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices people experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorders. depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities. there are several different types of psychosis but an initial episode won ' t necessarily determine which type it is. duration and severity of symptoms along with a comprehensive assessment is more likely to lead to a proper diagnosis. information from the individual, family history and physical examinations will create a clearer picture. some of the types of psychosis : - brief reactive psychosis : psychotic symptoms arise in response to a major stress. a quick recovery is likely - delusional disorder : evidences itself when a person acts on strong beliefs that don ' t fit conventional reality. - psychotic depression : a severe depression with psychotic symptoms happening at the same time - bipolar disorder : extreme highs ( mania ) and lows ( depression ) psychosis can appear during either phase - schizophrenia : delusions, hallucinations last six months or more. contrary to popular belief, a schizophrenic does not have multiple personalities new oakland child - adolescent and family center assesses and treats the mental health issues and crises faced by children and adolescents. immediate action can return well - being to your family. see the \" contact \" tab for the nearest new oakland facility or call the 24 hour crisis stabilization hot line : ( 800 ) 395 - 3223", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5677044196330426, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23f03467-9ba4-4e23-bae8-b8c73ec6f7d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.824762"}
{"text": "the business of america is business \u2014 president calvin coolidge, 1925 do you know the definitions of \u201c commerce, \u201d \u201c entrepreneurship \u201d and / or \u201c free - enterprise? \u201d august, which is national black business month, is a good time for black americans to start productive business activities. african - americans across the u. s. are urged to join the national black business month movement to encourage blacks to patronize black - owned businesses. the movement could spark discussions and initiatives that educate blacks in american capitalism and at the same time revive the country \u2019 s black business districts. for some, the national black business month concept will set off debate about the continued usefulness and fairness of a month and initiative dedicated to one race. what african - americans need now is a race - based initiative and culture to support black - owned businesses. contemporary blacks \u2019 participation in the american capitalistic system is highly suspect. blacks show high levels of economic dysfunction and are unique in our lack of internal commerce. studies show that nowadays, a dollar goes into and out of the black community in 15 minutes. a poor understanding of capitalism and internal circulation of funds plague black communities. money circulates zero to one time within the black community, compared to a dollar circulation rate of six times among latino communities, nine times among asian communities and an unlimited number of times within white and jewish communities, according to the university of georgia \u2019 s selig center for economic growth. the national black business month movement will raise the visibility of african - american entrepreneurs as the most promising solutions for the growth of american cities and commerce. national black business month is an ideal time to define : \u201c commerce, \u201d \u201c entrepreneurship \u201d and \u201c free - enterprise \u201d to your friends and family. it can build a pillar for business in black american culture. the basic concept behind national black business month is for african - americans to make a commitment to visit a black - owned business on each of the 31 days of august. the movement has at its base educating the masses of blacks and other americans on the advantages of developing and supporting black business enterprises. nbbm had inaugural events in san jose in june and in washington, d. c. and san francisco in august. executives at blackmoney. com are the movement \u2019 s primary advocates. their objective is to motivate \u201c commerce toward, between and among the nation \u2019 s black businesses ; \u201d and to urge a show of solidarity to help black - owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. \u201c each one tells one \u201d could be a \u201c force multipl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681915122258864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454a43f2-8420-4f93-ae3e-cdad712b27b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.828696"}
{"text": "##tivate \u201c commerce toward, between and among the nation \u2019 s black businesses ; \u201d and to urge a show of solidarity to help black - owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. \u201c each one tells one \u201d could be a \u201c force multiplier \u201d for black businesses and economics. the nbbm needs to grow legs, and you can help. to effectively participate in the nbbm initiative african - americans are requested : 1. ) visit some of the small businesses in your city or community. 2. ) go inside the business and introduce yourself. 3. ) even if you don \u2019 t buy anything, look around to see if there are items, services or products that you may have better use for on another day. john william templeton is a co - founder of national black business month. a business journalist, templeton is a nationally recognized author, historian, demographer and financial expert. a graduate of howard university \u2019 s school of communications, templeton and his associates tout black - and minority - owned businesses as \u201c increasingly important \u201d to america ' s economy. a business [ also known as an enterprise or firm ] is an organization engaged in the trade of goods and / or services to consumers. there are 1. 9 million black - owned businesses in the u. s. black - owned firms annually employ 921, 032 people, and generate $ 137. 5 billion in receipts. these days, minority business operations need ongoing support from their neighbors, local legislatures and corporate brethren. black - owned businesses are prominent in health care and social assistance ( 19 percent ), repair and maintenance and personal and laundry services ( 19 percent ). administrative and support services, waste management and remediation services industries account for 11 percent. ( william reed is available for speaking / seminar projects via the bailey group. org ) digital daily signup sign up now for the new pittsburgh courier digital daily newsletter! - courier, urban league and pitt ctsi sponsor community health forum ( 1 ) - the end of america \u2019 s dominance ( 1 ) - black community not to blame for august wilson center crisis ( 13 ) - more visits by artists like beyonce, jay - z, needed, says afro - cuban filmmaker ( 2 ) - can the black community change the face of the music industry? ( 3 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4174775169957232, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454a43f2-8420-4f93-ae3e-cdad712b27b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.829651"}
{"text": "falling objects and bouncing location : outside u. s. date : april 2008 i am looking to compare different masses, objects, shapes and compare these to dents made in a specific plate ( e. g. polystyrene ). for this experiment i would need not only to be able to work out the velocity of the object but also how much air resistance is effecting the object plus the amount of air is jammed between the object and the plate. if possible, i would also be looking for a way to measure how much, for instance, an object would bounce back, or how much weight and height will get me the best results, but i also need to find a formula to see wether any of my results make any sense. i was thinking of letting an object dimensions around 5 x 5 ( base ) by 5 - 10 ( height ) depending on object otherwise for sphere a 3 cm radius object drop from around 3 meters object mass around 250g to 1kg. i do not know if pressure, humidity or temperature matters. it sounds like you ' re asking for someone to 1. validate your methodology, and 2. suggest any other factors you need to consider. is that right? ( if not, reply and let me know what else ). first, the methodology. it sounds like you have an ambitious approach, but i think some organization up front will really help you get good value from your efforts. there is a method known as ' design of experiments ' that might help. i am going to walk you through some basic steps, and hopefully it will step one is to have a hypothesis. what are you trying to prove? it sounds like you are testing something about elastic collisions ( such as the relationship between objects and the mark they leave on a plate ), but i am not clear what. step two is to organize and categorize your variables. you have two kinds of variables : independent and dependent. an independent variable is something you can set yourself ( such as how high to drop the object, which object with which properties, etc. ). a dependent variable, often called a response variable, is one that is determined by independent variables. the mark left on the plate or the height the object bounces might be response variables. a third type of \" variable \" is a factor that you do not intentionally change ( i put \" variable \" in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not ). there are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. you might always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5484075357296119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4b16c9b-077a-4540-930d-1c571c35557a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.838849"}
{"text": "\" is a factor that you do not intentionally change ( i put \" variable \" in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not ). there are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. you might always choose to use the same target plate - - that is a factor that you hold constant. you might work outside, and have to deal with wind or temperature changes - - these affect your results, but you cannot control them. it is a good idea to record variables and factors that affect your results - - they may be helpful later in interpreting your step three is to revisit your hypothesis - - restate your idea in terms of the variables that you can measure. saying \" i want to see what happens.... \". is not as powerful as saying something like \" a change of independent variable a will lead to a change in dependent variable b in this way c. \" step four is to set up your equipment to actually test your hypothesis. keep it simple - - pick materials and equipment that fit what you are trying to test. remove things that will introduce uncontrollable variables. the more variables you try to change, the harder the experiment will be to run and the harder the results will be to analyze. sometimes you have to have a lot of variables, but it is often a good idea to start simple first, and then work your way up to more complicated experiments. i strongly recommend you read about ' design of experiments ' to help you understand the approach i am suggesting here. the internet has a ton of information, as would a library too. now for your specific situation. it sounds like you are trying to do experiments involving colliding objects. have you studied ' kinetic energy ' in physics yet? i would start there. you can get all the equations you need. i would specifically study elastic and inelastic collisions. usually collisions are not purely one or the other. with a rubber ball, the ball deforms as it strikes a hard object. some energy is dissipated in the deformation, and some is returned elastically. if you are hitting an expanded polystyrene ( ' styrofoam ' ) target, the energy of the falling object will be partially / mostly absorbed by the styrofoam. for your objects and distances ( ~ 1kg, ~ 10m ), i think you can safely neglect air / wind effects. if you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult - to - control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5763823907069487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4b16c9b-077a-4540-930d-1c571c35557a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.840208"}
{"text": "##yrofoam. for your objects and distances ( ~ 1kg, ~ 10m ), i think you can safely neglect air / wind effects. if you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult - to - control factor as now the orientation of the object affects how it bounces ( i would avoid this variable, to be honest - - stick with spheres ). as for weights and masses, it probably does not matter that much unless you use very light, low - density objects ( they will be affected by air ). ball bearings, rocks, and other similar ' heavy ' objects should all hope this helps, that is a massively difficult and computationally intensive endeavor you want to undertake! i am afraid that the best answer i can give, is to say that with without a supercomputer running extremely complex finite element analysis software, and a lot of very expensive computer time, there is no way to do what you are suggesting. it is amazing how complex it is to accurately describe something as seemingly simple as dropping a block though air! further, before you can even think of attempting to see how far an object would bounce off your polystyrene plate, you would need to mathematically characterize the detailed physical characteristics of both the plate and the falling object. so, i am sorry, but to do what you want to do is simply impossible with the resources available to someone like you or even me. you have a pretty complicated project. for a \" dropping \" distance of ~ 3 meters, air pressure, humidity and temperature will probably be negligible. for a sphere, stokes ' law says that the shear viscosity is f = 6 x pi x a x nu x v ( for reynolds numbers 1 ( true for air ) ). for heavy objects of radius ' a ' the velocity ' v ' falling through air with a viscosity ' nu ' will not be significant i don ' t think. how bodies of different shape fall is a complicated problem because they tend to tumble, so you should probably stick to spheres. relating the indentation of the base to the mechanical parameters may be very tricky too. not all polystyrene, for example, has the same elasticity, which determines how much of the energy of the falling object is absorbed compared to how much is retained by the falling object. click here to return to the engineering archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5144223803210914, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4b16c9b-077a-4540-930d-1c571c35557a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.841286"}
{"text": "national air quality has improved since the early 1990 ' s, but many challenges remain in protecting public health and the environment from air quality problems. since the 1950s, air quality has been a major public health and environmental concern. local, state, and national programs have helped us learn more about the problems and how to solve them. nh epht program works closely with nh department of environmental services, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), and the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) to track air quality data and to better understand how air pollution affects our health. air pollution and your health air pollution in the united states poses a public health threat affecting potentially millions of people throughout the country. it is associated with health problems that include increased emergency department visits and hospitals stays for breathing and heart problems, asthma, and increases in illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, and adverse reproductive outcomes such as low birth weight. air pollution comes from two main origins : point - sources ( factories, construction, houses, businesses, agriculture ) and non - point sources ( automobiles, trains, buses, vegetation ). the epa lists the most common air pollutants as ground - level ozone, particle pollution ( often referred to as particulate matter ), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. ozone ( o3 ) and fine particulate matter ( pm2. 5 ) are the primary pollutants of concern in new hampshire as they regularly occur at concentrations which can cause harmful health effects. other contaminants, such as nitrogen - oxides and sulfur - dioxide, occasionally occur at significant concentrations. ground level ozone ozone is created indirectly when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in the presence of heat and sunlight. your exposure to ozone depends mainly on where you live and work and how much time you spend outside. everyone can have health problems from ozone. symptoms might be very mild or more serious. people with lung disease, children, older adults, and people who are active outdoors are at the highest risk of having problems when ozone levels are unhealthy. many scientific studies have linked ground - level ozone contact to varied problems, such as - lung and throat irritation, - wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities, - coughing and pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5048967915877779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ffd8677-0841-45c2-9d79-26184bb0364a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.848259"}
{"text": "pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of particles that are in the air, including dust, dirt, soot and smoke, and little drops of liquid. fine particulates occur from being directly emitted ( e. g., from a smokestack or tailpipe ) or from secondary reactions in the air ( e. g., when water vapor condenses on sulfate ions, which is also a secondary product of combustion ). some particles, such as soot or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen. other particles are so small that you cannot see them. small particles are the most concerning because they are most likely to cause health problems. their small size allows these particles to get into the deep part of your lungs. being exposed to any kind of particulate matter may cause : - increased emergency department visits and hospital stays for breathing and heart problems, - breathing problems, - asthma symptoms to get worse, - adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, - decreased lung growth in children, - lung cancer, and - early deaths. sensitive people, including older adults, people with diseases such as asthma or congestive heart disease, and children, are more likely to be affected by contact with pm2. 5. reduce your risk epa ' s air quality index, or aqi, is a tool to help you quickly learn when air pollution is likely to reach unhealthy levels. local tv stations, radio programs, and newspapers carry these air quality forecasts to tell you when particle levels are likely to be unhealthy. you can use the aqi to plan your daily activities to reduce exposure to particle pollution. when particle pollution levels are high, you can : - reduce the amount of time you spend outside ; - do easier outdoor activities, such as walking instead of running or using a riding lawn mower instead of a push mower ; and - exercise away from roads and highways. particle pollution is usually worse near these areas. if you have one of the following diseases, you may experience some effects from particle pollution : - lung disease - you may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - you may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can \u2019 t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - heart disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513008722164821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ffd8677-0841-45c2-9d79-26184bb0364a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.850540"}
{"text": "you may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - you may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can \u2019 t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - heart disease - coming in contact with particle pollution can cause serious problems in a short period of time, such as a heart attack without any warning signs. - symptoms, including chest pain or tightness, fast heartbeat, feeling out of breath, and feeling tired more than usual, may be signs of a serious problem. if you have any of these signs, follow your doctor ' s advice and contact your doctor if the symptoms last longer than usual or worsen. - follow your asthma management plan when particle levels are high. tracking air pollution tracking air pollution can help people understand how often they are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. having these data can also help public health professionals or policymakers understand which areas may be most in need of prevention and control activities. nh epht is tracking the following indicators about ozone and pm2. 5 : - ozone - - days above regulatory standard the number of days in which the daily maximum 8 - hour average ozone concentration exceeds a standard provides an indication of short - term spikes in ozone concentrations. this may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of ozone. - pm2. 5 - - days above regulatory standard these data help summarize short - term trends in particle pollution concentrations. this may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of particulate matter. - annual pm2. 5 level these data help summarize long - term trends in particle pollution concentrations. this will give you an idea of what the yearly level of pm2. 5 is in an area. for information about specific health risks associated with ozone and particulate matter : to read more about air contaminants : to read more about air pollution and health :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076206196656059, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ffd8677-0841-45c2-9d79-26184bb0364a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.851769"}
{"text": "time and frequency from a to z : d to do a number or series of numbers used to identify a given day with the least possible ambiguity. the date is usually expressed as the month, day of month, and year. however, integer numbers such as the julian date are also used to express the date. daylight saving time the part of the year when clocks are advanced by one hour, effectively moving an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. in 2007, the rules for daylight saving time ( dst ) have changed for the first time since 1986. the new changes were enacted by the the energy policy act of 2005, which extended the length of dst by about one month in the interest of reducing energy consumption. dst will now be in effect for 238 days, or about 65 % of the year, although congress retained the right to revert to the prior law should the change prove unpopular or if energy savings are not significant. under the current rules, dst in the u. s. begins at 2 : 00 a. m. on the second sunday of march and ends at 2 : 00 a. m. on the first sunday of november. daylight saving time is not observed in hawaii, american samoa, guam, puerto rico, the virgin islands, and the state of arizona ( not including the navajo indian reservation, which does observe ). the time that elapses between the end of one measurement and the start of the next measurement. this time interval is generally called dead time only if information is lost. for example, when making measurements with a time interval counter, the minimum amount of dead time is the elapsed time from when a stop pulse is received to the arrival of the next start pulse. if a counter is fast enough to measure every pulse ( if it can sample at a rate of 1 khz, for instance, and the input signals are at 100 hz ), we can say there is no dead time between measurements. disciplined oscillator ( do ) an oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered ( often through the use of a phase locked loop ) to agree with an external reference. for example, a gps disciplined oscillator ( gpsdo ) usually consists of a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered to agree with signals broadcast by the gps satellites. the apparent change of frequency caused by the motion of the frequency source ( transmitter ) relative to the destination ( receiver ). if the distance between the transmitter and receiver is increasing the frequency apparently decreases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5656631605178339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8885f164-65e1-4fdd-beef-17d693860475>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.854685"}
{"text": "noaa : december global ocean temperature second warmest on record for the year, 2009 annual temperature tied for fifth - warmest january 21, 2010 the global ocean surface temperature was the second warmest on record for december, according to scientists at noaa \u2019 s national climatic data center in asheville, n. c. based on records going back to 1880, the monthly ncdc analysis is part of the suite of climate services noaa provides. scientists also reported the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record for december. for 2009, global temperatures tied with 2006 as the fifth - warmest on record. also, the earth \u2019 s land surface for 2009 was seventh - warmest ( tied with 2003 ) and the ocean surface was fourth - warmest ( tied with 2002 and 2004. ) highlights for december 2009 - the global ocean temperature was the second warmest on record, behind 1997. the temperature anomaly was 0. 97 degree f above the 20th century average of 60. 4 degrees f. - the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record, at 0. 88 degree f above the 20th century average of 54. 0 degrees f. - the global land surface temperature was 0. 63 degree f above the 20th century average of 38. 7 degrees f - the coolest december anomaly since 2002. global temperature highlights for 2009 - for the calendar year 2009, the global combined land and ocean surface temperature of 58. 0 degrees f tied with 2006 as the fifth - warmest on record. this value is 1. 01 degree f above the 20th century average. - ncdc scientists also noted the average temperature for the decade ( 2000 - 09 ), 57. 9 degrees f, was the warmest on record surpassing the 1990 - 99 average of 57. 7 degrees f. value. - arctic sea ice covered an average of 4. 8 million square miles during december. this is 6. 6 percent below the 1979 - 2000 average extent and the fourth lowest december extent since records began in 1979. - antarctic sea ice extent in december was 2. 1 percent above the 1979 - 2000 average, resulting in the 14th largest december extent on record. december arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 3. 3 percent per decade since 1979, while december antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 0. 6 percent per decade over the same period. - northern hemisphere snow cover during december 2009 was the second largest extent, behind 1985, on record. north american snow cover for december 2009 was the largest extent since satellite records began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47315517871239887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d709afc-d370-4072-996f-c8a3234be552>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.857534"}
{"text": "description not set skeletal system 6 from the course general human anatomy general human anatomy - fall 2006. the functional anatomy of the human body as revealed by gross and microscopic examination. independence or dependency 1 from the course world regions, peoples, and states this course will provide a framework for recognizing and analyzing the major distinctive regions of the world in comparative context. the most important interrelations between environment, economy, ethnicity, and the national identity and viability of states will be explored. see a reversal view a computer model simulation from nova online that illustrates what happens during a magnetic field reversal, an infrequent occurrence that may be currently underway. quarks : inside the atom this video segment adapted from nova shows how the particle accelerator helped physicists find parts of the atom even smaller than protons and neutrons. when did the first americans arrive? in this video segment adapted from nova, recent archaeological evidence leads scientists to revise existing theories about human migrations into the americas around the time of the last ice age. good neighbors and bad : religious differences on the plains in the early 20th century the harmony of rural life is often romanticized, but differences among neighbors, whether ethnic, religious or political, could often lead to tension, especially as new groups emigrated west. ezra and dan miller were born in a sod house in north dakota but migrated with a group of amish mennonites to montana. in this 1981 interview, conducted by laurie mercier for the montana historical society, they described how local cowboys reacted to the influx of amish farmers. \" speak, garvey, speak! \" a follower recalls a garvey rally the jamaican - born marcus garvey, a brilliant orator and black nationalist leader, turned his universal negro improvement association ( unia ) into the most important black organization in the united states in the early 1920s. garvey ' s speeches often drew huge audiences, and stories of garvey ' s stubborn resistance in the face of white hostility proliferated among his supporters. in an oral history interview, devotee audley moore remembered the jamaican ' s defiant behavior at a rally in new orleans c no way out : two new york city firemen testify about the 1911 triangle shirtwaist fire one of the greatest industrial tragedies in u. s. history occurred on march 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in new york city. in this brief excerpt from their testimony before the factory investigation commission, new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5706847971976587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0e277ed-6272-408f-8ffa-2f40d878ea7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.862688"}
{"text": "s. history occurred on march 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in new york city. in this brief excerpt from their testimony before the factory investigation commission, new york city fire chief edward f. croker and fire marshall william beers commented on the safety lapses - - the locking of an exit door, the inadequate fire escapes, and the overcrowded factory floor - - that led to engineering design challenges this site presents challenges faced by nasa engineers who are developing the next generation of aerospace vehicles. the challenges : thermal protection systems, spacecraft structures, electrodynamic propulsion systems, propellers, and personal satellite assistants. students design, build, test, re - design, and re - build models that meet specified design criteria, using the same analytical skills as engineers. determination of dna bases chemistry : a discovery - based experiment the paper contains details of an electrochemistry lab where students are given the time to explore and design an experiment to identify the different dna bases. the paper has a very useful compendium of literature relating to electrochemical techniques. school - home links reading kit offers 400 activities for strengthening children ' s reading and writing skills ( one kit for each grade level, kindergarten through 3rd grade ). these kits, part of the compact for reading, not only help improve children ' s reading skills, but also provide guidance on creating and maintaining school - family partnerships. helping your preschool child this guide offers fun activities for parents to use during everyday routines to help babies, toddlers, and preschoolers develop skills needed for success in school and life. the booklet also describes behaviors and changes parents can expect to see during these three developmental stages. kennet avon canal devizes to bradford on avon images on the kennet & avon canal between devizes and bradford on avpm tonto national monument : saving a national treasure tells the story of the salado people, who thrived in the arizona valley where tonto creek joins the salt river ( 1050 - 1450 ad ). the salado culture combined customs of several american indian groups. they channeled the river to create farmland in the desert. they built pueblo - style buildings. they left no written records. this monument, established in december 1907, was among the first sites protected under the antiquities act of 1906. the aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. it is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034206296429905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0e277ed-6272-408f-8ffa-2f40d878ea7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.863731"}
{"text": "the first sites protected under the antiquities act of 1906. the aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. it is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. the lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. they can be delivered sequentially or used in the aim of this lesson is to enable students to recognize the importance of organizational skills in achieving study goals. it is the second lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. the lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. they can be delivered sequentially or u show me a picture and i ' ll tell you a story : web photo journals students analyze and evaluate \" photo journal \" web sites, then create their own web - based photo journal. origins of american animation this site offers 21 animated films and 2 fragments, which span the years 1900 to 1921. the films include clay, puppet, and cut - out animation, as well as pen drawings. they point to a connection between newspaper comic strips and early animated films, as represented by keeping up with the joneses, krazy kat, and the katzenjammer kids. ks2 numeracy sats revision 1 the presentation ( introduction ) revises some of the different aspects of place value : column headings ; multiplying and dividing by powers of 10 ; adding decimals. the levels test these aspects of place value and also writing words as numbers and ordering decimals. the final level tests all of the skills. each question is either multiple choice or true / false. the order of questions is randomised. progress is tracked and numerous awards given for achievement at each level.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.516784551561924, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0e277ed-6272-408f-8ffa-2f40d878ea7b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.864600"}
{"text": "ece435 music, movement, drama, dance lead faculty : dr. judy mantle focus on enriching and enhancing young children \u2019 s learning through the creative arts. emphasis on integrating creative experiences within core subjects to create developmentally appropriate experiences. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, supportive historical background and developmental perspectives for the use of creative arts in the growth and development of young children. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, the effectiveness of music, movement, drama, and dance as teaching - learning strategies with young children. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, blending of subject matter in music, movement, drama and dance and integration into an age appropriate dynamic learning curriculum units for young children. - compile a variety of music, movement, drama and dance resources for use in curriculum unit planning for young children. - develop skills in improvisation of activities to accompany play activities. - exhibit personal and social behavior while presenting culturally diverse performing arts \u2013 dance and music. - implement the use of environmental materials to create musical instruments. - demonstrate core standards for the performing arts as a means of fitness and health promotion. - demonstrate undergraduate - level written communication. - demonstrate undergraduate - level oral communication and presentation skills. - demonstrate undergraduate application of analytical and critical thinking skills. - demonstrate an awareness and understanding of potential legal and ethical issues in course content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4869946450909068, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9a2b0df-681f-4b55-8f0b-67a134020ab3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.869069"}
{"text": "iii. more women arrive in august of 1609, about twenty women arrived on ships sent by the virginia company of london. one hundred more women arrived a few months later. many of the female passengers on the first ships were traveling with their husbands and families. all were recruited by the virginia company, a land - development, stock - issuing corporation based in london. for the most part these women \u2019 s names are lost, but a few survive in the records. temperance flowerdew yeardley, wife of captain george yeardley, landed in 1609 and survived the ensuing \u201c starving time. \u201d the yeardleys returned to england in 1618 at which time king james i knighted george yeardley. in 1619 they returned to virginia, where sir george was appointed colonial governor of virginia. the yeardleys became one of the most prominent families in virginia, owning a large plantation named flowerdew hundred, which was temperance \u2019 s surname prior to marriage. joan pierce sailed with her husband william and daughter jane. by all accounts, joan was a dauntless woman and enjoyed the challenges of living in virginia. during a visit to england in 1629, she was described as \u201c an honest and industrious woman [ who ] hath been [ in virginia ] nearly 20 years. \u201d she apparently considered the new colony rich in resources ; she was quoted as saying that \u201c she can keep a better house in virginia... than in london. \u201d ( 1 ) her daughter, jane pierce, married john rolfe, the widower of pocahontas. pocahontas had been the favored daughter of chief powhatan, and her marriage to rolfe in 1614 brought over eight years of peace between the settlers and native americans, during which the colony was able to produce profitable tobacco. pocahontas died in england in 1617, and rolfe returned to jamestown. he became active in colonial politics and married jane pierce later that year. they had one daughter, elizabeth, also named for the powerful virgin queen. ( 2 ) thomasine causey sailed to virginia in 1609 to be with her husband who had made the trip a year before. the specifics of her family and voyage are not known, but many women were in the same situation : while their men took off for the new world, women supported their families and managed the finances. before leaving england to join their husbands, these women made the decisions about selling property and planning for the long voyage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3730523150563151, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:871dbc7b-fa34-484a-82f6-c4316cf810d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.871623"}
{"text": "the duel in european history : honour and the reign of aristocracy by v. g. kiernan oxford university press, 348 pp., $ 14. 95 ( paper ) victor kiernan is one of the most versatile of british historians. he has written learned monographs on british diplomacy in china, 1880 \u2013 1885, on metcalfe \u2019 s mission to lahore, 1808 \u2013 1809, on the revolution of 1854 in spanish history, on american imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, on imperialism generally, and on state and society in europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. he has also written about wordsworth, nineteenth - century england, central asia, africa, india and pakistan, and about relations between portugal and britain. he has translated volumes of urdu poetry. the story goes that he was once asked by a journal for an article on british imperialism in china. he replied that he had rather lost interest in that subject, but he could let them have a piece on the jesuits in paraguay. the article they finally got was on english evangelicism and the french revolution. what we are all waiting for is his big book on shakespeare. the duel in european history ranges through recorded history, from gilgamesh, homer, and beowulf to the present century. \u201c what has been remembered of the duel, \u201d kiernan begins, \u201c has been mostly of an anecdotal kind \u201d ; and at first sight his seems an anecdotal book. it is stuffed with excellent anecdotes, but there is a steady and consistent theme running through it, implicit rather than explicit. in trying to draw this theme from the material i have quoted freely, since i cannot match kiernan \u2019 s incisive prose. the duel for kiernan is a conflict between two men, usually accompanied by an \u201c elaborate etiquette \u2026 upheld by \u2018 seconds. \u2019 \u201d it was, he writes, amidst the chronic warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the modern duel took shape. during that time of transition from medieval to modern, state power and the reign of law were being established by absolutist monarchy ; but aristocracy, its half - brother, survived in altered guise, a permanent anachronism, and often canker, in the life of europe. private warfare between baronial families or factions was suppressed with difficulty ; in france in the second half of the sixteenth century, with religious combustibles added, it flared up into civil war. madrid in the next century was still disturbed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.454567440115482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:620abd64-8a8f-4a76-9e5d-6976b952f9af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.875376"}
{"text": "witnessing a hawk snatch a songbird off your birdfeeder can be quite a shock. although most of us understand the food chain, backyard birders would prefer these sharks of the sky get their meals elsewhere. sharp - shinned and cooper ' s hawks are the two most common birds of prey that visit birdfeeders in urban orange county, says biologist scott thomas, who runs raptor research for the local sea & sage audubon society. cooper ' s hawks ' numbers have grown significantly in california as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas. bruce chambers, the orange county register \" sharp - shinned hawks are migrants and visit our area from october through march or april, while cooper ' s hawks are here year - round, \" thomas said. both are fast, agile fliers that can maneuver around buildings and trees in a surprise attack. both species prey chiefly on small birds, while the cooper ' s hawk includes some small mammals in its diet. \" about 25 years ago, cooper ' s hawks were on california ' s special concern list, \" he said. \" at that time they were not very common in neighborhoods. \" but their numbers have grown significantly as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas, he said. \" we ' ve tracked them and found the hawks actually fly a circuit every day, going from feeder to feeder, \" thomas said. that means once a raptor finds a meal at a feeder, it will likely return. while you can ' t always protect your backyard birds from an aerial attack, you can give your songbirds an edge by taking a few precautions. \" hang your feeders in a tree so the birds have a better chance of escape, \" thomas said. \" and don ' t put feeders up against a window where the small birds may become panicked and fly into it. \" add a baffle or an umbrella - type cover over the feeder so the birds will be less visible from aerial predators. and remove dead branches from the trees on your property where hawks may perch for hunting. if a hawk has become a real menace to your backyard birds, take the feeder down for a few weeks. the hawk will move on, but it may also return when the feeder birds return. keep in mind that this cycle of life will go on whether you have a backyard feeder or not. and to help protect the health of all birds in your yard, thomas recommends cleaning feeders and birdbaths regularly with 10 percent b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38808665352163646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa46883-125b-4550-8bb7-c0c247de4695>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.878118"}
{"text": "classification of nouns nouns are categorized by vowels and consonants they include. for the consonants they include nouns are categorized in two groups : 15 nouns and 16 nouns. for the vowels they include nouns are categorized in 5 groups : a, a ; a, \u00f8 ; o, o ; u, y ; i, e. 15 nouns : the first consonant of these nouns are h, j, m, n, r, s, s ' 16 nouns : the first consonant of there nouns are c, d, l, p, t, v, l ' categorizing by vowels depends on how many syllable noun has and what is the vowel in the syllable we have to use. if a noun has 2 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable if a noun has 3 syllable we use the vowel of the third syllable if a noun has 4 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable \u0131f a noun has 5 or more syllable we use the vowel of the syllable before the last syllable. vowel in a syllable can be a single vowel or a diphthong. if the syllable contains a diphthong, we choose the vowel we will use according to following rules : if there is \" u \" or \" y \" we use them, if there is a back vowel and \" i \" we use the back vowel, if there is a front vowel and \" i \" we use \" i \", in other diphthongs we use the first vowel. definite articles vi sollidaavin has10 definite articles. all definite articles are 2 letters. first is a consonant, second a vowel. if a noun is a 15 noun, the first letter of the article is \" v \" if a noun is a 16 noun, the first letter of the article is \" s \" we add the vowel according to the rules above to these consonants and make the article. e. g. : tyyccion has 2 syllable. we will use the second syllable and the vowels in it are i and o. \" o \" is a front vowel this means we will use \" i \". and it is a 16 noun. with these knowledges the article is \" si \". si tyyccion. more examples : vo riol, su vuun, va raceslain, ve hiynnen. we have to use the root word to decide the article of the noun. in a sentence if a noun takes a prefix, that noun does not take article. we use definite article when the noun does not take prefixes and indefinite article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47688463515183965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f2b4892-3258-465a-b222-702ca9785491>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.880553"}
{"text": "the war of independence the violent confrontations between jews and arabs in the land of israel started in the early 1920s. for the most part, the jews defended themselves against attacks by the arabs. the hagana was responsible for defense of the jewish community, and sometimes british armed forces intervened to end the violence. the hagana was established in 1920 primarily as a regional organization ; in each settlement its members were responsible for its own defense. every jewish resident of the land of israel was eligible to join, the main condition being the person ' s ability to keep the organization ' s activities secret. at first the hagana ' s limited mobility hindered its capability to carry out attacks. after the 1921 uprisings the hagana expanded by drafting new members, conducting courses for commanders and accelerating weapons ' acquisition. armaments were purchased abroad or manufactured in factories located primarily in kibbutzim. the hagana was under the authority of the elected governing institutions of the yishuv ( jewish community in the land of israel. ) in 1936 there was an arab uprising which called for liberation from british rule. they attacked british forces and jews as well. in the course of the revolt the british recommended a solution : to divide the land into two states \u2014 arab and jewish ( the peel commission report ). the arab leadership rejected the proposal of partition. the yishuv leadership accepted the principle of partition but opposed the borders suggested by the commission. at the end of world war ii, in spite of revelations about the scope of the jewish holocaust in europe and the murder of millions of jews, britain refused to permit the establishment of a jewish state. in postwar europe there were over 100, 000 jewish refugees who could not return to their homes, but the british refused to allow them to immigrate to the land of israel. the yishuv fought the decision. britain, whose resources had been drained by the war, turned the issue of the land of israel over to the united nations ; the organization appointed a special committee which once more recommended partition as a solution to the problem. on november 29, 1947, the un general assembly, by a large majority, approved the resolution calling for two independent states to be established alongside each other in the land of israel ( resolution 181 ). members of the jewish community danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward palestinian arabs and volunteers from arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. the civil war : december 1947 - may 1948 the war that began on november 29, 1947 is known as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4539063142249514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ff7cba3-feb8-451a-acc8-03479a339f67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.887924"}
{"text": "danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward palestinian arabs and volunteers from arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. the civil war : december 1947 - may 1948 the war that began on november 29, 1947 is known as the war of independence because it resulted in independence for the jewish community in the land of israel, in spite of the fact that at the beginning local arabs, and then armies from arab countries tried to prevent it. local arab troops and volunteers attacked isolated jewish communities, jews in cities with mixed populations and the roads. they also employed terror tactics \u2014 all jewish people, settlements and property were considered to be legitimate targets. the most serious terror attacks were against the haifa oil refineries, where 39 jews were murdered in december 1947. at the time hagana tactics were primarily defensive or focused on specific objectives. because of arab attacks, various areas of the yishuv were cut off from the center and became isolated. the hagana tried to supply besieged areas by means of clandestine convoys. these convoys became the foci of armed confrontations between jews and arabs, but in spite of everything, no jewish settlement was abandoned. dozens of fighters were killed in attempts to relieve isolated communities. the main efforts were dedicated to bringing supplies to the besieged city of jerusalem, and this resulted in many victims. in memory of these martyrs, haim gouri wrote the poem bab el - wad which is the arabic name for sha ' ar ha - gai [ gate to the valley ] \u2014 ; a strategic point where convoys began the climb from the coastal plains to the hills of jerusalem. the catastrophe [ an - nakbeh ] 1948 on november 29, 1947, the united nations general assembly passed resolution 181, which calls for the partition of palestine into two states, arab and jewish. this was the start of the countdown for the establishment of the state of israel on may 15, 1948 and the 1948 catastrophe, which uprooted and dispersed the palestinian people. the catastrophe was : 1 ) the defeat of the arab armies in the 1948 palestine war ; 2 ) their acceptance of the truce ; 3 ) the displacement of most of the palestinian people from their cities and villages ; and 4 ) the emergence of the refugee problem and the palestinian diaspora. first and foremost, britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the palestinian arab people in 1948. it received the mandate for palestine from the league of nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of palestine until it relinquished the territory on may 15, 1948, britain did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44813636800222245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ff7cba3-feb8-451a-acc8-03479a339f67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.888929"}
{"text": "britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the palestinian arab people in 1948. it received the mandate for palestine from the league of nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of palestine until it relinquished the territory on may 15, 1948, britain did all it could to suppress the palestinian people and to arrest and deport their leaders. the british did not allow palestinians to exercise their right to defend themselves and their land against the zionist movement. it suppressed the popular uprisings ( intifadas ) which followed one after another beginning in 1920 ( including those of 1921, 1929, 1930, 1935 and 1936 ). the rulers considered all forms of palestinian resistance to be illegal acts of terrorism, extremism and fanaticism, and issued unjust laws against every palestinian who carried arms or ammunition. punishments included : \" six years in prison for possessing a revolver, twelve years for a grenade, five years of hard labor for possessing twelve bullets and eighteen months for giving false information to a group of soldiers asking for directions. \" however, britain did allow zionist immigration to palestine, which led to an economic crisis because of the increasing number of jews in the land. britain permitted the zionist movement to form military forces, such as the haganah and etzel and others. members carried out bombings in jerusalem, fired on british soldiers and smuggled arms, immigrants, and more. but that wasn ' t the end of the story. the british allowed the zionist movement to have its own armed brigade attached to the british army. it took part in battles of world war ii, thereby acquiring training and experience in the techniques of war. in 1939 ten detachments of zionist settlement police were formed, each led by a british officer \u2014 altogether 14, 411 men. there were 700 policemen in tel aviv and 100 in haifa, all of whom were members of the haganah. by 1948 most jews over the age of 14 had already undergone military training. for these reasons they were militarily superior to the palestinians during the ' 48 war. in 1946 one british commander in palestine told an american journalist that : \" if we withdraw british forces, the haganah will control all of palestine tomorrow. \" the journalist asked him if the haganah could maintain its control of palestine under such circumstances. he replied : \" certainly, they could do so even if they had to confront the entire arab world. \" before the war broke out and just before they withdrew, the british either turned a blind eye, or actually conspired with the zionists who seized british arms and equipment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3967734214071459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ff7cba3-feb8-451a-acc8-03479a339f67>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.890070"}
{"text": "first, let ' s get one thing straight. the correct term is \" absolute \" pitch, not \" perfect \" pitch. if you are a music lover, what follows here could conceivably save you from being bilked - ironically, by another kind of perfect pitch. first of all, what we will be talking about here is \" absolute pitch, \" which is the correct term for a certain kind of musical talent. let ' s begin by talking about what absolute pitch means, and if it is a blessing \" or a curse. how can it be a curse? ask any professional musician, particularly a player of what is called a transposing instrument. simply stated, a transposing instrument does not sound the note that is written. ( we should quit this part while we ' re ahead! ) absolute pitch refers to the innate ability of someone to recognize the letter name of a pitch, without any frame of reference. is that impressive? ask any professional musician. the answer may surprise you! an individual hears a pitch - \" daaaaaah \" and says \" that ' s an f sharp! and he or she is right! it is f #! \" voila! \" if someone uses that french exclamation as a retort to that particular show of talent, it ' s very likely sarcasm. it ' s another way of saying \" so what!! \" all musicians will tell you that a far more important and necessary talent is having a strong sense of \" relative \" pitch, which means that someone can hear a pitch - \" daaaaaah \" and immediately say \" that ' s an f sharp! \" and be right, if he or she has a frame of reference ; specifically another pitch. this is a necessary ability a competent musician must possess, but you are not apt to hear one sing \" daaaaaah \" and proclaim \" that ' s an a flat! \" indeed, a real musician will cast an openly snide smile at such a performer. ( this, of course, does not include students at a music school. here is an interesting fact : in an orchestra, the players \" tune up \" to the note \" a \" which is played by the principal oboist as a reference. after hearing that tuning note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having \" perfect pitch at parties, if they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285214951924406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6db9a2a5-9406-4cdc-9e70-55f176af96ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.893682"}
{"text": "note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having \" perfect pitch at parties, if they wished. ( some just might do that, if they had a couple of drinks and were not dealing with cognoscenti. ) what this all adds up to is this. a strong sense of relative pitch is an important prerequisite for all musicians. but there is a scenario where absolute pitch is helpful, if not necessary. singers are musicians ( a good share of the time ) and if a singer is performing something called \" atonal \" music, absolute pitch is almost a must. ah me, how can i explain this \" let ' s just say that music is predominantly \" tonal \" which means any one of the black and white piano keys may serve as a \" home base \" that the others play games with. in atonal music, there is no \" home base. \" so vocalists are helped immensely by a strong sense of absolute pitch! okay, i can hear you saying \" strong sense? \" look, if athletes can produce varying degrees of skill, why not musicians? absolute pitch occurs in varying degrees of acuteness. ( but please \" let me escape from this hole that i ' ve dug. thanks. ) now, here ' s the part that many nervous investors are waiting for. did you spend a lot of dough because someone advertised that you can develop \" perfect pitch \" with the help of an expensive set of cd ' s to train your musical ear \" to acquire it? \" and were you told that your newly acquired musical skills would enable you to do an assortment of wonderful musical things, such as recognizing harmonies ( chord changes? ) did you invest? do you feel that all the money you spent on those training cd ' s so that you might have \" perfect pitch \" paid off? did you swallow all those ecstatic testimonials by new \" perfect pitchers? \" i ' ll end my tirade with two words : caveat emptor! * look, even if you could acquire absolute pitch it does not do all of those wonderful things you were told. just enjoy and love the music with the ears that you were given. it ' s great to improve your listening skills, but don ' t count on \" perfect pitch. \" ( and save your $ $ $ ) * buyer beware!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4914903149628354, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6db9a2a5-9406-4cdc-9e70-55f176af96ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.894848"}
{"text": "in january 2010, five months after the unmanned moon probe chandrayaan was abruptly terminated \u2014 a year before its completion, since radio contact with the mooncraft was lost \u2014 the indian space research organisation ( isro ) announced a manned mission to outer space. it would take off in 2016 and cost rs 12, 400 crore. dr k radhakrishna, additional director of the defence food research laboratory ( dfrl ) in mysore, was then put in charge of another mission : preparing an indian menu suitable for space. the first items of the space menu are now ready \u2014 tiny idlis, the size of rs 2 coins, accompanied by flaming orange sambhar powder and creamy coconut chutney dust. the idlis are cooked and dried using infrared radiation at a temperature of 700\u00ba c, and then further dried by microwaving. the moisture is zapped out of them, but not the taste, smell or nutrients. \u201c they do, however, lose some of their colour, \u201d says radhakrishna. \u201c it is slightly browned if you notice, not like the jasmine - white idlis you get here. \u201d the idlis and sambhar are to be eaten after adding hot water ; the coconut chutney needs only cold water. each idli is 12 gm and swells to 25 gm when soaked in water. the desiccation makes it impossible for micro organisms like bacteria to grow and increases the idlis \u2019 shelf life to more than a year. the removal of moisture also reduces the weight of food sharply, something crucial to the needs of both isro and the armed forces. the sambhar and chutney are also dried completely with infrared radiation, a technology that has been used in the preparation of food over the past six years or so. the pack, as it has been designed now, has ten such idlis. it is the equivalent of three normal sized idlis. \u201c it is the perfect snack, \u201d says anil dutt semwal, senior category f scientist at dfrl, \u201c and the cost, though i haven \u2019 t calculated it precisely, is minimal : rs 8 or 10 for a pack. \u201d he worked two months on creating the idli - sambhar - chutney pack and then sent samples to the army. the reviews, he says, were \u201c very good \u201d. the technology can also be used for cooking vegetables \u2014 a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4768096721038404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.904772"}
{"text": ". the reviews, he says, were \u201c very good \u201d. the technology can also be used for cooking vegetables \u2014 a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas. they look like white naphthalene balls and are freeze - dried from cottage cheese. freeze drying involves chilling foods to temperatures from \u2013 20\u00ba to \u2013 40\u00ba c. it lets the moisture evaporate, but not the flavours. the rasgullas are then vacuum packed. the syrup comes separately as a powder that can be dissolved in water. \u201c rasgullas are ideal for space. they have a beautiful texture that doesn \u2019 t disintegrate easily like other sweets. it is compact. in space, it won \u2019 t do to have bits of food flying around. remember, it is zero gravity, \u201d says radhakrishna. it took him a year - and - a - half to get the rasgullas right, and they have been ready for a while. nonetheless, he whittles away at the formula from time to time. there is still a battery of tests to be done before they are ready for space. \u201c chemical analysis to see they smell right and don \u2019 t disintegrate, physical analysis to ensure they look right, microbiological trials to confirm there are no micro - organisms, vibration studies to find out whether they can withstand g - forces at the time of launch, \u201d he says, \u201c this is routine for all foods, indeed materials, that are to travel to space. \u201d the programme \u2019 s biggest accomplishment, he reckons, is its space yoghurt. this was developed using pulsed electric field technology in which short bursts of electricity are passed through a fluid food. it renders microbes inactive but the tricky part is to keep the good bacteria alive. dfrl \u2019 s result, in radhakrishna \u2019 s words, is \u201c beautiful, beautiful \u201d. radhakrishna is 58 now and due to retire on 31 march 2014. this space food project is his dream, and grants him a pretty good chance of an extension. six months ago, he gave a 40 - slide powerpoint presentation to isro on the programme. he asked for a budget of rs 5 crore, three co - workers and a visit to nasa \u2019 s food facility in the us. \u201c it has been accepted on principle, \u201d says dr w selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the defence research and development organisation (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5190749160323426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.905680"}
{"text": ", three co - workers and a visit to nasa \u2019 s food facility in the us. \u201c it has been accepted on principle, \u201d says dr w selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the defence research and development organisation ( drdo ), the parent body of dfrl. \u201c as soon as the government of india confirms the project, we will be officially a part of it. \u201d by coincidence, this is also radhakrishna \u2019 s chance to finish what he started in his first years at dfrl. in 1983, the government had commissioned the lab to prepare a couple of dishes for the intercosmos programme, the indo - soviet joint space flight that had aboard rakesh sharma, the first and only indian astronaut to go to space. the lab was given a timeline of half a year, and pretty much the entire hundred - odd staff was roped in. radhakrishna was a freshman at dfrl then, a \u2018 b category scientist \u2019 who had joined after completing his phd in meat technology at the same institute. he was perhaps the juniormost in the team and also the odd jobs man. they came up with a pineapple juice powder, biscuits that look like cream crackers, and a mango fruit bar. of these, the soviet space organisation approved only the mango bar, a variation of the popular indian treat aam papad, which rakesh sharma says was much appreciated up in space. \u201c there, the taste buds somehow seek sharp tastes and this fit the bill well. my russian colleagues raved about it, \u201d says sharma. apart from aam papad, sharma had a menu of over 80 dishes to choose from in his eight days aboard the spaceship. these included \u201c pilafs, dry fruits, milk preparations, soups, honeyed breads \u201d, all of which came from the soviet mission kitchen. \u201c i had this idea that astronauts consume some sort of specially potent pill which satisfies their hunger, but i realised when we worked on the indo - soviet mission that it is all a myth, \u201d says radhakrishna. food has been a part of manned space missions more or less from the start. in 1964 - 65, sujoy guha, professor at iit kharagpur, was invited to nasa as a spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. he was then working on his phd at st louis university, and had been selected for a nasa fellowship. \u201c in those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762805706224797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.906770"}
{"text": "spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. he was then working on his phd at st louis university, and had been selected for a nasa fellowship. \u201c in those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hygienic defecation in zero gravity had not been worked out, \u201d says professor guha, \u201c i think that the almost no passage of stools for many days led to an accumulation of toxic products, which to some extent caused the medical problems the astronauts faced : constipation ; accumulation of toxins ; and the possibility of peptic ulcers because in zero gravity conditions, the distribution of food and acid mass within the stomach would differ from what it would be on earth. \u201d before they could live down the triumph of the mango bar, dfrl was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a full menu for an indo - us seven - day space programme titled \u2018 mission 61 i \u2019 slated for may - june 1986. the indian objective of that programme was to launch satellite insat 1c, the payload. two indians, nc bhat of isro and p radhakrishnan of the vikram sarabhai space centre, were selected in 1985 to travel to space as payload specialists. they also trained for a secondary assignment of sorts : performing yoga exercises in space as part of drdo \u2019 s life sciences agenda. the lab had 14 months to work on the project and the confidence of a successful mission behind them. sights were set higher, a comprehensive meal plan from morning tea to dinner with desserts was worked out, and meat was included on the menu. radhakrishna, with his specialisation in meat, had a more meaningful role this time. as many as 17 dishes were prepared, including chicken pulao, peas pulao, lemon rice, chicken masala, something called peas cheese, chapatis with yeast, kheer, sooji halwa and three types of juice. thirteen of these were approved by nasa. \u201c the sooji halwa, especially, was very good. so fresh, just like my wife makes it, \u201d says nc bhat, over the telephone from bangalore. in comparison, the food prepared by nasa that bhat and p radhakrishnan tasted on their orientation visits to the us was less memorable. \u201c it was bland. we tasted some juice, pineapple juice i think. they also had some small biscuits. it was good, but not as tasty as the indian food. \u201d what was more interesting was the gee - wi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48823959656407145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.907784"}
{"text": "less memorable. \u201c it was bland. we tasted some juice, pineapple juice i think. they also had some small biscuits. it was good, but not as tasty as the indian food. \u201d what was more interesting was the gee - wiz packaging of the american food. \u201c we pressed a button and a pouch of biscuits shot out. you had to open it in a certain way. food for these missions has special packaging that has to be discarded properly. in zero gravity, you can \u2019 t have empty packs and leftovers floating around. \u201d scientific packaging design is an important part of the programme in india too. after the dfrl works out a menu, it figures out the smartest way to pack the food, the kind of material to be used and the sealing technique. it then lays down the specifications, and assigns the actual job to an industrial packing unit. \u201c our packaging was comparable to nasa \u2019 s, \u201d says bhat, \u201c we felt we were not far behind [ in technology ]. \u201d \u201c i remember liking the chicken pulao, lime rice, chapati, kheer and fruit juices, \u201d says p radhakrishnan, the other payload specialist selected for the mission. on 28 january 1986, nasa \u2019 s space shuttle challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven members on board. \u2018 mission 61 i \u2019 was delayed and ultimately shelved. but the exercise was not entirely a waste ; dfrl got feedback from indian astronauts who underwent simulation exercises : they sorely missed buttermilk, yoghurt and pickles. in the years since 1985, it has worked on developing all three as space foods and they are now available for missions. the yoghurt especially makes radhakrishna beam. his menu also allows for fresh produce. he points out a box of freeze - dried jack fruit on display on the campus ; it looks like chunks of desiccated coconut and weighs less than a newspaper. on being watered, it can be eaten like slices of fresh fruit or added to custard or some other pudding. \u201c of course, the menu will depend on the astronauts selected and their taste preferences. also, we need to know things like how long the mission will be, \u201d says radhakrishna. but he is certain that idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. in 2010, the dfrl \u2019 s then director as bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. \u201c it is quite possible with the technologies we have,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.489107142543452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.908763"}
{"text": "idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. in 2010, the dfrl \u2019 s then director as bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. \u201c it is quite possible with the technologies we have, \u201d says radhakrishna, \u201c we need to work out the most convenient size for it. it would be unwieldy to eat a large dosa up there. \u201d even without a space dosa, radhakrishna can expect the gratitude of generations of indian astronauts for all that he \u2019 s done over his 28 - year career with dfrl. \u201c it \u2019 s a matter of national pride that our astronauts can travel to space, and so can our food, which will sustain them, \u201d he says. the effort has had its amusing moments too. in 1985, radhakrishna had just had an arranged marriage, and as a newbie working on the indo - us space mission menu, he also had to buy daily groceries for the project ( for professional cooks enlisted by dfrl for the initial stage of food preparation ). his newly - wed wife noticed that he used to leave home at 6 am, go to the market to buy groceries, and return home only around 10 : 30 pm. it was enough to arouse her suspicions. and then there was the fact that his father and uncle ran an udipi restaurant in mysore. \u201c she thought i shopped in the morning and came home after cooking three meals at the lab. she thought i was a cook, \u201d he says, laughing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.436098973679958, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0505d76e-b65c-4f5d-b3c6-d1e9b52cac9f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.909496"}
{"text": "report by ashok palit, bhubaneswar : annapurna maharana, the great woman freedom fighter of odisha passed away on 31st dec. 2012. at the age of96. she was another prominent leader in the bhudana movement with vinoba bhabe. ms annapurna maharana, the niece of utkalmani paundit gopabandhu das, was born as the second child of rama devi and gopabandhu choudhur ian eminent freedom fighter of odisha. she was not only a freedom fighter, but also a strong social activist, literary figure and has spent her entire life for the betterment and uplift women, children and the downtrodden people of the society. ms maharana had accompanied mahatma gandhi in the historic harijan pada yatra from puri to bhadrakh in 1934. she worked among the harijans to uplift them and for this purpose she spent more than five years in seva ghar ashram in bari, cuttack. during the bhoodan movement led by acharya vinoba bhave, she had visited extensively in the chambal valley to change the hearts of the dacoits to bring them to the national mainstream. ms maharana has set up a school for the tribal children in a remote place at gopalbadi in rayagada district of odisha. she was first imprisoned at the age of 14 for her participation in the freedom struggle and also during the quit india movement. she has been honoured with many awards like the prestigious sarala puraskar, utkal ratna and radhanath rath foundation award. she has been felicitated by the president of india for her participation in independence movement. the central university of odisha had confer the degree of honoris causa in literature on eminent freedom fighter and social activist annapurna maharana of odisha at her residence in cuttack last year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38553252891809314, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6729d534-325a-42c1-a047-53d813e352d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.911403"}
{"text": "raising monarchs inside raising monarchs in aquariums why do this? for one thing, of course, it ' s fascinating! for another, though, it ' s a way to maxmize the number of eggs that actually turn into butterflies. i ' ve read estimates that only 5 - 10 % of the eggs laid survive to butterflyhood. parasitism, predation, weather, even milkweed latex all take their toll. of course, low survival rates are common with insects \u2014 we ' d be overrun if every insect egg laid actually survived to adulthood. but the current situation is not normal. most of the problems monarchs are encountering are new and human - caused : loss of habitat in general, loss of milkweed specifically, climate change, as well as illegal logging and general turmoil in mexico ' s overwintering areas. here ' s more on how we raise monarchs. here are the total numbers of monarchs we ' ve raised and released : | 2007 | | 104 ( 51 % ) | | 99 ( 49 % ) | | 0 | | 203 | | 2008 | | 53 ( 51 % ) | | 50 ( 49 % ) | | 2 | | 105 | | 2009 | | 58 ( 55 % ) | | 47 ( 45 % ) | | 5 | | 110 | | 2010 | | 112 ( 50 % ) | | 111 ( 50 % ) | | 1 | | 224 | | 2011 | | 109 ( 54 % ) | | 91 ( 46 % ) | | - | | 200 | | 2012 | | 123 ( 49 % ) | | 129 ( 51 % ) | | - | | 252 | ( the percentages indicate the percent of each gender, not including the individuals whose gender was not recorded. ) so altogether, we ' ve raised 1, 119 monarchs from 2006 to 2012. given that only 5 - 10 % of eggs typically survive to become butterflies, that ' s at least an additional 999 butterflies! they don ' t all survive they don ' t all survive. perhaps these two had a parasite. here ' s a stinkbug nymph dragging away a caterpillar it has killed. i was wondering why my daily caterpillar count was decreasing! now i ' m checking the leaves before i bring them in. this shows the scale of the stinkbug, and thus the caterpillar it attacked. there ' s a lot of drama in this small world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39954778262830026, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f3ab5e2-39e8-441d-9515-34f6fbe520cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.913388"}
{"text": "the trobriand islands are a group of scattered and isolated islands found in the milne bay province of papua new guinea. the islands were made famous by bronsilaw malinowski, who was an anthropologist who published many studies about the trobriand culture during the early 1900s. what makes the community unique is its distinct social structure that remains far different from one to be found anywhere else in the country. the islands of trobriand are about 90 minutes away from the capital of port moresby. ferry services are also available from alotau by use of star ships. the easiest way to get to the group of islands is by air as traveling by vessel may require a lot of time. the trobriands consist of low - lying coral islands in contrast to their mountain - rich southern neighbors. trade between the islands has remained to have a strong cultural and economic importance as the pre - european traders have crossed vast districts of open seas to exchange various items. one of the most famous of these trade routes is the kula ring. inhabitants of the trobriand island have both melanesian and polynesian features and are thought to have arrived from polynesia by sea more than a thousand years ago. to this day, there are even scattered remains of stone temples that resemble those from polynesia. the trobriands are known to be the \u201c islands of love \u201d because of a local custom of encouraging young males and females to engage in romantic behavior right after puberty. this culture is widely misinterpreted by westerners as a form of promiscuity, but for the locals, it is a form of courtship and marriage instead. the purpose of the ritual is to help young men and women find a suitable partner to settle down with. another unique tradition of the tribe is that married couples are allowed to have a fling with other partners with impunity during the annual yam harvest celebration. these romantic customs of the islands, however, do not extend to visitors of the island. many tourists mistake such rituals as a chance to have a bit of \u201c nookie \u201d but leave disappointed. the trobriand island people are a very proud people as they value their genetic lines and disapprove of relationships between their people and outsiders. despite the attempt of many anthropologists, missionaries and tv crews who have followed the works of malinowski, the trobriands remain one of the most culturally intact places you could possibly find in the world. one example of the distinct ways of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38860263085122027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbf200f8-79d0-4d24-9e25-b8661fe7a474>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.917923"}
{"text": "today ' s guest blogger, kedrica taylor, was a former member of the unmask the media project, a student - run program, developed by the tulsa, oklahoma youth philanthropy initiative, that addresses the issue of the media \u2019 s negative effects on teenager \u2019 s self - perceptions. her blog is the second in a series of three \" young voices \" blogs, where some of our young friends lend their perspective on what it means to be a digital citizen. taking responsibility for your online selfby kedrica taylor, guest blogger privacy is non - existent in social media. there is no other way to explain it. when posting information on the internet, you have to assume responsibility for both your physical and your cyber self. the idea of being an upright, respectable, competent user of social media is an essential aspect of being a good digital citizen. social media has created many beneficial opportunities for those who choose to use it. websites like facebook, twitter, and tumblr aid people in presenting their ideas, connecting with others, and presenting themselves to the world in their own way. through social media, you can be who you want to be, rally for what you want to rally for, and not worry about what others might think - - but that ' s not always the case. [ related : free webinar : teaching kids to be good digital citizens. ] in february of 2009, michael phelps was caught in a scandal that shocked the nation. just after winning his 7th gold medal in the 2008 summer olympics, michael was captured on camera smoking marijuana. after this photo went viral, hes lost his contract with kellogg \u2019 s. the image tainted his achievements in the public eye. no longer could phelps be seen as the young man who had achieved greatness, but as a star who had temporarily fallen from grace. he failed to be fully aware of not only his actions, but how he was going to be presented online. imagine achieving a great feat, just to have it outshined by a moment of ill judgment, put on the internet for all to witness. while phelps \u2019 s reputation has recovered, and he has come back to be the most decorated olympian, there are similar stories that do not end as well. and that picture is still floating around on the internet. what one puts on the internet is never truly deleted. once you share a photo on instagram, it \u2019 s going to be in cyber - space, even after you delete it. whether it is a comment on facebook about how rude your waiter was, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46740679524661244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b30431cc-413e-4b45-a683-3f5916b56c99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.923195"}
{"text": "on the internet is never truly deleted. once you share a photo on instagram, it \u2019 s going to be in cyber - space, even after you delete it. whether it is a comment on facebook about how rude your waiter was, or a post on your blog about getting a speeding ticket - - even after you think it is deleted - - it can still be accessed. i believe people fail to realize this, and believe that they can post however they are feeling, at any given moment. there have been numerous stories on how an individual working for a specific company will rant ( on facebook or somewhere else online ) about a bad day or an unpleasant customer and immediately be fired from their position because someone in higher management saw what they posted. it is extremely inappropriate to be unprofessional in the cyber world, but because of the assumed anonymity of the net, some believe such actions to be acceptable. as a resident assistant leader on my campus, i cannot imagine posting anything online that i wouldn \u2019 t say out loud to a fellow resident, or be able to explain in an interview for a potential employer. the vast majority of my residents find it hard to believe that i \u2019 m surviving without a facebook account. i try to explain to them that while social media, if used correctly, can be beneficial in many ways, it is not necessarily needed to live a full and sociable life. i then ask them if what they post online would represent them as an upright citizen, since police can access social media information without a warrant. after this statement, i usually receive a puzzled look. in any case, informing social media users, young or old, about how to be responsible about what they post online is more important today, in our technologically advanced society, than it has ever been. here \u2019 s how i think of it : the same way i would never drive a new mercedes benz without insurance and with my license expired, is the same way i would never risk being careless about a status, tweet, post, or blog pertaining to my life. kedrica taylor is a sophomore nursing major at the university of tulsa in tulsa, oklahoma. she was a member of youth philanthropy initiative, which created the unmask the media project. she currently holds a housing position at the university as a resident assistant for the first year residential experience. she is also actively involved in other campus organizations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46525151380016505, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b30431cc-413e-4b45-a683-3f5916b56c99>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.924197"}
{"text": "the benefits of creative arts therapy for kids written by chera prideaux step into seattle art therapist mineko takada - dill \u2019 s studio and you \u2019 ll find an array of paints, clay, pastels, charcoal and textured papers. she uses these materials to help her clients let their guard down and experience the therapeutic benefits of art. who hasn \u2019 t felt relaxation, focus and a sense of accomplishment while working on a creative project? for a child with special needs, the therapeutic benefits are much greater. creative arts therapy is a broad field that includes visual arts, music, dance, poetry and drama. the arts are an increasingly popular way for children with special needs to overcome difficulties and take pride in a new skill. takada - dill finds that the visual nature of art therapy is especially beneficial for kids who have trouble communicating in other ways. some of takada - dill \u2019 s favorite projects include creating storybooks, masks and collages. this is an effective method for getting kids to identify and deal with difficult emotions such as anger, frustration and sadness. music therapy for kids children who aren \u2019 t as visual may find that music therapy is helpful for improving speech, cognitive development, motor skills and communication. \u201c music therapy helps children of all ages and disabilities, especially children who are particularly auditory, \u201d says jennifer hastings, a seattle neurologic music therapist. though some people may think they need natural talent to play music, hastings disagrees. \u201c i became a music therapist because i wanted to make music accessible to everyone, \u201d she says. she has helped make music an approachable way for kids with special needs to gain skills they may not pick up in a traditional school setting, including communication and social skills. hastings works with several kids who are more comfortable expressing themselves with music rather than verbally. \u201c an improv music session is very similar to the back - and - forth nature of a social interaction, \u201d she says. anne powers \u2019 stepdaughter, who has autism, worked individually with a music therapist. powers, a lake stevens mom, saw tremendous gains from the one - on - one attention her stepdaughter received. \u201c music kept her very focused and trained her brain to stay on task and filter out distraction, \u201d says powers. \u201c we saw improvement in her problem - solving ability, frustration tolerance, creative expression and dexterity. she can now play some of her favorite songs and she can express her moods with her playing, something she cannot do verbally. \u201d best of all,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44085978448844304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e97358ad-70cd-4884-9ad4-eb2f379b2854>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.927870"}
{"text": "we saw improvement in her problem - solving ability, frustration tolerance, creative expression and dexterity. she can now play some of her favorite songs and she can express her moods with her playing, something she cannot do verbally. \u201d best of all, says powers, music became part of her stepdaughter \u2019 s routine. \u201c music therapy was absolutely the highlight of her week. \u201d children ' s dance therapy music and dance can be a powerful combination. according to the american dance therapy association, dance therapy has been around for more than 50 years and helps connect the body and mind. it \u2019 s also effective for individuals with developmental, physical, social, psychological or physiological impairments. emerald ballet theatre ( ebt ) in bellevue offers dance classes for kids with special needs. today, most of these children are successfully integrated into classes with the other dancers. this gives the \u201c exceptional dancers, \u201d as they call them, a way to interact with others and feel included. \u201c it \u2019 s remarkable how well the integration works, \u201d says sarah jacobsen, an ebt instructor. \u201c we expect all of our students to strive to be inclusive, and it \u2019 s really been worth the effort. \u201d amina condel \u2019 s daughter, who is autistic, has thrived during her participation in classes at emerald ballet theatre. \u201c even though the dance classes are not technically \u2018 therapy, \u2019 they have been very therapeutic, \u201d says condel, who reports that her daughter has improved her gross motor function, memory, social skills, speech and cognitive skills. \u201c she loves being a part of the production and feels valued, \u201d she says. rosalie frankel, an arts therapist at seattle children \u2019 s hospital, says that finding an arts therapist in seattle may be difficult compared to other places in the country, but worth the effort. \u201c it \u2019 s really beneficial for so many kids. \u201d children with disabilities often possess creative gifts that they aren \u2019 t able to express until they are put in the right environment. \u201c the arts are a magical place where these kids can really shine, \u201d says jacobsen. chera prideaux is a seattle freelance writer and mother. creative arts therapy resources for kids american music therapy association seattle children \u2019 s hospital emerald ballet theatre evergreen art therapy association american dance therapy association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4635540576997848, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e97358ad-70cd-4884-9ad4-eb2f379b2854>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.928851"}
{"text": "a history of the tonto apache in may 1926, the director of the state museum on the campus of the university of arizona, tucson, answered a letter of inquiry from a mrs. matthews in san francisco about the tonto apaches. in his reply was this comment, \" regarding the tonto apaches, i fear i can be of very little help to you. i know of nothing that has been written upon this group. they are now mixed into the other groups in the white mountain ' s tribe at fort apache and at san carlos. but i know of no one who has traced their history. \" if i were to answer mrs. matthews i would have to give the same answer today. much research has been done on the war waged by euro - americans against the apaches, and there have been numerous studies of prehistoric settlement in the territory later occupied by the tonto apache. but no one has gathered the available information and provided us with a written history of the small tribe called tonto apache. the reason so little has been written about this fascinating subject can be readily understood. when the european culture began its migration westward across america, arizona was essentially a bridge to california gold. as the pacific connection grew, so did the necessity for better trails to connect the vast stretches of the continent. as trails became roads and then railroads, they followed routes along the gila river in the south and across the colorado plateau in the north. in either case, they skirted the wilderness of central arizona and left out the territory of the tonto apache. the terrain, with its rugged canyons, ridges and mountains lay in a northwest by southeast direction, and created an impossible barrier for east - west travel. the apaches who lived in these basins and mountains were, therefore, the last arizona natives to be threatened by the settlement of those they called \" white - eyes. \" this moniker originated because the white of caucasian eyeballs contrasts with the coffee color of indian eyeballs. as for the apache people, they refer to themselves as \" the people. \" in their language it is nde, pronounced en - dah, and implies a people set apart and superior to other peoples. when the california gold rush was over and miners began to prospect in the central mountains of arizona, word got out about the lush grazing lands and the abundance of game waiting to be exploited by ranchers and miners, and those who serviced them. once these americans settled in arizona they began to encroach on tonto apache lands. settlers became prime targets for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42012890320639446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e04f498-2be4-4bf6-ae0d-a7bb0093d154>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.933810"}
{"text": "about the lush grazing lands and the abundance of game waiting to be exploited by ranchers and miners, and those who serviced them. once these americans settled in arizona they began to encroach on tonto apache lands. settlers became prime targets for apaches and the various pai groups, who stole livestock for food. this created the need for a military presence to protect the settlers, and it was the beginning of the end for the old way of life among the tontos. as we shall see, however, they are \" the people who would not be conquered. \" their story deserves to be told, and honor given to their history. as i attempt to put together the exciting and dramatic story of these people who live in the rim country and verde river valley, credit must go to many who have helped me over the years. the original research of alan ferg, nicolas p. hauser, keith basso, george s. esper and thomas hinton are among those to whom i am deeply indebted. also the archives of the arizona historical society of tucson, the sharlot hall museum library in prescott ; the fort verde state park museum in camp verde ; the cline library at northern arizona university, flagstaff ; the colter library of the northern arizona museum, flagstaff ; the hayden library, special collections, at arizona state university, tempe ; and the arizona historical foundation in that same location ; the department of library archives and public records at the state capitol in phoenix ; the smithsonian institution in washington and the national archives and records administration in washington, d. c. and in laguna niguel, calif. in the payson area, journalist carroll cox did much over the years to gather information about the tonto apaches and publish it from her several journalistic positions. she deserves much credit for being the first person to systematically write a simple history of the tonto apaches, and publish it in a 1987 series in the mogollon advisor. i hope the reader will be inspired and enlightened by this story, and that young tonto apaches will be encouraged to embrace the heritage they have all but lost. if i were a tonto apache and could speak in the tongue of the ancestors, i could better tell the odyssey, the joy, the struggle, and the terror of their story. however, i am white - eyes, and i write as white - eyes. all i can do is ask forgiveness from the people i have come to appreciate so heartily. next week :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43913896110239226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e04f498-2be4-4bf6-ae0d-a7bb0093d154>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.935107"}
{"text": "hematemesis ( vomiting blood ) in dogs by : dr. bari spielman read by : pet lovers coagulopathies or bleeding disorders should be considered, especially if there is evidence of bleeding from other body sites as well. there are many different types of clotting disorders that can cause hematemesis. hematemesis is the presence of flakes, streaks or clots of fresh blood in the vomitus, or the presence of digested blood in the vomitus. digested blood is often described as looking like coffee grounds. hematemesis may be the only clinical sign, or it may be accompanied by other clinical signs. it is sometimes difficult for the pet owner to distinguish between true hematemesis, which involves bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract, from secondary hematemesis, which involves the vomiting of swallowed blood. sneezing or coughing blood, and / or blood dripping from the mouth are signs of bleeding that may be swallowed into the stomach, and then secondarily vomited. a careful history and thorough physical examination will help distinguish between them. true hematemesis usually indicates a serious underlying disease, and generally warrants hospitalization, extensive diagnostic testing, and supportive care. it is best to determine the underlying cause, and treat the specific problem, rather than attempting only symptomatic therapy. there are many potential causes for hematemesis. the most common causes are usually diseases or disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, although in some cases, clotting disorders ( coagulopathies ) may result in bleeding even though the gastrointestinal tract is essentially healthy. hemorrhagic gastroenteritis ( hge ) is a syndrome seen in dogs whose cause is unknown. the dog usually experiences acute bloody diarrhea, although vomiting and / or hematemesis is may be seen as well. gastrointestinal ulcerations or erosions are one of the more common causes of hematemesis. these ulcers can occur with many different disorders, such as : the overproduction of stomach acid from stress and certain tumors infiltrative diseases of the wall of the stomach or upper intestines, such as inflammatory bowel disease chronic inflammation of the esophagus, especially with regurgitation of acidic stomach contents chronic inflammation of the stomach, especially from bacteria such as helicobacter metabolic diseases, such as kidney failure, chronic liver disease and hypoadreno", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47016685163375826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9bc048c-6b16-4988-b3a5-260862a8dc82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.940544"}
{"text": "separated from the lower peninsula by the straits of mackinac, the upper peninsula ( or simply, the \u201c u. p. \u201d ) is characterized by dense forests and rugged lakeshores. bordered by northern wisconsin, southern ontario, and three of the great lakes, the upper peninsula makes up almost one - third of michigan \u2019 s land mass. steep highlands in the western portion of the peninsula give way to flatter lands of the great lakes plain in the east. marquette is the largest city on the upper peninsula, and is a major port on lake superior for shipping center for iron ore. the city is also home to northern michigan university. sault ste. marie is michigan \u2019 s oldest city, and is separated by its twin city of sault ste. marie, ontario by the waters of the st. mary \u2019 s river. the soo locks, which allow ships to pass between lake superior and the lower great lakes, are located here. economy and industry whereas mining was once the predominant industry in the upper peninsula, tourism drives the economy of the region today. the unique geography and remote beauty of the u. p. bring in thousands of visitors from the lower peninsula and wisconsin every year. with huge stretches of land and low population densities, the peninsula is a prime spot for camping, hiking, fishing, boating, snowmobiling and hunting. logging also remains a key business for the u. p. as well. sometimes referred to as \u201c the mitten \u201d or \u201c the hand \u201d because of its shape, the lower peninsula of michigan is generally flat and comprises two - thirds of michigan \u2019 s land mass. the lower peninsula is often divided into the sub regions of northern michigan, west michigan, mid - michigan, southeast michigan and the flint / tri cities area ( also known as \u201c the thumb \u201d ). the peninsula is marked by many lakes, marshes and inland rivers. detroit is the largest city in michigan and is famous as both the motor city and motown. detroit is also the only u. s. city that bordered by a canadian city on the south. grand rapids is the second largest city in michigan and the primary urban center in the western half of the state. the city has long been a major manufacturing center. lansing is michigan ' s capital city and is home to michigan state university. the area is an important center for government, educational and research institutions. best known as the home of the university of michigan, ann arbor is a known for high tech industry and a vibrant arts and entertainment scene. dearborn the hometown of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43403818804838196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e47e606-8fdd-4096-9550-116b1e318091>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.945396"}
{"text": "state university. the area is an important center for government, educational and research institutions. best known as the home of the university of michigan, ann arbor is a known for high tech industry and a vibrant arts and entertainment scene. dearborn the hometown of henry ford and is the location of the ford motor company \u2019 s headquarters. known as the nation \u2019 s center for the automobile industry, michigan is also a leader in information technology, business and manufacturing. mining remains important in the state, in particular limestone, salt, and iron ore. the vast majority of michigan \u2019 s farmlands can be found in the lower peninsula. among the most important crops in the state are corn, soybeans, wheat and sugarbeets. the state \u2019 s lakes and waterways provide ample opportunity for fishing and boating, and in the summer thousands flock to beaches and lake front resorts. outdoor enthusiasts enjoy 99 state parks and thousands of miles of hiking and bike trails. hunting is a major pastime in michigan, and peninsulas offer excellent opportunities to hunt big game, small game, waterfowl and upland game birds. michigan is also a fantastic place for golfers, with over 900 golf courses ( more than any other state ) long summer hours and a persistent autumn season. all of the major professional sports leagues have a team that call michigan home, and heated college rivalries keep sports fans entertained all year long. each winter michigan transforms into a snow covered landscape ideal for winter sports. michigan boasts some the midwest \u2019 s best downhill skiing and snowboarding resorts, miles of cross - country and snowmobile trails and even the u. s. national ski & snowboard hall of fame and museum. all told, some 840 runs, and 40 terrain parks can be found within michigan \u2019 s peninsulas. michigan also boasts world - class educational institutions, outstanding museums and extensive public libraries throughout the state. there are at least 7 symphony orchestras in the state, and many cities host individual concert seasons. over 45 wineries can be found in michigan, located in some of the most beautiful areas of the state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43629370427973063, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e47e606-8fdd-4096-9550-116b1e318091>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.946224"}
{"text": "redistricting 2010 : reforming the process of distributing political power publication date : february 2009 publisher ( s ) : public affairs research council of louisiana, inc. author ( s ) : ann williamson - heath keywords : apportionment ; redistricting the u. s. constitution requires that a national population census be taken every 10 years to determine how many congressional representatives each state should have. thereafter, census data are reported to the u. s. president and individual states as required by federal law. those data provide the basis for drawing congressional and state legislative district maps. the next reapportionment and redistricting cycle will be significant for louisiana. since the last census count in 2000, louisiana has lost a significant amount of its populace to other states. further, residents who have remained in louisiana have moved away from the once densely populated new orleans area toward other parts of the state. the state ' s inability to maintain population or grow as fast as its peers in the new millennium, combined with the devastating storms of 2005, has all but ensured the loss of one congressional seat in 2010 and the transfer of some state legislative power from the new orleans area to faster growing parishes. drawing district lines in 2010 will be politically charged ; because of population changes, protecting minority districts and balancing political power will be bigger issues than they have been in the past. along with 15 other states, louisiana ' s district maps must be pre - approved by the u. s. department of justice or federal courts before taking effect. the state ' s history of voting inequities for minorities creates an air of mistrust in government and the state ' s redistricting process. completely eliminating political influence or potential abuse of power from the process is not likely. however, louisiana can transform its redistricting model into one that will have less potential for conflict of interest, be more transparent and accountable to the public, and place greater controls on those who have the power to move district lines. reapportionment is the redistribution of congressional representatives among the states based on each decennial census, while redistricting is the redrawing of the states ' congressional and legislative district maps to reflect population changes. at the federal level, each state is guaranteed two u. s. senate seats and one u. s. house seat. the remaining 385 house seats are reapportioned every 10 years based on each state ' s population in proportion to the nation overall. like 27 other states, louisiana relies solely on its state legislators for congressional and legislative redist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4677923249174588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c9ed7e6-05ba-4b22-9f7f-5359a8524ca8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.953831"}
{"text": "s. house seat. the remaining 385 house seats are reapportioned every 10 years based on each state ' s population in proportion to the nation overall. like 27 other states, louisiana relies solely on its state legislators for congressional and legislative redistricting and gives them great power over the process, which is loosely defined by state house and senate rules. in louisiana, district lines for members of the board of elementary and secondary education ( bese ), public service commission ( psc ) and state supreme court also are determined by the legislature. yet few legislative practices offer greater potential for conflict of interest or less accountability to the people than redistricting. the u. s. supreme court has said that even the most fundamental rights are illusory if the right to vote is compromised. as such, government works to ensure that all persons are afforded an equal opportunity to vote and participate in government. for the election process to be genuine it must be competitive, where any person has the chance to run for office and be elected. it is easy to overlook or misunderstand the impact that redistricting can have on electoral competition. however, decisions made during the mapping process can shape citizen representation and political control far into the future. although modern redistricting has been made more objective through the use of consultants and redistricting software, bodies responsible for redistricting still have great power to affect the types of people who can be elected by crafting districts that favor some more than others. it is imperative that redistricting be entrusted to those who are not directly affected by its outcomes and that the process be well controlled to limit the freedom that line drawers are given. certain redistricting models are better than others in terms of independence from political manipulation. in an effort to depoliticize the process, one state entrusts redistricting to nonpartisan legislative staff, 13 states give primary responsibility to appointed boards or commissions and eight states use commissions in an advisory or backup role. nationwide, there is a growing interest in removing legislatures from the redistricting process. since 2005, 18 of the 28 states that use only their legislatures for redistricting have tried to create independent redistricting commissions or to expand the duties of existing state commissions ( used for other purposes ) to include the task of redistricting. redistricting commissions are not necessarily more or less effective than legislatures in terms of avoiding litigation. creating maps that no group will challenge is unlikely. regardless of who participates in the line drawing process, litigation can take several years to resolve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4792281866805089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c9ed7e6-05ba-4b22-9f7f-5359a8524ca8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.954856"}
{"text": "redistricting. redistricting commissions are not necessarily more or less effective than legislatures in terms of avoiding litigation. creating maps that no group will challenge is unlikely. regardless of who participates in the line drawing process, litigation can take several years to resolve and redistricting bodies may spend as much time justifying their plans as they did creating them. however, given louisiana ' s past treatment of minorities, current population shifts and recent battles over ethics reform, redistricting stakes will be higher this time. the state should seize this opportunity to upgrade its business - as - usual approach to drawing district lines. entrusting redistricting to an independent body that will not benefit directly from the lines drawn clearly is a better option in terms of enhancing citizen confidence and building a legacy of public trust. further, implementing a more definitive, tightly controlled and transparent process can significantly increase the chance for the state ' s plans to survive future legal scrutiny. this report offers an overview of redistricting processes nationwide and recommends the following improvements to louisiana ' s redistricting method : recommendation 1 : assign the task of congressional and legislative redistricting to an independent commission, whose powers, duties and redistricting principles are firmly established in law. recommendation 2 : require all commission meetings, documents, communications and work product to be subject to louisiana ' s open meetings and public records laws, as well as posted and archived on the commission ' s web site. recommendation 3 : begin the assignment of redistricting power immediately to ensure a ready and able commission for the next redistricting cycle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45967934233246943, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c9ed7e6-05ba-4b22-9f7f-5359a8524ca8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.955563"}
{"text": "term : january 21, 1879 - january 16, 1883 born : june 8, 1830 died : december 1, 1892 henry martyn hoyt was the third straight civil war general to serve in the state ' s highest office. hoyt was born june 8, 1830, on a farm in kingston, luzerne county, to a presbyterian family with connecticut roots dating back to about 1629. his father, ziba hoyt, was a farmer who had fought at lake erie during the war of 1812, and his mother, nancy herbert, is believed to have been related to general william t. sherman. hoyt was educated at old wilkes - barre academy, wyoming seminary, lafayette college, and williams college ( massachusetts ). after graduating in 1849 from williams, hoyt taught school at the towanda academy, followed by a school in memphis, tennessee, and then was professor of mathematics at wyoming seminary. at the same time, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853. on september 25, 1855, he married mary loveland and raised one son and two daughters. hoyt was active in the whig party, ran for district attorney, and campaigned in 1856 for the whig presidential candidate, john fremont. when the civil war broke out, he became the colonel in charge of the 52nd pennsylvania volunteers, but was imprisoned during the expedition against charleston, south carolina. on july 3, 1864, hoyt led about 1, 000 troops by boat on the james river to fort johnson where they successfully entered the fort. however, union reinforcements did not arrive in time. hoyt ' s men could not hold the fort and hoyt was captured. an attempt to escape was thwarted when bloodhounds ran him down, but later, a prisoner exchange allowed him to return to the 52nd until the end of the war when he was brevetted brigadier general. after returning to his law practice, hoyt resumed his climb on the political ladder. he was first elected to the school board of wilkes - barre in 1866 and then appointed as a law judge of luzerne county in 1867, but lost an election for the same position after being nominated by the republicans. in 1869, he was appointed collector of internal revenue for luzerne and susquehanna counties. in 1875 - 76, he served as state republican chairman, which, along with his civil war hero status, helped position him to be nominated as governor. the republican influence was weakening with the economic downturn that dated back to the panic of 1873. after the republicans lost control of both the general assembly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44352435418278424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:feac7f69-07d8-48de-a23d-61dc50b18a0f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.960760"}
{"text": "chairman, which, along with his civil war hero status, helped position him to be nominated as governor. the republican influence was weakening with the economic downturn that dated back to the panic of 1873. after the republicans lost control of both the general assembly and a u. s. senate seat, it appeared as though the democrats might win the governor ' s race. the democrats, however, were counting on a coalition with the new national - greenback party, a party that appealed to the huge voting block of farmers and labor. in the end, republican party bosses robert mackey and matthew s. quay convinced the greenback party to back off from supporting the democratic candidate, andrew h. dill, and instead put forth their own candidate, samuel r. mason. hoyt won by 22, 000 votes. hoyt ' s administration did not begin smoothly. in the spring of 1879, public outcry met the passage of the general assembly ' s \" riot bill \" that appropriated four million dollars to compensate pennsylvania railroad for property damages in the riots of 1877. allegheny county had responsibility for the damage, but pittsburgh politicians and special interests succeeded in placing the burden on all of pennsylvania ' s taxpayers. a legislative investigation concluded that at least eight persons, including three members of the general assembly, were guilty of criminal solicitation on behalf of the bill. the legislators were sent to jail, but the attorney general pardoned them. a second scandal involved matthew quay, by then serving as secretary of the commonwealth. quay ' s choice for state treasurer, samuel butler, turned out to be an embarrassment for quay and the former treasurer, amos noye. butler proved to be a high - minded individual who demanded a strict accounting of state funds. he found that quay and the former treasurer had engaged in speculation with state funds, which led hoyt to cut his ties to the quay machine. the constitution of 1874 prohibited the governor from succeeding himself, but otherwise permitted reelection in the future. however, hoyt ' s move toward independent republicans resulted in alienation from the quay - cameron machine, thus his political career ended with his one term as governor. even so, hoyt ' s administration still managed a number of accomplishments. under hoyt ' s governorship, state debt was reduced by one and half million dollars ; mitigation reformed the cruel pennsylvania solitary confinement prison system ; the charters of \" diploma mill \" medical schools were revoked ; a state medical board was established ; delinquent taxes were collected ; and railroads were prosecuted for rate schedules that were disc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41851638217442705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:feac7f69-07d8-48de-a23d-61dc50b18a0f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.961785"}
{"text": "evolution in the light of intelligent design - new entries appendix ( human appendix ) - despite it ' s name, no longer considered superfluous or rudimentary ( tyler ) acritarchs - oldest known protists ( tyler ) the picture emerging of the late archaean is one that includes prokaryotes and eukaryotes, photosynthesis, an oxygenated atmosphere and lots of biological activity. this is a big contrast from the picture even 10 years ago. the significance for our thinking about origins is that the eons of time demanded by darwinian processes are not available. archaea - horizontal gene transfer - review of the archaea ' s tale ( tyler ) he presents evidence that darwinian evolution does not go back to the beginning of life. when we compare genomes of ancient lineages of living creatures, we find evidence of numerous transfers of genetic information from one lineage to another. in early times, horizontal gene transfer, the sharing of genes between unrelated species, was prevalent. it becomes more prevalent the further back you go in time. - freeman dyson butterfly sex ratios in samoa - and natural selection ( tyler ) sex ratios are distorted by the presence of a maternally inherited bacterium which has the effect of selectively killing male embryos. the authors report ratios of > 99 % female to nearly 1 : 1. these were different on different islands and at different times. the genetics of this shift of sex ratios is summarised in one paragraph with some supporting online data. there is not enough information here for anyone to either confirm or challenge their conclusions. cell - molecular recognition - advantages of cellular key - lock not being an exact fit. ( tyler ) so, something that could have been interpreted as evidence for tinkering evolution is discovered to have advantages after all. furthermore, it has potential for the design of human systems operating in noisy environments. by invoking \" evolutionary selection \", the authors suggest an evolutionary context for their work. however, there is no evidence that evolutionary selection was involved, and the link with evolutionary theory is gratuitous. central dogma ( tyler ) casual observers might say they find chaos in the emerging picture of the genome, but systems biology is tracking down extraordinary sophistication at the molecular biology level, indicating that theories ( like darwinism ) that are undirected and stochastic have little to offer 21st century biology. exoplanets - atmospheres ( tyler ) gecko - feet a standard for adhesion ( tyler )... the gecko does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5365175683452513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbdde9c1-8368-4111-879a-4dad9d61cd92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.967220"}
{"text": "like darwinism ) that are undirected and stochastic have little to offer 21st century biology. exoplanets - atmospheres ( tyler ) gecko - feet a standard for adhesion ( tyler )... the gecko does not demonstrate just a single trait with enhanced performance. there are issues of adhesion and delamination, self - cleaning, and achieving a sustained adhesive performance. what we have in the gecko is exquisite design and, for that, biomimetics needs a methodology that can relate well to intelligent engineering design concepts. molecular recognition in the cell ( tyler ) protists - oldest known protists ( tyler ) sensory perception - advanced perception in permian amniotes ( tyler ) the discovery of a highly - evolved auditory apparatus in middle permian parareptiles even further emphasizes that the entire groundplan for the impressive evolutionary history of amniotes was already largely in place by the end of the paleozoic ; what followed was in fact only a subsequent tinkering of earlier inventions. \" darwinism needs time, but the fossil record no longer provides it. stasis - tribolites ( tyler ) trilobites - variation and stasis as a pattern the research documented both rapid morphological variation and subsequent stasis.... one hypothesis is that radiations occur because organisms are designed to vary, but the process results in genetic impoverishment that leads to stasis. variation - tribolites ( tyler )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5350018587138341, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbdde9c1-8368-4111-879a-4dad9d61cd92>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.968031"}
{"text": "the first thing to note about the psqlodbc driver ( or any odbc driver ) is that there must exist a driver manager on the system where the odbc driver is to be used. there exists a free odbc driver for unix called iodbc which can be obtained via http : / / www. iodbc. org. instructions for installing iodbc are contained in the iodbc distribution. having said that, any driver manager that you can find for your platform should support the psqlodbc driver, or any other odbc driver for that matter. to install psqlodbc you simply need to supply the - - enable - odbc option to the configure script when you are building the entire postgresql distribution. the library and header files will then automatically be built and installed with the rest of the programs. if you forget that option or want to build the odbc driver later you can change into the directory src / interfaces / odbc and do make and make install there. the installation - wide configuration file odbcinst. ini will be installed into the directory / usr / local / pgsql / etc /, or equivalent, depending on what - - prefix and / or - - sysconfdir options you supplied to configure. since this file can also be shared between different odbc drivers you can also install it in a shared location. to do that, override the location of this file with the - - with - odbcinst option. additionally, you should install the odbc catalog extensions. that will provide a number of functions mandated by the odbc standard that are not supplied by postgresql by default. the file / usr / local / pgsql / share / odbc. sql ( in the default installation layout ) contains the appropriate definitions, which you can install as follows : psql - d template1 - f location / odbc. sqlwhere specifying template1 as the target database will ensure that all subsequent new databases will have these same definitions. psqlodbc has been built and tested on linux. there have been reports of success with freebsd and with solaris. there are no known restrictions on the basic code for other platforms which already support postgres.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4339923076651911, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12956776-ea5d-4ea0-9486-c9781f2e6021>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.971126"}
{"text": "pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, intended to encourage good programming practices using so called structured programming and data structuring. : what is the reason for this problem? if i leave pascal doing anything : in loop, after ~ 30 secs loop is runiing slower than before, but loop returns at normal speed when i move mouse or press a... : hi there : i ' m using turbo pascal for windows 1. 5, and using wincrt in my program. : 1. how can i use color text or color background? i try to use : textcolor ( 1 ) ; textbackground ( 4 ) ;, but it... : when using this code : : procedure tform1. applicationevents1message ( var msg : tagmsg ; : var handled : boolean ) ; : if ( msg. message = wm _ keyup ) or ( msg. message = wm _ keydown ) then there are a lot of applications where speed is a critical factor - - such as real - time programs. ms windows and unix are not real - time operating systems, so speed is not all that... is there any way in pascal ( or asm ) to shut down the computer ( you know, as in windows - you press shut down and its turning itself off power ). i ' d be grateful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910333858398974, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12c439b2-de89-49db-af74-dbe35321f621>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.972370"}
{"text": "nucleic acid binding proteins are required for many processes in living organisms. transcription factors play an important role in regulating transcription of dna by binding to specific recognition sites on the chromosome. this regulation is required for cell viability, differentiation and growth ( 1 ). the ability to detect and confirm the interaction of such proteins with various nucleic acid targets provides valuable information about the cell signaling cascades that govern the ability of a cell to divide, migrate, interact with its neighbors, develop and maintain specialized functions, and terminate viability at the appropriate time. two common techniques used to detect the interaction of nucleic acid binding proteins with nucleic acids are the electrophoretic mobility shift assay ( emsa ) and fluorescence anisotropy assay ( 3 ). emsa involves binding protein to a radiolabeled dna probe followed by resolution on a polyacrylamide gel. due to the increase in mass, protein : probe complexes migrate slower than free probe, allowing comparison of free versus bound probe. the specificity of such complexes is determined using competition experiments with unlabeled specific and nonspecific oligos. this method works best with purified protein and can be quite labor intensive, particularly when numerous samples are being processed. in fluorescence anisotropy, a dna binding protein is bound to a dna substrate containing a fluorophore. polarized light is shined onto the sample and then the emitted light is detected. because a dna : protein complex tumbles in solution more slowly than the free dna, there is less deflected light. this method works best with purified protein and requires special equipment. protein chips have emerged as an approach for identification of dna : protein interactions ( 5 ). functional protein microarrays are composed of arrays containing full - length functional proteins or protein domains. fluorescently labeled dna is used to probe the array and identify proteins that bind to that specific probe. protein microarrays provide a method for high - throughput identification of dna : protein interactions. however, microarrays are not easily adaptable. the halolink\u2122 protein array system offers solutions to these challenges, as described in following paragraph, and certain issues have been specifically addressed. these include preventing false positives. the halolink\u2122 array system is an alternative approach for analysis of dna : protein interactions. this system captures nucleic acid binding proteins on a slide surface ( figure 1 ) and previously has been shown to be a successful method for studying protein : protein interactions and enzymatic reactions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5327030910664612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.988591"}
{"text": "system is an alternative approach for analysis of dna : protein interactions. this system captures nucleic acid binding proteins on a slide surface ( figure 1 ) and previously has been shown to be a successful method for studying protein : protein interactions and enzymatic reactions ( 8 ). the system requires the generation of a fusion protein between the dna - binding protein and the halotag\u00ae protein ( 8 ). the halotag\u00ae protein is a 34kda modified hydrolase enzyme that can form a rapid, specific and covalent bond with its chloroalkane ligand ( 10 ). synthesizing the halotag\u00ae fusion - dna - binding protein in cell - free systems adds to the speed and flexibility of the assay. the halolink\u2122 protein array slides are hydrogel - coated glass slides containing immobilized halotag\u00ae ligand. fifty individual wells are created by adding a silicon gasket to the slide. the expressed fusion protein can be bound to the surface covalently, allowing stringent washing and subsequent analysis of dna binding by adding a dna probe. this technique is rapid, requires no purified protein, provides a moderate data set ( n = 50 ) and is adaptable to different throughputs. we used the rel / nf - \u03bab transcription factor, p50 ( 11 ), as a model dna binding protein to show that the halolink\u2122 protein array slide provides a tool for analyzing dna - binding protein : dna interactions. dimers of nf - \u03bab proteins regulate transcription by directly binding enhancer sequences, referred to as \u03bab dna sequences, which are located in the regulatory regions of numerous genes. halolink\u2122 protein array experimental design figure 1 outlines the experimental design of the halolink\u2122 protein array system. a halotag\u00ae fusion protein is expressed with a cell - free expression system and then covalently attached to the slide surface through the halotag\u00ae protein \u2019 s interaction with the halotag\u00ae ligand ( see supplementary information for details ). after washing and drying, the slide is processed to determine protein concentration, and is then used to analyze the dna : protein interaction. to detect the halotag\u00ae fusion protein, certain wells of the slide are probed with anti - halotag\u00ae antibody ( cat. # g9281 ). after a second wash followed with a drying step, the slide is probed with alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit antibody and analyzed on a typhoon\u00ae 9410 slide scanner to detect the halotag\u00ae fusion protein. in addition, other wells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297228188282961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.989689"}
{"text": "after a second wash followed with a drying step, the slide is probed with alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit antibody and analyzed on a typhoon\u00ae 9410 slide scanner to detect the halotag\u00ae fusion protein. in addition, other wells have a fluorophore - labeled dna probe added to them. after incubation, the slide is washed, dried, and scanned to detect the dna : protein interaction. halotag\u00ae - p50 binds to the halolink\u2122 protein array slide and has dna binding activity. two human p50 proteins were expressed as n - terminal halotag\u00ae fusion proteins in a high - yield wheat germ cell - free protein expression system. one p50 protein contains the dna binding domain, dimerization domain, and the nuclear localization sequence of the human p50 protein, while the second p50 protein ( \u2013 dna bd ) has the dna binding domain removed. expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the halotag\u00ae tmr ligand ( cat. # g8251 ) ( 12 ) followed by sds - page ( figure 2, panel a ). figure 2. halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein attaches to the halolink\u2122 protein array slide and shows dna binding activity. panel a. tmr - labeled sds - page of halotag\u00ae fusions. one microliter of both halotag\u00ae - p50 and halotag\u00ae - p50 ( \u2013 dna bd ) fusion proteins expressed in a cell - free system was labeled with the halotag\u00ae tmr ligand and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink\u2122 protein array slide. the numbers correspond to wells, and the letters correspond to columns. column a : wells 1 \u2013 10, 5\u03bcl of halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein at 0, 1. 3, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166, and 332nm, respectively, was added to each well. each well was then probed with anti - halotag\u00ae pab followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column b : wells 1 \u2013 3, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein was added to each well ; wells 5 - 7, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 ( \u2013 dna bd ) fusion protein was added to each well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214940068814944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.990543"}
{"text": "bound halotag\u00ae protein ( figure 2, panel b ; column a ). a titration series of wild - type - dna ( wt - dna ) and mutated - dna ( mut - dna ) both containing alexa fluor\u00ae 647 was added to the slide. following scanning, the fluorescence intensity of each well was determined and plotted ( figure 2, panel c ). the halotag\u00ae - p50 protein bound the wt - dna to near saturation levels, and did not significantly bind the mut - dna. the halotag\u00ae - p50 ( \u2013 dna bd ) protein had no detectable dna binding activity. probing with a 32p - labeled nucleotide gave similar results ( data not shown ). this experiment shows that the halolink\u2122 protein array slide is able to bind halotag\u00ae - fusion proteins and is capable of analyzing dna : protein interactions. to test further the specificity of the halotag\u00ae - p50 / wt - dna interaction, we performed a competition assay using unlabeled wt - dna. replicates of the halotag\u00ae - p50 protein expressed in a wheat germ cell - free protein expression system and the halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein ( 20\u03bcg / ml ) were bound to a halolink\u2122 protein array slide ( figure 3, panel a ). the slide was then probed with alexa fluor\u00ae 647 - labeled wt - dna and mixed with increasing amounts of unlabeled wt - dna. the binding signal decreased as the amount of unlabeled competitor increased. a plot of the fluorescent intensity of each halotag\u00ae - p50 well versus the percent of competitor dna shows a linear decrease in signal ( figure 3, panel b ). the halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein did not bind the wt - dna. this competition assay shows that the halotag\u00ae - p50 interaction is specific for the wt - dna and that competition assays can be performed on the halolink\u2122 protein array slides. i\u03bab\u03b1 interferes with the dna binding activity of halotag\u00ae - p50 i\u03bab\u03b1 is an ankyrin repeat protein that inhibits nf - \u03bab transcriptional activity by sequestering nf - \u03bab outside of the nucleus in resting cells. i\u03bab\u03b1 forms a very stable complex with nf - \u03bab by binding tightly to the nuclear localization sequence ( nls ) and weakly to the dna - binding domain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5483055769247557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.992466"}
{"text": "13 ) figure 4. ikappabalpha inhibits the binding of p50 to dna. panel a. western blot analysis of lysate expressing both halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein and i\u03bab\u03b1. i\u03bab\u03b1 contains a t7 epitope tag, which was used for analysis. panel b. halolink\u2122 protein array slides. three slides were imprinted identically with halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein and lysate expressing either halotag\u00ae - p50 or halotag\u00ae - p50 + i\u03bab\u03b1 proteins. column a : wells 1 \u2013 9, 5\u03bcl of halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein at 0, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nm, respectively, was added to the wells. column b : wells 1 \u2013 9, 0, 0. 039, 0. 078, 0. 156, 0. 3125, 0. 625, 1. 25, 2. 5 or 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50, respectively, was added to the wells. column c : rows 1 \u2013 9 had 0, 0. 039, 0. 078, 0. 156, 0. 3125, 0. 625, 1. 25, 2. 5, or 5\u03bcl lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 + i\u03bab\u03b1, respectively, was added to the wells. slide 1 was then probed anti - halotag\u00ae pab followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. slide 2 was probed with anti - t7 antibody followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - mouse igg antibody. slide 3 was probed with wt - dna ( 100nm ). panel c. dna binding of halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein with and without i\u03bab\u03b1 was plotted. densities for each well were determined using genepix\u00ae software. the concentration of the halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein in each well was determined using a calibration curve of halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein. the concentrations were plotted versus the density of each well. the dna binding signal of halotag\u00ae - p50 + i\u03bab\u03b1 proteins was normalized to that of halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in halotag\u00ae\u00ae - p50 in column c. halotag\u00ae -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5298497334534598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.994202"}
{"text": "of halotag\u00ae - p50 + i\u03bab\u03b1 proteins was normalized to that of halotag\u00ae - p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in halotag\u00ae\u00ae - p50 in column c. halotag\u00ae - p50 binds wt - dna with a greater affinity than halotag\u00ae - p65 to compare the binding of a similar dna binding protein, p65, to p50, we expressed p65 ( amino acids 19 \u2013 325 ) and p50 as halotag\u00ae fusion proteins in a cell - free protein expression system. expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the halotag\u00ae tmr ligand followed by sds - page ( figure 5, panel a ). to test the ability of these proteins to bind dna while bound to the halolink\u2122 protein array slide, we first added lysates expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 or halotag\u00ae - 65 to the slide ( figure 5, panel b ). three wells for each protein were probed with anti - halotag\u00ae pab followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody to verify that each protein was properly bound to the slide ( figure 5, column b, wells 1 \u2013 3 for halotag\u00ae - 50 and wells 5 and 6 for halotag\u00ae - p65 ). the concentrations of the halotag\u00ae - p50 and halotag\u00ae - p65 proteins were calculated to be nearly identical on the slide. varying concentrations of wt - dna were added to the slide as shown in figure 5. after scanning the slide, the densities of each well were determined and fit to a graph. both proteins bound the wt - dna, with halotag\u00ae - p50 binding about twofold better than halotag\u00ae - p65. these results agree with those reported previously ( using fluorescence anisotropy and emsa ) ( 13 ) figure 5. binding affinity of p50 and p65 proteins for wildtype dna. panel a. tmr - labeled sds - page of halotag\u00ae fusion proteins. one microliter of both halotag\u00ae - p50 and halotag\u00ae - p65 fusion proteins expressed in a cell - free expression system was labeled with the halotag\u00ae tmr ligand and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink\u2122 protein array slide. column a : wells 1 \u2013 10, 5\u03bcl of halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein at 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5224788709306223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.995092"}
{"text": "and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink\u2122 protein array slide. column a : wells 1 \u2013 10, 5\u03bcl of halotag\u00ae - gst standard protein at 0, 1. 3, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nm, respectively, was added to each well. each well was then probed with anti - halotag\u00ae pab followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column b : wells 1 \u2013 3, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 was added to each. wells 5 \u2013 7, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - 65 was added to each well. wells 1 \u2013 3 and 5 \u2013 7 were then probed with anti - halotag\u00ae pab followed by alexa fluor\u00ae 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column c : wells 1 \u2013 10, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p50 was added to each well. wt - dna was added at to the rows as 0, 1, 1. 9, 3. 9, 7. 8, 15. 6, 31. 25, 62. 5, 125 or 250nm, respectively. column d : wells 1 \u2013 10, 5\u03bcl of lysate expressing halotag\u00ae - p65 added to each. wt - dna was added at the same concentrations as column c. the slide was scanned with a genepix\u00ae slide scanner at a wavelength of 635nm. panel c. the densities for each well were determined using genepix\u00ae software. the concentration of the dna was plotted versus the density of each well. the three main components of the halolink\u2122 protein array system are cell - free expression, the halotag\u00ae protein and the halolink\u2122 slides. all three contribute to the efficiency, robustness and overall speed of the assay. this system can also be used for functional characterization of purified recombinant protein. in a previous study, the halolink protein array system was used to study protein : protein interactions found in the nf - kb complex ( 17 ). we have shown that the halolink\u2122 protein array system can be used to analyze protein : dna interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model dna - binding proteins. first, cell - free translation systems, such as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164265634312248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.995973"}
{"text": "( 17 ). we have shown that the halolink\u2122 protein array system can be used to analyze protein : dna interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model dna - binding proteins. first, cell - free translation systems, such as the tnt\u00ae sp6 high - yield wheat germ protein expression system or the tnt\u00ae rabbit reticulocyte system, allow for rapid protein production directly from dna. in addition, protein can be produced in less than two hours using cell - free systems, versus days for production from e. coli - based systems. cell - free systems also eliminate the expression difficulties some transcription factors have in e. coli - based systems. this adds the flexibility of quickly expressing protein truncations, mutations, or fusions and testing them for activity. second, the halotag\u00ae protein enables covalent and oriented capture of proteins on solid surfaces directly from the cell - free expression system without any prior purification step. the halotag\u00ae protein forms a covalent bond with its halotag\u00ae ligand. a halotag\u00ae ligand with reactive end group is used to activate hydrogel - coated glass slides and, subsequently, to capture proteins of interest expressed as halotag\u00ae - fusion proteins in cell - free protein expression systems. this approach eliminates the need for protein purification, and allows the fused protein of interest to be oriented for maximum biological activity. third, polyethylene glycol ( peg ) - coated glass slides are known to resist nonspecific adsorption of unwanted protein and to prevent surface - induced denaturation of specific proteins. the low - background binding of the halolink\u2122 slides allows the detection of low abundant binding proteins. a silicone gasket creates 50 wells on the glass slide, so that multiple assays can be performed manually on the same slide without any specialized equipment. this offers an improvement over emsa, which generally allows approximately 15 reactions per gel. using the halolink\u2122 protein array system, we found that p50 bound wt - dna specifically, and p50 that is lacking its dna binding domain had no dna binding activity. this highlights one advantage of using cell - free lysates, truncation and expression is quick, and many different mutations can be tested. the dna probes used in the experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. multiple dna probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. the dna can be detected using a fluoro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5138685070441336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.997812"}
{"text": "experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. multiple dna probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. the dna can be detected using a fluorophore ( as shown in these experiments ) or a radiolabeled dna probe. both detection methods have similar sensitivity. using a mutated dna in a competition assay with wild - type, unlabeled dna, we showed that the interaction is specific and the halolink protein array slides have little background binding to the dna probes. furthermore, we compared the binding of two different dna binding proteins, p50 and p65 and showed that the halolink\u2122 protein array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites, which agrees with previous studies ( 11 ) the halolink\u2122 protein array slides also provide a platform to study protein : protein : nucleic acid binding. using the p50 protein and its inhibitor i\u03bab\u03b1, we were able to show a decrease in p50 binding to wt - dna when the inhibitor was present and showed that the halolink\u2122 protein array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites. this decrease in binding was previously observed ( 13 ). the halolink\u2122 protein array slide system can be used to analyze the effect that one protein has on the dna binding activity of another protein. halolink\u2122 protein array slides provide a medium - throughput assay for analyzing protein : protein, protein : nucleic acid, and protein : small molecule interactions. unlike conventional protein arrays, halolink\u2122 protein array slides allow flexibility of content printing. the user can easily create protein mutations and truncations to assay important binding regions on a protein. using these slides, a user can screen quickly a number of different potential targets, determine important binding regions and determine the even amino acids required for the interaction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5476236920349108, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95028a-71b3-445c-96ae-ae123a5a9dc7>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:46.998682"}
{"text": "dementia can also be caused by endocrine disorders. if hypothyroidism is left untreated, for example, dementia can appear, and aggressive thyroid replacement may not return a patient to his or her previous level of cognitive functioning. the dementia with untreated hypothyroidism is also accompanied by irritability, paranoia, and depression. cushing disease and addison disease may lead to dementia. hypoparathyroidism is the most common cause of basal ganglia calcification with dementia. hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism may also lead to dementia. untreated vitamin b12 deficiency can lead to dementia in the absence of anemia or megaloblastosis. vitamin b12 replacement may improve cognition, but dementia may still continue. high - dose vitamin b supplements do not slow cognitive decline in patients with mild to moderate alzheimer dementia. 14 head trauma may cause dementia from diffuse axonal injury secondary to shearing forces, focal contusions, hemorrhages, lacerations, and hypoxic ischemia. symptoms include anterograde and retrograde amnesia, deficiencies in encoding and retrieval of new information, disorganized thinking, poor concentration, and fluent aphasia. dementia pugilistica, a syndrome caused by repeated head trauma in boxers, leads to a clinical picture of dementia and ataxia. a study of retired national football league players found that the incidence of diseases of memory ( dementia, alzheimer disease [ ad ], or other memory - related disease ) was higher in retired players than in the general population. 15 however, cognitive tests and neurological examinations were not completed, which significantly limits interpretation of these results. a chronic subdural hematoma may be caused by mild head trauma in elderly patients and can lead to a clinical picture of dementia. associated symptoms may include headache, slowed thinking, hemiparesis, change in personality, seizures, and aphasia. any patient with a subdural hematoma must receive immediate neurosurgical evaluation. surgical drainage may or may not be required, but an acute bleed can occur, and the pa - tient may have further neurological deterioration. 16 infectious processes can cause a clinical picture of dementia. neurosyphilis can cause dementia even after 20 years from the time of infection. general paresis, a subtype of neurosyphilis, may present as a progressive dementia, changes in speech, irritability, grandiose delusions, and hall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4474358347667113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d30da9d2-a6ac-4001-bdf1-b1978206ea37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.004740"}
{"text": "can cause dementia even after 20 years from the time of infection. general paresis, a subtype of neurosyphilis, may present as a progressive dementia, changes in speech, irritability, grandiose delusions, and hallucinations. 5, 17 the rapid plasma reagin test has a high false - positive rate and results may be negative in late syphilis. a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test may be a better tool for diagnosis. hiv - associated dementia affects subcortical structures while sparing the cortex. forgetfulness, poor concentration, and slowed thinking are early symptoms. apathy and social withdrawal may arise, and psychosis occurs occasionally. patients with aids may have infections, cns malignancies, or systemic illness that may lead to cognitive impairment. toxins can cause a clinical picture of dementia. long - term alcohol ( drug information on alcohol ) use can lead to alcoholic dementia, which includes anterograde and retrograde amnesia. alcoholic dementia is mild and slowly progressive ; it is associated with impairments on initial letter fluency, fine motor control, and free recall. comprehensive treatment planning patients with dementia need a comprehensive treatment plan, including biological, psychotherapeutic, social, and family interventions ( table 4 ). biological interventions include treatment of any underlying medical disorders and the appropriate use of medications for target symptoms. psychotherapeutic interventions can be generally divided into 4 categories : although many psychotherapeutic interventions are commonly used in clinical practice, only a few of these interventions have undergone double - blind randomized evaluation. 7 social interventions include assessments of the patient \u2019 s living environment, his ability to drive, risk level for abuse and / or neglect, availability of daytime / nighttime supervision, and occupational therapy to ensure home safety. services such as a home health aide, a house cleaner, and meals on wheels may be needed to assist with basic activities of daily living. a discussion about financial / estate planning, health care power of attorney / advanced care directives, and long - term \u2013 care facilities may be needed as the dementia progresses. family interventions to help prevent caregiver burnout include supporting family caregivers with psychoeducation, respite care, and referral to local support groups through national associations. a list of print and internet resources that may be useful for those who care for patients with dementia is posted on www. psychiatrictimes. com in the online version of this article. table 5 highlights key clinical and neuropsychological features", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4636578728223017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d30da9d2-a6ac-4001-bdf1-b1978206ea37>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.005893"}
{"text": "air of authority - a history of raf organisation text links are shown below - home page - - about this site - - quick menu - - main menu - - members ' area - - what ' s new - - help needed - - online store - - reunions - - contact me - - sign guest book - - view guest book - - glossary - - bibliography - formed at hainault farm as a night fighter unit on 12 june 1918 by taking a flight from nos 44, 78 and 112 squadrons. the first flight moved to france on 16 june and ten days later the rest of the squadron was also in france. it operated camels in defence of british bases in the area and by the end of the war had destroyed 26 enemy aircraft. it also introduced the principle of night intrusion, when it made attacks against german bombers returning to their airfields. having returned to britain in february 1919, it disbanded at drem on 10 september. the squadron reformed on 4 august 1936 at north weald, equipped with gauntlets from a detachment of no 56 squadron. hurricanes began to arrive in december 1938 and conversion was completed in february 1939. unlike many hurricane units, it remained in britain on defensive duties, instead of going to france. it then covered the dunkirk evacuation and took part in most of the battle of britain, before moving to digby in september 1940. the following november, it was decided to transfer the squadron to the night fighting role and it moved to bramcote where it also received defiants. night operations were commenced in february 1941 from its base at wittering and a detachment at coltishall. in april 1942, mosquitos began to arrive and the hurricanes were immediately retired although it was july before the defiants left, leaving the squadron solely equipped with the mosquito. from april 1943, as a result of the declining night interceptions being made, the squadron moved to colerne, from where it began intruder operations. in october 1944, a move to castle camps led to it adopting the bomber support role and these were continued from east anglia until the end of the war. a few days later the squadron moved back to the west country, disbanding at weston zoyland on 10 october 1946. from 11 february 1949 until 14 september 1951, the squadron number was linked to no 23 squadron, but on the 15th, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at leuchars as a vampire night fighter unit. in april 1953 meteor nf mk 11s replaced the vampires and in july 1955, these were replaced by venom nf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41690325454042965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d48deb-3ad5-4587-b01a-c1beb1026064>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.014163"}
{"text": ", but on the 15th, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at leuchars as a vampire night fighter unit. in april 1953 meteor nf mk 11s replaced the vampires and in july 1955, these were replaced by venom nf mk 3s. the squadron ' s role changed in july 1957, when it became an all - weather fighter unit on re - equipping with javelins, these being retained until 19 september 1961, when the squadron disbanded, still being at leuchars. its final incarnation lasted from 1 january 1962 to 25 may 1963, when the signals command development squadron was given the number. bases at watton, this unit operated a range of aircraft including lincolns, hastings, varsities and canberras on radar research and development. the squadron was disbanded by being renumbered no 97 squadron. motto : foy pour devoir ( fidelity unto duty ) squadron codes used : - formed as a night fighter unit equipped with camels at rochford on 1 june 1918, it moved to france in october, but saw little action in the remaining three weeks of the war, returning to drem in february 1919, where it disbanded on 30 june. the squadron reformed at acklington on 1 october 1939 equipped with gladiators. conversion to spitfires began in january 1940 and this process was complete by february. initially retained in the north - east for defensive duties, it moved south in july 1940 to warmwell, where it remained throughout the battle of britain. it flew convoy patrols from portreath from april 1941 before moving to east anglia in august, from were it flew escort missions. in january 1942, it moved to northern ireland, in august it was back on convoy patrols from angle but in september it moved to wittering and began preparing fro embarkation overseas. the squadron took part in the allied landing in north africa in november and from the 14th of that month it moved onto airfields in algeria. during the early part of this campaign, it provided fighter cover to fighter - bombers supported 1st army ' s advance. march 1943 saw the squadron adopting the fighter - bomber role itself, which it conducted until the end of the campaign. in preparation for the landings on sicily, the squadron moved to malta in june 1943, moving onto the island in july and then italy in september. however, in november it was on the move to another operational theatre, when it was advised to transfer to india. arriving in december it re - equipped spitfire viiis and immediately began fighter patrols until april 1944 when it went back to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533327566540253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d48deb-3ad5-4587-b01a-c1beb1026064>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.015376"}
{"text": "italy in september. however, in november it was on the move to another operational theatre, when it was advised to transfer to india. arriving in december it re - equipped spitfire viiis and immediately began fighter patrols until april 1944 when it went back to fighter - bomber operations. it was involved in the battle of imphal and continued to support 14th army for the rest of the war. following vj - day, the squadron moved to singapore, where it disbanded on 10 march 1946. two months later on 8 may 1946, no 136 squadron was renumbered 152. equipped with spitfire xivs, it received tempests in june but a spares shortage limited flying and the disbanded again on 15 january 1947. from 11 february 1949 until 31 may 1954, the squadron number was linked to no 19 squadron, but on 1 june 1954, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at wattisham as a meteor night fighter unit. it disbanded on 31 july 1958. however, on 29 september 1958, no 1417 flight was raised to squadron status as no 152 squadron. it was equipped with pembrokes and twin pioneers for communications duties in the persian gulf. it finally disbanded on 9 december 1967. motto : faithful ally squadron codes used : - there is no 152 squadron association but richard castle, 1 battle close, sarisbury green, southampton, hampshire, so31 7zf : tel 01489 601937 is in contact with some members ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org formed at hainault farm as a night fighter unit on 4 november 1918, but the armistice seven days later prevented the squadron becoming operational or receiving any aircraft, but it was 13 june 1919, before it actually disbanded. the squadron eventually formed on 24 october 1941 at ballyhalbert from ' a ' flight of no 256 squadron, which had moved there on 14 october from squires gate. it operated defiants on night fighter duties until may 1942 but in december, a blenheim arrived for training and in january the process of converting the squadron onto beaufighters began in ernest. following conversion the squadron continued to provide night defence of northern ireland until december when it moved to north africa. in north africa, the squadron provide night cover to allied forces as well as providing protection to convoys from a range of advanced bases. from july 1944, the squadron was bases in sardinia, from where it added night intruder operations to its duties. these were conducted against targets in southern france and northern italy and in august, the squadron received a few spitfires", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39529997469254796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d48deb-3ad5-4587-b01a-c1beb1026064>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.016410"}
{"text": "a range of advanced bases. from july 1944, the squadron was bases in sardinia, from where it added night intruder operations to its duties. these were conducted against targets in southern france and northern italy and in august, the squadron received a few spitfires and hurricanes for use in dawn patrols, but on 5 september the squadron disbanded. the following month ( 7 october ), the squadron reformed at kirmington from a nucleus supplied by no 166 squadron as a lancaster equipped bomber unit, but almost immediately moved to scampton. until the end of the war, it operated as part of bomber command ' s main force and then carried out trooping flights to italy, disbanding on 28 september 1945. the squadron has far been reformed for one other period, 28 february 1955 to 2 july 1958. this was in its original role as a night fighter unit, being based at west malling with meteor nf mk 12 and 14s for the entire period. motto : noctividus ( seeing by night ) squadron codes used : - on 9 may 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to france with bristol f2bs in october but these plans were cancelled on 4 july. its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 3 august for deployment on 3 october, but this plan was suspended on 29 july. eventually the squadron was formed at chingford on 7 august for deployment on 29 october, but having received no aircraft, it was disbanded on 11 september. the squadron reformed at fowlmere on 17 november 1941, being declared operational in february 1942. equipped with spitfires, it moved to churchstanton in may for convoy escort duties and hornchurch in june where it began offensive operations over france. however, on 30 august, it flew its last mission and was taken off operations, moving to welligore the next day to prepare for movement overseas. the ground echelon left on 1 november by sea, whilst the air echelon flew out to gibraltar, operating from there until the two components were able to re - assemble in algeria on 21 november. the squadron provided air defence of the allied forces along the north african coast until the end of the campaign. after this it moved to malta, from where it supported the invasion of sicily, moving onto the island itself on 18 july 1943. in september the squadron moved to italy but in december it moved to palestine and the n cyprus, from where it took part in operations in syria. april 1944 saw te squadron operating from corsica and in august it provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42456360817842986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d48deb-3ad5-4587-b01a-c1beb1026064>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.018760"}
{"text": "the island itself on 18 july 1943. in september the squadron moved to italy but in december it moved to palestine and the n cyprus, from where it took part in operations in syria. april 1944 saw te squadron operating from corsica and in august it provided cover for operation ' dragoon ', the allied invasion of southern france. it then remained in france provided air cover to the advancing allied armies until the end of september, when it returned to italy, disbanding at naples on 1 november 1944. two weeks late ( 16 november ), the squadron reformed at biggin hill, acquiring no 131 squadron ' s spitfire viis. these were used to provide long range bomber escorts, which was made easier from february 1945, when mustangs replaced the spitfires but on 31 march 1945, the squadron disbanded at its latest base of hunsdon. motto : his modis ad victoriam ( by this means to victory ) squadron codes used : - on 9 may 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to france with dh9as in september and then october but these plans were cancelled on 4 july. its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 6 september for deployment on 6 november, but this plan was suspended on 29 july. it eventually formed as a night bomber squadron at feltham on 14 september 1918, it received some dh9as but having failed to achieve operational status was disbanded on 7 december. no 155 reformed on 1 april 1942 at peshawar, equipped with curtiss mohawks, however it was september before the squadron became operational. it was involved in air defence operations and coastal patrols around madras, but the following month it was transferred to bengal, where it began to operate over burma. the squadron retained its mohawks on a vareity of operations including ground attack, recce and escort duties until january 1944, when it eventually received more modern equipment in the form of spitfires. with these it was employed on air defence as well as its previous roles. with the japanese surrender the squadron moved to singapore and then in may 1946 it moved to sumatra, where it disbanded on 31 october 1946. at the time of writing ( 2002 ), the squadron ' s final incarnation began on 1 september 1954, when it reformed at seletar as a whirlwind helicopter squadron. it flew these aircraft in the light transport and casualty evacuation roles during operation ' firedog ' supporting both the army and police in their fight against communist terrorist. however, on 3 june 1959, the squadron was disbanded when it was amalgamated with no 194 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4296704278070973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d48deb-3ad5-4587-b01a-c1beb1026064>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.019819"}
{"text": "a reader writes : \" i struggle with reoccurring yeast infections. the doctor gave me an oral medication for them about 5 years ago and i didn ' t have them for a year. then my body started to be allergic to that medicine. \" i ' ve always known i can change my diet, but you know how hard that is! i know i need to cut out refined sugar and starches. again not so easy! \" can you give me some ideas as to what to eat for breakfast? it ' s hard to go to the store with four kids and actually read the labels. \" dear reader, fascinating information out there about this condition. suffice it to say, some diet changes can help prevent yeast infections. but it may not be as drastic as you have been led to believe. here ' s why : yeasts are everywhere. they live in soil. they reside on the skins of fruit and berries. and they live in the body. some yeasts are good and others are not. the yeast most often responsible for infections in the body is candida albicans ( aka candida ). although a normal resident of the body, candida is considered an \" opportunistic pathogen \" which means it is only harmful if it is allowed to grow out of control. the most common cause of yeast infections? antibiotic use, say experts. antibiotics kill good bacteria ( which protect the body from yeast overgrowth ) as well as bad bacteria. other conditions that may promote the abnormal growth of yeast in the body include pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, diabetes and hiv infections. yeasts in food, however, are entirely different species from the pathogen candida albicans. nutritional yeasts are \" friendly fungi \" much like mushrooms and other \" organisms \" we add to food for one reason or other. saccharomyces cerevisiae ( abbreviated s. cerevisiae ) is a common yeast that has been used to make bread for thousands of years. other strains of saccharomyces are used to ferment grape juice into wine. kombucha is a fermented sweetened tea made with a nutritional yeast. some yeasts are even used to turn corn into ethanol fuel. but i digress. although the internet is full of diet advice on how to prevent yeast infections ( one site says you must eliminate everything but garlic, spices, herbs and vegetables ), here are some reliable remedies : increase your intake of lactobacillus acidophilus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42602563723556264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31f47de4-83b7-4ec9-b289-264bdd43d2ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.024010"}
{"text": "is full of diet advice on how to prevent yeast infections ( one site says you must eliminate everything but garlic, spices, herbs and vegetables ), here are some reliable remedies : increase your intake of lactobacillus acidophilus ( l. acidophilus ). these good bacteria in the gut keep candida yeast cells from growing out of control. sorry, but you will need to look at food labels to find foods such as milk, kefir, or yogurt that contain lactobacillus acidophilus as an ingredient. keep up your defenses. protein - containing foods strengthen our immune system so it can thwart the growth of wayward yeast cells. include at least one of these at each meal : fish, poultry, meat, eggs, low - fat cheese, yogurt, milk, beans, nuts or nut butters. make half your plate vegetables. ( have we heard this before? ) cooked or raw, these foods feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut that keep the bad candida boys under control. add some raw garlic to your diet. garlic has proven anti - fungal and anti - bacterial properties. smash it up and add it to salad dressings and other fresh foods. consider taking a probiotic supplement that contains lactobacillus - the good guys shown to control the growth of candida. one trustworthy brand is culturelle which, contains lactobacillus gg. cut extra sugar from your diet. eat whole fruit and avoid excessive amounts of juice and other sugared beverages. this is a good recommendation for all of us. ideas for breakfast? try plain or low - sugar yogurt made with lactobacillus \" live active \" cultures. and sprinkle with some raw garlic... just kidding. bottom line : avoid the overuse of antibiotics. replenish your gut with good bacteria in the form of active live lactobacillus - containing foods. eat some protein at each meal. load up with vegetables. if you haven ' t already, let your doctor know about your symptoms so he can prescribe necessary medical therapy. and don ' t believe everything you read on the internet. ( barbara quinn is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes educator at the community hospital of the monterey peninsula. \u00a92012 the monterey county herald distributed by mclatchy - tribune news service. | printable version | | e - mail a friend |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37897566484483647, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31f47de4-83b7-4ec9-b289-264bdd43d2ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.024902"}
{"text": "far north within the arctic circle off the northern coast of norway lies a small chain of islands known as svalbard. these craggy islands have been scoured into shape by ice and sea. the effect of glacial activity can be seen in this image of the northern tip of the island of spitsbergen. here, glaciers have carved out a fjord, a u - shaped valley that has been flooded with sea water. called bockfjorden, the fjord is located at almost 80 degrees north, and it is still being affected by glaciers. the effect is most obvious in this image in the tan layer of silty freshwater that floats atop the denser blue water of the arctic ocean. the fresh water melts off land - bound glaciers and flows over the sandstone, collecting fine red - toned silt. in this image, the tan - colored fresh water flows northward up the fjord and is being pushed to the east side of the fjord by the rotation of the earth. glaciers here and elsewhere on spitsbergen are cold bottom glaciers, which means that they are frozen to the ground rather than floating on top of a thin layer of melt water. the glaciers are also land glaciers since their terminus ( end ) lies on land, rather than floating on the water ( a tidewater glacier ). land glaciers grow and retreat slowly, balancing fresh snow with the melting and draining of old ice. their rate of growth or retreat can be affected by global warming. in most cases, including the glaciers around bockfjorden, global warming has caused glaciers to retreat from increased melting. on the eastern side of svalbard, however, glaciers are growing from enhanced snowfall. the reason for this pattern remains only one of many intriguing unanswered questions of arctic science in the islands. the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer, ( aster ) on nasa ' s terra satellite captured this false - color image on june 26, 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46351144412153045, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16ea6476-5c8b-4b53-82e8-132f1d1b3ac1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.029072"}
{"text": "the future of baseload power generation michael crumbliss for redorbit. com the annual mit energy conference has grown to be the premier energy conference of its kind, drawing participants from around the world to discuss the current and future state of energy production, use, and technology. the conference in its seventh year still entirely planned, managed, and led by students from the college. in my opinion the students \u2019 direct involvement keeps the conference honest, progressive, and productive. every talk or panel i attended was at full capacity with young inventors, entrepreneurs, and college freshman sitting beside ceo \u2019 s of multinational corporations and industry veterans of all types. the first panel of the mit energy conference met on friday march 16 on the mit campus to discuss \u201c the future of baseload power generation. \u201d included in the panel were representatives from large regional power companies, general electric in their capacity as a worldwide power generator, and academia. baseload power refers to the minimum amount of power that must be produced to maintain power to the grid at all times. baseload is what makes the lights come on when you hit the switch first thing in the morning after the typically low power use early in the am hours. the grid is constantly energized at a pre - determined minimum level. failure to maintain this level leads to brown - outs and black - outs. in almost all current cases baseload power is produced using coal, gas, oil, and nuclear facilities. these power plants are large and meant to operate with a stable output. increasingly as intermittent sources of power like wind and solar are added it becomes important for baseload plants to be capable of ramping production up and down more than in the past, and turning on and off in some cases. chief among concerns about these plants are known levels of pollution, especially in the case of coal upon which much of the world \u2019 s baseload depends. in the case of nuclear power, catastrophic meltdowns are possible. all these plants produce large amounts of toxic waste. providing fuels requires extensive and ongoing mining, drilling and transport. the members of the panel discussed the future of baseload under increased environmental scrutiny. all agreed that gas is the only near term solution with nuclear plants taking too long to build, and with coal is on the way to much reduced use. coal causes 40 % of harmful emissions in the us alone : the representative from the southern company spoke of a new 500mw coal plant in mississippi. this was the only new coal plant mentioned in the panel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45395075836069143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:594e3e40-b3a1-4348-a9a6-9451c1044fca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.035051"}
{"text": "is on the way to much reduced use. coal causes 40 % of harmful emissions in the us alone : the representative from the southern company spoke of a new 500mw coal plant in mississippi. this was the only new coal plant mentioned in the panel. southern is currently constructing the vogtle nuclear plants # 3 and # 4 in georgia. each of these two new units will produce 1100mw. the representative from pseg spoke of the company \u2019 s involvement with wholesale, retail, and renewable power in the northeast ( nj, pa, ny, de, md ). pseg uses nuclear, coal, and combined cycle plants, and relatively small but growing renewable input. pseg is building no more coal plants and closing down old ones. 1500 mw will be taken off - line in the near future. gas and possibly nuclear is the future for pseg. the proposed nuclear site is in southern new jersey. on a national scale the speaker states that 30 - 35 gw of coal will be retired. the representative from ihs used texas as an example of the future of energy consumption. texas has a separate power grid and can be seen as a single customer. texas has also led the way with integration of new power sources and updating of its grid and power management systems. this speaker confirmed mentioned that gas is going to replace coal in some large portion in the near future. he also spoke to the possibilities of emerging large - scale storage technology ( batteries ). the panel agreed that technology and fuel choice can effect carbon release in the united states and other developed countries, but have little or no confidence that china, india, and third world countries will make any effort at all in reducing emissions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4775339351670935, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:594e3e40-b3a1-4348-a9a6-9451c1044fca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.035820"}
{"text": "andre \u2019 s promisse mission extended esa astronaut andre kuipers will stay on the international space station for more than a month longer than originally planned. in addition to his normal routine he will spend some of the extra time conducting scientific experiments. the station partners have agreed that this expedition will be prolonged following a delay in the launch of the next soyuz crew ferry. routine testing revealed problems in the original soyuz spacecraft, requiring that it be replaced. the new date for andre and his crewmates to return to earth is 1 july \u2013 he will now stay on the space station for over six months. the extra time andre has in space does not mean he will have time for extra work because the science and maintenance activities continue regardless of which astronaut is available to do the job. owing to the delay, the space station will operate with only three crewmembers for a longer period than originally planned. andre has already completed some of his experiments. he was the tenth astronaut to follow the special solo diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. for five days, andre ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. the results may offer insights into how bones age on earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. andre completed the dsc experiment in the european - built microgravity science glovebox, looking at temperature changes in mixtures of different fluids. the results of this experiment will contribute to improving computer models used in oil drilling. andre recently shared a picture from the space station wearing what looked like a bathing cap. worn for the neurospat experiment, it is actually a complex network of electrodes for measuring his brain waves. a total of 64 electrodes were carefully and precisely placed on andre \u2019 s head by colleague don pettit. the goal is to understand if the brain processes some tasks differently in space. andre has also finished the roald2 biology experiment on human immune cells. astronauts \u2019 immune systems work less effectively in space and scientists are trying to find out why. immune cells taken from volunteers on earth were chemically frozen on the space station at specific intervals. by looking closely at the cells once they return to earth, scientists hope to gain insight into the workings of the human immune system. there are many scientific experiments still to finish. maintenance work waits for no one so andre and his crewmates will be busy keeping the space station running smoothly. in the highly unlikely possibility that andre has time to spare, the scientists on earth have a set of \u2018 back - pocket \u2019 activities available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4569339351342017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b8c6445-8a26-4777-aa81-4d46cc9d803f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.039722"}
{"text": ". maintenance work waits for no one so andre and his crewmates will be busy keeping the space station running smoothly. in the highly unlikely possibility that andre has time to spare, the scientists on earth have a set of \u2018 back - pocket \u2019 activities available that could be conducted at short notice should the opportunity arise. image 1 : the soyzu tma - 03m spacecraft that bought esa astronaut andre kuipers and crewmates to the international space station in december 2011. andre will stay on the station for over six months as part of his promisse mission. credits : esa / nasa image 2 : some food that esa astronaut andre kuipers ate on the international space station during his promisse mission. he was the tenth astronaut to follow the special solo diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. for five days, andre ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. the results may offer insights into how bones age on earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. credits : esa / nasa image 3 : esa astronaut andre kuipers is conducting many experiments during his promisse mission. here, andre is recording his brain waves through 64 electrodes as part of esa \u2019 s neurospat experiment. the goal is to understand if the brain processes tasks differently in space. credits : esa / nasa on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48869477543743944, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b8c6445-8a26-4777-aa81-4d46cc9d803f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.040275"}
{"text": "when making a drive conversion or designing a new power transmission system, maintenance managers and design engineers have three broad options : roller chain drives, v - belt drives and synchronous belt drives. each has its own advantages and disadvantages, along with cost considerations that may not be immediately apparent. roller chain drives the popularity of chain drives stems from their ability to transmit high torque levels in a small package, at relatively low cost, while utilizing readily available stock components. while initial costs of standard roller chain drives can be quite low, the cost of maintaining them can be substantial. proper maintenance is essential for optimal roller chain drive performance and includes the following cost factors : according to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives operating without lubrication wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. and yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95 percent of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated or not lubricated at all. determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. an oil - retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75 percent of total chain drive system cost. in addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life. another maintenance factor with cost implications is drive component replacement. a major weakness of a roller chain drive is chain wear, which results in stretching or elongation. manufacturers recommend roller chain replacement when elongation of approximately 3 percent occurs. most roller chain manufacturers also recommend replacing sprockets with each new roller chain because the metal - to - metal contact generates severe sprocket wear. power rating tables published within the roller chain industry are based on a theoretical design life of 15, 000 hours, assuming proper drive design, alignment, lubrication, maintenance, etc. but in a typical operating environment, actual drive life rarely approaches the ideal. unlubricated roller chain drives operating under harsh conditions can be as short - lived as 100 hours. the cost of the maintenance requirements noted above, added to the initial cost, approximates the true cost of a standard roller chain drive. however, beyond the cost of lubricant and drive component replacement is the labor expense of frequent retensioning, which requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5051585902125191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb61c017-2e68-409c-a371-f15e8c34c573>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.048146"}
{"text": "requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer designers and users some advantages over v - belt or synchronous belt drive systems : versatility ( functional attachments can be added to convey products, trip switches, actuate levers, etc. ) the ability to create any length of chain with connecting links v - belt drives transmit power through friction between the belt and pulley. with efficiencies ranging from 95 to 98 percent at installation, these drives use energy more efficiently than roller chain drives, and somewhat less efficiently than synchronous belt drives. v - belt drives are an industry standard, offering a wide range of sizes at relatively low cost, along with ease of installation and quiet operation. v - belt drive replacement parts may be less costly than roller chain or synchronous drive components, but regular retensioning of v - belts can add to maintenance expenses. v - belts are manufactured in a variety of materials, cross - sections and reinforcement materials, and are often used singly, in matched sets or in joined configurations. they are well - suited for severe duty applications, such as those involving shock loads and high starting loads. standard v - belt drives operate best in applications of 500 rpm or greater, speed ratios of up to 6 : 1, and within an operating temperature range of minus - 40 to 130 degrees fahrenheit. because v - belts slip when overloaded, they help protect more expensive equipment from load surges. they also allow flexibility in the positioning of the motor and the load. in a suitable application, the service life of a properly installed and maintained v - belt drive ranges from 20, 000 to 25, 000 hours. the components of a simple v - belt drive are relatively inexpensive to purchase, install, replace and maintain. after they are installed properly and tensioned to the belt manufacturer \u2019 s recommended values, these drives require very little service, except for retensioning during the normal maintenance schedule. due to belt slippage, they lose up to 5 percent of their efficiency after installation. v - belts stretch as they wear, making slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. cogged or notched v - belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. synchronous belt drives synchronous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5689912572184328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb61c017-2e68-409c-a371-f15e8c34c573>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.051725"}
{"text": "slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. cogged or notched v - belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. synchronous belt drives synchronous belts work on the tooth - grip principle. round, square or modified curvilinear belt teeth mesh with grooves on sprockets to provide positive power transmission on high - torque applications with high and low speeds. if drive size is a problem, many synchronous belt drive systems now have have an equivalent capacity to roller chain drives in the same width. the components of a synchronous belt drive system typically cost more initially than those of a comparable standard roller chain or v - belt drive. by contrast, synchronous belt drives don \u2019 t have the maintenance costs associated with roller chain drives. they require no lubrication and no lubrication system, only basic safety guarding. while roller chain requires frequent retensioning and v - belts require periodic retensioning, a synchronous belt typically requires no retensioning for the life of the belt. to illustrate the amount of elongation that can occur in a roller chain, recommended center distance take - up allowances for belt drives can be compared to center distance take - up needed for a roller chain in the same length. assuming a length of 100 inches, a roller chain, v - belt and synchronous belt can be compared as follows : roller chain : a roller chain will elongate approximately 3 inches ( or 3 percent ) over its life, requiring about 1. 5 inches of center distance take - up. v - belt : a v - belt requires 1. 5 to 2. 5 inches of center distance take - up over its life, depending on the cross section and belt manufacturer. synchronous belt : a synchronous belt typically requires only. 04 inches of center distance take - up over its life, depending on the belt type and manufacturer. chain and sprocket wear are significant cost factors in a roller chain drive. synchronous belts and sprockets experience dramatically less wear. in a synchronous drive system, for example, the belt outlasts a comparable roller chain on the order of 3 to 1, and the sprockets outlast roller chain sprockets 10 to 1. figure 1. required center distance take - up due to lifetime elongation ( in inches ). like roller chain drives, synchr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.51994121838982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb61c017-2e68-409c-a371-f15e8c34c573>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.052711"}
{"text": "order of 3 to 1, and the sprockets outlast roller chain sprockets 10 to 1. figure 1. required center distance take - up due to lifetime elongation ( in inches ). like roller chain drives, synchronous belt drives are sensitive to misalignment and shouldn \u2019 t be used on systems where it \u2019 s inherent to the drive operation. misalignment leads to inconsistent belt wear and premature tensile failure due to unequal tensile member loading. and while a synchronous belt is resistant to abrasion, corrosion and the caustic washdown solutions used in the food handling / processing industry, it may not be suitable for certain highly corrosive environments where corrosion - resistant chain may be a better choice. one misconception about synchronous belts is that they are unsuitable for serpentine drives. design engineers may think roller chain is the only option when a load must be driven off both sides ; however, double - sided synchronous rubber belts offer many of the same cost - saving advantages over roller chain as their single - sided cousins. due to their high efficiency ratings ( as high as 99 percent on a continuous basis for some drive systems ), synchronous belt drives can also lower energy costs compared with roller chain or v - belt drives. when considered on a cost - of - ownership basis, a synchronous belt drive system can be more cost - effective than a comparable roller chain drive or v - belt drive system. while a synchronous drive system may initially cost an average of 30 percent more than a comparable standard roller chain drive, it has many cost - saving advantages for maintenance managers and design engineers. in the mro market, synchronous drives can greatly reduce day - to - day operational costs, and increase production output compared to the downtime and lost productivity resulting from the frequent maintenance and replacement of roller chain and v - belt drives. drive system design engineers who select a synchronous drive can give their products a competitive edge by providing better - performing, longer - lasting, cleaner, quieter and maintenance - free products that operate at a lower overall cost. this article was written by the power transmission product application department at gates corporation. to learn more about this subject, visit www. gates. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4858145791648547, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb61c017-2e68-409c-a371-f15e8c34c573>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.053651"}
{"text": "about one - third of americans older than age 60 have hearing problems. about half the people who are 85 and older have hearing loss. whether a hearing loss is small ( missing certain sounds ) or large ( being profoundly deaf ), it is a serious concern. if left untreated, problems can get worse. hearing loss can affect your life in many ways. you may miss out on talks with friends and family. on the telephone, you may find it hard to hear what the caller is saying. at the doctor \u2019 s office, you may not catch the doctor \u2019 s words. sometimes hearing problems can make you feel embarrassed, upset, and lonely. it \u2019 s easy to withdraw when you can \u2019 t follow a conversation at the dinner table or in a restaurant. it \u2019 s also easy for friends and family to think you are confused, uncaring, or difficult, when the problem may be that you just can \u2019 t hear well. if you have trouble hearing, there is help. start by seeing your doctor. depending on the type and extent of your hearing loss, there are many treatment choices that may help. hearing loss does not have to get in the way of your ability to enjoy life. how do i know if i have a hearing loss? see your doctor if you : - have trouble hearing over the telephone, - find it hard to follow conversations when two or more people are talking, - need to turn up the tv volume so loud that others complain, - have a problem hearing because of background noise, - sense that others seem to mumble, or - can \u2019 t understand when women and children speak to you. what should i do? if you have trouble hearing, see your doctor. sometimes the diagnosis and treatment can take place in the doctor \u2019 s office. or your doctor may refer you to an otolaryngologist ( oh - toh - layr - ehn - gol - luh - jist ), a doctor who specializes in the ear, nose, and throat. the otolaryngologist will take a medical history, ask if other family members have hearing problems, do a thorough exam, and suggest any needed tests. you may be referred to an audiologist ( aw - dee - ah - luh - jist ). audiologists are health care professionals trained to measure hearing. the audiologist will use an audiometer to test your ability to hear sounds of different pitch and loudness. these tests are painless. audiologists can help if you need a hearing aid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4419678970063873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68bcdd2f-405a-47af-8b5f-1c6dbd2661eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.060859"}
{"text": ". audiologists are health care professionals trained to measure hearing. the audiologist will use an audiometer to test your ability to hear sounds of different pitch and loudness. these tests are painless. audiologists can help if you need a hearing aid. they can help select the best hearing aid for you and help you learn to get the most from it. what causes hearing loss? hearing loss can have many different causes, including the aging process, ear wax buildup, exposure to very loud noises over a long period of time, viral or bacterial infections, heart conditions or stroke, head injuries, tumors, certain medicines, and heredity. what different types of hearing loss are there? presbycusis ( prez - bee - kyoo - sis ) is age - related hearing loss. it is common in people over the age of 50. people with this kind of hearing loss may have a hard time hearing what others are saying or may be unable to stand loud sounds. the decline is slow. just as hair turns gray at different rates, presbycusis can develop at different rates. it canbe caused by sensorineural ( sen - soh - ree - noo - ruhl ) hearing loss. this type of hearing loss results from damage to parts of the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or hearing pathways in the brain. presbycusis may be caused by aging, loud noise, heredity, head injury, infection, illness, certain prescription drugs, and circulation problems such as high blood pressure. the degree of hearing loss varies from person to person. also, a person can have a different amount of hearing loss in each ear. tinnitus ( tih - nie - tuhs ) accompanies many forms of hearing loss, including those that sometimes come with aging. people with tinnitus may hear a ringing, roaring, or some other noise inside their ears. tinnitus may be caused by loud noise, hearing loss, certain medicines, and other health problems, such as allergies and problems in the heart and blood vessels. often it is unclear why the ringing happens. tinnitus can come and go, it can stop completely, or it can stay. some medicines may help ease the problem. wearing a hearing aid makes it easier for some people to hear the sounds they need to hear by making them louder. maskers, small devices that use sound to make tinnitus less noticeable, help other people. music also can be soothing and can sometimes mask the sounds caused by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831952203182883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68bcdd2f-405a-47af-8b5f-1c6dbd2661eb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.061729"}
{"text": "easier for some people to hear the sounds they need to hear by making them louder. maskers, small devices that use sound to make tinnitus less noticeable, help other people. music also can be soothing and can sometimes mask the sounds caused by the condition. it also helps to avoid things that might make tinnitus worse, like smoking, alcohol, and loud noises. conductive hearing loss happens when something blocks the sounds that are carried from the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) to the inner ear. ear wax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, abnormal bone growth, a punctured eardrum, or a middle ear infection can cause this type of hearing loss. if ear wax blockage is a problem for you, the american academy of otolaryngology - head and neck surgery suggests using mild treatments, such as mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or commercial ear drops to soften ear wax. if you think you may have a hole in your eardrum, however, you should see your doctor. how can i help a person with hearing loss? here are some tips you can use when talking with someone who has a hearing problem : - face the person and talk clearly - speak at a reasonable speed ; do not hide your mouth, eat, or chew gum. - stand in good lighting and reduce background noises. - use facial expressions or gestures to give useful clues. - repeat yourself if necessary, using different words. - include the hearing - impaired person when talking. talk with the person, not about the person, when you are with others. this helps keep the hearing - impaired person from feeling alone and excluded. - be patient ; stay positive and relaxed. - ask how you can help. what can i do if i have trouble hearing? - let people know that you have trouble hearing. - ask people to face you, and to speak more slowly and clearly ; also ask them to speak without shouting. - pay attention to what is being said and to facial expressions or gestures. - let the person talking know if you do not understand. - ask people to reword a sentence and try again. what devices or treatments can help? what will help you depends on your hearing problem. some common solutions include : - hearing aids. these are small devices you wear in or behind your ear. hearing aids can help some kinds of hearing loss by making sounds louder. however, they sometimes pick up background noises \u2014 for example, traffic noise in the street or people talking at other tables in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4353653071061244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68bcdd2f-405a-47af-8b5f-1c6dbd2661eb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.062724"}
{"text": "these are small devices you wear in or behind your ear. hearing aids can help some kinds of hearing loss by making sounds louder. however, they sometimes pick up background noises \u2014 for example, traffic noise in the street or people talking at other tables in a crowded restaurant. this can affect how well you hear in certain situations. before buying a hearing aid, check to find out if your insurance will cover the cost. there are many kinds of hearing aids. an audiologist can help fit you with the hearing aid that will work best for you. you can ask the audiologist about having a trial period to try out a few different aids. remember, when you buy a hearing aid, you are buying a product and a service. find a hearing aid dealer ( called a dispenser ) who has the patience and skill to help you during the month or so it takes to get used to the new hearing aid. you may need to have several fittings of your hearing aid, and you will need to get directions on how to use it. hearing aids use batteries, which you will need to change on a regular basis. they also may need repairs from time to time. buy a hearing aid that has only the features you need. - assistive / adaptive devices. there are many products that can help you live well with less - than - perfect hearing. the list below includes some examples of the many choices : - telephone amplifying devices range from a special type of telephone receiver that makes sounds louder to special phones that work with hearing aids. - tv and radio listening systems can be used with or without hearing aids. you do not have to turn the volume up high. - assistive listening devices are available in some public places such as auditoriums, movie theaters, churches, synagogues, and meeting places. - alerts such as doorbells, smoke detectors, and alarm clocks can give you a signal that you can see or a vibration that you can feel. for example, a flashing light could let you know someone is at the door or that the phone is ringing. - cochlear implants. if your deafness is severe, a doctor may suggest cochlear implants. in this surgery, the doctor puts a small electronic device under the skin behind the ear. the device sends the message past the non - working part of the inner ear and on to the brain. this process helps some people hear. these implants are not helpful for all types of deafness or hearing loss. there are many things you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46989266506592076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68bcdd2f-405a-47af-8b5f-1c6dbd2661eb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.063657"}
{"text": "the device sends the message past the non - working part of the inner ear and on to the brain. this process helps some people hear. these implants are not helpful for all types of deafness or hearing loss. there are many things you can do about hearing loss. the first step is to check with your doctor. you also can get more information from the following groups : national institute on deafness and other communication disorders ( nidcd ) nidcd information clearinghouse national institutes of health 31 center drive, msc 2320 bethesda, md 20892 - 2320 phone : 1 - 800 - 241 - 1044 ( toll - free ) american academy of otolaryngology - head and neck surgery, inc. ( aao - hns ) 1 prince street alexandria, va 22314 - 3357 american speech - language - hearing association ( asha ) 10801 rockville pike rockville, md 20852 phone : 1 - 800 - 638 - 8255 ( toll - free / voice / tty ) american tinnitus association ( ata ) p. o. box 5 portland, or 97207 - 0005 phone : 1 - 800 - 634 - 8978 ( toll - free ) self help for hard of hearing people, inc. ( shhh ) 7910 woodmont avenue bethesda, md 20814 laurent clerc national deaf education center 800 florida avenue, ne washington, dc 20002 - 3695 phone : 202 - 651 - 5000 ( voice and tty ) for more information about health and aging contact : national institute on aging p. o. box 8057 gaithersburg, md 20898 - 8057 phone : 1 - 800 - 222 - 2225 ( toll - free ) national institute on aging u. s. department of health and human services national institutes of health this publication sourced from the national institute on aging.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4577444646473921, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68bcdd2f-405a-47af-8b5f-1c6dbd2661eb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.064337"}
{"text": "last month, we started a list of \" hot astronomy links \" for the net - surfers, and said that we ' d continue the list this month. if i may beg off for another month, let me share with you a continuation of a story we were telling last year at this time. january 6th is celebrated in most western churches as the feast of the epiphany, commemorating the arrival of the magi in bethlehem. matthew ' s gospel tells us that they were led on their journey by a \" star. \" astronomers and other scholars have been trying to identify the \" star \" ever since, with theories ranging from a supernova blast to halley ' s comet. last year at this time, i suggested that a series of planetary conjunctions in 7 - 6 bc would have attracted the attention of persian astrologers. historians have traditionally placed the death of herod in 4 bc, and suggest that a 4 year error by the monks who first counted back to the events surrounding the nativity ( essentially skipping the rule of octavian before he became augustus ) would also place the nativity in this time frame. we also mentioned a book by ernest martin, \" the star that astonished the world, \" which argues for a 1 bc death of herod, making a spectacular conjunction of jupiter and venus a likely candidate for the \" star of bethlehem. \" his arguments are based on accounts by jewish / roman historian flavius josephus, which detail the events surrounding the death of herod, and make the 4 bc scenario unlikely. a 1999 book by astronomer mark kidger, \" the star of bethlehem, \" presents a different argument, again suggesting 4 bc as the time of the star. chinese and korean court astrologers reported a \" guest star \" near the constellation aquila on the same date in either 4 or 5 bc - one of the records is apparently a transcription error - which persisted for over 70 days visibility. as seen from babylon or persia, this guest star would have been first seen after midnight \" in the east. \" if these astrologers had been primed by the conjunctions of 7 - 6 bc to look for a sign, this would have been something of which to take note. perhaps it would be sufficiently noteworthy to pack up and go searching for a new king of the jews, presaged by the planets and confirmed by this \" new star. \" an overland journey from persia would be just possible in 70 days, if they were already primed to leave. such a journey from babylon would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4864346666734735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf79a85a-fe64-4c6a-80c3-d9932135c6cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.069649"}
{"text": "a new king of the jews, presaged by the planets and confirmed by this \" new star. \" an overland journey from persia would be just possible in 70 days, if they were already primed to leave. such a journey from babylon would take less time, allowing for preparations after first sighting the star. by the time the magi arrived at jerusalem, the star would appear to the south, just because of the normal shift in constellations with the seasons. bethlehem lies due south of jerusalem, so they might think of the star going before them, and \" stopping over the house where the child was. \" which scenario is correct? i doubt that we ' ll ever know for sure. but, in a larger sense, does it really matter? the central story of christmas and epiphany is not about the star, but about the interaction between humanity and the transcendent - and the details of the story pale before that. lunar phases for january 2001 : first quarter on the 2nd, at 5 : 31 pm ; full moon on the 9th, at 3 : 24 pm ; last quarter at 7 : 35 am on the 16th ; new moon on the 24th, at 8 : 07 pm. the full moon will be accompanied by a total lunar eclipse, but the moon will be directly overhead for observers in oman, on the arabian peninsula. we won ' t see it from virginia! evening twilight will find venus very bright to the southwest, with jupiter and saturn high and to the southeast. mercury will be hard to find, but will be below and to the right of venus. early risers can view mars to the southeast before dawn. our midmonth overhead view at about 8 : 00 pm finds jupiter and saturn almost directly overhead, just a bit south of zenith. they ' re in the constellation taurus, near the bright star aldebaran, and the open cluster of the pleiades. a line drawn straight to the southeast horizon from aldebaran takes your line of sight through orion to the bright star sirius in canis major. castor and pollux, in gemini, lie above the eastern horizon. directly above the twins, closer to zenith you will find capella, in the constellation auriga. mirfak, in perseus is just a bit higher. the wide, nearly - empty square of pegasus is to the west, with the andromeda galaxy visible on a clear, moonless night just above. deneb, the bright star at the tail of the swan ( cy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4926460730635143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf79a85a-fe64-4c6a-80c3-d9932135c6cd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.070755"}
{"text": "\u00a9 duane a. cline 2002 click here to return to the main page of the pilgrims & following the decimation of the native american population in king philips war in 1675, the native population was so reduced and dispersed that their language was finally lost. the native americans who survived were so fearful of the european settlers that they tried to conceal their native american heritage and take on the appearance and speech of the settlers. preservation of the indian language as a result, the native american language of the wampanoag people slowly became extinct. the language of the wampanoag people has not been spoken as a common language for about seven generations. only recently has there been a renewed interest in trying to retrieve the language of the wampanoag \u2013 a daunting task, indeed. fortunately the entire bible and a few other writings had been translated into the massachusett language by john eliot while it was still a vital language. through great effort, it is hoped the language can be revived. john eliot was born about 1604 in widford, hertfordshire, england, the son of bennett eliot, a yeoman who was a landholder in the parishes of ware, widford, hansdon and estweeke. john was baptized on 5 august 1604. he matriculated at jesus college cambridge university on 20 march 1619 as a \u201c pensioner, \u201d which meant he paid his own expenses at jesus college. his father died the year before john received his a. b. degree from cambridge in 1622. in his father \u2019 s will john was provided financial assistance for his maintenance at cambridge, \u201c where he is a scholar. \u201d after leaving cambridge, john taught for nine years in a grammar school which had been established by rev. thomas hooker at little braddow, near chelmsford, england. there he came under the puritan influence and decided to become a minister. since the church of england was still dealing harshly with anyone who did not conform to its doctrines and ordinances, john emigrated to new england, landing in boston on 4 november 1631. on his arrival in new england john pastored a church in boston for a while before he was ordained to serve the church at roxbury, mass. apparently, john had become engaged to a woman before leaving england. she came to new england in 1632 and they were married at roxbury on 4 september 1632. during the next few years, john developed a deep interest in the neighboring indians, their language and their culture. in collaboration with his colleague, rev.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.419904610786595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:372a5848-dd34-4b48-b1e7-cb0a55e595cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.076278"}
{"text": "she came to new england in 1632 and they were married at roxbury on 4 september 1632. during the next few years, john developed a deep interest in the neighboring indians, their language and their culture. in collaboration with his colleague, rev. thomas mather, and neighbor, rev, richard mather, of nearby dorchester, eliot translated \u201c the psalms of david \u201d into the indian language. he began to preach to the indians in 1646. there is an account of his first meeting with the indians in his book, \u201c the daybreaking, if not sunrising, of the gospel with the indians in new england, \u201d london, 1647. he tells how on 28 october 1646 four of them went to the wigwam of waaubon at nonantum, which was located in the northeast corner of newton ( about five miles from roxbury ). there they met with a group of indian men, women and children who had gathered from the surrounding area. john opened the meeting with a prayer in english and proceeded to preach for an hour and a quarter in their own language, following which there was a period of questions and answers. the meeting lasted about three hours, during which apples were given to women and children and tobacco to the men. by 1651 natick had been selected as the place for an indian church and community to be organized for the settlement of the \u201c praying indians \u201d from the surrounding area. it was seventeen miles from boston and some distance from the groups of early settlers. in 1653 or 1654 eliot produced his \u201c catechism, \u201c which was probably the first book to be printed in the indian language. by 1655 eliot had prepared the \u201c book of genesis \u201d and the \u201c gospel of matthew. \u201d they were printed at cambridge in 1662. the natick church was formed and a civil government established in 1660. the new indian community was opposed by a number of indians and colonists alike. eliot organized towns for indian converts where they could preserve their own language and culture and live by their own laws. through the next few years fourteen of those towns were established with the total converts numbering about four thousand. by 1674 each of the communities had a school where the indians were taught english and handicrafts. while the towns prospered, eliot prepared indians to become missionaries to their own people. daniel takawambpait became the first indian minister in new england when he was ordained at natick in 1681. the establishment of those indian towns met with angry opposition from many of the indians and settlers alike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159685817827179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:372a5848-dd34-4b48-b1e7-cb0a55e595cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.077391"}
{"text": "become missionaries to their own people. daniel takawambpait became the first indian minister in new england when he was ordained at natick in 1681. the establishment of those indian towns met with angry opposition from many of the indians and settlers alike. however, they prospered until 1675 when king philip \u2019 s war created havoc. after the war four of the communities were re - established, but did not continue long. the natick church, which was originally established in 1660, managed to continue until the death of their last pastor, daniel takawambpait, in 1716. in 1660 thomas thorowgood made the first reference to john eliot as the \u201c indian apostle, \u201d a designation which has continued to be associated with eliot to this day. the entire new testament was printed at cambridge in 1661, and the next year a second edition of the \u201c catechism \u201d was printed there. a small edition of \u201c the psalms of david \u201d was published at cambridge in 1662, and the same year a second edition of the \u201c catechism \u201d was printed. in 1663 \u201c the old testament \u201d was printed and bound together with a metrical version of the \u201c psalms. \u201d this has been considered the first bible printed in america. a second edition of \u201c the new testament \u201d was printed in 1680, and in 1685 it was printed and bound with the \u201c old testament. \u201d other books written by eliot were : \u201c the christian commonwealth, \u201d 1659 ; \u201c the communion of the churches, \u201d 1665 ; the indian primer \u201d 1669 ; \u201c harmony of the gospels, \u201d 1678 ; and in 1689 his indian translation of \u201c the sincere convert \u201d by rev. thomas shepard was published. he had also been a major contributor to the \u201c bay psalm book. \u201d after a long illness, john eliot died at roxbury, mass., on 21 may 1690. in eliot \u2019 s honor, may 21 is celebrated by some as \u201c saint day of john eliot. \u201d last modified october 2, 2002 webmaster dave lossos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36375448752171924, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:372a5848-dd34-4b48-b1e7-cb0a55e595cf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.078326"}
{"text": "how do i decide whether or not to take part? you need to feel you have been given enough information to help you decide whether or not to take part in a clinical trial. the main benefits of taking part in a clinical trial include : - you may receive a new treatment before it becomes widely available - you will be closely monitored ( patients on clinical trials often receive more attention ) - helping future patients with cancer. the disadvantages of taking part in a clinical trial include : - you may have more appointments at the hospital than if you weren \u2019 t in a clinical trial - new treatments may have side effects or risks that doctors were not expecting - participants in randomised trials will not be able to choose which treatment they receive. the importance of information trials need to be a team effort to make sure they are successful. if you decide to take part, you are an essential member of this team. you must be given all the information you want, you must understand what will happen, and you must freely agree to take part. your doctor or researcher should discuss the following points with you : - what type of trial it is, why it is being done and how it was planned - an explanation of how the trial will affect you ; for example, how long the trial will last or any extra tests or hospital visits - the meaning of the words and phrases that are used - the benefits, risks and all other treatment options available to you - the safeguards which exist to protect you - who you should contact if you have any concerns or problems - how to find out the results of the research, if you want to do so. see a list of other questions you should consider. you may find it helpful to discuss the details of a trial with a research nurse. if you wish to know more or don \u2019 t understand what has been said, please ask.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43526681320954963, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:056acb45-c792-49ea-9573-cf521c2c8ce2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.080432"}
{"text": "definition of pharmacologic stress test pharmacologic stress test : there are a diversity of pharmacologic stress tests. here this refers specifically to a pharmacologic cardiac stress test in which certain medications are administered that stimulate the heart to mimic the physiologic effects of exercise. one of the medications used in a pharmacologic stress test is dobutamine, which is similar to adrenaline. dobutamine is carefully administered to gradually increase the heart rate and strength of the contractions of the heart muscle. simultaneously, echocardiography or radionucleide imaging is performed. alternatively, a medicine called adenosine is administered, which simulates the physiology of the coronary artery circulation during exercise. adenosine is combined with radionucleide isotope imaging to provide a very accurate test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease ( cad ). pharmacological stress testing is commonly performed in patients who are thought to be at high risk for significant cad and who are scheduled for major non - cardiac surgical procedures. these patients are often unable to perform exercise stress testing due to the underlying condition for which they require surgery. in this setting, pharmacological stress testing is invaluable in assessing the cardiac risk of patients prior to surgery. source : medterms\u2122 medical dictionary last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 get the latest treatment options.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5011121999169355, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22857fc5-9876-4256-9521-505286e56c85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.082018"}
{"text": "it ' s hard enough to keep track of your daily responsibilities. it ' s even harder to plan for events years down the road. but if you have diabetes, you must start taking steps now to possibly avoid complications in the future. diabetes is a serious and complex disease that can lead to a number of complications, including blindness and kidney disease. fortunately, these complications are possibly preventable. as diabetes - related complications can take decades to develop, you might find it hard to think about them today. but now is the time to make important lifestyle changes. you have the power to prevent or delay the complications of diabetes by keeping an eye out for certain symptoms, controlling your blood sugar, and maintaining a conversation with your diabetes health care team. what complications are associated with diabetes? people can live long, fruitful lives with diabetes. however, if your diabetes is left unchecked, you are at risk for a variety of health problems, including : - eye problems - foot problems - skin problems - heart disease - high blood pressure - kidney disease - ketoacidosis, or high levels of blood acids called ketones this article will give you an explanation of these common complications and provide tips on how to avoid them. eye problems are common in people with diabetes. in fact, according to the american diabetes association ( ada ), most diabetes patients will get some kind of retinopathy, a disorder of the retina. even though people with diabetes have a higher risk of blindness than others, most diabetes patients are faced with only minor eye problems. for those who develop major eye problems, there are treatments that can help. as with all complications of diabetes, the best way to prevent eye problems is to keep your blood sugar under control. it is also crucial to get a regular eye exam at least once a year. what eye problems develop in diabetes patients? diabetes patients have a 40 percent higher risk of developing glaucoma, and that risk increases the longer someone has diabetes. older patients are also more likely to suffer from glaucoma. the front part of the eye contains a clear fluid called aqueous humor. this fluid is always being made behind the iris ( the colored part of the eye ). in a healthy eye, the fluid is regularly drained. in glaucoma, however, the aqueous humor cannot drain, which causes a buildup of pressure. this pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve ( carrier of messages from the retina to the brain ). over time, a person will lose vision because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4644498785192642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.094246"}
{"text": ", however, the aqueous humor cannot drain, which causes a buildup of pressure. this pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve ( carrier of messages from the retina to the brain ). over time, a person will lose vision because the retina and optic nerve are damaged. there are both medical and surgical treatments for glaucoma designed to relieve pressure in the eye. cataracts are common among people with and without diabetes alike. however, the eye condition is 60 percent more common in people with diabetes. in most people, the lens of the eye is clear. much like a camera lens, it focuses light as it passes to the back of the eye. in people with cataracts, this clear lens becomes clouded, blocking light and reduces vision. cataracts usually develop in older people. with diabetes, they tend to form at a younger age and to progress more rapidly. patients with mild cataracts often wear protective eyewear like sunglasses or glare - control lenses in their corrective glasses. if cataracts are severe, a doctor may decide to remove the lens of the eye. the retina is the part of the eye that records images, and then turns those images into electrical signals to be sent to the brain. diabetic retinopathy is a term used to describe all retina disorders caused by diabetes. these disorders can range from mild to severe. there are two main types of retinopathy : nonproliferative and proliferative. in nonproliferative retinopathy, capillaries in the back of the eye swell up and form pouches. in many cases, nonproliferative retinopathy does not require treatment. however, when fluid leaks into the macula ( the part of the eye where focusing happens ), macula edema can occur. macula edema causes blurry vision and, in some cases, total vision loss. patients with macula edema must seek treatment. fortunately, treatment usually stops or reverses vision loss. over time, retinopathy can get worse, eventually leading to proliferative retinopathy. in patients with this form of retinopathy, the blood vessels become completely closed off, causing new vessels to grow. these new vessels are not as strong as the old and tend to leak blood, which can block vision. this condition is called vitreous hemorrhage. in some cases, the new blood vessels cause scar tissue to develop, which can warp or knock the retina out of place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5344527924254585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.095140"}
{"text": "old and tend to leak blood, which can block vision. this condition is called vitreous hemorrhage. in some cases, the new blood vessels cause scar tissue to develop, which can warp or knock the retina out of place. this condition is called retinal detachment. one reason eye exams are so important is that people with retinopathy often have no symptoms until it is too late. how can i prevent eye problems? keeping your blood sugar under tight control is the most important step you can take to prevent eye complications. results from the diabetes control and complications trial showed that diabetes patients who kept their blood sugar levels close to normal were four times less likely to get retinopathy than patients on standard treatment. blood pressure control is also key to maintaining your vision, as high blood pressure intensify your eye problems. it ' s probably something you have heard before, but here it is again : quit smoking now! it will help preserve your vision in addition to improving your overall health. get regular checkups from an eye care professional at least once a year. it may be time to see an eye specialist now if you have : - blurry vision - difficulty reading books or street signs - double vision - pain in one or both of your eyes - redness in your eyes that does not go away - pressure in your eyes - spots in your vision - trouble seeing straight lines as straight - trouble seeing things to your side diabetes - related foot complications come in many forms. nerve damage, or neuropathy, is the most common cause of foot problems in people with diabetes. problems also can be caused by poor blood flow or changes in the shape of your feet. what foot problems develop in diabetes patients? for some people, diabetic nerve damage can hurt. most often, it makes it harder to feel pain or temperature. since you cannot feel, you might not notice if you have hurt your foot. you could have an open wound all day that, if left ignored, could get infected. neuropathy can also cause your feet and toes to change shape. if this happens to you, your doctor may recommend special shoes. poor blood flow diabetes can cause the blood vessels in your legs and feet to harden and narrow, leading to poor circulation. if you have poor blood flow, your feet are more prone to infection and less able to heal. there are a few things you can do on your own to prevent poor blood flow. first, quit smoking. smoking makes your arteries harden faster. keeping your blood pressure and cho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4789462810462053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.096164"}
{"text": "flow, your feet are more prone to infection and less able to heal. there are a few things you can do on your own to prevent poor blood flow. first, quit smoking. smoking makes your arteries harden faster. keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol under control also can improve your circulation. some people with diabetes develop foot ulcers, or wounds or open sores that do not heal or keep coming back. in most cases, diabetes patients get ulcers on the ball of the foot or bottom of the big toe. not every ulcer will hurt. but even if there is no pain, you should get every ulcer checked by your doctor. if left untreated, ulcers can lead to infection and possibly amputation. if you have a foot ulcer, let it heal. stay off your feet as much as possible. your doctor may even recommend you wear a special shoe or other device. you might have heard that people with diabetes have a higher risk than others of foot and leg amputations. unfortunately, that is true. so, why are diabetes patients more likely to have an amputation? for one, many diabetes patients have artery disease, which makes it hard for blood to flow to the feet. another reason is nerve damage, which makes it harder to feel pain or any problems in the feet and legs. the good news is that amputations, and all other diabetes - related foot complications, are possibly avoidable. how can i prevent foot problems? anyone with diabetes should get a complete foot exam at least once a year. if you already have foot problems, you should get your feet checked even more often. if you injure your foot, get care from your doctor as soon as possible. you should always let your doctor know if you have cut or broken the skin of your foot, even if it is just an ingrown toenail. it is also important to tell your doctor if you see in changes to the color or shape of your foot. there are a number of ways to prevent foot complications and to maintain healthy feet, including : - keeping your blood sugar under control - checking your feet daily for spots, cuts, swelling, or blisters - staying active - wearing special therapeutic shoes - washing your feet every day - using lotion to keep the skin of your feet soft and smooth - trimming your toenails - protecting your feet with socks and shoes - protecting your feet from extreme heat and cold, as you might not be able to feel temperature - keeping your blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41273928800334003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.097114"}
{"text": "lotion to keep the skin of your feet soft and smooth - trimming your toenails - protecting your feet with socks and shoes - protecting your feet from extreme heat and cold, as you might not be able to feel temperature - keeping your blood flowing to your feet by putting your feet up while sitting, moving your toes and ankles multiple times a day - quitting smoking according to the ada, about 33 percent of people will have a diabetes - related skin problem at some point in their lives. some of these skin problems can happen to anyone, while others mainly affect only those with diabetes. people with diabetes have a higher risk for a number of general skin conditions. examples of bacterial infections affecting diabetes patients include : - styes, or infections of eyelid glands - folliculitis, or hair follicle infections - carbuncles, or deep tissue skin infections - infections around the nails people with diabetes are also at risk of fungal infections. in most cases, fungal infections are caused by candida albicans, a yeast - like fungus that can lead to itchy, red, and moist rashes, small blisters and scaly skin. other common fungal infections include : - athlete ' s foot - jock itch - vaginal infection diabetes - specific skin conditions some skin conditions are mostly or only seen in people with diabetes. these include : - diabetic dermopathy - changes in small blood vessels that cause light brown, scaly patches most often on the front of the legs - necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum - changes in blood vessels that cause spots that look like those of diabetic dermopathy, but bigger, deeper, and fewer - atherosclerosis - a hardening of the blood vessels that can make the skin hairless, thin, cool, and shiny, and can make it hard for sores to heal - eruptive xanthomatosis - a condition that causes hard, yellow, itchy growths on the back, hands, feet, arms, legs, and buttocks - digital sclerosis - the development of tight, thick, waxy skin on the back of the hands, toes, forehead - disseminated granuloma annular - raised rings or arcs usually occurring on parts of the body away from the trunk, such as fingers or ears - acanthosis nigricans - tan or brown raised areas of skin on the neck, armpits, and groin that usually occur in people who are overweight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439993018379249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.098032"}
{"text": "on parts of the body away from the trunk, such as fingers or ears - acanthosis nigricans - tan or brown raised areas of skin on the neck, armpits, and groin that usually occur in people who are overweight how can i prevent skin problems? diabetes - related skin conditions can be irritating and, sometimes, very dangerous. luckily, most of them are both preventable and treatable. carefully managing your diabetes is the most important part of preventing skin conditions associated with diabetes. by following your doctor ' s instructions about diet, exercise, and medications, you can keep your blood sugar down and control your weight. doing these things will help you avoid most diabetes - related skin problems. you should also take care of your skin by avoiding too much sun and using lotions approved by your doctor. people with diabetes have a higher risk of having heart - related problems, compared to people without diabetes. in fact, heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in diabetes patients. it is certainly scary to think about the possibility of suffering a heart attack or stroke. but if you take the proper steps, you can protect yourself from these potentially deadly complications. how can i prevent heart disease? getting your diabetes under control is crucial in preventing heart disease. your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol all play a role in the development and prevention of heart disease. in order to lessen heart disease risk, you must first get your blood sugar under control. your doctor likely has given you a target goal for your levels of hba1c, a measure of blood sugar over three months. carefully managing your blood sugar to reach that goal is key in the management of heart disease risk. generally, people with diabetes should aim for an hba1c of seven percent or less. your doctor will advise you of your personal goal. secondly, you should keep an eye on your blood pressure. it is recommended that most diabetes patients aim for a blood pressure level below 130 / 80 mm hg. make sure your doctor checks your blood pressure at every regular appointment. lastly, it is important to watch your cholesterol. basically, you want to reduce your levels of ldl, or \" bad \" cholesterol and increase your levels of hdl, or \" good \" cholesterol. your kidneys are amazing filter systems. when we eat and digest, our bodies create waste. while useful substances like proteins stay in our blood, these waste products our filter out through the kidneys into our urine. diabetes can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43394231081934975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.099300"}
{"text": "\" cholesterol. your kidneys are amazing filter systems. when we eat and digest, our bodies create waste. while useful substances like proteins stay in our blood, these waste products our filter out through the kidneys into our urine. diabetes can put a strain on our kidneys. high blood sugar levels make our kidneys filter too much blood. over time, a diabetes patient can start to lose useful proteins in the urine. small levels of protein in the urine is called microalbuminuria. microalbuminuria are an early sign of kidney disease. if your doctor can spot kidney disease early, there are treatments that can keep it from getting worse. if you already have high levels of protein in your urine ( macroalbuminuria ), you may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. how can i prevent kidney disease? tight blood sugar control is your key to avoiding kidney disease. studies have shown that diabetes patients who practice tight control of blood sugar may lower their risk of kidney disease by as much as one third. some research has suggested that tight blood sugar control may even reverse microalbuminuria. another serious complication of diabetes is called diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition that occurs when your body makes very high levels of blood acids called ketones. toxic ketones may enter your blood stream when you have too little insulin in your body. this may eventually lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. if you are suffering from ketoacidosis, you may experience : - excessive thirst - frequent urination - abdominal pain - loss of appetite - shortness of breath - breath that smells like fruit how can i prevent diabetic ketoacidosis? controlling your blood sugar and managing your insulin levels are key to preventing diabetic ketoacidosis. carefully monitor your blood sugar levels throughout the day. you may need to change your insulin dosage. based on your diet, level of exercise, and other health conditions, ask your doctor what insulin dosage is right for you. plan for your future it ' s not easy to hear your doctor give you a diagnosis of diabetes. but don ' t freak out. it ' s not the end of the world. you can live a long, relatively healthy life with the condition. for some people, it even may be possible to reverse the disease. follow your health care provider ' s instructions about diet, regular exercise, and drug treatments. controlling blood sugar, losing weight, and quitting smoking will help you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4928554844473431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19670664-ef66-4953-8f90-eade87c05045>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.100849"}
{"text": "| the open door web site | whigs and tories gradually there emerged a group of mp ' s and lords who wanted parliament to be stronger than the king. they hated and feared catholics and sympathised with puritan non - conformists. they began to call themselves the country party ( opposed to the court party ). their enemies nicknamed them \" whigs \" after some scottish puritan outlaws. the other political group, the court party, were for the king and believed in divine rights. they were also in favour of the church of england with all its ceremonies and bishops. they hated non conformists. the whigs suspected that they were pro - catholic and nicknamed them after irish catholic outlaws : the \" tories \". the whigs and tories were the world ' s first political parties and over the years to come they were to share government and opposition in a dual party system. the whigs became the liberal party in the 19th century and the tories became the conservative party. both still exist today, although the liberal party is now called the social democratic party. the habeas corpus act this act, passed in may 1679, allowed a prisoner to demand that he should be brought before a court and have his case examined. it was passed during the reign of charles ii and meant that even a political prisoner, an opponent of the king, as well as a common criminal, could have a fair trial and not just be thrown into prison to be forgotten about. it provided a dramatic contrast to the notorious \" lettres de cachet \" of louis xiv which existed in france at the same time and allowed the french king to imprison someone indefinitely, without any legal redress. habeas corpus literally means \" bringing the body of an individual before a court of justice \". this right had existed in england in early norman times. ( article 36 of the magna carta of 1215 says that this right should \" not be refused \". at that time it meant that an accused person could avoid a terrible trial by ordeal. ) once before a court, an accused person has his case examined and is then allowed bail ( is freed on condition that he leaves a sum of money and promises to return for further hearings ), or he is imprisoned again because the evidence against him is so great. by the time of charles i kings were saying that a simple royal order was sufficient to overrule a writ of habeas corpus. it was for this reason that, in the late 17th century, parliament wanted the law clearly and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46567603033354366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:623b4ba6-b6d1-41d2-a8d6-430e0d3f2dbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.104577"}
{"text": "chapter xv. \u2014 the souls vitality and intelligence. its character and seat in man. in the first place, ( we must determine ) whether there be in the soul some supreme principle of vitality and intelligence 1583 which they call \u201c the ruling power of the soul \u201d \u2014 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd for if this be not admitted, the whole condition of the soul is put in jeopardy. indeed, those men who say that there is no such directing faculty, have begun by supposing that the soul itself is simply a nonentity. one dic\u00e6archus, a messenian, and amongst the medical profession andreas and asclepiades, have thus destroyed the ( souls ) directing power, by actually placing in the mind the senses, for which they claim the ruling faculty. asclepiades rides rough - shod over us with even this argument, that very many animals, after losing those parts of their body in which the souls principle of vitality and sensation is thought mainly to exist, still retain life in a considerable degree, as well as sensation : as in the case of flies, and wasps, and locusts, when you have cut off their heads ; and of she - goats, and tortoises, and eels, when you have pulled out their hearts. ( he concludes ), therefore, that there is no especial principle or power of the p. 194 soul ; for if there were, the souls vigour and strength could not continue when it was removed with its domiciles ( or corporeal organs ). however, dic\u00e6archus has several authorities against him \u2014 and philosophers too \u2014 plato, strato, epicurus, democritus, empedocles, socrates, aristotle ; whilst in opposition to andreas and asclepiades ( may be placed their brother ) physicians herophilus, erasistratus, diocles, hippocrates, and soranus himself ; and better than all others, there are our christian authorities. we are taught by god concerning both these questions \u2014 viz. that there is a ruling power in the soul, and that it is enshrined 1584 in one particular recess of the body. for, when one reads of god as being \u201c the searcher and witness of the heart ; \u201d 1585 when his prophet is reproved by his discovering to him the secrets of the heart ; 1586 when god himself anticipates in his people the thoughts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4942378161507136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d2ae00-b887-4dc1-b175-63cb578eae6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.110560"}
{"text": "one reads of god as being \u201c the searcher and witness of the heart ; \u201d 1585 when his prophet is reproved by his discovering to him the secrets of the heart ; 1586 when god himself anticipates in his people the thoughts of their heart, 1587 \u201c why think ye evil in your hearts? \u201d 1588 when david prays \u201c create in me a clean heart, o god, \u201d 1589 and paul declares, \u201c with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, \u201d 1590 and john says, \u201c by his own heart is each man condemned ; \u201d 1591 when, lastly, \u201c he who looketh on a woman so as to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart, \u201d 1592 \u2014 then both points are cleared fully up, that there is a directing faculty of the soul, with which the purpose of god may agree ; in other words, a supreme principle of intelligence and vitality ( for where there is intelligence, there must be vitality ), and that it resides in that most precious part 1593 of our body to which god especially looks : so that you must not suppose, with heraclitus, that this sovereign faculty of which we are treating is moved by some external force ; nor with moschion, 1594 that it floats about through the whole body ; nor with plato, that it is enclosed in the head ; nor with zenophanes, that it culminates in the crown of the head ; nor that it reposes in the brain, according to the opinion of hippocrates ; nor around the basis of the brain, as herophilus thought ; nor in the membranes thereof, as strato and erasistratus said ; nor in the space between the eyebrows, as strato the physician held ; nor within the enclosure 1595 of the breast, according to epicurus : but rather, as the egyptians have always taught, especially such of them as were accounted the expounders of sacred truths ; 1596 in accordance, too, with that verse of orpheus or empedocles : \u201c namque homini sanguis circumcordialis est sensus. \u201d 1597 \u201c man has his ( supreme ) sensation in the blood around his heart. \u201d even protagoras 1598 likewise, and apollodorus, and chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that ( our friend ) asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176021724367947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d2ae00-b887-4dc1-b175-63cb578eae6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.111572"}
{"text": "his heart. \u201d even protagoras 1598 likewise, and apollodorus, and chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that ( our friend ) asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without a heart, and hunt his flies without their heads ; and let all those ( worthies ), too, who have predetermined the character of the human soul from the condition of brute animals, be quite sure that it is themselves rather who are alive in a heartless and brainless state. wisd. i. 6. 194 : 1586 prov. xxiv. 12. 194 : 1587 ps. cxxxix. 23. 194 : 1588 matt. ix. 4. 194 : 1589 ps. li. 12. 194 : 1590 rom. x. 10. 194 : 1591 1 john iii. 20. 194 : 1592 matt. v. 28. 194 : 1593 in eo thesauro. 194 : 1594 not suidas philosopher of that name, but a renowned physician mentioned by galen and pliny ( oehler ). 194 : 1595 the egyptian hierophants. 194 : 1597 the original, as given in stob\u00e6us, eclog. i. p. 1026, is this hexameter : \u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. 194 : 1598 or probably that praxagoras the physician who is often mentioned by athen\u00e6us and by pliny ( pamel. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43624161741986345, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d2ae00-b887-4dc1-b175-63cb578eae6b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.112114"}
{"text": "jewish fairy tales and legends, by aunt naomi ( pseud. gertrude landa ),, at sacred - texts. com click to enlarge the gates opened from within and the arab stood before them. ( p. 185 ). ibrahim, the most learned and pious man of the city, whom everybody held in esteem, fell on troubled days. to none did he speak of his sufferings, for he was proud and would have been compelled to refuse the help which he knew would have been offered to him. his noble wife and five faithful sons suffered in silence, but ibrahim was sorely troubled when he saw their clothes wearing away to rags and their bodies wasting with hunger. one day ibrahim was seated in front of the holy book, but he saw not the words on its pages. his eyes were dimmed with tears and his thoughts were far away. he was day - dreaming of a region where hunger and thirst and lack of clothes and shelter were unknown. he sighed heavily and his wife heard. \" my dear husband, \" she said to him gently, \" we are starving. you must go forth to seek work for the sake of our five little sons. \" \" yes, yes, \" he replied, sadly, \" and for you, too, my devoted wife, but \" - - and he pointed to his tattered garments - - \" how can i go out in these? who will employ a man so miserably clad? \" \" i will ask our kind neighbors to lend you some raiment, \" said his wife, and although he made some demur at first, she did so and was successful in obtaining the loan of a cloak which completely covered ibrahim and restored to him his dignified appearance. his good wife cheered him with brave words. he took his staff and set out with head erect and his heart filled with a great hope. all people saluted the learned ibrahim, for it was not often he was seen abroad in the busy streets of the city. he returned their greetings with kindly smiles, but halted not in his walk. he had no wish to make any claims upon his fellow citizens, who would no doubt have gladly assisted him. he desired to go among strangers and work so that he should not be beholden to anyone. beyond the city gates, where the palm trees grew and the camels trudged lazily toward the distant desert, he was suddenly accosted by a stranger dressed as an arab. \" o learned and holy man of the city, \" he said, \" command", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45269194236905186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa01c487-4cc7-459c-90fa-f0db04e838bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.120653"}
{"text": "gates, where the palm trees grew and the camels trudged lazily toward the distant desert, he was suddenly accosted by a stranger dressed as an arab. \" o learned and holy man of the city, \" he said, \" command me, for i am thy slave. \" at the same time he made a low bow before ibrahim. \" my slave! \" returned ibrahim, in surprise. \" you mock me, stranger. i am wretchedly poor. i seek but the opportunity to sell myself, even as a slave, to any man who will provide food and clothing for my wife and children. \" \" sell not thyself, \" said the arab. \" offer me for sale instead. i am a marvelous builder. behold these plans and models, specimens of my skill and handiwork. \" from beneath the folds of his ample robes, the arab produced a scroll and a box and held them out to ibrahim. the latter took them, wonderingly. on the scroll were traced designs of stately buildings. within the box was an exquisite model of a palace, a marvelous piece of work, perfect in detail and workmanship. ibrahim examined it with great care. \" i have never seen anything so beautiful, \" he admitted. \" it is wrought and fashioned with exceeding good taste. it is in itself a work of art. you must indeed be a wondrous craftsman. whence come you? \" \" what matters that? \" replied the arab. \" i am thy slave. is there not in this city some rich merchant or nobleman who needs the services of such talents as i possess? seek him out and dispose of me to him. to thee he will give ear ; to me he will not listen. \" ibrahim pondered over this strange request for a while. \" agreed! \" he said, at length. together they returned to the city. there ibrahim made inquiries in the bazaar where the wealthy traders met to discuss their affairs, and soon learned of a rich dealer in precious stones, a man of a multitude of charitable deeds, who was anxious to erect an imposing residence. he called upon the jeweler. \" noble sir, \" he said, \" i hear that it is thy intention to erect a palace the like of which this city has not yet seen, an edifice that will be an everlasting joy to its possessor, a delight to all who gaze upon it, and which will bring renown to this city. \" \" that is so, \" said the merchant. \" you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41254167209391124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa01c487-4cc7-459c-90fa-f0db04e838bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.121604"}
{"text": "seen, an edifice that will be an everlasting joy to its possessor, a delight to all who gaze upon it, and which will bring renown to this city. \" \" that is so, \" said the merchant. \" you have interpreted the desire of my heart as if you had read its secret. i would fain dedicate to the uses of the ruler of this city a palace that will shed luster on his name. \" \" it is well, \" returned ibrahim. \" i have brought thee an architect and builder of genius. examine his plans and designs. if they please thee, as assuredly they will, purchase the man from me, for he is my slave. \" the jeweler could not understand the plans on the scroll, but on the model in the box he feasted his eyes for several minutes in speechless amazement. \" it is indeed remarkable, \" he said at last. \" i will give thee eighty thousand gold pieces for thy slave, who must build for me just such a palace. \" ibrahim immediately informed the arab, who at once consented to perform the task, and then the pious man hastened home to his wife and children with the good news and the money, which made him rich for the rest of his days. to the arab the jeweler said, \" thou wilt regain thy liberty if thou wilt succeed in thy under - taking. begin at once. i will forthwith engage the workmen. \" \" i need no workmen, \" was the arab ' s singular reply. \" take me to the land whereon i must build, and to - morrow thy palace shall be complete. \" \" even as i say, \" answered the arab. the sun was setting in golden glory when they reached the ground, and pointing to the sky the arab said : \" tomorrow, when the great orb of light rises above the distant hills, its rays will strike the minarets and domes and towers of thy palace, noble sir. leave me now. i must pray. \" in perfect bewilderment, the merchant left the stranger. from a distance he watched the man devoutly praying. he had made up his mind to watch all the night ; but when the moon rose, deep sleep overcame him and he dreamed. he dreamed that he saw myriads of men swarming about strange machines and scaffolding which grew higher and higher, hiding a vast structure. ibrahim dreamed, too, but in his vision one figure, that of the arab, stood out above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4993673044068409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa01c487-4cc7-459c-90fa-f0db04e838bd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.122563"}
{"text": ". he dreamed that he saw myriads of men swarming about strange machines and scaffolding which grew higher and higher, hiding a vast structure. ibrahim dreamed, too, but in his vision one figure, that of the arab, stood out above all other things. ibrahim scanned the features of the stranger closely ; he followed, as it were, the man ' s every movement. he noticed how all the workmen and particularly the supervisors did the stranger great honor, showing him the deference due to one of the highest position. and with grave and dignified mien, the arab responded kindly. from the heavens a bright light shone upon the scene, the radiance being softest wherever the arab stood. in his dream, it so appeared to ibrahim, he rose from his bed, went out into the night, and approached the palace magically rising from the waste ground beyond the city. nearer and nearer his footsteps took him, until he stood beside the arab again. one of the chief workmen approached and addressed the stranger - - by name! then it was ibrahim understood - - and he awoke. the sun was streaming in through the lattice of his bedroom. he sprang from his bed and looked out upon a magnificent spectacle. beyond the city the sun ' s rays were reflected by a dazzling array of gilded cupolas and glittering spires, the towers of the palace of marble that he had seen builded in his dream. instantly he went out and made haste to the palace to assure himself that his dream was really over. ibrahim and the jeweler arrived before the gates at the same moment. they stood speechless with amazement and admiration before the model of the arab grown to immense proportions. almost at the same moment, the gates, ornamented with beaten gold, opened from within and the arab stood before them. ibrahim bent low his head. the arab addressed the merchant. \" have i fulfilled my promise and earned my freedom? \" he asked. \" verily thou hast, \" answered the merchant. \" then farewell, and may blessings rest on thee and the good ibrahim and on all your works. \" thus spoke the arab, raising his hands in benediction. then he disappeared within the golden doors. the jeweler and ibrahim followed quickly, but though they hastened through the halls and corridors of many colored marbles, in and out of rooms lighted by windows of clearest crystal, and up and down staircases of burnished metal, they could find no one. emerging into the open again, they saw a huge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48859169486608983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa01c487-4cc7-459c-90fa-f0db04e838bd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.123527"}
{"text": "\u00a9 mamoun sakkal 2000 / 2008 there have been many attempts to modify the arabic script in the 20th century. the purposes of these attempts were usually stated to be : 1. to make reading arabic easier by fixing in the written text all vowels and sounds of the spoken language. 2. to make writing arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. this always referred to letter form variations based on the letter position in the word, but also referred sometimes to the different styles of arabic calligraphy. 3. to make typesetting arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. different solutions were sought for different technologies. 4. to make arabic more responsive to expressing new words resulting from inventions, products, and technologies. 5. to make arabic more contemporary and modern. this usually included vague notions of what is modern or contemporary, and in many cases did not include any notions of these concepts at all, as if they were defined and accepted in the minds of the writers and readers of such proposals. some of the early attempts were initiated by the academy of arabic language in egypt ( majmaa al - lughah al - arabiyyah, cairo ) in 1938 in its desire to solve the problem of typesetting arabic in an efficient way, that would also allow for accurate rendering and reading of the language. proposals by ali al - jarem, mahmoud taimour, and elias akkawi, among others, focused on devising a method to incorporate the tashkeel vowel marks into the writing of the words on a consistent basis, and reducing the number of letter forms to a minimum, which meant getting rid of the different forms of each letter based on its location in the word. abdul aziz fahmi suggested replacing the arabic script with the latin script as was done in turkey a few years earlier. this proposal to use the latin script to write arabic has been already advanced in egypt in 1880 by wilhelm spitta [ an egyptian 2 ], in 1890 by karl vollers, both directors of the egyptian national library ( dar al - kutub al - misriyya ). in 1947 the lebanese - born architect and artist nasri khattar designed a simplified script for printing he named the unified arabic ( al abjadiah al muwahhadah ). his work on this project for more than thirty years was supported by a ford foundation grant to promote his proposal. khattar described his project as follows : unified alphabet is not a new alphabet. it may be described as a new style, which as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48361389936869276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f1a275-b84a-4d62-83d5-de8fd7bd4674>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.130455"}
{"text": "his work on this project for more than thirty years was supported by a ford foundation grant to promote his proposal. khattar described his project as follows : unified alphabet is not a new alphabet. it may be described as a new style, which as such does not exhibit any greater differences than those found among the traditional and current arabic styles in use... it does not alter or replace, but complements the styles of handwriting and the beautiful art of calligraphy, which remain in their present form. arabic, like english, will now have a method of writing in which the letters of a word are attached to each other, and a different method for printing in which the letters of a word appear disconnected... for the non - arab, as well as for the child or the illiterate, the greatest obstacle in learning arabic has been the complicated script. the work of ahmad lakhdar ghazal also started in the 1950s in morocco. with the support of the moroccan government he developed a standard alphabet where each letter has one form that can be modified by simple endings, but remained very close to the forms of traditional naskh used for typesetting arabic books and magazines. lakhdar ghazal believes that part of the problems of arabic stem from misunderstanding the printing requirements, and the difference between written and typeset text. his work in adapting the arabic script to printing demands was based on four principles : 1. no major changes to the form of traditional arabic letters. 2. use of only one shape for each letter in the different positions of the word. 3. allowing tashkeel ( vocalization ) marks to be an essential part of the typeset text. 4. adapting this reform to all printing technologies from typesetting, to typing, to wire transfers. [ tarabieh 77 ]. a somewhat similar approach was proposed by roberto hamm in 1975 where the letters have two forms each instead of the typical four, and connected to each other with kashida extensions to allow for the presentation of connected text. these connections also carry the tashkeel vowel marks and are used as tails to indicate final or isolated letter forms. [ hamm ]. however, the font designs proposed by hamm were foreign looking and not very successful, consequently his proposal did not did not have a lasting impact. mohammrd said al saggar from baghdad and my own work in aleppo, syria, in the 1970s also aimed at producing simplified typefaces with a limited number of letter forms. saggars work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.499781017747607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f1a275-b84a-4d62-83d5-de8fd7bd4674>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.131396"}
{"text": "did not have a lasting impact. mohammrd said al saggar from baghdad and my own work in aleppo, syria, in the 1970s also aimed at producing simplified typefaces with a limited number of letter forms. saggars work retained many qualities of the traditional scripts both in kufi and naskhi, and continued to develop his typeface designs until the 1990s with diwan of london. my own work started in a minimalist way where all the letters have uniform shapes, the same height, large x - height, separate rather than connected letters. this work developed into my typeface shilia which is more traditional. murad boutros published an article about his arabic simplified typeface in apple magazine in nov. 1993. again using one form for each letter, and allowing for either connecting or separating the letters when typeset. his font has a traditional naskhi character. in recent years, a number of proposals connected one way or another with computers have also been advanced. abdelmalek bouhadjera, an algerian engineer, used square kufi to design a printing alphabet with separate letters he named el - abdjadia el - mouwahada which means standardised or unified alphabet. although his early work deviated substantially from traditional forms, his later proposal comes very close to the typical shapes of letters in square kufi calligraphy used mostly to decorate buildings. other proposals include dawud chalabis invitation to use separated letters in iraq in 1885, a book published using separated letters in london in 1890 by the ambassador of iran to england, and ibrahim al yaziji and kamel marwas work on simplifying letter shapes. albashir bin salamah presented a proposal in his book arabic language and writing problems in 1971, afif bahnasi presented another proposal in his book arabic calligraphy : its origins, rise, and spread in 1984, still another proposal was made in a book titled arabic calligraphy. other work related to simplification of arabic script include : a proposal to use the latin script by the lebanese sa ' eed aql in his book yara published in beirut in 1961. he published his book \" al - khumasiyyat \" using his proposal, qadmus publishing, beirut, 1978. a proposal to write vowels as letters included always in written text by abdul almajeed al - taji al - farouki published in his book \" tatawuru dabti al - kitabati al - arabiyati \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024528576544903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f1a275-b84a-4d62-83d5-de8fd7bd4674>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.132353"}
{"text": ". a proposal to write vowels as letters included always in written text by abdul almajeed al - taji al - farouki published in his book \" tatawuru dabti al - kitabati al - arabiyati \" ( the evolution of regulating arabic writing ), newcastle upon tyne, england, 1962. the same author published another book on the same proposal in 1959 mentioned in sabri book below. a proposal to use latin script by uthman sabri published in his book \" nahwa abjadiyaten jadida \" ( towards a new alphabet ), 1964. proceedings of 8th conference for standards in the middle east, cairo 1 / 30 / 1961. reference from zain al din, naji : badaii al - khatt al - arabi ( the beauties of arabic calligraphy ), baghdad 1971. final report on the experiment to simplify arabic writing by the arab league educational, cultural, and scientific organization published in october, 1978 in cairo. \" the mutamathil script \" a proposal by saad abulhab for symmetrical arabic letters that can be typed from right to left of left to right. 1998. http : / / arabetics. com / mutamathil / although the list above may give the impression that arabic typography indeed needs reform, the fact that most of the proposals above did not meet with users ' acceptance for the past seventy years clearly indicates that none produced a better way of writing than the system already in place. some simplification of the script is adapted in various modern printing and computer fonts, however, much of the arguments about the technical difficulties of typesetting arabic are now irrelevant due to the developments in contemporary type technology including the adaptation of opentype standards. most of the above proposals are reviewed and critiqued by imil ya ' qub in his excellent book : \" al - khatt al - arabi : nash ' atuhu, tatawuruhu, mushkilatutu, da ' awat islahihi \" ( arabic script : origin, development, problems, and solutions ), jarus press, tripoli, lebanon, 1986. for relevant articles please see : modern arabic typography : challenges and opportunities opentype for fine arabic typography | bibliography | | arabic calligraphy | dr. mamoun sakkal is a calligrapher and type designer. he lived and worked in aleppo, syria, and now resides in the state of washington, usa. he taught", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4612591028993128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f1a275-b84a-4d62-83d5-de8fd7bd4674>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.134636"}
{"text": "the \" generale verenigde geoktrooijeerde nedelandse oos - indiese compagnie \" later called the \" v o c \" ( verenigde oos - indiese compagnie ) was formed in amsterdam in 1602. it was managed by 17 directors known as here xvii. their achieved aim was the gain of political, cultural and economic influence in the indian ocean areas from the cape to japan. they were very successful and gathered enormous riches. during 1651, the voc decided to start an outpost at the kaap de goeie hoop resulting in jan van riebeeck arriving at table bay on 6 april 1652, with his three sail ships - dromedaris, de rijger and de goede hoop. the outpost was successful and they became aware of the mineral riches of africa and subsequently decided to extend their domain. on 25 july 1719, a decision was made in amsterdam to take occupation of delagoa bay. two ships the gouda and zeelandia were sent of and arrived at the now maputo bay on 21 march 1721, loaded with whatever they thought that may be required for establishing a base at monomotapa for the treasure trade, of gold and ivory. a suitable site was selected and the building of a earth and wood fort commenced. fort de lagoa later renamed to fort lijdzaamheid was completed within a few months, in the meantime treaties were agreed upon and signed with the local native leaders. with the fort completed, the gardens flourishing, the plans for an inland expedition started taking shape. the first group to move inland was under the leadership of sergeant j. c. steffler and 19 other soldiers. they moved to the lebombo mountains bordering swaziland. while crossing, the group was attacked by a swazi impi and in the skirmish steffler and another nco were killed. the survivors withdrew to fort de lagoa. the de cuiper expedition - part 1 jan van de capelle was appointed comander of the fort de lagoa base in 1725, being ambitious and very patriotic he made plans for an expedition into the interior which was put to the here xvii, to investigate the mineral riches of monomotapa. the proposal was accepted and preparations commenced, 31 men were selected, the expedition under comand of frans de cuiper, set off on 27 june 1725. the supplies packed onto oxen. eight natives who would act as interpreters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4095341346559271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e6dd0fa-3e55-46e8-b0a2-b6e3c10a6d68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.140869"}
{"text": "the history of the area before the park \u2019 s inception. of the first black tribes to penetrate the northern kalahari were the kgalagadi who lived in comparative peace with the san. they were eventually out but the name gave the area was to remain. ( kalahari is derived from the kgalagadi work makgadikgadi, meaning saltpans or the great thirstland ). the first white people entering the area came to trade with the kalahari people, usually paying for their goods with livestock. in 1891, the park area as well as the area to the southwest presently known as the mier, was annexed to british bechuanaland. approximately ten years later, just across the border, the hottentots rebelled against the german colonial rule in south west africa ( present - day namibia ). although well inside british territory, german troops had set up a station at groot kolk to transmit messages to south west africa. an enormous camel thorn tree served as an ideal lookout post but despite the hottentots, under leader captain dirk filander, attacked at daybreak killing the germans as they rose from their beds. unfortunately, the tree, still bearing horseshoes, which the germans nailed to the trunk as a ladder, burnt down in a large veldfire in 1976. after world war 1 was over, scottish born rodger \u201c malkop \u201d jackson surveyed the region and a theoretical subdivision was made into farms of 10 200 and 12 800 hectares. jackson named many of the farms after landmarks in homeland scotland, most of which are still in use today as boreholes in the park. several white farmers settled as borehole caretakers along the auob river and they stayed rent - free as long as the boreholes were kept in good repair. additional farms were allocated to more white farmers along the auob and along the nossob river. however, this is a harsh environment and neither these farmers nor their coloured counterparts, to whom the land was eventually given, could make a comfortable living. if not for the tsama melons, an essential plant in this semi - arid ecosystem, which in dry times are the principle source of water, many would not have survived. under very dry conditions, even the tsamas disappear and only animals that are well adapted to the harsh conditions survive. they therefore took to hunting and they, and biltong hunters from further a field, gradually denuded the game. only in the more remote reaches of the upper nossob river was the balance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40620865454382415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95076a50-6930-4c90-81db-6f5bb045215d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.153151"}
{"text": "that are well adapted to the harsh conditions survive. they therefore took to hunting and they, and biltong hunters from further a field, gradually denuded the game. only in the more remote reaches of the upper nossob river was the balance of nature maintained, for here the san lived in harmony with animals and plants. if this remarkable eco - system was to survive a conservation plan of action had to come into play \u2026 \u2026 a short history of the park a short history would give some perspective on the sequence of events that relate to the history of the farms. it is necessary to briefly underline the historic events and dates leading up to the proclamation of the park ( in 1931 ) and the events that happened after the park \u2019 s proclamation. these events had bearing on time frames and may suggest the origins of the structures along the auob river, artefacts and ruins in the park. before white settlements, or exploitation, of the area now included in the park, the land was part of the san people \u2019 s domain for hunting and gathering food. during the 19th century, explorers discovered that the riverbeds of the auob and nossob were easier to follow by wagon, than trying to cross the sand dunes. for years, no government claimed the land and the san were the only people residing here. one of the last and oldest sources on the times relating to that era is regopstaan kruiper who died in 1996 at the age of 96. eventually the land became attached to the cape colony. the government, from 1897, began to survey the land and subdividing it into farms for white settlers. in 1904, the authorities in german south west africa ( namibia ) sent soldiers to blockade the water holes in the nossob and force khoikhoi rebels into submission. unfortunately for them, at grootkolk, an entire german patrol was slaughtered. the white settlers were slow to take advantage of the newly surveyed farms and the cape government decided to give them to coloured ( \u201c basters \u201d ) farmers instead. the farms had names like koko, kameelsleep, kaspers draai en kwang. in 1884, the germans occupied south west africa and it was during these years that stoffel ( christoffel ) le riche first ventured into the kalahari. in 1899, he and his wife martie moved from rietfontein, just south of the existing park. in 1899 there first son johannes and in 1904 their second son joseph ( later known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40170860419360926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95076a50-6930-4c90-81db-6f5bb045215d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.154201"}
{"text": "le riche first ventured into the kalahari. in 1899, he and his wife martie moved from rietfontein, just south of the existing park. in 1899 there first son johannes and in 1904 their second son joseph ( later known as joep ) was born. with the outbreak of world war 1 in 1914, the ( union of ) south africa ( n ) government drilled a series of boreholes along the auob to provide their troops with water in case south africa wanted to use corridor to invade south west africa. guards were recruited mainly from the local community and hired to protect and maintain the boreholes. they were permitted to settle next to the holes with their families and livestock. it was expected that they would live of the veld ( with dire consequences to the environment ). because of lack of firewood and appropriate clay to make bricks they erected timber frame structures as dwellings and stock shelters. dwellings that are more permanent were erected with the locally abundant calcrete stone. none of the timber frame shelters were recorded and nothing remained. the only evidence of these times are the calcrete walls of circular cattle kraals, the foundations of square and rectangular huts and some larger multi roomed dwellings. this corridor was never used to invade south west africa and the borehole guards stayed on, largely forgotten by the authorities. instead, the government appointed a scottish land surveyor rodger \u201c malkop \u201d duke jackson to survey the area and divide it into farms. about this time, six farms were purchased by the south african government, but were not occupied before the government decided that coloured people should rather settle the region. the british government, then already in control of bechuanaland, had already settled coulred people on the east bank of the nossob between rooiputs and its confluence with the auob river ( the ruins of an old dwelling is still located at rooiputs ). biltong hunters penetrated the area and by the late 1920s, several species were in danger of becoming extinct. two conservationists invited the then minister of lands, piet grobler to inspect the region. grobler piloted the national parks act through parliament and played a major role in the proclamation of kruger national park in 1926. by 1931, piet grobler had decided to proclaim the area between the nossob river and the auob river and the swa border a national park. land was purchased south of the park to resettle \u201c coloured \u201d people and the borehole structures were abandoned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4222651763865321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95076a50-6930-4c90-81db-6f5bb045215d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.155221"}
{"text": "goldfield, nev. \u2014 the esmeralda county school district has adopted a policy that allows students to speak spanish while riding the school bus, revoking a ban that was approved by its school board in october. the prohibition on speaking spanish had affected about a dozen students from a farming and ranching community in esmeralda county, who are bused by the district to a high school in neighboring nye county. the district implemented the new policy \u2014 which states, \u201c there is no general rule prohibiting spanish on any of our buses \u201d \u2014 after it received a letter from the american civil liberties union ( aclu ). \u201c the school district understands that students have a constitutional right to free speech, \u201d said gary peck, executive director of the aclu of nevada. \u201c once the superintendent was informed that prohibiting students from speaking spanish violated their rights, the school district was very willing to work out a policy that both encourages students to practice their english skills and allows them to speak their native language. \u201d on the bus ride that the students take to return to esmeralda county, there is an academic period for the first 45 minutes in which the students are required to do homework, study or read. during this period, the district asks that all students practice their english skills. students who are more proficient in english may speak spanish while assisting those whose english is more limited. students who are developing their english skills will work with a tutor who rides with them. the second 45 - minute period of the evening ride is considered free time, and students may speak to one another in any language they choose. students may also speak to each other in the language of their choice during the morning bus ride. when communicating with the bus driver and tutors, the district asks that students speak in english or ask another student to interpret if necessary, because the bus driver and the tutors don ' t speak spanish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4230074105491361, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdd845fc-faa1-4c94-b722-52b91072d418>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.158295"}
{"text": "oct. 30, 1997 dallas, oct. 21 - if more people would take an aspirin when they experience chest pain or other symptoms of a severe heart attack, 5, 000 to 10, 000 lives could be saved in the united states each year, according to an american heart association scientific statement published today in the association ' s journal circulation. \" there is clear and conclusive evidence of the benefits of aspirin, \" says charles hennekens, m. d., one of three internationally recognized medical leaders on heart disease and stroke who authored the statement titled, \" aspirin as a therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. \" \" it doesn ' t matter what brand, just as long as aspirin is used, \" says hennekens, chief of preventive medicine at brigham and women ' s hospital and professor of medicine at harvard medical school. individuals undergoing a heart attack should take a full tablet ( 325 milligrams ) of aspirin to obtain a \" rapid clinical effect, \" he adds. for those who have had a heart attack and want to prevent another one, \" it appears that 50 to 100 milligrams a day or a commercial baby aspirin is sufficient. \" aspirin prevents blood platelets from sticking together and forming blood clot masses. by blocking blood vessels, these clots can cause heart attacks and strokes. the american heart association issued the statement, also authored by mark l. dyken, m. d., and valentin fuster, m. d., to guide physicians on the use of aspirin in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, the nation ' s no. 1 killer. it also encourages more doctors to recommend aspirin to patients whom research studies have shown could benefit from this relatively inexpensive over - the - counter drug. the association ' s statement calls for a wider use of aspirin than does the food and drug administration. while the fda has approved package labeling that points out that aspirin can help prevent another heart attack in individuals who have already survived one, the aha recommends that aspirin be taken by anyone with atherosclerosis, regardless of whether he or she has had a heart attack. atherosclerosis is the disease process that creates the obstructions in the blood vessels that can impair blood flow to the heart and brain, thus causing a heart attack or stroke. blood vessels in the limbs, as well as to the heart and brain, are vulnerable to atheroscle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43980250178393077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb09f39f-e5cc-4605-b1ad-838af497eb4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.164547"}
{"text": "creates the obstructions in the blood vessels that can impair blood flow to the heart and brain, thus causing a heart attack or stroke. blood vessels in the limbs, as well as to the heart and brain, are vulnerable to atherosclerosis. along with several other health organizations, the aha has asked the fda to expand its approved uses of aspirin. two studies in the past decade have revealed that 23 to 39 percent of heart attack survivors did not receive aspirin, despite its proven benefits. \" we have a challenge to increase the use of aspirin in individuals having a heart attack as well as those who have a wide range of blood vessel, or vascular, diseases, \" says hennekens. the american heart association recommends that aspirin be taken when a heart attack occurs and to prevent repeat heart attack in survivors. since heart attack survivors are at risk for stroke, taking an aspirin daily also can lower risk for suffering a \" brain attack, \" the no. 1 cause of major disability in the united states. research studies have not clearly demonstrated aspirin ' s value in preventing heart attack and stroke in healthy people without cardiovascular disease. \" additional data are needed for complete assessment of aspirin ' s benefit - to - risk ratio in apparently healthy persons, \" says hennekens. in deciding whether to recommend aspirin to a patient, physicians should consider the patient ' s risk for cardiovascular disease, the benefits of aspirin and side effects. however, no one should regard aspirin as a substitute for a heart - healthy lifestyle that includes a low saturated - fat diet, regular physical activity and no cigarette smoking. \" unfortunately in the united states people would rather pop a pill, than change their unhealthy lifestyles, \" says hennekens. \" individuals should check with their doctors to determine whether they are candidates for aspirin and the dose they should take, \" he says. \" aspirin has the best benefit - to - risk ratio as well as benefit - to - cost ratio of any drug therapy for heart disease. \" the american heart association does recommend that people who have not suffered a heart attack or stroke but who have experienced repeated episodes of unstable chest pain or mini - strokes ( transient ischemic attacks ) should take aspirin to reduce their risk for having a heart attack or stroke. individuals whose coronary arteries are obstructed by atherosclerosis and who undergo angioplasty and coronary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4405896265905587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb09f39f-e5cc-4605-b1ad-838af497eb4a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.165525"}
{"text": "transient ischemic attacks ) should take aspirin to reduce their risk for having a heart attack or stroke. individuals whose coronary arteries are obstructed by atherosclerosis and who undergo angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery to restore blood flow to the heart also should take aspirin, according to the statement. in writing the scientific statement, drs. hennekens, dyken and fuster reviewed studies on the role of aspirin therapy. one such study, the antiplatelet trial collaboration overview, which analyzed results of randomized trials of therapy to prevent platelets from accumulating in 54, 000 individuals who were at high risk for heart disease, found aspirin therapy reduced by one - fourth the risk of subsequent non - fatal heart attacks and strokes. other studies, comparing other antiplatelet agents to aspirin showed that use of ticlopidine resulted in a 21 percent decrease in stroke over aspirin at three years. however, ticlopidine is more expensive and causes more side effects than aspirin. another study showed that clopidogrel used in people with heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease produced a slightly lower rate of death with no major differences in side effects than aspirin. but the use of aspirin to prevent heart or stroke in those who are healthy remains less clear. in the u. s. physician ' s health study, 22, 071 physicians were given an alternate day dose of 325 milligrams of aspirin, resulting in a 44 percent reduction in the risk of first heart attack. the findings for stroke and overall heart and stroke death rates were inconclusive, but raised the possibility of small increased risk of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain, says hennekens. a british trial among male physicians found no significant effects of aspirin, but the trial had only one - fourth the number of physicians as the u. s. trial. combined, the two trials report a 32 percent reduction in the risk of heart attack by taking aspirin. an ongoing trial of low dose 50 milligrams aspirin in 40, 000 u. s. female health - care professionals - - the women ' s health study - - will provide further information to develop a rational policy for recommending aspirin use in healthy people to prevent first heart attacks. dyken is professor of neurology, indiana university ; and fuster, president - elect of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39958445501088447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb09f39f-e5cc-4605-b1ad-838af497eb4a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.166726"}
{"text": "nov. 30, 2000 pittsburgh, nov. 27 \u2013 using sophisticated techniques, university of pittsburgh scientists have engineered perhaps the best gene therapy to date for duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ), the catastrophic muscle wasting disease that strikes thousands of boys in the united states each year. the research, conducted in animals and reported in the nov. 28 issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, is remarkable on several fronts. the pittsburgh team managed to whittle down the largest gene ever found ( 14 kilobases ) and packaged its most important components ( less than 4. 2 kilobases ) into the smallest \u2013 and arguably the safest \u2013 viral vector ever used for gene therapy. with this work, the investigators demonstrated, for the first time, the minimal amount of the dystrophin gene needed to achieve functional muscle. the gene vector used was a genetically engineered form of adeno - associated virus, or aav. when injected into the calf muscles of mice unable to naturally produce the dystrophin protein, the \u201c mini - gene \u201d construct resulted in the expression of functional dystrophin protein in almost 90 percent of the muscle tissue treated. the dystrophin expression lasted at least one year \u2013 the duration of the experiments. \u201c our research showed that we could introduce functional dystrophin into muscle tissue with aav. this gives us great hope that we can use this gene therapy strategy in a larger animal model of dmd and eventually treat patients within several years, \u201d said xiao xiao, ph. d., assistant professor in the department of molecular genetics and biochemistry at the university of pittsburgh. \u201c we were excited to see that mice treated with the mini - dystrophin gene did not show evidence of muscle breakdown many months after treatment, and even after the treated mice exercised, as was seen in untreated mice that lack dystrophin. \u201d \u201c with this work, dr. xiao and his laboratory have really taken the aav vector to a new level in its application to the treatment of dmd, \u201d said joseph glorioso, ph. d., chairman of the department of molecular biochemistry and genetics at the university of pittsburgh and vice president of the american society of gene therapy. \u201c at the same time, he has shown exactly what components of the dystrophin gene product are necessary for its localization and functional activity in muscle cell membranes. his design of a novel dystrophin mini - gene that both fits into this aav and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4865246848246588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae147568-3043-410a-b5eb-6a02eb889b7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.173119"}
{"text": "time, he has shown exactly what components of the dystrophin gene product are necessary for its localization and functional activity in muscle cell membranes. his design of a novel dystrophin mini - gene that both fits into this aav and which corrects the dystrophin deficiency in the dmd mouse model is a significant achievement. \u201d the mini - gene aav and a new technology recently developed in dr. xiao \u2019 s laboratory may also be applicable to other genetic disorders involving unusually large genes, according to the pitt researchers. considered the most common genetic ailment, duchenne muscular dystrophy, or dmd, is an x - linked disorder that strikes one of every 3, 500 boys worldwide. it causes progressive muscle weakening and death, usually before age 20. no effective therapy exists for the disease. in boys lacking dystrophin, muscles function abnormally, at first enlarging, then degenerating so that fat and scar tissue take over. boys with dmd lose muscle function throughout their bodies, until either the heart or the muscles that control breathing are compromised to the point where they no longer sustain life. \u201c this news moves us one step closer to a cure and for now provides real hope to further help these boys, \u201d said ms. pat furlong, president of the parent project for muscular dystrophy inc., which provided partial funding for this research. central to this research accomplishment was the work of bing wang, m. d., ph. d., research associate, and juan li, m. d., senior research associate. drs. wang and li treated dmd mice with one of three mini - gene constructs. each mini - gene construct contained a truncated version of the full dystrophin gene. based on investigations performed previously in other university laboratories, dr. xiao \u2019 s group selected certain sections of the dystrophin gene known to produce regions of the protein essential to its function. dmd mice treated with the mini - gene constructs showed evidence of stable, functional dystrophin, and their muscles did not degenerate, as typically is the case. although all three mini - gene constructs were effective in terms of reducing signs of muscle regeneration, one mini - gene in particular was best at entering the greatest number of muscle cells. dystrophin plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of muscles located throughout the body. within each muscle cell are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. stacked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48861312892558895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae147568-3043-410a-b5eb-6a02eb889b7c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.174019"}
{"text": "in particular was best at entering the greatest number of muscle cells. dystrophin plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of muscles located throughout the body. within each muscle cell are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. stacked on one another, the actin and myosin proteins move back and forth in a plane, thereby effecting muscle contraction. dystrophin forms a bridge between the muscle cell membrane and each of these contractile bundles of actin and myosin. like a spring, each dystrophin protein allows the actin and myosin to move smoothly and effectively, while they remain anchored to the cell \u2019 s interior. by maintaining the muscle cells \u2019 integrity, dystrophin also prevents muscle cells from becoming \u201c leaky \u201d to surrounding molecules. muscle cells from dmd mice \u2013 and patients \u2013 show this increased \u201c leakiness, \u201d which eventually contributes to their demise and replacement with fat and scar tissue. dr. xiao \u2019 s group truncated the dystrophin genetic sequence that codes for a long series of repeat units in the middle of the dystrophin protein. dr. xiao \u2019 s mini - gene construct effectively shortened the \u201c spring \u201d by removing some of the repeats within it. even with much fewer repeat units, the protein \u2019 s function was nonetheless remarkably preserved. the \u201c spring \u201d apparently remained flexible enough to perform its function. the mini - dystrophin gene also contained structures for this series of repeats to remain anchored effectively on one end to the muscle cell membrane and on the other end to an actin filament. for many years, adeno - associated viruses were virtually ignored by researchers because they mistakenly thought these tiny microbes failed to infect non - dividing cells and because they could only carry a small genetic payload. yet, scientists are now quite excited by the biological properties of aav, according to dr. xiao. the aav vector is considered ideal for clinical gene therapy for many reasons, according to dr. xiao. the virus from which the aav vector is produced does not cause any diseases and is disabled so that it cannot reproduce. the aav vector is easily manufactured and stable. it can be targeted to specific tissues and produces long - lasting gene expression. moreover, it does not provoke an immune response against cells that it enters. this type of immune response has been seen in gene therapies using other virus types. in a next step, dr. xiao \u2019 s laboratory will collaborate with other investigators in testing the aav mini", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152320328261657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae147568-3043-410a-b5eb-6a02eb889b7c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.174921"}
{"text": "may 24, 2004 providence, r. i. - - male bullfrogs communicate with other bullfrogs through calls made up of a series of croaks, some of which contain stutters, according to a new brown university study which describes a pattern not previously identified in scientific literature. researchers recorded 2, 536 calls from 32 male bullfrogs in natural chorus and analyzed the number of croaks in each call and the number of stutters in each croak. it is known that the male bullfrog ' s call attracts females for mating, maintains territorial boundaries with other males, and indicates that the frog is healthy and aggressive. \" some animals have evolved large, complex vocabularies to communicate, while others say a lot with very limited numbers of calls, \" said andrea simmons, professor of psychology, who presented the findings at 75th meeting of the acoustical society of america monday, may 24, 2004. \" a fundamental question in the study of communication by sound is ' how much information can a sender convey in a single sound '? \" within a single vocalization, the frogs exhibited a pattern of croaks with and without stutters that appeared to have a communication function and did not simply represent that a male was getting tired, simmons said. an acoustic analysis showed the stutters followed certain rules : 100 percent of the recorded calls began with a croak containing no stutters ; when the frogs started stuttering they generally did so within a croak that contained one stutter only ; when they increased or decreased stutters from croak - to - croak, they did so by only a single stutter. stuttering did not occur because a frog was \" running out of breath, \" said the researchers. if that were the case, a less structured pattern of stutters would occur. more likely, the frog inserted stutters in the call to extend the length of his individual calls while reducing the amount of air exchange needed, similar to what occurs when opera singers insert vibrato in extended notes. to determine how the frog ' s calls were perceived, researchers played pre - recorded stuttering and non - stuttering calls through a loudspeaker to individual males. the frogs appeared to use non - stuttered calls for aggressive or territorial purposes. males produced the stuttered calls more frequently at certain points during the breeding season, indicating the stuttering may be involved in attracting a mate. simmons conducted the study with dianne suggs, a graduating senior in psychology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46741846261696196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:248372b7-1fa4-431a-b427-6ed9beaee5a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.177376"}
{"text": "mar. 1, 2005 scientists have turned to the brightest brains in britain in a bid to understand the link between intelligence and dementia. a team of researchers from the university of manchester will be asking members of the high - iq society mensa for dna samples in what will be the world ' s most sophisticated study of brainpower. the research will allow the team to find genes associated with intelligence and examine how they interact with each other. \" when you look at the genes in combination you reduce the statistical power of the research considerably, \" explained dr tony payton, who works in the university ' s centre for integrated genomic medical research ( cigmr ) and is leading the research. \" selecting individuals who represent the extreme end of the iq distribution increases this power dramatically. for example, 200 volunteers with an iq of 145 is equivalent to using 100, 000 unselected volunteers. \" the results of the mensa research will complement data collected from an earlier university of manchester study of some 2, 500 elderly people that has taken place over the last 20 years. that research has already uncovered two genes associated with general cognitive ability, while work elsewhere over the past eight years has identified a further 10 other ` intelligence genes '. \" the study of intelligence is shrouded by historical, biological, ethical and descriptive complexities that have made a mockery of its intended definition ` to reason and understand ', \" said dr payton. \" although our understanding of the biological basis of intelligence is still at an early stage, a general consensus about the role genes play in determining the level of intelligence has now been reached. \" all of us possess the same genes but there are variations within the genes themselves, known as ` polymorphisms ', which are largely responsible for what makes us all unique. \" they have an important influence on factors such as our behaviour and susceptibility to disease and, of the genes implicated in intelligence, the associated polymorphism has been shown to alter the function of the gene. \" theoretically, the research with mensa will be the most powerful approach to studies in this field ever adopted. the study of 2, 500 elderly people over 20 years has created the second largest dna archive in the world - the dyne steele dna bank - and is unique in that it assessed volunteers for changes in cognitive function. \" combining this study with the mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain the university of manchester ' s position as a world leader in the field, \" said dr payton. \" scientists are interested in intelligence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5249169769562274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0a9e287-0403-478b-929b-22434a981fac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.180720"}
{"text": "cognitive function. \" combining this study with the mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain the university of manchester ' s position as a world leader in the field, \" said dr payton. \" scientists are interested in intelligence genes because high intelligence protects against the onset of dementias such as alzheimer ' s disease. \" a greater understanding of the role that genes play in regulating intelligence may help in the development of new diagnostic tests and more effective treatments designed to combat cognitive impairment in the elderly. \" mensa has more than 25, 500 members in the united kingdom and ireland, all of whom have an iq that is measured in the top 2 % of the population. the aim of the project is to initially recruit at least 1, 000 members and investigate if there is a difference between their genetic polymorphisms and those found in average iq individuals using the dyne steele dna bank. most studies to date have only investigated single polymorphisms in single genes but given there are more than 33, 000 human genes these approaches are incredibly expensive and time consuming. using cutting - edge technology, known as ` affymetrix microarray ', dr payton ' s team will be able to investigate more than 100, 000 polymorphisms at a time and hope to identify many intelligence genes in a short time. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155148456845582, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0a9e287-0403-478b-929b-22434a981fac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.181291"}
{"text": "jan. 31, 2008 drugs derived from cinchona bark, known as cinchona alkaloids, have been used in healing from ancient times. the most prominent representative of this group is quinine, a bitter substance contained in beverages such as tonic water and used in modern medicine to combat malaria. as early as 1945, robert burns woodward and william von eggers doering ( harvard university ) described how to synthesize quinine in the laboratory. the last step of this \u201c formal \u201d total synthesis, a three - step reaction procedure previously described by paul rabe and karl kindler in 1918, has continued to be the subject of much controversy to this day. aaron c. smith and robert m. williams at colorado state university ( usa ) have now successfully reproduced the rabe \u2013 kindler protocol. as described in an angewandte chemie article dedicated to doering on his 90th birthday, they repeated the entire procedure without employing any modern methods. had they done it or not? that has been the question for decades. woodward and doering published the synthesis of d - quinotoxine in 1944. based on the conversion of d - quinotoxine into quinine described by rabe and kindler in 1918, they claimed to have derived the total synthesis of quinine, though they had not actually completed this last step themselves before publishing. their \u201c formal \u201d total synthesis was strongly challenged and was even dismissed as a \u201c myth \u201d by gilbert stork ( columbia university ) in 2001. \u201c quinine and the cinchona bark alkaloids play an important role in modern medicine. it is thus amazing that no attempts to reproduce the rabe \u2013 kindler conversion of quinotoxine into quinine have been published, \u201d marvels williams. smith and williams reviewed the old publications, researched further references, and set themselves the task of repeating the procedure outlined by rabe and kindler \u2014 and with techniques available at the time. initially, the yield of quinine they obtained was far too low. the key turned out to be the aluminum powder used as a reducing agent in the last step. it must not be too fresh, instead it must be exposed to air for a while first to produce a small amount of aluminum oxide. this results in yields of quinine in agreement with those in the old publications. \u201c analytically pure quinine can be isolated from this reaction by the selective crystallization of the corresponding tartrate salt, just as described by rabe in 1939, \u201d says williams. \u201c we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4953341575194201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:285b9d18-aee2-405d-8def-480b6bd6a04e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.185011"}
{"text": "web edition : may 18, 2007 posted may 18, 2007, this is the second of a two - part series. part i : \" childhood vitamin d \u2014 a dark side? \" is available here. asthma incidence has been rising among people of all ages, but especially children. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, its prevalence among youngsters rose from 3. 6 percent in 1980 to 6. 2 percent in 1996. it ' s the third leading cause of hospitalization in u. s. children, and treatment costs for the potentially lethal disease now run some $ 3. 2 billion a year. there are currently no preventive measures or cure. but two new studies suggest ensuring that children get plenty of the sunshine vitamin might limit its toll. the idea that vitamin d might be helpful came to carlos a. camargo jr., of the harvard medical school during a colleague ' s lecture. while looking at a u. s. map that displayed the geographical distributions of vitamin d deficiency and a cancer it ' s been linked to, he recalls, \" i realized it also looked like a map of asthma. \" his group had already been at work on a study probing for possible dietary links to asthma \u2014 such as low consumption of fish or antioxidants \u2014 among 1, 194 boston - area youngsters. but during the lecture, he says, the proverbial light bulb switched on. he thought : which segment of the population makes the least vitamin d? answer : people in northern states such as massachusetts, where, for much of the year, sunlight isn ' t strong enough to trigger the vitamin ' s production by skin. who consumes the least vitamin d? blacks, the same ethnic group that makes the least vitamin d, because their heavily pigmented skin screens out much of the ultraviolet light needed to trigger vitamin d production. blacks also experience the highest rates of asthma. immediately following the lecture, camargo decided to investigate vitamin d intake among the children his group had been studying. \" and boom! there it was, \" he told science news online. children with frequent bouts of wheeze \u2014 an early indicator of asthma \u2014 were far more likely to have had mothers whose vitamin d intake during pregnancy fell well below average. some members of camargo ' s team worked with researchers in scotland. after seeing the link in their boston data, these scientists asked their colleagues at the university of aberdeen to investigate whether a similar association existed in their data. to their great surprise, camargo says, the scottish researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4655338024368764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4ed3e4f-fd3e-45c6-a463-5b05dcf2ce34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.191621"}
{"text": "team worked with researchers in scotland. after seeing the link in their boston data, these scientists asked their colleagues at the university of aberdeen to investigate whether a similar association existed in their data. to their great surprise, camargo says, the scottish researchers turned up the same trend as seen in the boston children. both groups wrote up their findings and submitted them simultaneously to the same journal. those papers both appeared in the march american journal of clinical nutrition. why look at wheeze? asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by intermittent episodes of airway obstruction that lead to wheeze, cough, and shortness of breath. unfortunately, camargo notes, \" it ' s really difficult to diagnose asthma in very young children. \" they can ' t perform the diagnostic tests, such as one in which they deliberately breathe as hard and as long as they can into a machine. that ' s why physicians either put off a diagnosis until children become old enough to perform the exhalation tests \u2014 or offer a preliminary diagnosis on the basis of symptoms such as wheezing. the boston team used wheeze as a marker for potential asthma in the children it studied from birth through age 3. these kids came from middle - class homes and most of the mothers had a college education. their average vitamin d intake during pregnancy was about 550 international units ( iu ) per day \u2014 above the 300 iu / day average for u. s. women. the highest intake \u2014 1, 145 iu / day \u2014 was nearly 20 times as great as the lowest intake. the researchers periodically asked moms to describe respiratory illnesses that their youngsters had recently experienced. the researchers categorized a child as potentially asthmatic if his or her parents had taken the child to a doctor at least once a year for some illness that involved wheezing. \" if you don ' t want to call this asthma, that ' s fine, \" camargo says. \" but we ' re telling people more and more that if they have recurrent wheezing, it might very well be asthma. \" in the boston study, a 100 - iu increase in a mom ' s daily vitamin d intake during pregnancy corresponded to a 20 percent reduction in risk of recurrent wheezing events in her child. this held up whether that vitamin d had come from diet or from supplements. the researchers didn ' t have data on the children ' s sun exposure, so they don ' t know how much of the vitamin the kids ' bodies made from sunlight. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48106834772518553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4ed3e4f-fd3e-45c6-a463-5b05dcf2ce34>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.192911"}
{"text": "this held up whether that vitamin d had come from diet or from supplements. the researchers didn ' t have data on the children ' s sun exposure, so they don ' t know how much of the vitamin the kids ' bodies made from sunlight. but young, middle - class children don ' t get much sun these days, camargo notes, owing to their parents ' propensity to slather them with sunscreen creams before letting them play outside. in scotland, graham devereux ' s team in aberdeen collected data on a woman ' s diet during her eighth month of pregnancy. when the 1, 200 children these researchers were following reached age 5, the team compared a mom ' s vitamin d intake with her child ' s history of wheeze - related respiratory illnesses. here, too, moms whose pregnancy diets had been richest in the sunshine vitamin were least likely to have a child that experienced wheezing events. in fact, their kids were only a third as likely to experience recurrent wheeze as were children whose moms ' vitamin d intakes during pregnancy had been in the bottom 20 percent. what ' s behind the benefit? there ' s no way to know, from these epidemiological studies, what mechanism might make vitamin d protective against respiratory disease, camargo says. however, he notes that a spate of recent studies have found that a deficiency in the vitamin appears to render people more susceptible to autoimmune disease ( sn : 10 / 9 / 04, p. 232 ) and infections ( sn : 11 / 11 / 06, p. 312 ). so, he speculates, any protection afforded by the vitamin may reflect some immune enhancement. a study published about a year and a half ago offers further support to the idea that vitamin d is good for lung health. its authors analyzed data collected from a representative sampling of 14, 000 u. s. adults. among these people, consumption of ample amounts of vitamin d was correlated with an individual ' s ability to breathe deeper and more easily. this trend held even for people suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( see breathing easier with vitamin d ). as for camargo ' s group, they ' re going to continue studying their youngsters. by the time these children reach age 5, the boston researchers may be able to validate whether the wheeze they ' re tallying now was indeed a marker for asthma risk in the low - d group. part i : \" childhood vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4539693637844698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4ed3e4f-fd3e-45c6-a463-5b05dcf2ce34>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.193867"}
{"text": ". by the time these children reach age 5, the boston researchers may be able to validate whether the wheeze they ' re tallying now was indeed a marker for asthma risk in the low - d group. part i : \" childhood vitamin d \u2014 a dark side? \" is available at http : / / www. sciencenews. org / articles / 20070512 / food. asp. if you would like to comment on this food for thought, please see the blog version. carlos a. camargo jr. center for d - receptor activation research massachusetts general hospital harvard medical school 326 cambridge street, suite 410 boston, ma 02114 department of environmental and occupational medicine university of aberdeen aberdeen, scotland ab25 2zp raloff, j. 2007. childhood vitamin da dark side? science news online ( may 12 ). available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2006. the antibiotic vitamin. science news 170 ( nov. 11 ) : 312 - 317. available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2005. breathing easier with vitamin d. science news online ( dec. 17 ). available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2005. vitamin d boosts calcium potency. science news online ( nov. 12 ). available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2005. understanding vitamin d deficiency. science news online ( april 30 ). available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2004. vitamin d : what ' s enough? science news 166 ( oct. 16 ) : 248 - 249. available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2004. vitamin boost. science news 166 ( oct. 9 ) : 232 - 233. available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2004. should foods be fortified even more? science news online ( sept. 11 ). available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2001. lead therapy won ' t help most kids. science news 159 ( may 12 ) : 292. available at [ go to ]. _ _ _ _ _ _. 2001. even low lead in kids has a high iq cost. science news 159 ( may 5 ) : 277. available to subscribers at [ go to ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47350722587739547, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4ed3e4f-fd3e-45c6-a463-5b05dcf2ce34>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.194899"}
{"text": "antimatter came about as a solution to the fact that the equation describing a free particle in motion ( the relativistic relation between energy, momentum and mass ) has not only positive energy solutions, but negative ones as well! if this were true, nothing would stop a particle from falling down to infinite negative energy states, emitting an infinite amount of energy in the process - - something which does not happen. in 1928, paul dirac postulated the existence of positively charged electrons. the result was an equation describing both matter and antimatter in terms of quantum fields. this work was a truly historic triumph, because it was experimentally confirmed and it inaugurated a new way of thinking about particles and fields. in 1932, carl anderson discovered the positron while measuring cosmic rays in a wilson chamber experiment. in 1955 at the berkeley bevatron, emilio segre, owen chamberlain, clyde wiegand and thomas ypsilantis discovered the antiproton. and in 1995 at cern, scientists synthesized anti - hydrogen atoms for the first time. when a particle and its anti - particle collide, they annihilate into energy, which is carried by \" force messenger \" particles that can subsequently decay into other particles. for example, when a proton and anti - proton annihilate at high energies, a top - anti - top quark pair can be created! an intriguing puzzle arises when we consider that the laws of physics treat matter and antimatter almost symmetrically. why then don ' t we have encounters with anti - people made of anti - atoms? why is it that the stars, dust and everything else we observe is made of matter? if the cosmos began with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, where is the antimatter? experimentally, the absence of annihilation radiation from the virgo cluster shows that little antimatter can be found within ~ 20 megaparsecs ( mpc ), the typical size of galactic clusters. even so, a rich program of searches for antimatter in cosmic radiation exists. among others, results form the high - energy antimatter telescope, a balloon cosmic ray experiment, as well as those from 100 hours worth of data from the alpha magnetic spectrometer aboard nasa ' s space shuttle, support the matter dominance in our universe. results from nasa ' s orbiting compton gamma ray observatory, however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the galactic center. we stated that there is an approximate symmetry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6508476641339993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee63bec-49ee-4e62-a8f7-6b79d5db4f5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.198196"}
{"text": "space shuttle, support the matter dominance in our universe. results from nasa ' s orbiting compton gamma ray observatory, however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the galactic center. we stated that there is an approximate symmetry between matter and antimatter. the small asymmetry is thought to be at least partly responsible for the fact that matter outlives antimatter in our universe. recently both the na48 experiment at cern and the ktev experiment at fermilab have directly measured this asymmetry with enough precision to establish it. and a number of experiments, including the babar experiment at the stanford linear accelerator center and belle at kek in japan, will confront the same question in different particle systems. antimatter at lower energies is used in positron emission tomography ( see this pet image of the brain ). but antimatter has captured public interest mainly as fuel for the fictional starship enterprise on star trek. in fact, nasa is paying attention to antimatter as a possible fuel for interstellar propulsion. at penn state university, the antimatter space propulsion group is addressing the challenge of using antimatter annihilation as source of energy for propulsion. see you on mars? answer originally posted october 18, 1999", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5824655013351334, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee63bec-49ee-4e62-a8f7-6b79d5db4f5b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.198755"}
{"text": "- nostalgia, a sentimental yearning for the past, consists of particularly intense, complex and vivid memories. - although nostalgia was once considered an unhealthy preoccupation, new research reveals that it improves people \u2019 s moods and is a sign of emotional well - being. - nostalgia can promote a sense of social integration in people who are sad or feel alone. do you have wistful memories of the cookies that came from your grandmother \u2019 s oven? do you enjoy recalling the jokes and pranks that you and your school friends used to find hilarious? on a restless night, does the whoosh of a train on a long - ago journey linger in your mind? if your recollections sometimes evoke a sentimental yearning for the past, then you know what it means to experience nostalgia. you are in good company, too. in a 2006 study conducted at the university of southampton in england, 79 percent of the 172 students surveyed said that they have nostalgic thoughts at least once a week ; 16 percent reported having such moments every day. nostalgia is not limited to any culture, stage of life or state of mental health. our southampton team has found the emotion in healthy adults and children, as well as patients suffering from dementia. this article was originally published with the title yearning for yesterday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5199440533344327, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34d51551-dbf0-4970-8648-558f525b3464>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.201199"}
{"text": "exceptional beginner chemistry set can you make dazzling colors in flame tests? create your own mini fire extinguisher? with these hands - on lab sets, you will perform highly rewarding experiments while building a strong foundation in chemistry. the 80 - page, full - color experiment manual guides aspiring young chemists through each of the 125 experiments. kit includes safety glasses, professional - quality equipment and enough chemicals for repeated experiments. uses a 9 - volt battery ( not included ). learn about indicators with litmus solution and write a secret message in invisible ink. test the inks from your colored markers on the chromatography racetrack to reveal their different color components. experiment with air pressure, surface tension, and the physical properties of fluids. experiment with two well - known metals, iron and copper. investigate carbon dioxide. dissolve metals with electrochemical reactions. explore water and its elements, saturated and unsaturated solutions, and crystals. split water into hydrogen and oxygen with electrolysis, and form oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. experiment with soaps, detergents, and emulsions of water and oil. investigate chemistry in the kitchen by experimenting with sugar, honey, starch, eggs and proteins, fatty acids, and calcium. begin to build a strong foundation in chemistry with exposure to a broad range of chemical phenomena and hands - on laboratory experiences. this kit provides clear instructions for preparing and performing the experiments, offers safety advice, offers explanations for the observed occurrences, and asks and answers questions about the results. ages 10 and up. - protective goggles - two dropper pipettes - clip for 9 - volt battery - safety cap with dropper insert for litmus bottle - copper wire - two large graduated beakers - two lids for large graduated beakers - four test tubes - test tube brush - rubber stopper with hole - rubber stopper without hole - sodium carbonate - potassium hexacyanoferrate ( ii ) - calcium hydroxide - ammonium iron ( iii ) sulfate - copper ( ii ) sulfate - citric acid - litmus powder - small bottle for litmus solution - lid opener - double - headed measuring spoon - angled tube - experiment station ( part of the polystyrene insert ) warning! \u2014 this set contains chemicals that may be harmful if misused. read cautions on individual containers carefully. not to be used by children except under adult supervision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5151469308215806, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3516df27-bfe4-43db-8b1d-95372d9e7b16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.203764"}
{"text": "section 2 : what? what can be shared? although it is widely acknowledged that the industry definition of shared services refers to the sharing of business processes, business functions or expertise, it is recognised that many different aspects of an organisation can be shared, each in themselves providing incremental benefits to a participating organisation. sharing may start with collaboration and adoption of best practice. the more detailed level of sharing leads to greater levels of efficiencies, higher quality service and an increased ability to react to market or legislative change. however these benefits come coupled with higher risk and need for a strong change management culture. shared services is a journey without a fixed end point, but has an agreed vision of what good looks like, for an organisation and the strategy defined to deliver that vision. it needs measurable milestones to mark achievements and the journey involves collaboration, change management, change of culture regardless of the level of sharing. there are numerous areas and levels of sharing that can and do occur on a shared services journey. they start with collaboration and shared practices. many stop at the early stage as they entail the least risk and organisational and cultural change. others go on in accordance with their strategy or build on their initial experiences to achieve the full level of shared services. most shared services efforts begin by focusing on centres of scale : volume - based services - transactional, processing and administrative, those that are delivered to most employees or to external customers and can be maximised by aligning economies of scale. glasgow city council have implemented an internal shared service for financial, hr and procurement processes typically, success in these areas leads organisations to search for other services where similar operational efficiencies and cost reductions can be achieved. the logical choices for this second stage are centres of expertise : knowledge - based services - specialised expertise, consultative and integrated solutions, supported by common business processes to provide consistent delivery. the advanced procurement for universities and colleges programme ( apuc ) is creating a centre of expertise for procurement for further education and higher education institutions centres of expertise and scale are candidates for shared services because they provide the greatest opportunities for leveraging efficiency and effectiveness. listed below are examples of the types of sharing and collaboration that can occur, with different levels of benefits being achieved, depending on the nature and extent of the sharing. they all encompass many of the attributes and skills required to achieve shared services, e. g. collaboration of requirements, negotiation, change of culture and process review, all of which are invaluable on the journey to shared services and achieve incremental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5253862127362583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af15088c-4222-42f5-9960-f637eb2855aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.211455"}
{"text": "all encompass many of the attributes and skills required to achieve shared services, e. g. collaboration of requirements, negotiation, change of culture and process review, all of which are invaluable on the journey to shared services and achieve incremental benefits as well as credibility and experience. this is not intended to be an exhaustive list but should give an indication of the types of sharing that can occur and further examples of sharing across the public sector in scotland are listed in appendix b. level of sharing common business processes and shared execution commercial model, service level agreement, performance measures, sharing of requirements, operating model, design and ict operational configuration. nss health procurement south lanarkshire payroll services common business process design ( best practice ) sharing of requirements and design ( best practice ) local authority crm system procurement sharing of requirements and remit for tendering, producing one tender document, lowering cost of procurement ict software and infrastructure standards operating systems and application software and standards, executing on a shared ict infrastructure provides common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24 / 7 uni ) edinburgh high performance computing facilities ( uk, janet osiaf approved stds ; seas property gazetteer ; entitlement card data centres, hardware, networks, telecoms, disc management, ict infrastructure : sharing of ict skills and knowledge at a lower cost, less risk of attrition effecting business common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24 / 7 south lanarkshire ict hosting property, co - location and sharing of buildings and services sharing of building and utility costs, sharing of services e. g. transport, vehicle maintenance highland service point network e. g. legal, it skills, trading standards, procurement, pension, is, medicalcentres of expertise, working to standards, accreditation, providing expertise in subject matter excel ; apuc ; national collections collaboration definition of terms for service provision the industry wide definition of shared services can be summarised as the convergence and streamlining of an organisation or organisations functions to ensure that they deliver the services required of them as effectively as possible. shared services are more than just centralisation or consolidation of similar activities in one location. shared services mean running these service activities like a business and delivering services to customers at a cost, quality and timeliness that is competitive with alternatives. south lanarkshire council provide a shared service delivering payroll services to several organisations within their community is the process by which the activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49875645986212214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af15088c-4222-42f5-9960-f637eb2855aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.212519"}
{"text": "these service activities like a business and delivering services to customers at a cost, quality and timeliness that is competitive with alternatives. south lanarkshire council provide a shared service delivering payroll services to several organisations within their community is the process by which the activities of an organisation or organisations, become concentrated within a particular location and / or group. there are two types of centralisation, the first involves organising workers into groups that support business processes for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. the second organises workers by specific skill set and experience to provide services for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. provides economy of scale, reducing costs and overheads whilst providing resilience and can be used as a step in the direction of providing a full shared services model or an end state operational model in itself. seas ( scottish executive accounting service ) provide a centralised financial service for scottish executive, agencies and ndpbs there are many and varied types of services that are often associated with shared services and sometimes confused as being shared services. the section below defines some of the most common service provisions and their definitions. all of the services listed can be used to support a shared services operation, and equally all can be used to support centralised and distributed operations as well. became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and often refers to the delegation of non - core operations from internal production to an external entity specialising in the management of that operation. the decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labour, capital, technology and resources. fundamentally and historically, outsourcing is a term relative to the organisation of labour within and between societies. over the years various forms of outsourcing services have evolved and provide services for all type of business operations, eg shared services, distributed and centralised. further definitions of outsourcing are as follows : capgemini provide ict outsource services to customer across the uk from the highland region business process outsourcing ( bpo ) is the contracting of a specific business process, such as payroll, to a third - party service provider. usually, bpo is implemented as a cost - saving measure for tasks that a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. bpo is often divided into two categories : back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5346169776656924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af15088c-4222-42f5-9960-f637eb2855aa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.213504"}
{"text": "a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. bpo is often divided into two categories : back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which includes customer - related services such as marketing or technical support. use of a bpo as opposed to an application service provider ( asp ) usually also means that a certain amount of risk is transferred to the company that is running the process elements on behalf of the outsourcer. bpo includes the software, the process management, and the people to operate the service, while a typical asp model includes only the provision of access to functionalities and features provided or ' served up ' through the use of software, usually via web browser to the customer. the most common examples of bpo are call centres, human resources, accounting and payroll outsourcing. bt use accenture and xansa as bpo providers for financial processes application service provider ( asp ) is a business that provides computer - based services to customers over a network. software offered using an asp model is also sometimes called on - demand software or software as a service ( saas ). the most limited sense of this business is that of providing access to a particular application program ( such as medical billing ) using a standard protocol such as hypertext transfer protocol ( http ), a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on the world wide web. the need for asps has evolved from the increasing costs of specialised software that have far exceeded the price range of small to medium sized businesses. as well, the growing complexities of software have led to huge costs in distributing the software to end - users. through asps, the complexities and costs of such software can be cut down. in addition, the issues of upgrading have been eliminated from the end - firm by placing the onus on the asp to maintain up - to - date services, 24 x 7 technical support, physical and electronic security and in - built support for business continuity and flexible working. customers of asp services include businesses, government organisations, non - profits, and membership organisations. the covalent performance management system is used by a large number of councils across scotland and uk hosted service provider ( xsp ) is a business that delivers a combination of traditional it functions such as infrastructure, applications ( software as a service ), security, monitoring, storage, web development, website hosting and email, over the internet or other wide area networks ( wan ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5418236838986772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af15088c-4222-42f5-9960-f637eb2855aa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.214525"}
{"text": ") is a business that delivers a combination of traditional it functions such as infrastructure, applications ( software as a service ), security, monitoring, storage, web development, website hosting and email, over the internet or other wide area networks ( wan ). an xsp combines the abilities of an application service provider ( asp ) and an internet service provider ( isp ). this approach enables customers to consolidate and outsource much of their it needs for a predictable recurring fee. xsps that integrate web publishing give customers a central repository to rapidly and efficiently distribute information and resources among employees, customers, partners and the general public. hosted service providers benefit from economies of scale and operate on a one - to - many business model, delivering the same software and services to many customers at once. customers are charged on a subscription basis. south lanarkshire council provide hosted it services for the customer first programme and a university is the practice of transferring day - to - day related management responsibility as a strategic method for improved effective and efficient operations. the person or organisation who owns or has direct oversight of the organisation or system being managed is referred to as the client, or customer. the person or organisation that accepts and provides the managed service is regarded as the service provider. typically, the client remains accountable for the functionality and performance of managed service and does not relinquish the overall management responsibility of the organisation or system. city of edinburgh city council use bt to provide a managed service for the majority of their ict functions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.518545892261231, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af15088c-4222-42f5-9960-f637eb2855aa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.215132"}
{"text": "also known as : chest pet scan, lung nuclear medicine scan, lung positron emission tomography, pet - chest, pet - lung or pet - tumor imaging - to diagnose lung cancer - to see if lung cancer has spread to other areas of the body. this is called staging. staging helps guide future treatment and follow - up and gives you some idea of what to expect in the future. - to determine whether a growth in the lungs seen on a ct scan is cancerous or noncancerous. - to determine how well you ' re responding to cancer treatment. a lung positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance ( called a tracer ) to look for disease in the lungs, especially lung cancer. how the test is performed the health care provider will inject a small amount of a radioactive material into one of your veins, usually on the inside of the elbow. the substance travels through the blood and collects in the tissues of the lungs. you will be asked to wait nearby as the radioactive substance is absorbed by your body. this usually takes about 1 hour. then, you will lie down on a table that slides into a tunnel - shaped hole in the center of the pet scanner. the pet machine detects energy given off by the radioactive substance and changes it into 3 - dimensional pictures. the images are sent to a computer, where they are displayed on a monitor for the health care provider to read. you must lie still during the pet scan so that the machine can produce clear images of your lungs. the test takes about 90 minutes. how to prepare for the test you must sign a consent form before having this test. you will be told not to eat anything for 4 - 6 hours before the pet scan, although you will be able to drink water. tell your doctor if you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant. also tell your doctor about any prescription and over - the - counter medicines that you are taking, because they may interfere with the test. be sure to mention if you have any allergies, or if you \u2019 ve had any recent imaging studies using injected dye ( contrast ). tell the pet center if you have diabetes and are taking insulin. during the test, you may need to wear a hospital gown. take off any jewelry, dentures, and other metal objects because they could affect the scan results. how the test will feel you will feel a sharp prick when the needle with the radioactive substance is inserted into your vein. you shouldn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4682533449803676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9262912c-bc3d-4229-ad7d-4b6fd5544e36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.221440"}
{"text": "hospital gown. take off any jewelry, dentures, and other metal objects because they could affect the scan results. how the test will feel you will feel a sharp prick when the needle with the radioactive substance is inserted into your vein. you shouldn \u2019 t feel anything during the actual pet scan. why the test is performed your doctor may order this test : there are no problems detected in the size, shape, or function of the lungs. there are no areas in which the radiotracer has abnormally collected. what abnormal results mean abnormal results may be due to : what the risks are the amount of radiation used in a pet scan is low. it is about the same amount of radiation as in most ct scans. also, the radiation doesn \u2019 t last for very long in your body. however, women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should let their doctor know before having this test. infants and fetuses are more sensitive to the effects of radiation because their organs are still growing. it is possible, although very unlikely, to have an allergic reaction to the radioactive tracer. some people have pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site. it is possible to have false results on a pet scan. blood sugar or insulin levels may affect the test results in people with diabetes. most pet scans are now performed along with a ct scan. this combination scan is called a pet / ct. other tests that may be done instead of a pet scan include a gallium scan, ct scan, or mri scan. silvestri ga, jett j. bronchogenic carcinoma. in : mason rj, murray jf, broaddus vc, nadel ja. murray and nadel \u2019 s textbook of respiratory medicine. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2005 : chap 44. gould mk, fletcher j, iannettoni md, lynch wr, midthun de, naidich dp, ost de. evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules : when is it lung cancer? accp evidence - based clinical practice guidelines ( 2nd edition ). chest. 2007 ; 132 : 208s - 130s. wahl rl. imaging. in : abeloff md, armitage jo, niederhuber je, kastan mb, mckenna wg, eds. abeloff ' s clinical oncology. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingston ; 2008 : chap 21. kieninger an, welsh r, bendick pj, zelenock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47270377233737726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9262912c-bc3d-4229-ad7d-4b6fd5544e36>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.223843"}
{"text": "mb, mckenna wg, eds. abeloff ' s clinical oncology. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingston ; 2008 : chap 21. kieninger an, welsh r, bendick pj, zelenock g, chmielewski gw. positron - emission tomography as a prognostic tool for early - stage lung cancer. am j surgery. 2006 ; 191 : 433 - 436. - review date : - march 24, 2009 - reviewed by : - benjamin taragin, md, department of radiology, montefiore medical center, bronx, ny. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - 2008 a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48053395012333777, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9262912c-bc3d-4229-ad7d-4b6fd5544e36>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.224494"}
{"text": "henri matissefrench ( le cateau - cambresis, france, 1869 - 1954, nice, france ) along with pablo picasso, henri matisse was one of the pillars of the parisian avant - garde, whose formal innovations in painting would dominate much of modern art. matisse initially worked in law, but discovered a passion for art when he began painting as an amateur. he went on to study traditional academic painting. in the early years of the twentieth century, however, he rejected the idea that painting had to imitate the appearance of nature. his characteristic innovations were the use of vibrant, arbitrary colors ; bold, autonomous brushstrokes ; and a flattening of spatial depth. this anti - naturalistic style inspired the critical name \" fauves, \" or \" wild beasts, \" for the group of painters around matisse. ironically, matisse often applied his thoroughly modern style to traditional subjects such as still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. such works express a sense of timeless joy and stillness that runs counter to the frenetic, technologically inspired compositions of many of his contemporaries. although primarily dedicated to painting, matisse was also active as a sculptor and printmaker. in the 1940s, in failing health, he embarked on a well - known group of cut - paper collages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4642468929466993, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e985f30-8f6b-4310-945c-71148b9fc48c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.226933"}
{"text": "new prenatal test may show inherited diseases blood sample from mother less invasive than current screening procedures doctors may soon be able to diagnose inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia and sickle cell anemia in fetuses by simply testing a blood sample taken from the mother. until now, prenatal diagnoses of such disorders have been possible only through invasive procedures like amniocentesis, which carry a risk of fetal miscarriage. amniocentesis is the extraction of a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding a developing fetus. but scientists in hong kong and thailand may have found a way to diagnose in fetuses such \" monogenic \" diseases, which are caused by a single error in a single gene in the human dna. such diseases can be diagnosed by a simple blood test ( taken from the mother )... and by counting the relative ratio of the mutant genes against the normal genes. this is only possible because fetal dna circulates in maternal blood, a discovery lo and his colleagues made several years ago. many scientists have since been trying to find the best way to differentiate fetal dna from maternal dna, before they can even get down to looking for any anomalies in the fetal dna. but these efforts have not met with much success. in an article published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, lo and his colleagues said they had devised a counting system that could \" bring non - invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic diseases closer to reality. \" using highly precise digital blood testing technology, both mutant and normal dna sequences are counted in maternal plasma and that is then used to calculate the number of mutant genes inherited by the fetus and to determine the probability of the fetus developing any monogenic disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5059062094730924, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bf5c5a4-5353-413e-ab25-ec152029c959>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.228639"}
{"text": "it has been six years since the u. s. has had to worry about mad cow disease. with the recent confirmed case of the disease in a california bovine, the public is worried about food safety. is there reason for concern? is our food safe? since 2006, the u. s. has had no positive tests for mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ). this new case, found in california \u2019 s central valley, marks only the fourth occurrence ever in the u. s., out of 40, 000 tests each year. the infected cow, however, never entered the human food chain, meaning that there is no risk to beef and / or dairy products, nor is there a risk for other countries who import u. s. beef. read about oprah \u2019 s connection to mad cow disease > > \" the beef and dairy in the american food supply is safe... \" no risk to humans in an effort to quell the rising public concern, the usda has issued a statement regarding the recent case of mad cow disease. in part, tom vilsack, u. s. agriculture secretary, said, \" the beef and dairy in the american food supply is safe and usda remains confident in the health of u. s. cattle \u2026 usda has no reason to believe that any other u. s. animals are currently affected, but we will remain vigilant and committed to the safeguards in place. \" read more about selecting organic foods > > to further ease our minds, john clifford, the u. s. department of agriculture \u2019 s chief veterinarian, said that this particular cow died of an atypical form of mad cow disease which was caused by a random mutation and not from contaminated feed, meaning that it was a chance occurrence. learn more about the benefits of grass - fed beef > > there was a time when mad cow disease was rampant, but in recent years, the numbers have dropped drastically. in 2011, only 29 cases were reported worldwide, compared to over 37, 000 cases in 1992. cattle ranchers are actually touting this recent discovery as proof that the system is working as it should. still in the mood for beef? cook the perfect tenderloin > > more food news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42078473306611053, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77e0bb58-34c7-4d4e-8c06-17b1eb8cf9a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.230718"}
{"text": "this week ' s parsha | previous issues | welcome - please read! g - d took the man and placed him in the garden of eden, to work it and to guard it \u2026 g - d commanded the man saying : ' you may freely eat of every tree in the garden. but you must not eat of the tree of knowledge of good and bad, for on the day that you eat from it you shall surely die ' ( 2 : 15 - 17 ). the narrative relates how adam nevertheless came to eat from the tree of knowledge. he was expelled from the garden of eden, and he was condemned to toil the remainder of his life to grow his own food as an agricultural laborer. several questions present themselves on the above : 1. adam was warned that he would die on the day that he ate from the tree. how come, therefore, that the torah records that he lived the very long life span of nine hundred and thirty years ( 5 : 5 )? 2. why was he punished at all? he claimed that eve gave him the forbidden fruit : ' the woman whom you gave to be with me - she gave me from the tree and i ate ' ( 2 : 12 ). there is no statement in the text that suggests that adam knew what he was actually eating in the first place. 3. the torah emphasizes that his sin in eating from the fruit was ' because he listened to the voice of his wife ' ( 3 : 17 ). why was in not sufficient to say that he was to be punished for simply eating from the forbidden fruit? 4. adam and eve were both expelled from garden of eden. why did g - d not warn him that this would happen to him if he ate from the tree of knowledge? a key towards resolving these difficulties may be found in the following sentence : g - d took the man and placed him in the garden of eden to work it and to guard it ( 2 : 15 ). this verse suggests that g - d did not create the garden of eden to be a paradise for adam - so that he would be its guest and spend his life enjoying the largesse of his ' host '. rather his role was to fit in with the creation and get to know every plant and creature of the garden, work with them and develop the potential of the symbiotic relationships that would make the garden an even greater place to be in. for nowhere in the text does it say that the garden of eden was created as a perfect place. indeed the talmud holds that a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44180887388001566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab49d86a-2b83-45f4-985d-6b767b1871f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.238099"}
{"text": "and develop the potential of the symbiotic relationships that would make the garden an even greater place to be in. for nowhere in the text does it say that the garden of eden was created as a perfect place. indeed the talmud holds that a person must work to reach his potential and to function as a useful member of society : shemaya said : ' love work ' ( avot 1 : 10 ). avot de r. natan develops this further stating that work is essential for anyone - even someone who has enough for all his needs : what should a person who has no work do? if he has \u2026 many fields, he should occupy himself with them. for just as the torah was given with a covenant, similarly work was given with a covenant : ' six days shall you work... and the seventh is a sabbath to the l - rd your g - d '. indeed, adam did not taste anything until he did work, as it states ' he placed him in the garden of eden to work it and to guard it ' and only afterwards ' you may eat freely from every tree in the garden ' ( avot de r. natan 11 ). one may go even further. in order for a person to feel close to g - d, he has to give to him, as it were. adam was required to do this by working on the land. a person who puts in effort, and is closely involved in a worthy and productive project sees his own self in it. if he is honest with himself, he will also see the hand of g - d in his success. he will be grateful to him, and come closer to him. as rabbi e. e. dessler ( michtav mi - eliyahu, vol. 3 ) writes, when a person feels gratitude to him for all the good he receives every day in his life, he will naturally express his gratitude by sacrifice ( in temple times ) or through prayer - offered in sincerity. by doing this, a person becomes a ' giver ' to g - d. this is the relationship that causes the ' giver ' ( man ) to love the ' receiver ' ( g - d ). and by loving g - d, a person wishes to serve him to the very best of his ability. it seems that this was adam ' s failing. he did not work on the land sufficiently. he did not experience the personal development and closeness with g - d that came with ' working on the land ' - developing the potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.485562450058317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab49d86a-2b83-45f4-985d-6b767b1871f5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.239120"}
{"text": "best of his ability. it seems that this was adam ' s failing. he did not work on the land sufficiently. he did not experience the personal development and closeness with g - d that came with ' working on the land ' - developing the potential within the garden that would improve it still further. for that reason he was expelled from eden and he had to work harder on the land - not out of wealth, but out of sheer necessity. this may be derived from the text. adam may well not have known that the fruit he ate had come from the tree of knowledge. thus he did not willfully disobey g - d ' s command. ( nor did eve fully transgress the prohibition that was given to adam in the singular before she was created - even though she correctly understood it applied to her through inference. ) so he did not deserve to die. ( nor did she deserve to die. ) however had he worked properly, he would have known the flora of the garden of eden well enough to know which fruit belonged to each tree - ask any gardener! his having been led into accidentally eating the forbidden fruit revealed that he did not sufficiently perform the tasks for which g - d created him - ' to work on the land ' - and, through honest work, spiritually develop into the great personality that would become the father of mankind. this is a lesson for everyone. like adam, each individual must find out his or her potential and develop it, serving g - d and mankind, and thus endeavor to leave the earth a better place. written by jacob solomon. tel 02 673 7998. e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org for any points you wish to raise and / or to join those that receive this parasha sheet every week. this article is provided as part of shema yisrael torah network for information on subscriptions, archives, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45840851012266903, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab49d86a-2b83-45f4-985d-6b767b1871f5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.239884"}
{"text": "longstreet highroad guide to the north georgia mountains the chickamauga valley lies between the cumberland plateau ' s lookout mountain to the west and the armuchee ridges to the east. where it divides the \" thumb \" of pigeon mountain from lookout mountain is the famed mclemore cove. the chickamauga valley forms a natural passageway between the high ridges on either side. because it gives access to both chattanooga and the tennessee river and contains a few low ridges, it was the site of much movement and conflict during the civil war. the chickamauga valley is not just one valley but a series of northeast - southwest trending valleys with limestone floors and ridges some 200 to 300 feet high, capped with more weather - resistant rock. down through these valleys and across the ridges between chattanooga and atlanta, union army forces under general william sherman pursued confederate troops during the fighting which led to the battle of atlanta near the end of the civil war. visitors to the military parks at chickamauga, missionary ridge, and orchard knob, as well as other areas such as the lovely and serene mclemore cove, will come away with a clearer understanding of how the natural geology of the region has helped shape recent human history. from the chickamauga valley, especially ga 337, one can reach a variety of natural features lying at the base of the pigeon mountain escarpment. these include giant, dry, forest sinkholes ; blue hole ; and the entrances to the enchanting dickson and mcwhorter gulfs, deeply eroded into pigeon mountain ' s east wall. [ fig. 5 ( 13 ) ] a postcard - pretty valley nestled in the v formed by lookout mountain and pigeon mountain, the mclemore cove historic district was listed in the national register of historic places in 1994. the steep limestone and sandstone walls of the mountains form a dramatic backdrop for a scenic drive through the cove. the area is almost exclusively agricultural, with small dairy farms taking up most of the land. at the southwest end of the cove is a portion of the picturesque 11, 500 - acre mountain cove farm. red cedars which thrive on the limestone soil here are profuse throughout the cove, particularly along west cove road, as indicated by the names of the natural features and landmarks : cedar grove creek, cedar grove community, and cedar grove church and cemetery. perhaps nowhere else in georgia are so many cedars concentrated in such a small area. the cove, which was named for robert and john mclemore, sons of a white trader and a cherokee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261291398572433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f77ad756-f6fd-4577-8c77-2f209883f603>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.246384"}
{"text": "cedar grove community, and cedar grove church and cemetery. perhaps nowhere else in georgia are so many cedars concentrated in such a small area. the cove, which was named for robert and john mclemore, sons of a white trader and a cherokee mother, is just south of chickamauga battlefield. one of the civil war battles took place at davis crossroads. near cedar grove methodist church, a large number of union soldiers spent the night of september 17, 1863, immediately prior to the historic battle of chickamauga. another antebellum structure is the 130 - year - old, plantation - plain style farmhouse where the hise family has lived for generations. it is located. 5 mile south of mt. hermon church on hog jowl road. most of the other old houses and buildings in the cove are not antebellum but date from the 1890s, when the railroad was built through the northern part of the cove. this park is comprised of four separate battlefield siteschickamauga, point park, orchard knob, and missionary ridge. the park became the first of four military parks established by congress between 1890 and 1899, the others being shiloh, gettysburg, and vicksburg. chickamauga. [ fig. 5 ( 7 ) ] the civil war battle of chickamauga, in the northwest corner of georgia, was the first of a series of decisive battles that culminated in the fall of atlanta and brought the civil war to a close. a union force of about 58, 000 men and a confederate force of about 66, 000 men clashed on the battlefield at chickamauga september 1920, 1863. the result, after 34, 000 casualties ( 3, 969 dead ), was that the union army retreated north to chattanooga, then a town of about 2, 500 people, and the southern forces occupied missionary ridge and lookout mountain, which bordered the town. troops from 29 of the 33 states east of the rockies engaged in the campaign ; four states had troops on both sides. the chickamauga battlefield visitor center has an excellent small museum containing artifacts related to the civil war. it also houses the fuller gun collection, which consists of 355 weapons dating from the revolutionary war period through world war ii. a 26 - minute, multimedia show is presented daily. books on civil war history and four rental audiocassettes are available. the major points of interest on the chickamauga battlefield, which when the battle was fought consisted of small fields, dense woods, and thick underbrush, can be reached by following a 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4109061427414521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f77ad756-f6fd-4577-8c77-2f209883f603>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.247697"}
{"text": "war history and four rental audiocassettes are available. the major points of interest on the chickamauga battlefield, which when the battle was fought consisted of small fields, dense woods, and thick underbrush, can be reached by following a 7 - mile driving tour. monuments and markers along the road indicate the locations of units and batteries engaged in the battle. chickamauga contains remarkable natural environments. in the eastern portion is georgia ' s best example of the remarkable cedar glades, where red cedars dominate an open forest community. the thin soil over a limestone outcrop supports rare and unique prairie plants, some found nowhere else in the state. there are late - summer displays of showy coneflowers and black - eyed susans. the only year - round stream, cave springs creek, has rich aquatic fauna ; large shell - bark hickories grow along it. two quarry ponds lie just east of us 27 near its junction with viniard road. several limesinks, or sagponds, occur. the most historic is bloody pond, near the southwestern corner of the park. the largest and most interesting limesink is just north of alexander ' s bridge over chickamauga creek in the southeast corner of the park. it contains huge, 36 - inch - diameter willow oaks buttressed at the base. staff is not available to assist in nature tours. point park. [ fig. 5 ( 3 ) ] point park, although located in the cumberland plateau, is more conveniently discussed here, in the chickamauga valley section. after the battle of chickamauga, the union army retreated to chattanooga, and the confederate army reformed battle lines around the city with the intention of starving and freezing the union troops into submission. point park, strategically positioned on top of lookout mountain, was the location of one of those battle lines. the dominance of the location over the city below cannot be fully grasped until one stands on the edge of point park and looks down on chattanooga. a visit to this park is an opportunity to visualize the grand strategy of a major civil war battle. during the battle of lookout mountain, termed the \" battle above the clouds \" because during the fighting a band of mist and fog hung around the middle of the mountain, the union army drove the confederates from their position and effectively gained control of the city. point park is on the northeastern tip of lookout mountain. the welcome center contains a fine 13 - foot - by - 30 - foot mural painted by james walker, an eyewitness to the battle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44387202349672533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f77ad756-f6fd-4577-8c77-2f209883f603>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.248729"}
{"text": "from their position and effectively gained control of the city. point park is on the northeastern tip of lookout mountain. the welcome center contains a fine 13 - foot - by - 30 - foot mural painted by james walker, an eyewitness to the battle. a tape recording provides a narrative that describes the scene and effectively draws the visitor into the action. the small ochs museum in the park has an observation deck which affords a commanding view of the area. orchard knob. [ fig. 5 ( 4 ) ] this hill in front of missionary ridge was initially the forward position of the confederate defense line. it was taken by union forces, and from here general ulysses grant commanded the assault on missionary ridge. on november 25, 1863, six cannon shot from this hill signaled the beginning of the battle for the ridge. visitors will find a half dozen state monuments and a number of cannon, but the real reason to visit orchard knob is the geographical perspective it gives to the fighting between lookout mountain and missionary ridge. missionary ridge. [ fig. 5 ( 5 ) ] missionary ridge was occupied by the confederate forces after the battle of chickamauga and was part of the battle line around chattanooga. during the battle for the city, union troops attacked and captured the ridge. along the ridge are remarkable views of orchard knob, chattanooga, and lookout mountain. markers, plaques, and gun positions give details of troop positions and describe the action in which various units participated. the historical markers are dispersed among elegant houses. read and add comments about this page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41897827768997326, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f77ad756-f6fd-4577-8c77-2f209883f603>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.251277"}
{"text": "1. definition of reading many definitions of reading are explained by some specialist, some of them are complementary one another, but any others contradictory. reading is not simple mechanical skill : nor is it a narrow scholastic tool. properly cultivated, it is essentially a thoughtful process. it should be developed as a complex organization of patterns of higher metal process. reading also defines responding. the response may be at the surface level of \u201c calling \u201d the word. it may be the somewhat deeper level of understanding the explicit meaning of sentence, paragraph or passage. another definition says, reading is the process of giving the significance intended by the writer to the graphic symbols by relating them to one \u2019 s own found of experience. frank smith in his understanding reading book defines that reading is an act of communication in which information is transferred from a transmitter to a receiver. according to miles a. tinker and contance m. mccullough, reading involves identification and recognition of printed or written symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall of meanings built up through past experience, and further the concentration of new meanings through the reader \u2019 s manipulation of relevant concepts already in his possession. soedarsono explained, reading is a complex activity that not gives a great amount of action separately. daniel hittleman in his development reading book, defines reading is a verbal process interrelated with thinking and with all other communication abilities \u2013 listening, speaking, and writing. based on some definitions of reading by some specialists above, the writer concludes that reading is an activity to get information, increasing perception through written text and also interpreting and analyzing text. 2. aspect of reading some aspects of reading based on normal reading situation consist of three kinds. they are word recognition, comprehension and reflections. a. word recognition the degree of excellence in reading is determined, to a large extent, by the ability to recognize and pronounce words. the core of view that reading is chiefly skill in recognizing words can be accurated by the form of the word itself. decoding the printed page is one of examples of recognizing the oral equivalent of the written symbol. comprehension is one of competence that must be had by the readers. reading just is not transferring the symbol printed from page to the brain but the readers have to comprehend the content of the reader \u2019 s read. comprehension in reading becomes important because it makes the readers have meaningful in their reading. in other word, their reading is not useless. there are three levels of reading comprehension. first : literal reading, second : aesthetic reading, and third is critical reading. literal reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.585273661340564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3d38c4-ee62-4322-8458-9410efada3bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.254771"}
{"text": "for a burgeoning underdeveloped nation, the most widely used construction material in the world \u2014 concrete \u2014 is a valuable asset. but in mongolia \u2014 that landlocked asiatic country wedged between russia and the people \u2019 s republic of china \u2014 knowledge of concrete is, at best, rudimentary. one of the most sparsely populated nations in the world, the country is emerging from a modern history of political turmoil and looking to the west for assistance in its development. mongolia is asia \u2019 s seventh largest country in area but with a population of less than 2. 5 million. this is why, in part, siue engineering professor luke snell and his wife, billie, traveled to mongolia \u2014 to lead the first mongolian concrete conference in mid - may, where they served as \u201c good will ambassadors \u201d for concrete as they toured the country. the snells departed for ulaanbaatar \u2014 the mongolian capitol \u2014 on may 14 for a 14 - day visit that was packed full of activities promoting and providing information about concrete. \u201c mongolia is on the verge of a construction boom, \u201d said snell. \u201c there is a great deal of need for the building of basic infrastructures, and the population has migrated to the cities, such as they are. \u201d a colleague from the south dakota school of mines and technology, who is spending a year teaching at the mongolian university of science and technology, invited snell to organize the conference. as director of the concrete construction resource unit at siue, snell \u2019 s expertise was valuable in its formation. \u201c the conference covered everything from the basics of concrete to discussions of why concrete cracks, and testing of concrete quality, \u201d said snell. following the one - day conference, the snells traveled throughout mongolia, visiting factories, government offices and schools. \u201c we took a supply of our \u2018 floating concrete \u2019 kits with us to teach mongolian teachers how to teach this learning kit to their students, \u201d said snell. \u201c somewhere between toddler age and sixth grade, children appear to lose their natural curiosity about the world. by sixth grade, children view science and math as boring and too hard. we \u2019 ve been using the \u2018 floating concrete \u2019 unit to demonstrate otherwise. \u201d established in 2001, the concrete construction resource unit ( ccru ) is an extension of the department of construction within the school of engineering. the ccru unites the knowledge and experience of faculty from civil engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as construction. one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4502097000680363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.270707"}
{"text": ") is an extension of the department of construction within the school of engineering. the ccru unites the knowledge and experience of faculty from civil engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as construction. one of its primary missions is to develop, promote and implement programs that create awareness of the concrete construction industry, as well as encourage children to explore the possibility of a career in construction or engineering. the snells travel and participation in the mongolian concrete conference was sponsored by the american concrete institute ( aci ), the missouri chapter of the aci, and siue \u2019 s school of engineering. winners of attendance prizes at the siue fitness and benefits fair in may have been announced. the fair is held each year in conjunction with the health walk and the staff senate bbq. the fair affords employees a chance to assess their health coverages through the university, as well as assess their health in general. two employees won prizes funded by benefits fair vendors \u2019 fees : deanna taylor, of the office of human resources, a mountain bicycle, and nancy waltz, of the school of education, a 19 - inch color television set. other winners included : gloria hartmann, of the office of the registrar, a birdhouse floral arrangement, and bob legate, of university housing, a swim mat, both from colonial supplemental insurance ; emily coffin, of the office of continuing education, micro talk walkie talkies from gallagher byerly ; and joann white, of facilities management, a one - year student fitness center membership, from campus recreation christy simpson, of the office of graduate and international admissions, and karen take, of administrative accounting, both received certificate for a free massage from our health club & spa in glen carbon. siue \u2019 s alumni association has created another first... the first siue alumni days at wrigley field and busch stadium, that is. siue alumni, as well, as other members of the university community, are invited to join in the fun in both chicago and st. louis. the first event kicks off sunday, june 23, at wrigley field in as the chicago cubs do battle with the st. louis cardinals. the event features a pre - game reception at the cubby bear, 1059 w. addison st., across from wrigley. the pre - game reception will begin at 4 : 30 p. m. and should end before game time. alumni association members pay a $ 32 event price, while non - members pay $ 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.408680777371633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.271695"}
{"text": ". addison st., across from wrigley. the pre - game reception will begin at 4 : 30 p. m. and should end before game time. alumni association members pay a $ 32 event price, while non - members pay $ 35, which includes both the game ticket and pre - game reception buffet featuring hot dogs, bratwurst, hamburgers, cole slaw, potato salad, french fries, cookies, brownies, and soda. there is also a cash bar on location. then, it \u2019 s \u201c meet me in st. louis, louie, \u201d as the association hosts the second part of the event on sept. 7, at busch stadium in st. louis as the cards play host to the cubs. the second event includes a pre - game picnic in the picnic area of the stadium beginning at 5 p. m. that pre - game picnic includes hot dogs, bratwurst, chips, pasta salad, and a cash bar and will end by the first pitch. the price for this event is also $ 32 for association members ; non - members, $ 35. tickets for both events are available from the siue alumni association, ( 618 ) 650 - 2760, from 8 : 30 a. m. - 4 : 30 p. m. weekdays. big changes are occurring in the morris university center as the $ 19. 3 million renovation project progresses. the food court re - opened last week with limited seating in the cougar den, and as summer term begins we will see a number of closings, relocations and other related modifications to daily life in the muc. \u201c we \u2019 re minimizing inconveniences as much as we can, \u201d said mary robinson, director of the center. \u201c work will progress as quickly as possible to restore some semblance of normality, but a little patience and a little advanced knowledge will smooth things out greatly. \u201d \u201c with the start of the fall semester, the construction walls will come down and everyone will be able to enjoy the first phase of the new and improved seating, \u201d said robinson. \u201c sometime in early fall the new food court will open in the southeast area of the dining area and the current servery will be closed to make way for additional seating. \u201d goshen lounge continues to be closed until early june as renovations take place in that area. \u201c but it \u2019 s not all about things closing up, \u201d said robinson. \u201c june 14 will see the opening of the new and enlarged union station. we \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39875231359832053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.272632"}
{"text": ", may 23. the finals for 400 meters are 7 p. m. on saturday, may 25. walden ' s spot in the national meet was not as certain because he was 17th on the qualifying list. the ncaa committee overseeing the event selected 20 runners in the event. walden hopes to qualify for the finals on friday, may 24, at 7 : 40 p. m. the finals will be the next day at 7 : 50 p. m. \u201c dan shouldn \u2019 t be as nervous as he was last year in his first race at national, \u201d frerker said. \u201c this season he \u2019 s been very consistent with his time and running within a few seconds of his personal best in every race. \u201d walden ' s qualifying time at 800 meters was 1 : 51. 43. with a softball conference championship in hand, the siue athletics department finished third in this season \u2019 s great lakes valley conference all - sports trophy standings. northern kentucky won the annual trophy, accumulating the most points based on finishes in glvc championships and other glvc - sponsored events. northern kentucky scored 113 points, followed by indianapolis ( 104. 75 ), siue ( 95. 5 ), lewis ( 91. 75 ), southern indiana ( 89 ), bellarmine ( 72. 5 ), saint joseph \u2019 s ( 67 ), quincy ( 61 ), wisconsin - parkside ( 60. 5 ), missouri - st. louis ( 57 ) and kentucky wesleyan ( 22 ). siue won its first glvc championship event in nearly three seasons when softball coach sandy montgomery \u2019 s team won early this month. northern kentucky won the most glvc titles with seven, followed by indianapolis ( 4 ), lewis ( 4 ), siue ( 1 ) southern indiana ( 1 ) and kentucky wesleyan ( 1 ). indianapolis shared two of its titles with northern kentucky in men \u2019 s golf and lewis in women \u2019 s outdoor track. chad opel ( edwardsville ), who became the seventh player in ncaa division ii history to record more than 300 career hits, added another accolade to his growing list by being named all - north central region by the american baseball coaches association. opel, who batted. 420 in his final season as a cougar, was named to the first team and will appear on the national ballot for a chance to be named all - american for a second consecutive season. the shortstop completed his career with 302 hits, making him the seventh player in ncaa division ii history to record 300 or more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37937282730148003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.274625"}
{"text": "to the first team and will appear on the national ballot for a chance to be named all - american for a second consecutive season. the shortstop completed his career with 302 hits, making him the seventh player in ncaa division ii history to record 300 or more in a career. he also ranks fifth in the ncaa in runs scored with 229 and at bats with 850. he helped the cougars to a 30 - 24 record and a third - place finish in the glvc tournament this past season as well as fifth - place national finish during the 2001 season. opel holds career records at siue in runs scored and doubles with 59. he also is second all - time at siue in hits and at bats. he also holds single season records for at bats ( 274 ) and runs scored ( 82 ) in 2001. valerie mccoy ( bethalto ), who helped siue to its third straight appearance in the ncaa division ii softball championships and a record 51 wins this season, was named all - american by the national fastpitch coaches association. mccoy, a senior, accepted her second all - american certificate in salem, va., in a ceremony at the national finals. mccoy was named an at - large third team all - american. \u201c val has been a steady force for this team for a long time. i \u2019 m happy she is getting well - deserved recognition, \u201d coach sandy montgomery said. the second baseman was steady in her final season as a cougar with a. 372 batting average. she completes her four - year career at siue among the all - time best in several offensive categories. mccoy is sixth in batting average at. 357, fourth in at bats with 616, tied for second in hits with 220, eighth in runs batted in with 102, and fifth in walks with 55. siue completed the 2002 season with a 51 - 12 record and its first great lakes valley conference tournament title. siue men \u2019 s soccer coach ed huneke filled his team \u2019 s needs for next season with the signing of five players. the soccer cougars added mike ngonyani ( bloomington, ind. ), pete cacciatore ( st. louis ), brian higgins ( st. charles, mo. ), andrew crider ( granite city ), and tim velten ( st. louis ). \u201c we \u2019 re still winning, \u201d huneke said. \u201c last year \u2019 s success has carried over into recruiting. the momentum should continue. \u201d siue advanced to the final four last season and was eliminated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.358533705134778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.275770"}
{"text": "- southwestern conference selection his junior season, the midfielder capped his prep career with two goals his senior season. \u201c andrew is a versatile player with a good sense of how to play, \u201d huneke said. velten scored three goals as a back for webster groves ( mo ) high school his senior season. a second team all - state and third team all - metro selection, velten was the suburban south conference \u2019 s player of the year in 2001 and a three - time all - conference pick. \u201c tim is a superb athlete who is cool on the ball for a back, \u201d said huneke. jenny esker ( steeleville ) and missy koenig ( mapleton ) have been named members of the verizon / cosida district v college division softball team. esker, the great lakes valley conference \u2019 s player of the year, was named to the first team as an outfielder, while koenig was selected to the second team. the verizon / cosida district v college division includes institutions from illinois, minnesota, iowa and wisconsin who are ncaa divisions ii or iii or naia. esker has been placed on the national ballot for consideration for academic all - american. a sophomore, esker batted. 395 for the cougars, who finished the 2002 season with a 51 - 12 record and a no. 2 national ranking in the final usa today / nfca ncaa division ii regular season poll. esker led the cougars in several offensive categories, including hits ( 83 ), runs ( 56 ), doubles ( 22 ), home runs ( 12 ) runs batted in ( 48 ) and stolen bases ( 30 ). the hits and runs numbers broke single - season records at siue. koenig completed her second season at siue with a 16 - 4 record, one save and a 1. 70 earned run average. in two seasons, koenig has compiled a 32 - 11 record as an siue pitcher. anna wiszniewska, a 5 - foot - 10 - inch forward from warsaw, poland, has signed a national letter of intent to play women \u2019 s basketball for siue next season. wiszniewska played in the polish i league last season and has previously been a member of a team which placed third at the polish junior championships. \u201c we like what we saw when we brought her in for a visit, \u201d admitted coach wendy hedberg. coach hedberg first learned of wiszniewska through a compact disc the player had had sent to the women \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4088845594190254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.277887"}
{"text": "polish junior championships. \u201c we like what we saw when we brought her in for a visit, \u201d admitted coach wendy hedberg. coach hedberg first learned of wiszniewska through a compact disc the player had had sent to the women \u2019 s basketball office. the cd had a video of her displaying her basketball talent. the cougars took a chance on bringing wiszniewska in for a visit. wiszniewska has been among winning teams since age 10 when she began to play in warsaw ' s sports club. in 1999, her club team advanced to the polish i / ii finals. in 2001, her team won the bronze at the polish junior championships as she averaged 10. 5 points and 5. 9 rebounds per game. \u201c i think she is going to develop into a good player, \u201d hedberg said. the coaching staff may not have received an accurate view of her capabilities when she arrived for a visit since she was playing the day after flying in from poland, said hedberg. but the women ' s basketball coaching staff liked her maturity and poise after being put in a tough position. after finishing the 2002 season with a 51 - 12 record, five siue softball players were named all - great lakes region by the national fastpitch coaches association. jenny esker ( steeleville ), ryann spann ( bethalto ) and valerie mccoy ( bethalto ) were named to the first team. erin newman ( fairfield, calif. ) and koree claxton ( rantoul ) were selected to the second team, the members of the first team have been placed on the national ballot and will have an opportunity to be named all - american. \u201c this is an outstanding achievement for these players, \u201d coach sandy montgomery said. they have worked hard this season and deserve the reward. \u201d siue finished the 2002 season this past weekend after being eliminated by ashland in the consolation bracket of the ncaa division ii great lakes regional tournament held in edwardsville. esker, a sophomore outfielder, was named the great lakes valley conference player of the year after leading the league in several offensive categories, including hits ( 83 ), runs scored ( 56 ), runs batted in ( 48 ), and stolen bases ( 30 ). she set a single - season record for hits and runs scored as the team ' s leadoff hitter for most of the season. spann, a junior, recorded the most victories in a season ( 27 ) since coach montgomery set the record as a player with 30 in 1985.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4121935694229573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.278952"}
{"text": "record for hits and runs scored as the team ' s leadoff hitter for most of the season. spann, a junior, recorded the most victories in a season ( 27 ) since coach montgomery set the record as a player with 30 in 1985. spann fanned 219 batters in 247 2 / 3 innings and finished the season with a 1. 10 earned run average. mccoy, a senior, earned a back - to - back all - region selection at second base. this season, mccoy hit. 372 with 26 runs batted in. mccoy, an second team all - american last season, was the hardest player to strikeout with 11 in 183 at bats. newman, a two - time all - american, completed her collegiate career by shattering numerous offensive records, some of which she already had held after her junior season. newman, a third baseman, batted. 303 with eight home runs and 40 runs batted in this season. for her career, newman leads siue in at bats ( 697 ), hits ( 265 ), walks ( 96 ), doubles ( 69 ), home runs ( 44 ), and runs batted in ( 185 ). claxton batted. 311 in the outfield as the cleanup hitter. claxton, a junior, recorded four home runs and 37 runs batted in, and was 11 of 11 in stolen bases. opel named glvc player of the year siue senior chad opel ( edwardsville ) has been named player of the year by great lakes valley conference. opel, who needs four hits to become the seventh player in ncaa division ii history to record 300 or more hits, heads into the glvc tournament batting. 429 with a team - best 51 runs scored, 19 doubles and 78 hits. opel was named first team as a shortstop for the cougars. wes pickering ( springfield, mo. ) and eric meyer ( topeka ) were named second team all - glvc as a utility player and relief pitcher, respectively. pickering is batting. 331 with three home runs and 18 runs batted in. meyer is 6 - 2 with a 3. 31 earned run average and five saves. jarad rettberg ( divernon ) was named to co - freshman of the year. rettberg is currently 5 - 2 with a 3. 29 era. logan glosser, a 6 - foot - 5 - inch forward from mt. zion, has signed a national letter of intent to play basketball for siue. it is the first recruit for new coach marty simmons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3941151420475474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b528dc1e-d6df-471d-b75e-a5fdae8c0eeb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.280874"}
{"text": "parkinson ' s disease is one of the most common nervous system disorders affecting the elderly. parkinson ' s disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make a checmical called dopamine are slowly destroyed. dopamine helps control muscle movement. without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. this leads to the loss of muscle function. the damage gets worse with time. exactly why these brain cells waste away is unknown. secondary parkinsonism may be caused by health problems, including : there have been cases of secondary parkinsonism among iv drug users who injected a substance called mptp, which can be produced when making a form of heroin. these cases are rare and have mostly affected long - term drug users. the health care provider may be able to diagnose secondary parkinsonism after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. however, the symptoms may be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly. examination may show : difficulty starting or stopping voluntary movements increased muscle tone problems with posture slow, shuffling walk reflexes are usually normal. tests may be used to confirm or rule out other disorders that can cause similar symptoms. if the condition is caused by a medication, your doctor may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. however, the benefits of the medication should be weighed against the severity of symptoms. medications should be stopped or changed if the risks outweigh the benefits. treating underlying conditions such as stroke or infections can reduce symptoms. if your symptoms make it hard to do everyday activities, your doctor may recommend medication. many of the medications used to treat this condition can cause severe side effects. it is important that you see your doctor for check - ups. secondary parkinsonism tends to be less responsive to medical therapy than parkinson ' s disease. however, medications are worth trying if the cause of the condition is not treatable. discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are unable to care for the person at home ( after treatment begins ). treating conditions that cause secondary parkinsonism may decrease the risk. people with conditions that require long - term use of antipsychotics should be carefully monitored to prevent the development of secondary parkinsonism. newer antipsychotic medications are less likely to cause secondary parkinsonism. lang a. parkinsonism. in : goldman l, ausiello d. cecil textbook of medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 433. lang ae. when and how should treatment be started in parkinson disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933947041282383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c08c0331-0c97-4786-9444-f9ec2b8936a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.284004"}
{"text": "vitamin d is sometimes referred to as the \u201c sunshine vitamin. \u201d that \u2019 s because the main source of this vitamin so necessary for good health comes from exposure to the sun. when sunlight hits the skin, vitamin d precursors present on the surface of the skin are activated and undergo further processing by the liver and kidney to create vitamin d in a form the body can use. there are two types of vitamin d. vitamin d3 is the form of vitamin d synthesized from exposure to sunlight, while vitamin d2 is the kind in fortified foods and the type found in plants. unfortunately, most people don \u2019 t get enough vitamin d from sunlight or diet. estimates are that up to 75 % of the adult population has vitamin d levels that are too low for good health. vitamin d deficiencies are common because there are few food sources of vitamin d with the exception of fatty fish like salmon, liver and egg yolks. fortified milk, orange juice, yogurt and other products fortified with vitamin d are also good sources. people who are older, those that consistently wear a sunscreen and those living at higher latitudes where the sun \u2019 s rays are weaker are at greater risk for vitamin d deficiency. in adults, vitamin d deficiency can cause muscle weakness and increase the risk of osteoporosis, some autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. it \u2019 s also important for calcium absorption by the intestines. this creates a dilemma for some people. is it better to jeopardize the health of their skin and increase the risk of skin cancer by exposing it to sunlight or risk not getting enough vitamin d, a vitamin that seems to reduce the risk of certain health problems including cancer? the american academy of dermatology takes the position that adults who wear sunscreen or avoid sun exposure should consider taking 1, 000 i. u. of vitamin d daily. there \u2019 s also a blood test available to measure levels of vitamin d. there are definite benefits to taking a vitamin d supplement for people who have low levels. vitamin d is available in pill form. there are also topical forms of vitamin d, and some cosmetic and manufacturers of skincare and anti - aging products are adding topical vitamin d to their skin care products. vitamin d has already shown benefits for treating certain kinds of skin problems including psoriasis. psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation. vitamin d causes a peptide molecule called cathelicidin to bind to dna. this blocks the inflammatory response that is responsible for many of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45695105071131353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:783d4354-c714-4475-9539-f0245548aee7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.287669"}
{"text": "certain kinds of skin problems including psoriasis. psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation. vitamin d causes a peptide molecule called cathelicidin to bind to dna. this blocks the inflammatory response that is responsible for many of the symptoms of psoriasis. rosacea is another skin disease that \u2019 s driven by inflammation, and vitamin d may play a role in controlling this skin problem as well. in addition, preliminary research suggests that it may be helpful for treating symptoms of eczema. some studies in children show that eczema is more severe in children with low vitamin d levels and that supplementation with vitamin d helps. it \u2019 s easy to see that vitamin d is important for overall health and for healthy skin, which is why it \u2019 s an ingredient in some skin care products including anti - aging products, facial moisturizers, facial scrubs, facial cleansers and eye creams. vitamin d is also important for hair growth, and there \u2019 s some evidence that it may stimulate hair regrowth, although more research is needed. is vitamin d safe? vitamin d is a fat - soluble vitamin, so it can be toxic if high levels build up in the body. this is unlikely to happen unless a person is taking high supplemental doses of vitamin d. vitamin d at levels found in skin care products are too low to cause toxicity. the environmental working group skin deep cosmetics database classifies vitamin d as a low hazard cosmetic ingredient. all in all, vitamin d is an important vitamin of which most people get too little. it \u2019 s critical for overall health, for disease prevention and is a requirement for healthy skin as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46642463024631353, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:783d4354-c714-4475-9539-f0245548aee7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.288492"}
{"text": "posted sunday, feb. 24, 2013, at 8 : 00 am years ago, in 1999, some odd pictures were returned from the mars global surveyor space probe orbiting the red planet. they showed what looked for all the world ( s ) like trees, banyan trees, dotting the martian landscape. they made quite a splash on the internet, and you can see why ; here \u2019 s a section of one of the pictures : image credit : nasa / jpl / malin space science systems no fooling, they really do look like trees. the usual pseudoscience website went nuts \u2014 well, more nuts \u2014 claiming they were life on mars. more rational heads knew they were formed from some sort of natural non - biological process, but what? over time, more and better pictures were taken, and eventually the story became clear. hints were found when these features were detected at extreme latitudes, and only in the spring. that meant they must be related to the change in seasons, specifically to the weather warming. that, plus some high - resolution images, made it possible to eventually figure out what they are. mars has a thin atmosphere that \u2019 s mostly carbon dioxide. in the winter at the poles it gets cold enough that this co2 freezes out, becoming frost or snow on the martian surface \u2014 what we on earth call dry ice. it gets this name because when you warm it up, it doesn \u2019 t melt : it turns directly from a solid into a gas, a process called sublimation. image credit : arizona state university / ron miller in the martian spring sunlight warms the ground, which warms the layers of dry ice. they sublimate slowly, and \u2014 here \u2019 s the cool part \u2014 from the bottom up. dry ice is very white and reflective, so sunlight doesn \u2019 t warm it efficiently. the ground is darker, and absorbs the solar warmth. this tends to heat the pile of dry ice from the sides and underneath at the edges. the newly released gaseous carbon dioxide needs somewhere to go. it might just leak away from the side, but some will find its way deeper into the dry ice pack, toward the center. if the gas finds a weak spot in the ice it \u2019 ll burst through, creating a hole. other trickles of co2 under the ice will flow that way as well, and eventually find that hole. what you get, then, is dry ice on the surface laden with cracks, converging on a single spot where the gas can then leak out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5070981357252713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:641c25c1-c61b-496d-816a-517009d91725>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.292043"}
{"text": "##s of co2 under the ice will flow that way as well, and eventually find that hole. what you get, then, is dry ice on the surface laden with cracks, converging on a single spot where the gas can then leak out into the martian atmosphere like dry geysers. the plumes of co2 will carry with them dust from the ground under the dry ice pack, depositing the darker dust on the brighter surface ice, discoloring it. and when you look at them from above, you see what look like trees! after a while, the carbon dioxide frost sublimates away entirely, and all you \u2019 re left with are weird looking spidery channels in the ground, up to a couple of meters deep, created by erosion as the carbon dioxide gas wended its way under the dry ice pack. these are even called araneiform features, meaning spider - like. they also kinda look like the cell bodies of neurons. unsettling. but probably a better situation than an infestation of giant alien tree spiders. how cool is that? while reading about this, i found various other features that have a similar origin, created from carbon dioxide gas flow. one aspect really got to me, a simple but terrifically strange observation : in some of these features on mars, the tracks get wider as they go uphill. that \u2019 s the opposite of what you \u2019 d expect from the flow of an actual liquid ; channels created by, say, water on earth get wider as they flow downhill. this means whatever formed those channels must be flowing uphill. so the culprit must be gas, not liquid. that is so flippin \u2019 weird! it \u2019 s bizarre enough that a major component of a planet \u2019 s air might freeze out at all, but then to have some it flow uphill in the spring, and also to create those creepy spidery things? mars is a damn odd place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49310849566670123, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:641c25c1-c61b-496d-816a-517009d91725>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.292729"}
{"text": "what is a wellhead pumper? a wellhead pumper operates power pumps and other equipment so that gas or oil can flow from the oil well. the job is known by a number of other terms, including operations technician, rig technician, pumper and well tender. work is performed within a strong safety culture that follows detailed and exact safety regulations. environmental rules also must be closely followed. the pumper ' s job involves bringing an oil, gas, or mining product from a well up to the surface by means of pumps and compressors. the pumper starts the compressor engine and opens valves to return compressed gas to the bottom of the well. the pump depressurizes the pipe and forces oil to rise to the surface. the wellhead pumper then must monitor the flow as the product travels to make sure it is moving at the proper rate. once the pump has brought the product to the surface, the pumper transfers it to storage tanks or trucks that move it offsite. although the wellhead pumper has long been a traditional part of the oil and gas industry, increased use of automated storage and retrieval systems has increased productivity and lessened the need for wellhead pumpers. no one ' s written a review on this career yet. you could be the first! what does a wellhead pumper do? the wellhead pumper is responsible for all aspects of the pumping operations : assembling pumps, attaching hoses to wellheads, starting the compressor, operating the pumps and monitoring flow. monitoring is generally done by computer control panel, and the pumper must watch that the oil, or the material being extracted, is pumped at the correct pressure, rate, and density. he or she needs to operate the pumps, open valves and shut them off as required by production schedules, and redirect flow into storage tanks. any blockages in the pipes must be quickly identified and repaired. routine maintenance of equipment is part of the job, and meters and gauges also need to be maintained and repaired if necessary. depending on the product being extracted, the pumper may also be responsible for blending acids and chemicals and controlling equipment used to fracture gas and oil wells or rock formations. sometimes they are responsible for driving trucks and other transport vehicles on the site. the pumper may need to supervisor other workers on the job site ; the team works together to keep production running smoothly, keeping the product flowing from the ground through the pipes and into storage facilities. the team assembles the rigs and tears equipment down, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.418969765404791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dff93037-90e4-4737-b01e-7d522eaba2cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.297300"}
{"text": "columbia shuttle disaster ' s tough lesson : spaceflight still dangerous space shuttle columbia launches on mission sts - 107, january 16, 2003. the tragic destruction of the space shuttle columbia 10 years ago today ( feb. 1 ) taught nasa and the nation a tough lesson : despite the strides that have been made over the years, human spaceflight remains a dangerous proposition. columbia broke apart upon re - entering earth ' s atmosphere on feb. 1, 2003, destroying the orbiter and killing all seven astronauts on board. the accident jolted nasa out of a complacency that had developed in the 17 years since the other major shuttle disaster, the 1986 disintegration of challenger shortly after liftoff, experts say. \" we thought we were better than we were, \" wayne hale, who served as a flight director for 40 shuttle missions at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston before becoming manager of the shuttle program in 2005, said of the columbia tragedy. \" we became overconfident, \" hale told space. com. \" we thought we had a mature vehicle flying in a well - understood environment, and nothing could have been further from the truth than that. \" [ columbia shuttle disaster explained ( infographic ) ] a tragic anniversary columbia blasted off for the final time on jan. 16, 2003, carrying more than 80 scientific experiments on a 16 - day research mission known as sts - 107. though columbia roared into space successfully that day, it suffered a mortal wound during liftoff. a chunk of foam broke off the orbiter ' s external fuel tank and struck the leading edge of columbia ' s left wing, punching a hole in the shuttle ' s protective heat shield. when columbia tried to come home on feb. 1, 2003, hot atmospheric gases infiltrated the wing through this weak spot, causing the orbiter to break apart high over texas. all seven sts - 107 astronauts \u2014 commander rick husband, pilot willie mccool and mission specialists michael anderson, kalpana chawla, david brown, laurel clark and ilan ramon, who was israel ' s first spaceflyer \u2014 were lost. the columbia accident also led to the end of the space shuttle program, whose end was announced in 2004 and finally became official in july 2011. nasa will honor the memories of the columbia astronauts, as well as those killed in the agency ' s two other spaceflight disasters \u2014 the challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 apollo fire, which killed three \u2014 today during a day of remembrance ceremony. you can watch the nasa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4193378443990978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d82905ed-0c8f-44fc-893e-558b54977d2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.303165"}
{"text": ", as well as those killed in the agency ' s two other spaceflight disasters \u2014 the challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 apollo fire, which killed three \u2014 today during a day of remembrance ceremony. you can watch the nasa ceremony on space. com here beginning at 10 a. m. est ( 1500 gmt ). \" nasa ' s day of remembrance honors members of the nasa family who lost their lives while furthering the cause of exploration and discovery, \" agency officials wrote in a statement. \" flags across the agency will be flown at half - staff in their memory. \" a wake - up call in the early days of the shuttle program, the vehicle ' s advocates claimed it would make human spaceflight routine, taking much of the risk and cost out of the endeavor. the long run of success after the challenger tragedy led some within nasa to buy into this notion, hale said. but the columbia accident once again drove home the dangers of spaceflight \u2014 the tremendous energies required to lift a vehicle into orbit, for example, and the inhospitable environment far from earth ' s surface. \" space exporation is a very difficult business, \" hale said. \" you cannot ever assume that you ' ve got it down to a regular travel system like an airline or a bus or something. it ' s just that much more difficult and takes a great deal of attention to detail. \" nasa, other national space agencies and private spaceflight companies are working hard to make spaceflight as safe as possible. but as with many activities \u2014 driving a car, for example \u2014 the dangers can only ever be minimized and managed, not eliminated. \" i think there always will be risk in going to space, \" dustin gohmert, nasa crew survival engineering team lead at johnson space center, told space. com. \" i think it ' s an inherently risky endeavor. \" space. com assistant managing editor clara moskowitz ( @ claramoskowitz ) contributed to this story. follow space. com senior writer mike wall on twitter @ michaeldwall or space. com @ spacedotcom. we ' re also on facebook and google +. about the author more from space. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3949682735762457, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d82905ed-0c8f-44fc-893e-558b54977d2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.304182"}
{"text": "census finds unknown young stars of orion amateur stargazers may spot the orion nebula as a fuzzy patch in the constellation orion, but they cannot see an interstellar birthing ground that spans the region of sky from above orion ' s head to below his feet. now astronomers have completed the most wide - ranging census of baby stars in and around the orion nebula, and found a stellar nursery that ' s both chaotic and crowded. the work represents the first complete study of young stars, their gaseous clouds of dust and supersonic jets of hydrogen molecules shooting out from the poles of each star. jets arise as young stars are born from a rotating cloud of gas and dust, but usually die out once a star has fully ignited and stopped consuming the surrounding material. in this case, the jets became signals that pinpointed the location of baby stars hidden within the stellar birthing grounds. \" with such a large number of young stars, we can study the ' demographics ' of star birth, \" said tom megeath, an astronomer at the university of toledo in ohio. \" this study will give us an idea of how long it takes baby stars to bulk up by pulling in gas from the surrounding cloud, what ultimately stops a star from growing bigger, and how a star ' s birth is influenced by other stars in the stellar nursery. \" the orion nebula represents just a blister on the surface of the much larger cloud. astronomers turned to the united kingdom infra - red telescope ( ukirt ) and the spitzer space telescope to peer through the cloud using infrared vision, and also used the institut de radio astronomie millimetrique radio telescope in france to see beyond infrared at short radio wavelengths. such international collaboration allowed astronomers to match up powerful gas jets with their young star origins, and find the cradles within the clouds where stars were created. \" each jet is travelling at tens or even hundreds of miles per second ; the jets extend across many trillions of miles of interstellar space, \" said chris davis, an astronomer for ukirt in hawaii. ukirt ' s wide field camera alone found more than 110 individual jets from the one region of the milky way. the results were presented on april 20 at the european week of astronomy and space science at the university of hertfordshire, uk. - top 10 star mysteries - video - when stars collide - vote - the strangest things in space more from space. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649495154307402, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e15f671d-6de4-4dc9-91d1-f14117870231>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.307901"}
{"text": "tagged 5c ' s, grades 5 - 8, middle school, standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century dr. david mcalpine university of arkansas at little rock the students in my methods of teaching second language class don \u2019 t believe me when i tell them that my best spanish teaching experience in forty years was in a middle school classroom! it \u2019 s true! those of you just beginning your career in a middle school will soon learn this, and those of you who are middle school \u201c lifers \u201d already know that these youngsters in grades 5 - 8 respond to content that is connected to their everyday lives and to instruction that actively involves them in the learning process. your middle school spanish students may show higher competencies in the three modes of communication than many of their high school counterparts because of their openness to learning new concepts, their curiosity about themselves and others, and their unabashed willingness to be a part of real - life situations. how can the standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century help create an engaging atmosphere for middle school students? let \u2019 s look at the 5cs and try to draw some classroom ideas from them. tagged activities, restaurant students can learn a lot about the different cultures around the spanish - speaking world by visiting the restaurants in your community where spanish is spoken. at the beginning of each school year, i challenged my students to find and visit these restaurants. of course, i offered extra credit if the students brought in a receipt and wrote one paragraph essays detailing their experience, but my students were happy to learn about the culture, so they did it for their personal enjoyment and not the extra credit ( at least that \u2019 s what i like to think ). now that i look back at the extra credit i gave out, i realized the kids mostly went to mexican restaurants. yes, mexican food is delicious and yes, it is a spanish - speaking country, but we want our students to look beyond mexico and gain some experiences from other spanish - speaking countries. and we want to remind students that food is a great way to incorporate cultures from the spanish - speaking world into our everyday lives. so i think i \u2019 d like to issue another challenge : tagged authentic texts, literary texts, modern language association dr. emily spinelli executive director, american association of teachers of spanish and portuguese. professor emerita of spanish, university of michigan - dearborne for many years the foreign language profession viewed the teaching of language and the teaching of literature as two very separate and distinct activities. at all educational levels the reading of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4641628208097709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3da43665-e7f8-425e-8470-a34c4f5fb0d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.310825"}
{"text": "injections for pain pain management : a patient ' s guide to injections for pain injections, as part of the evaluation and treatment of pain, are commonly recommended by pain specialists. there many different types of injections that are used both to help diagnose the painful condition and to help treat the painful condition. this guide will help you understand - the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections - what the common medications injected are intended to do - the risks and benefits of injections for pain what is the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections? diagnostic injections are intended to help your doctor arrive at an accurate diagnosis of where the pain is originating. there is a concept in pain medicine called the \" pain generator \". this idea is perhaps explained most clearly by asking the question that the pain medicine specialist asks : \" what is causing - or generating - the pain? \" diagnostic injections are intended to determine the pain generator by a process of elimination. during the process of trying to determine what is causing your pain, your physician will perform a history and physical examination. this may lead to a differential diagnosis. the differential diagnosis is a list of all the possibilities that the physician can think of that best fit with the findings from the initial history and physical examination. once the differential diagnosis list has been determined, the goal is to figure out which item on the list is actually causing your symptoms. the next step may be to obtain x - rays, mri scan or ct scan. each of these radiological tests give your doctor information about the structure of the body part being examined. it shows if there are abnormalities present in the structure that may account for your pain. for example, a spine x - ray may show arthritis of the joints of the spine that could be causing the pain that you are experiencing. but, simply because the structural abnormality could be causing your pain does not mean that it is. many structural abnormalities are seen on radiological tests that are not causing any pain. by injecting the facet joint with a medication to temporarily numb the joint and eliminate the pain, your physician can determine if this structural abnormality is actually causing any pain. another possibility is that you may have several abnormalities and it is unclear which abnormality is the cause of the symptoms. for example, you may have several intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the mri scan of your lumbar spine. it could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. if you are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654521470571446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81978837-d349-47d7-8bd8-afc1f3f54a2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.321206"}
{"text": "intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the mri scan of your lumbar spine. it could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. if you are considering surgery, you would want to be sure which disc is causing the pain so that you did not undergo any additional, unnecessary surgery. finally, sometimes the pain is confusing and may actually be coming from somewhere else in the body altogether. for example, it is not uncommon for a patient to have a worn out hip joint and a worn out lower back. when a patient with this combination of problems has hip and thigh pain, it is not always obvious whether the pain is coming from the hip joint or the lower spine - or both. by injecting the hip joint with a medication to temporarily numb the hip joint and eliminate the pain that is coming only from the hip, the physician can determine what portion is coming from the hip joint - if any. this helps to diagnose the problem accurately and prevent any unnecessary procedures. some injections are done with the help of fluoroscopic guidance. the fluoroscope is an x - ray machine that allows the doctor to actually see an x - ray image while doing the procedure. this allows the doctor to watch where the needle goes as it is inserted. this makes the injection much safer and much more accurate. once the needle is in the right location, a small amount of radiographic dye is injected. this liquid dye shows up on the x - ray image, and the doctor can watch where it goes. the anesthetic medication and the cortisone will go in the same place. the doctor wants to make sure the injection will put the medication where it can do the most good. once the correct position is confirmed, the anesthetic and cortisone are injected, and the needle is removed. almost all diagnostic injections follow a similar strategy. first, determine what could be causing the pain. next, inject the structure that is most likely the cause of the pain - the pain generator - with a medication that should reduce or eliminate the pain temporarily. if the pain is eliminated, then the structure injected is almost surely the cause of the pain. therapeutic injections are intended to treat your problem. this means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. some injections may last weeks to months. the medications that are normally injected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4521813895975498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81978837-d349-47d7-8bd8-afc1f3f54a2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.322433"}
{"text": "to treat your problem. this means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. some injections may last weeks to months. the medications that are normally injected during a therapeutic pain injection include an anesthetic and cortisone. an anesthetic medication ( such as novocaine, lidocaine or bupivicaine ) is the same medication that is used numb the area when you are having dental work or having minor surgery, such as a cut sewn up. the medication causes temporary numbness lasting 1 hour to 6 hours, depending on which type of anesthetic is used. cortisone is an extremely powerful anti - inflammatory medication. when this medication is injected around inflamed, swollen nerves and connective tissues, it can reduce the inflammation and swelling. decreasing inflammation reduces pain in joints. reduced swelling can allow the nerves to function better, reducing numbness and weakness. what might go wrong? there are several complications that may occur during or after these injection procedures. injections are safe and unlikely to result in a complication, but no procedure is 100 % foolproof. this document doesn ' t provide a complete list of the possible complications, but it does highlight some of the most common problems. complications are uncommon, but you should know what to watch for if they occur. like most procedures where medications are injected, there is always a risk of allergic reaction. the medications that are commonly injected include lidocaine, bupivicaine, radiographic dye, and cortisone. allergic reactions can be as simple as developing hives or a rash. they can also be life threatening and restrict breathing. most allergic reactions will happen immediately while you are in the procedure room, so that help is available immediately. most reactions are treated and cause no permanent harm. you should alert your doctor if you have known allergies to any of these medications. there are several other rare complications of spinal injections. these include epidural hematoma, epidural abscess and nerve damage. the epidural hematoma occurs when one of the small blood vessels around the spinal sac continues to bleed after the procedure. the bleeding can cause a large pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves. several types of infections are possible complications of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48609410729368463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81978837-d349-47d7-8bd8-afc1f3f54a2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.323505"}
{"text": "pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves. several types of infections are possible complications of pain injections. any time a needle is inserted through the skin, there is a possibility of infection. before any injection is done the skin is cleansed with a disinfectant and the health care provider doing the injection uses what is called sterile technique. this means that the needle and the area where the needle is inserted remains untouched by anything that is not sterile. the provider may also use sterile gloves. infections may occur just underneath the skin, in a muscle, in a joint or in the spinal canal itself. you should watch for signs of increasing redness, swelling, pain and fever. almost all infections will need to be treated with antibiotics. if an abscess forms, then a surgical procedure may be necessary to drain the pus in the abscess. when the injection is placed in the spinal canal, the infection may be more serious. a condition called an epidural abscess may form inside the spinal canal. this infection can cause a large pocket of pus to form around the nerves putting too much pressure on the nerves. if this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the infection and remove the pressure from the nerves. antibiotics will also be necessary to treat the infection. many pain injections are done close to nerves. the needle used to do the injection may accidently puncture the nerve itself. this can cause damage to the nerve and result in increased pain. numbness and weakness may also result. nerves that have been punctured with a needle will usually recover and not require any additional surgical procedures. not all injections work as expected. sometimes, injections cause more pain. this may be due to increased spasm in the muscles around the injection. this may happen following a trigger point injection. the increased pain is usually temporary, lasting a few hours or a few days. once the medication has a chance to work, the injection may actually work as expected and reduce your pain. the pressure from injecting the liquid medication may increase pressure on nerves. this may irritate the nerves and cause increased pain. the increased pain is usually temporary. increased pain that begins several days after the injection may be a sign of infection. you should alert your doctor if this occurs. spinal fluid leak probably the most common complication of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4603628937777157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81978837-d349-47d7-8bd8-afc1f3f54a2a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.324604"}
{"text": "don ' t celebrate the lack of storms yet six weeks into the hurricane season and the atlantic has seen only one named storm. what \u2019 s happening and will we luck out this year? by marlon a. walker published july 17, 2006 eight weeks into the 2005 hurricane season, tropical storm gert was making its way west to mexico, the seventh named storm of the season. this year \u2019 s hurricane season has reached week eight with only one named storm, alberto, which was barely a tropical storm as it slogged ashore in florida \u2019 s big bend area. is this reason for optimism? \u201c it \u2019 s very tempting for people to want to read into a lot of things, \u201d said jamie rhome, a hurricane specialist with the national hurricane center in miami. \u201c that type of philosophy for people other than trained experts is very dangerous. bottom line is you need to be prepared. \u201d while westerly winds this summer have helped thwart the formation of storms in the atlantic basin, the first part of this year \u2019 s season is actually quite average. it was the past two years that were extraordinary. \u201c on a statistical basis, one to two in june is typical, \u201d said dennis feltgen, a meteorologist with the national weather service in silver spring, md. \u201c there \u2019 s nothing out of the ordinary right now. we \u2019 re only halfway through the month of july. \u2019 \u2019 in 2004, 15 named storms formed in the atlantic basin and 28 in 2005, a record. between 13 and 16 named storms are projected this year. forecasters say that \u2019 s still well within reach. feltgen said strong upper - level winds blowing across the gulf of mexico and the caribbean have prevented many potential storms from getting organized. tropical storms can take shape only when several variables \u2014 including warm sea temperatures and low wind shear \u2014 occur simultaneously \u201c if strong winds are blowing in the upper atmosphere from west to east, that \u2019 s going to take that disturbance and rip it apart, \u201d feltgen said. he said winds more favorable to storm formation will arrive soon, likely portending more storms. \u201c don \u2019 t let your guard down because we \u2019 ve had a respite over the last couple of weeks, \u201d he said. \u201c we still have a long way to go. \u2019 \u2019 forecasters say some variables that contribute to storm formation already are in place. the bermuda high, a massive system of high pressure that sets up in the atlantic ocean, can play a key role in directing storms that form off the african coast. spinning clockwise,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3891357690040839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc656b8e-d4b3-4906-b8e5-c47dfd68bf15>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.328791"}
{"text": "learning causality in a complex world : understandings of consequence source : rowman & littlefield education, lanham, maryland ( 2012 ) call number : cubb bd591. g765 2012 contents : introduction - - simple linear causality : one thing makes another happen - - the cognitive science of simple causality : why do we get stuck? - - domino causality : effects that become causes - - cyclic causality : loops and feedback - - spiraling causality : escalation and de - escalation - - mutual causality : symbiosis and bi - directionality - - relational causality : balances and differentials - - across time and distance : detecting delayed and distant effects - - \" what happened? \" vs. \" what ' s going on? \" : thinking about steady states - - what you can ' t see does matter : attending to obvious and non - obvious causes - - it ' s not always a case of who did it : minding passive and unintentional causality - - step by step, or not : the mind - bending concept of simultaneous causality - - figuring out what to count on : dealing with stochastic causality - - isn ' t anybody in charge around here? : attending to distributed causality and emergence - - summing up : the implications for helping a new generation understand causal complexity - - putting it all together : teaching for causal complexity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6154365536408541, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9603a02d-4003-4388-9185-19dd8cd92da7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.330278"}
{"text": "in september 2010, u. s. secretary of state hillary rodham clinton announced the global alliance for clean cookstoves, a public - private partnership led by the united nations foundation to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and combat climate change by creating a thriving global market for clean and efficient household cooking solutions. the alliance \u2019 s \u2018 100 by 20 \u2019 goal calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020. at an event at the working women \u2019 s forum in chennai, india, secretary clinton today announced that two major indian industrial organizations \u2013 the confederation of indian industry ( cii ) and the federation of indian chambers of commerce & industry ( ficci ) \u2013 have agreed to join the alliance. both will be invaluable partners in building successful and sustainable cookstove businesses and consumer financing options across india. cii has committed to link community efforts to its extensive industry network, help commercialize promising cooking technologies, and help integrate clean cookstoves into its other members \u2019 projects. ficci will support small and medium - sized local cookstove enterprises, develop microfinance channels to support the purchase of cookstoves, develop women \u2019 s employment options, and support alliance interaction with the indian government. the issue : nearly half of the world \u2019 s population \u2013 about 3 billion people \u2013 cooks their food each day on polluting, inefficient stoves. exposure to smoke from traditional cookstoves and open fires is the fifth worst health risk factor in poor countries and leads to nearly 2 million premature deaths of mostly women and young children each year ( more than twice the mortality from malaria ). cookstoves also increase pressures on local natural resources ( e. g., forests, habitat ) and contribute to climate change at the regional and global level. in india, approximately 80 percent of rural homes and 20 percent of urban homes rely on solid fuels like wood or dung for cooking. as a result, more than 100 million homes suffer unsafe exposures to cookstove smoke. according to world health organization estimates, this exposure causes nearly 500, 000 women and children in india to die prematurely each year. cookstoves account for about 3. 5 percent of india \u2019 s national burden of disease. additionally, cookstoves represent about half of india \u2019 s black carbon inventory. a global alliance : the global alliance for clean cookstoves is working with public, private, and non - profit partners to help overcome market barriers and achieve large - scale production, deployment, and use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4701798698405629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5f910cc-6c57-40d7-b8f0-06806393435d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.340647"}
{"text": "about half of india \u2019 s black carbon inventory. a global alliance : the global alliance for clean cookstoves is working with public, private, and non - profit partners to help overcome market barriers and achieve large - scale production, deployment, and use of clean stoves and fuels in the developing world. the alliance comprises a rapidly growing list of nearly 100 public, private, philanthropic, ngo, academic, and other partners, including the governments of burkina faso, denmark, el salvador, ethiopia, finland, germany, honduras, ireland, kenya, lesotho, malta, nigeria, the netherlands, norway, peru, rwanda, spain, tanzania, and the united states. u. s. government commitment : the united states government has committed more than $ 50 million to the alliance over the next five years. participating u. s. agencies include : the state department, environmental protection agency, department of energy, department of health and human services ( national institutes of health ; centers for disease control and prevention ), and the u. s. agency for international development. the u. s. government is mobilizing financial resources, providing top - level u. s. experts, and leveraging research and development tools to help the alliance achieve its \u2018 100 by 20 \u2019 target. other u. s. agencies also are considering investments in this sector. india : u. s. government cookstoves activity by agency department of energy ( doe ) : doe is working to secure funding for research and development to advance clean and affordable cookstove technologies, which would be tightly linked to laboratory and field testing to ensure performance and usability of the clean stoves and to monitor adoption. if funding is secured, doe would look forward to engaging with research and development and testing organizations in other countries such as india to move these critical technologies forward. department of state : the state department is leading diplomatic discussions with the government of india \u2013 as well as with private, non - governmental, and multi - lateral partners \u2013 regarding collaboration on cookstoves and the alliance. the state department leads the u. s. federal interagency discussions and coordination with the alliance, and also coordinates diplomatic dialogues related to global partnerships, health, women \u2019 s issues, climate change, and the environment. environmental protection agency ( epa ) : epa \u2019 s partnership for clean indoor air ( pcia ) funded two pilot projects in india, organized two social marketing workshops with partners in india, organized a stove testing and design improvement capacity building workshop, and in 2007, hosted the 3rd global pcia forum in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46710499727226396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5f910cc-6c57-40d7-b8f0-06806393435d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.341725"}
{"text": "s partnership for clean indoor air ( pcia ) funded two pilot projects in india, organized two social marketing workshops with partners in india, organized a stove testing and design improvement capacity building workshop, and in 2007, hosted the 3rd global pcia forum in bangalore. in addition, epa held three stakeholder meetings in india, a stove testing workshop in pune and is field testing first energy \u2019 s \" oorja \" stove in kholapur ; this stove will also be used in lab testing to help determine correlation of lab and field results. epa plans to continue capacity building activities in india \u2013 especially stove design and performance work as well as in - field stove testing. in addition, epa has started a productive dialogue with the indian government around stove testing and setting up stove testing facilities. health and human services ( hhs ) : under the auspices of the indo - u. s. collaboration on environmental and occupational health, the u. s. national institutes of health ( nih ) and the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) ( with assistance from epa ) are providing technical assistance to the indian council of medical research ( icmr ) in support of icmr - funded research regarding indoor air pollution affects on the following populations : ( 1 ) chronic lung disease among women ; ( 2 ) pregnant mothers, adverse birth outcomes and early childhood pneumonia ; ( 3 ) cardiovascular and respiratory health impacts among adults and ; ( 4 ) children and asthma. nih also is currently supporting a research program in vellore examining indoor air pollution as a risk factor for respiratory infections in children younger than 2 years. additionally, a joint initiative is being developed with the directorate general of health services to better understand the impact of improved cookstoves on reducing burn injury among indian users. national oceanographic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) : noaa scientists are collaborating with indian scientists to develop and utilize sophisticated instruments to measure black carbon to characterize the climate impact of soot from cookstoves. national science foundation ( nsf ) : nsf is planning to support and provide technical expertise for a workshop on cookstoves and compact power in delhi in collaboration with iit delhi and the university of maryland. u. s. agency for international development ( usaid ) : usaid is currently implementing a cookstoves program in india to : 1 ) develop and test innovative demand generation strategies ; 2 ) improve distribution channels and increase the use of microfinance ; 3 ) collaborate with the government and other experts to help develop efficiency standards for advanced cooks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49270850761913865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5f910cc-6c57-40d7-b8f0-06806393435d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.342786"}
{"text": "- wednesday, january 25, 2012, 6 p. m. - yampa valley medical center, 1024 central park drive, steamboat springs eating disorders are serious and complicated mental illnesses with significant and, at times, life - threatening physical and psychological consequences, regardless of the individual \u2019 s weight. the spectrum of eating disorders includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and eating disorders not otherwise specified. anorexia involves a distorted body image with a fear of and refusal to gain weight resulting in severe eating restrictions and dramatic weight loss. in contrast, patients with bulimia may not lose weight but engage in frequent binge eating followed by attempts to get rid of the food through self - induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics or exercise. anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. in females ages 15 to 24, anorexia causes 12 times more deaths than all other causes. anorexia is considered to be the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. although the majority of patients who come to medical attention for eating disorders are women and girls, eating disorders are equal - opportunity illnesses that affect females and males, adults, adolescents and children as well as people of all ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, body shapes, sizes and weights. the puzzle of why an eating disorder affects one individual over another is a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. research on the risk of developing anorexia suggests that 40 to 50 percent is genetic and 50 to 60 percent is psychosocial. in fact, anorexia nervosa is as inheritable as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. eating disorders are mental illnesses not choices. additionally, many individuals affected by eating disorders also are affected by a secondary psychiatric condition such as depression and anxiety. while society and environment do not cause eating disorders, they may create an atmosphere that encourages development of a disorder. in our obsession with perfection, we convey societal and familial messages about health, weight and priorities that stand in opposition to acknowledging one \u2019 s own values and nurturing intuitive eating, self - care and compassion for oneself and others. eating disorder patients often remark that their behaviors initially were triggered by a simple comment about their weight, what they ate or their level of activity. eating disorders are about feelings and not primarily about food. the eating disorder provides a coping mechanism to maintain a sense of control in the face of anxiety, change or conflict. an individual who develops an eating disorder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44950668173654845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:712600d8-6e72-4b2a-86b0-7d940d75206f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.346458"}
{"text": "what they ate or their level of activity. eating disorders are about feelings and not primarily about food. the eating disorder provides a coping mechanism to maintain a sense of control in the face of anxiety, change or conflict. an individual who develops an eating disorder initially may choose to modify his / her relationship with food but eventually feels sustained and driven by the eating disorder as an entity in and of itself. recognizing the warning signs of an eating disorder is of tremendous importance as the affected individual does not typically seek help independently. in children or adolescents, a delay in attaining expected growth or development should be evaluated. dramatic weight loss, denying hunger / making excuses for skipping meals, preoccupation with weight / food / calories / fat, rigid food or exercise rituals, disappearance of large amounts of food in short periods of time, or frequent trips to the bathroom after meals should prompt concern from family members and friends. overcoming an eating disorder is a complicated task that begins with recognition. it requires the active involvement of the patient, family members, a medical doctor and / or psychiatrist, nutritionist and psychotherapist. there are medical, nutrition and psychotherapy resources available in steamboat springs. with early detection, it is possible for a patient to recover without inpatient or residential therapy. if you know someone who you are concerned may be suffering from an eating disorder, voice your concern as a personal worry for them and offer support in helping them to locate treatment. if they are children or adolescents outside of your family, share your concerns with their families. the best indicator for successful and prolonged recovery from an eating disorder is early and comprehensive intervention. lisa harner, m. d., is a board - certified family medicine physician at yampa valley medical associates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45325348505169377, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:712600d8-6e72-4b2a-86b0-7d940d75206f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.347349"}
{"text": "this section of the site covers the theory and background behind the application of stigmergy and other biological strategies to information technology biological systems have evolved ingenious solutions to the same kind of problems encountered in information technology. understanding how nature solves these problems allows us to use these solutions ourselves, to create highly efficient web sites that cost little to develop and maintain. stigmergy as a strategy stigmergy is not like a product, a service or an application. it isn ' t even like a computer program. it is a very clever strategy used by nature to get colonies of insects to self - organize, tell each other where to find food, create sophisticated messaging systems and build complex architectural structures. we can use this same clever strategy on the web, to get people to collaborate in the exchange and sharing of information. the strategy works well for brainless insects, but it works infinitely better for intelligent humans equipped with computers. what are stigmergic systems? stigmergic systems combine information technology with stigmergy and other ingenious computing structures found in nature - to create self - organizing web sites and low cost knowledge management systems. reproduction as a strategy nature has learned how to create organisms that grow and self - organize without planning. we can copy these methods to create web based systems that grow and self - organize themselves, drastically reducing development and maintenance costs. nature creates organisms that can quickly adapt to changing conditions. we can build this same adaptability into information systems, enabling them to automatically adjust to user needs and responses. nature has found a way to overcome the problem of critical mass. we can use this same strategy to make changes to a web site so that it increasingly attracts visitors. what ' s the secret of nature ' s success? she uses a technique of continuous reproduction and selection. this is the technique we can copy. we don ' t start by building a web site, the first step is to create a program that can build a system. by arranging for this program to be responsive to the way users respond to a site, the program can continually rebuild the system until it is working successfully. short summaries of the main elements of stigmergic and biological strategies are provided in the menu ' summary of a stigmergic system ' ( top left ). more detailed explanations and theory can be found in the ' references ' and ' technical notes ' sections of this site. to provide a ' proof of concept ' demonstration of a stigmergic system, the seo project was started in october", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.562407033919567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86ed7b44-3b90-412c-a8ed-49a58a13221a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.352528"}
{"text": "| diversity in islam : a sunni perspective | | diversity in islam : a shi ' i perspective | in islam, the unity of god is central. the islamic revelation given to muhammad affirmed the earlier abrahamic religions of one god ( including judaism and christianity ), yet also went beyond them to unify the divine truth of god and assert a more complete monotheism. according to islam, all revelation and prophets are one, stemming from the same source : \u201c you say : \u2018 we believe in allah, and the revelation given to us, and to abraham, isma \u2019 il, isaac, jacob, and the tribes, and that given to moses and jesus, and that given to ( all ) prophets from their lord : we make no difference between one or another of them : and we bow to allah ( in islam ) \u2019 \u201d ( 2 / 136 ; 3 / 84 ). in the eyes of muslims, islam \u2019 s radical emphasis on the unity of god, identical nature of revelation, and equality and common destiny of humankind make islam the final revelation. it is the climax and fulfillment of all previous approximations of unity on earth. according to the qur \u2019 anic narrative, god \u2019 s will has always been for a single, united humanity. god reveals this will through his chosen messengers and the revelations embedded in scriptures. every kind of discrimination, separation, exclusion, or division is negated by god. domination of some portion of humanity over others is forbidden. unjust exploitation of humanity or creation is rejected. before the islamic revelation, god entered into covenantal relationship with earlier faith communities to stop distraction, disorder, killing, and discrimination, evils that muslims believe stemmed from the perceived division in god and humanity. the qur \u2019 an has strictly forbidden such division and commended unity : \u201c and hold fast, all together, by the rope which allah ( stretches out for you ), and be not divided among yourselves... \u201d ( 3 / 103 ) ; \u201c as for those who divide their religion and break up into partisans, you have no part in them in the least \u201d ( 6 / 159 ). islam recognizes the difficulty of achieving such unity, and asserts that real unity can only be achieved through recognition of human diversity. islam clearly acknowledges the divine mystery of god that has willed that humanity be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion : \u201c to each among you we have prescribed a law and an open way. if allah so willed, he would have made you a single people, but ( his plan is ) to test you in what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016307568220393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a26f735-533e-4b17-9098-c6a1c178b49c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.358832"}
{"text": "be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion : \u201c to each among you we have prescribed a law and an open way. if allah so willed, he would have made you a single people, but ( his plan is ) to test you in what he has given you : so strive as in a race in all virtues. the goal of you all is to allah \u201d ( 5 / 48 ). islam \u2019 s message of unity, then, conveys the divine desire for all humanity \u2013 in its diversity \u2013 to share and grow in the consciousness of a single humanity under one god. islam \u2019 s religious tolerance has allowed theological, political, philosophical, legal, ethical, and mystical orientations to abound in the muslim community ( umma ). in each of these orientations there has been an implicit desire for the ultimate unity of all, but also an explicit acknowledgement of the ongoing reality of diversity of ideas and programs. the prophet said, \u201c jews were divided into seventy - one parties ( firqah ), christians were divided into seventy - two parties, my community will be divided into seventy \u2013 three parties \u201d ( al - bagdaadi, al - farq, and bayn \u2019 al firaq, p. 4, beirut ). any attempt to impose unity or force one \u2019 s own beliefs onto others is declared in the qur \u2019 an to be opposed to the divine will and plan in the universe. the qur \u2019 an says, \u201c there is no compulsion in religion. the truth is now distinct from error \u2026 \u201d ( 2 / 256 ). for muslims, this tolerance of diversity provides the solution to human suffering inflicted on one another. guided by the cosmic truth unfolded in the qur \u2019 an, the newly formed muslim community sought harmony, peace and toleration on earth. judaism, christianity, zoroastrianism and even idolatry were ultimately acknowledged as manifestations of divinely - established diversity : \u201c lo! those who believe this revelation and those who are jews and the sabaeans and the christians and the megians and the idolaters - lo! allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection. allah is witness over all things \u201d ( 22 / 17 ). islam asserts that the right to decide who is saved and who is unsaved rests completely with god, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. it is forbidden for muslims to call each other non - muslims : \u201c o ye who believe! when ye go forth to fight in the way of allah, be careful to discrim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4989656168428327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a26f735-533e-4b17-9098-c6a1c178b49c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.359767"}
{"text": "rests completely with god, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. it is forbidden for muslims to call each other non - muslims : \u201c o ye who believe! when ye go forth to fight in the way of allah, be careful to discriminate, and say not unto one who offers you peace : \u2018 thou are not a believer, seeking the chance profits of this life \u2019 \u201d ( 4 / 94 ). the messenger ( prophet ) of god said, \u201c when any muslim says to his brother, \u2018 you infidel! \u2019 one of the two surely deserves the name \u201d ( al - buhari, sahih, 4 : 139 ). muslims also must not fight other muslims, and are instructed to make peace : \u201c the believers are naught else than brothers. therefore make peace between brethren and observe your duty to allah that haply ye may obtain mercy \u201d ( 49 : 10 ). similarly, islam leaves room for idolaters to coexist with muslims, as long as the idolaters keep their covenant with the muslim community : \u201c ( but the treaties are ) not dissolved with those pagans with whom you have entered into alliance and who have not subsequently failed you in anything, nor aided any one against you. so fulfill your engagements with them to the end of their term ; for allah loves the righteous \u201d ( 9 / 4 ). the qur \u2019 an also says about polytheists, \u201c if it had been allah \u2019 s will, they would not have been polytheists, nor did we make you a guardian over them, nor are you their advocate \u201d ( 6 / 107 ). ( for more information on the islamic position on polytheism, see 50 / 45 ; 88 / 22 ; 10 / 99 ; 3 / 20 ; 5 / 99 ; 16 / 82 ; 42 / 48 ; 2 / 193 ). despite its universal ideal, the new community of muslims was able to introduce the idea and practice of religious tolerance without falling into the pit of relativization. compared to other faiths, islam developed a moderate position between two extremes : electionism, favoritism, and fanaticism as manifestations of an exclusive mentality, at one extreme, and a sort of pluralism that contradicts the transcendental unity of god, truth and human destiny by relativizing the divine to concrete, limited and anthropomorphic manifestations, at the other extreme. thus the islamic plan for a transcendental unity of humanity within its diversity and under one god is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287536271271728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a26f735-533e-4b17-9098-c6a1c178b49c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.360709"}
{"text": "the first thing that made non - violence work was these men \u2019 s mentalities. to be involved in such a movement, one need \u2019 s to have a stable mindset. they had to be aware of the dangers that lied ahead of them. the supporters of their movement also had to possess strong mind - sets in not retaliating to the physical struggles they endured. in gandhi \u2019 s autobiography, it states, \u201c i explained to a group of several hundred africans, indians and coloreds, that volunteering ( for the defiance of unjust laws campaign ) was a difficult and even dangerous duty, as the authorities would seek to intimidate, imprison and perhaps attack the volunteers. \u201d with so much fighting against them, they all believed in what they were fighting for. even those in support of the movements of king, gandhi and mandela, were beginning to re - think the whole \u201c nonviolent \u201d aspect because they were getting fed up with the abuse they were experiencing. however, they were driven by their faith in god and continued to stand their ground and fight while leaving marks on people \u2019 s minds rather than their bodies. the second thing that made non - violence work was their consistency. these men were consistent in their fight for equality, justice and freedom. one thing, amongst many, that they have in common, is the fact that they all spent time in prison at some point. however, their time spent in prison didn \u2019 t stop them from working to stop the unjust laws, they consistently went to... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2012, 11 ). history. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2012, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html \" history \" studymode. com. 11 2012. 11 2012 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html >. \" history. \" studymode. com. 11, 2012. accessed 11, 2012. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / history - 1255848. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4751532337857632, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0d956b9-7a31-4beb-b0ca-727c669cd4e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.362789"}
{"text": "alice walker usually puts herself into characters that she writes about in her stories. however, you don ' t understand this unless you know about her. staring with this let us find out about who she is and where she came from. when recounting the life of alice walker, you find out that she was born to sharecroppers in eatonton, georgia in 1944 and was the baby of eight children. she lost one of her eyes when her brother shot her with a bb gun by accident. she was valedictorian of her class in high school and with that and receiving a scholarship ; she went to spelman, a college for black women, in atlanta. she then transferred to sarah lawrence college in new york and during her time there went africa as an exchange student. she received her bachelor of arts degree from sarah lawrence in 1965. she was active in the civil rights movement of the 60 ' s and as of the 90 ' s she is still an involved activist. she started her own publishing company in 1984, wild tree press. she is an acclaimed writer and has even received a pulitzer prize for the movie, the color purple. what is it about her that makes her works so meaningful and persuasive? what provoked her to write what she has? one of her works, a short story called everyday use, is a story that she herself can be pictured in. during the opening of this story you find a woman with her two daughters. she and one of her daughters, maggie, have just cleaned and beautified the yard of their new house. it is very comforting sitting under the elm tree that is present and blocks the wind from going through the house. it is a place that you feel enveloped in comfort and love. maggie and dee, the other daughter are very different, and it is very apparent that mother, is not your everyday ' woman. she, the mother, is \" a larger woman that can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man ' ( american lit, p. 2470 ). she has no problems doing what needs to be done in order to feed and protect her... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2005, 05 ). instilled heritage. studymode. com. retrieved 05, 2005, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / instilled - heritage - 57580. html \" instilled heritage \" studymode. com. 05 2005. 05 2005 < http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43943530036295986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3beea9b8-71d8-4bf0-a666-dce0d6d92656>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.365197"}
{"text": "passed my 5th scna ( sun certified network administrator for solaris 8 ) exam yesterday so my cv has been updated. in with the new and out with the old : i took off the old solaris 2. 4 / 2. 5 certificates and put xhtml on instead. the plan is to go xhtml 1. 1 strict for the whole site and then maybe try to create an even more (? sic! ) minimal design utilising a simpler stylesheet. i came across this a trying to find out what a \" jabber \" was ( preparing for a network exam ). the answer to this and the question in the title is found in the comp. dcom. lans. ethernet faq : in the following table, c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, or 300, 000 kilometers per second. medium propagation speed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - thick coax. 77c ( 231, 000 km / sec ) thin coax. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) twisted pair. 59c ( 177, 000 km / sec ) fiber. 66c ( 198, 000 km / sec ) aui cable. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) from these values, the size of a bit on 10baset can be calculated. 10baset is twisted pair, which has a propagation delay of 177, 000 km / sec. 177, 000 km / sec divided by 10 million bits per second is 17. 7 meters, or the size of a single bit on a 10baset network.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5329057686632723, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c87f843-77c8-4445-bb07-2af11f6e25fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.368180"}
{"text": "the hay diet involves avoiding foods that so called ' fight ' with each other, it is a food combining type of diet, which means that you avoid eating certain foods together because it is supposedly bad for your digestion. protein is not eaten with starch, they can both be eaten but at separate meal occasions. scientifically this is impossible to achieve since most starchy foods such as bread and potatoes contain some protein anyway. the body is well adapted to digest both proteins and starch, and the enzymes necessary to digest them are secreted in response to the food being in the stomach. the diet first gained credence as a method of weight loss since most dietary restrictions usually mean consuming less calories than the body needs. it is not better than any other diet that is low in calories, any weight loss should only be achieved through a sensible diet. this diet should always be avoided by anyone who has diabetes since carbohydrate should be spread evenly throughout the day and not kept to one meal only. description of the hay system the hay system is primarily a normalising system. to put it in its simplest - 70 % of the food intake should be fresh fruits and vegetables, as much as possible in their raw state. - the remaining 30 % should be made up of proteins ( meats, fish, eggs, etc ) and starches ( carbohydrates, e. g., pasta, bread, etc ). these two categories of foods should be kept apart, i. e. eaten at different meals. generally, the effect of not eating ' foods that fight ' at the same meal gives improved digestion. proteins ' fight ' starch ', and citrus fruits ' fight ' carbohydrates. you eat your fill at every meal ( not over - eating, as with any sensible system ), then you wait about four hours before taking anything else, or until your each day you need to aim for : - one protein meal ( lunch is best ) - one starch meal ( last meal of the day is best for this ) - one purely ' alkaline forming ' meal this regime seems to suit the human digestion, and you should find your digestive system feels much more comfortable as a result. the hay system will regulate body weight up or down, to a suitable healthy weight for your body. you can do this without feeling ' starving ' : you should never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best. the diet is in no way ' punitive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48527784474714625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98271032-75a9-405c-a756-a6b867e39bad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.371584"}
{"text": "up or down, to a suitable healthy weight for your body. you can do this without feeling ' starving ' : you should never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best. the diet is in no way ' punitive ', and is based on sound nutrition. it encourages a delight in, respect for, and greater enjoyment of good food. while organic foods are preferred, it still works out as good value, because your body makes full use of what you give it, and you should find there is no need to spend large sums in order to eat well. ' everything in moderation ' is a key phrase. very few items are discouraged, except the obvious cakes and biscuits, etc. even alcohol in moderation is o. k. - gin, whiskey, beer, wine, cider, etc. all are allowed, if used in correct combinations with other items from the correct category of meal. for example, sweet liquors come in the category of ' starches ', as you might expect, because they have a lot of sugar in them. at the other end of the spectrum, dry white wine, for example, goes with the ' protein ' category, because it will not ' fight ' with protein, as sweet sugary substances do. this may sound a little baffling at first, but it all makes sense, as you should find if you read more about how to choose foods and drinks that complement each other. it comes as second nature after a little while, and is not difficult to understand. there have been reports of previously very stubborn medical conditions that have unexpectedly responded to correct food combining. widely occurring conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47373988138443446, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98271032-75a9-405c-a756-a6b867e39bad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.372266"}
{"text": "medical history and physical exam for a fast heart rate a medical history and physical exam are routinely used to evaluate an illness or disease. a medical history and physical exam can often reveal as much or more than many diagnostic lab tests because they help uncover important clues about your illness. the medical history and physical exam will often direct further testing. the doctor may ask questions similar to the following : - what reference symptoms have you experienced? - have you ever lost consciousness? - how long did the symptoms last? - have the symptoms ever occurred before? - did anything make the symptoms better or worse ( such as slow, deep breathing or holding your breath )? - what were you doing when you first noticed the symptoms? - does physical activity bring on your symptoms or make them worse? - did you take your pulse when you had the symptoms? if you did, how fast or slow was your heart beating? was it beating regularly? - what medicines are you currently taking? - do you have any history of thyroid problems? - do you have a reference family history opens new window of heart disease? - do you drink alcohol or smoke? do you use any illegal drugs? if so, how much? - do you exercise? during a physical exam, the doctor will : - take your blood pressure. - check your pulse to see how fast your heart is beating and whether your heart rhythm is regular. - listen to your heart through a stethoscope. - check your lung sounds by listening through a stethoscope. - check the veins in your neck for different types of pulsations. why it is done a medical history and physical exam are important ways to evaluate any heart problem. normal findings include the following : - blood pressure and pulse rate are normal. - breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal. abnormal findings that may suggest a problem from a fast heart rate include : - low blood pressure. - fast or irregular pulse. if physical findings and your medical history strongly suggest a very irregular heartbeat, further testing will be done. what to think about it is important to provide your doctor with detailed information about your symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle. other works consulted blomstrom - lunqvist c, et al. ( 2003 ). acc / aha / esc guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias \u2014 executive summary : a report of the acc / aha / esc committee for practice guidelines. circulation, 108 ( 15 ) : 1871 \u2013 1909. | by : |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4534933643192599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1209047c-233b-4499-bbf6-68a5c21bda9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.375148"}
{"text": "press release : the 2003 nobel prize in physics 7 october 2003 the royal swedish academy of sciences has decided to award the nobel prize in physics for 2003 \" for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids \" alexei a. abrikosov argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa, vitaly l. ginzburg p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia, and anthony j. leggett university of illinois, urbana, illinois, usa flow without resistance this year ' s nobel prize in physics is awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions concerning two phenomena in quantum physics : superconductivity and superfluidity. superconducting material is used, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle accelerators in physics. knowledge about superfluid liquids can give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in its lowest and most ordered state. at low temperatures ( a few degrees above absolute zero ) certain metals allow an electric current to pass without resistance. such superconducting materials also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or partly. those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type - i superconductors and a theory explaining them was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1972. this theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved, however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically most important materials. these type - ii superconductors allow superconductivity and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic alexei abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically. his starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type - i superconductors by vitaly ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive that it was also valid for the new type. although these theories were formulated in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of materials with completely new properties. materials can now be made superconductive at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields. liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures. atoms of the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.617789209465106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc77417a-ab59-43a0-bce9-1ebf75ad8aed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.378449"}
{"text": "the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics. alexei a. abrikosov, born 1928 ( 75 years ) in moscow, the former soviet union, american ( and russian ) citizen. doctor ' s degree in physics in 1951 at the institute for physical problems, moscow. distinguished argonne scientist, argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa. vitaly l. ginzburg, born 1916 ( 87 years ) in moscow, russia ( russian citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics at the university of moscow. former head of the theory group at the p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia. anthony j. leggett, born 1938 ( 65 years ) in london, england ( british and american citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics in 1964 at the university of oxford. macarthur professor at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, prize amount : sek 10 million, will be shared equally among the laureates. science editor, phone + 46 8 673 95 44, + 46 703 27 72 00, email @ example. com and eva krutmeijer, head of information, phone + 46 8 673 95 95, + 46 709 84 66 38, firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6783885004285711, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc77417a-ab59-43a0-bce9-1ebf75ad8aed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.379103"}
{"text": "eleanor worrell knew something was wrong. her daughter, april, would get up at night and wander around the house in a twilight state of sleep. it was getting harder to wake her in the morning. \" it was taking me a good 20 minutes to get her out of bed, ' ' says the tampa woman. \" she would come home from school and say, ' i ' m so tired, mom. ' ' ' all that ended about three years ago, when april, now 13, started using a cpap ( continuous positive airway pressure ) machine. it pushes air into her nose when she sleeps at night, allowing her to breathe freely. she was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which the throat closes during sleep and obstructs the air passageway. sufferers wake frequently to catch a breath, spending the night in a restless sleep that leaves them exhausted. for adults, apnea is defined as 10 seconds without breathing ; for children, it ' s an interruption of two cycles of inhaling and exhaling, says sleep specialist dr. william kohler, april ' s physician. sleep apnea seems to be on the rise in children. for those with the usual causes, such as large tonsils and adenoids or, as in april ' s case, simply the way their airways are configured, doctors aren ' t sure if more kids have it these days or it ' s being diagnosed more often. a weighty issue in other children, apnea clearly is getting more common \" because of the epidemic of obesity we have in our children, ' ' says kohler, director of pediatric sleep services at university community hospital in tampa. obese children may breathe normally while awake, but when they sleep, the muscles relax and the fat deposits in the throat constrict the airway. sleep apnea can lead to elevated blood pressure and heart problems in adults. in children, it often results in behavioral problems and the inability to think clearly or pay attention in school. paradoxically, the condition also may put normal - weight children at risk of becoming obese, just as lack of sleep in adults is associated with weight gain. obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in kids is a \" vicious cycle, ' ' says dr. bruce schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the university of south florida college of medicine. some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea. and apnea can inhibit growth, he says. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44129074118195166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b542a9b7-14ca-46c7-8dc8-e9291e0d24ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.384195"}
{"text": "schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the university of south florida college of medicine. some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea. and apnea can inhibit growth, he says. \" once you fix kids ' apnea, growth picks up like crazy, ' ' schnapf says. sleep and performance for some kids diagnosed with attention - deficit ( hyperactivity ) disorder, the underlying problem may be lack of restful sleep. kohler says studies have shown that 50 percent of children diagnosed with adhd have a sleep disorder, whether it ' s apnea, insomnia or something else. april takes medicine for adhd, but she was diagnosed with the problem before symptoms of sleep apnea appeared, worrell says. \" being hyperactive, she was wearing out faster. ' ' now, april sleeps through the night, is a lot calmer, and her schoolwork has improved, says her mom. \" she used to struggle a lot, getting passing grades but very low grades. now she ' s maintaining a ' s and b ' s. april says she no longer feels like her nose is stuffy when she sleeps, and she ' s more refreshed when she gets up in the morning. doctors say parents may want to have their children checked for sleep apnea if they see they aren ' t performing in school and seem to be more irritable, hostile or depressed. for many, sleep apnea is worse when they sleep on their backs, \" but it really is variable, ' ' schnapf says. some have more problems sleeping on their stomachs. and, for some, it ' s the level of sleep ; many experience apnea during deep dream sleep. snoring, which isn ' t normal in children, may be a real clue. unchecked, it can lead to additional trouble. \" if you follow them for four or five years, ' ' kohler says, referring to studies on the subject, \" they are more likely to be at the bottom of the class and have behavior problems compared to children who don ' t snore. ' ' diagnosis starts with a detailed examination of the upper airway, schnapf says. often, removing the tonsils and adenoids solves the problem. beyond that, he says, the most successful treatment for kids is the cpap machine. controlling the problem of sleep apnea often improves the child ' s behavior and school work, schn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42391451285076365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b542a9b7-14ca-46c7-8dc8-e9291e0d24ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.385329"}
{"text": "academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment. in this lesson, students watch a video segment from the pbs series the supreme court about the landmark case maryland v. mcculloch and consider the powers of the national government and state governments. students take on the role of news reporters to analyze and present the case decision. this lesson is the second of two lessons that comprise a unit on balancing state and federal authority. for the first lesson, see define and classify the powers associated with federalism lesson plan for extension activities to use with this unit, visit the supreme court website. ( 1 ) 50 minute period mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown 1. ask students if they have ever experienced a conflict or struggle with their friends or classmates over making a decision. take student responses and ask them to describe their experiences. explain that just as they might have had a clash over a decision with their classmates, the national government and the states have experienced a similar power struggle. 2. tell students they are going to watch a video segment that illustrates the supreme court ' s first major case that attempted to help resolve a conflict between the national government and the state of maryland. distribute the mcculloch v. maryland questions. prior to playing the video segment, review the questions students should focus on while watching the clip : 3. play mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown. you may choose to play the clip multiple times for student understanding. 4. ask students to discuss the following questions. the answers below are provided as a guide : 1. assign students to work in groups of three to five and give each group several sheets of flip - chart paper and markers. 3. when students have completed their work, a representative from each group presents its news story. ask students to compare and contrast the news stories they have heard, saw, or read. if necessary, clarify any points of fact that students were confused about. 4. for homework ( or in class if time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526487026503093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d27c0731-8dc8-40fc-a9a7-b152533bdae3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.387959"}
{"text": "what is artificial intelligence ( ai ) artificial intelligence ( ai ) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. ai textbooks define the field as \u201c the study and design of intelligent agents \u201d where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. john mccarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as \u201c the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. \u201d the field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence \u2014 the sapience of homo sapiens \u2014 can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. this raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science. ai research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how ai should be done and the application of widely differing tools. the central problems of ai include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. general intelligence ( or \u201c strong ai \u201d ) is still among the field \u2019 s long term goals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5852838735318326, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f627a22-bcbe-43ef-b95e-432ec08bc10c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.389591"}
{"text": "who \u2019 s to blame? a bus being vandalised during a bandh how many times have you cursed a bandh because it brings normal life to a complete halt? how many times have you been outraged by incidents of violence \u2014 buses being set on fire, railway tracks being damaged \u2014 all in the name of some political cause or grievance or another? on april 16, a supreme court bench headed by justice arijit pasayat took a stern view of the way agitations, bandhs and hartals often end up in large - scale destruction of public property. observing that the destruction of public property has become \u201c rampant, \u201d the bench noted that the leaders who call for bandhs are rarely hauled up for the mayhem created by party workers. the apex court went on to recommend that the prevention of damage to public property act, 1984, be amended so that the leaders of the party which calls for the direct action can be held guilty of abetment of the offence and made to pay for damages. according to article 19 ( 1 ) of the indian constitution, \u201c all citizens shall have the right ( a ) to freedom of speech and expression, ( b ) to assemble peacefully and without arms. article 51a of the constitution states, however, that it is the fundamental duty of an indian citizen \u201c to protect public property and to avoid violence. \u201d clearly, very often the right to protest is used with impunity \u2014 without any regard to one \u2019 s duty to protect public property and avoid violence. the prevention of damage to public property act defines public property as \u201c any property, whether immovable or movable... which is owned by, or in the possession of, or under the control of : the central government ; or any state government ; or any local authority ; or any corporation established by, or under, central, provincial or state act ; or any company as defined in section 617 of the companies, act, 1956 \u2026 \u201d the act stipulates that whoever causes damage to any public property is liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term of up to five years along with a fine. says gitanath ganguly, executive chairman, legal aid services, west bengal, \u201c the law is not comprehensive. the act does not mention a situation where a political party causes damage to public property during bandhs. so a clear stand needs to be taken on this. \u201d calcutta high court advocate protik prokash banerji feels that the supreme court \u2019 s recommendation is a step in the right direction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231263565569816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25b5eb38-a002-49c3-a308-fbede0de89b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.393978"}
{"text": "party causes damage to public property during bandhs. so a clear stand needs to be taken on this. \u201d calcutta high court advocate protik prokash banerji feels that the supreme court \u2019 s recommendation is a step in the right direction. \u201c usually, the party leaders who call for bandhs remain in the background and only the grassroots level workers are vulnerable to prosecution for any damages that occur. \u201d most political parties, however, are of the opinion that the apex court \u2019 s recommendation for an amendment to the prevention of damage to public property act is quite unnecessary. says cpi ( m ) state committee member rajdeo goala, \u201c i feel that every individual or group or organisation has the right to protest using the tool of the bandh or hartal. but we are responsible enough to safeguard all property. so such amendments are not needed. \u201d others say that if such an amendment does come into effect, it is likely to be misused by the opposition. \u201c how will you prove that the leader who has called the bandh has instigated the damage to public property? an outfit opposing the bandh could well carry out the mischief to malign the leader or the party that has called the bandh, \u201d says prabash ghosh, leader of the socialist unity centre of india ( suci ). of course, an amendment to the act may take a long time in coming. legal experts point out that the ball is really in the government \u2019 s court now. \u201c the supreme court has given the recommendations. now it is up to the government to take the next step. the court cannot force the government to implement the recommendations. moreover, till the recommendations are mooted in parliament and the amendment passed, no criminal liability can be attached to a party leader for instigating damage to public property, \u201d explains advocate banerji. though the apex court \u2019 s recommendation to fix responsibility for damage to public property is not particularly in the interest of political parties, some politicians are ready to swallow the bitter pill. says trinamool youth congress president madan mitra, \u201c any decision taken by the apex court is binding on all political parties, irrespective of whether we agree or disagree with it. \u201d adds congress mp abdul mannan, \u201c the supreme court has suggested certain recommendations to the existing legislation. whoever forms the next government will surely pay heed to these recommendations and make them into amendments if they agree with them. \u201d others point out that merely bringing in amendments to existing laws will not solve the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43412624553386325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25b5eb38-a002-49c3-a308-fbede0de89b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.394955"}
{"text": "hyenas cooperate, problem - solve better than primates ( nc & t / du ) captive pairs of spotted hyenas ( crocuta crocuta ) that needed to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward cooperated successfully and learned the maneuvers quickly with no training. experienced hyenas even helped inexperienced partners do the trick. when confronted with a similar task, chimpanzees and other primates often require extensive training and cooperation between individuals may not be easy, said christine drea, an evolutionary anthropologist at duke university. drea ' s research, published online in the october issue of animal behavior, shows that social carnivores like spotted hyenas that hunt in packs may be good models for investigating cooperative problem solving and the evolution of social intelligence. she performed these experiments in the mid - 1990s but struggled to find a journal that was interested in non - primate social cognition. \" no one wanted anything but primate cognition studies back then, \" drea said. \" but what this study shows is that spotted hyenas are more adept at these sorts of cooperation and problem - solving studies in the lab than chimps are. there is a natural parallel of working together for food in the laboratory and group hunting in the wild. \" drea and co - author allisa n. carter of the univ. of california at berkeley, designed a series of food - reward tasks that modeled group hunting strategies in order to single out the cognitive aspects of cooperative problem solving. they selected spotted hyenas to see whether a species ' performance in the tests might be linked to their feeding ecology in the wild. | a pair of captive hyenas cooperatively solving a task to get some food. ( photo : christine drea ) | the first experiment sought to determine if three pairs of captive hyenas could solve the task without training. \" the first pair walked in to the pen and figured it out in less than two minutes, \" drea said. \" my jaw literally dropped. \" drea and carter studied the actions of 13 combinations of hyena pairs and found that they synchronized their timing on the ropes, revealing that the animals understood the ropes must be tugged in unison. they also showed that they understood both ropes had to be on the same platform. after an animal was experienced, the number of times it pulled on a rope without its partner present dropped sharply, indicating the animal understood its partner ' s role. \" one thing that was different about the captive hyena ' s behavior was that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46603644242485787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7193b74f-6980-4546-a411-41c2c10c22a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.398686"}
{"text": ". after an animal was experienced, the number of times it pulled on a rope without its partner present dropped sharply, indicating the animal understood its partner ' s role. \" one thing that was different about the captive hyena ' s behavior was that these problems were solved largely in silence, \" drea said. their non - verbal communication included matching gazes and following one another. \" in the wild, they use a vocalization called a whoop when they are hunting together. \" in the second and third experiments, drea found that social factors affected the hyenas ' performance in both positive and negative ways. when an audience of extra hyenas was present, experienced animals solved the task faster. but when dominant animals were paired, they performed poorly, even if they had been successful in previous trials with a subordinate partner. \" when the dominant females were paired, they didn ' t play nicely together, \" drea said. \" their aggression toward each other led to a failure to cooperate. \" when a na\u00b4ve animal unfamiliar with the feeding platforms was paired with a dominant, experienced animal, the dominant animals switched social roles and submissively followed the lower - ranking, na\u00b4ve animal. once the na\u00b4ve animal became experienced, they switched back. both the audience and the role - switching trials revealed that spotted hyenas self - adjust their behavior based upon social context. it was not a big surprise that the animals were strongly inclined to help each other obtain food, said kay holekamp, a professor of zoology at michigan state university who studies the behavioral ecology of spotted hyenas. \" but i did find it somewhat surprising that the hyenas ' performance was socially modulated by both party size and pair membership, \" holekamp said. \" and i found it particularly intriguing that the animals were sensitive to the na\u00b4vetu of their potential collaborators. \" researchers have focused on primates for decades with an assumption that higher cognitive functioning in large - brained animals should enable organized teamwork. but drea ' s study demonstrates that social carnivores, including dogs, may be very good at cooperative problem solving, even though their brains are comparatively smaller. \" i ' m not saying that spotted hyenas are smarter than chimps, \" drea said. \" i ' m saying that these experiments show that they are more hard - wired for social cooperation than chimpanzees. \" this site is no longer updated. click this link to have updated biology news. about the author et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48565974420272856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7193b74f-6980-4546-a411-41c2c10c22a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.399894"}
{"text": "| flat head syndrome | | after the birth | | cows milk allergy | | stillbirth and neonatal death | | food glorious food | | health and illness | | money, money, money | | twins and multiples | | hair and beauty | | 8 out of 10 mums say | the traditional childrens growth charts that parents have been familiar with since 1990 are being replaced by a new design meant to combat obesity and boost the rates of breastfeeding. the old charts are based on growth rates for faster growing formula - fed babies. the new charts will mean more children are classed as overweight. they are being introduced firstly in england but wales, scotland and northern ireland are expected to follow soon,. the government hopes to alleviate breastfeeding mothers ' concerns that their babies are underweight. current government guidelines advise mothers to give their babies breast milk for the first six months of life and then supplement the downside of the new chart system is that the number of babies classed as overweight will see a 100 % increase to 6 %. many medical experts feel that this will help to identify those at risk of obesity earlier. dr sheila shribman, the government ' s maternity advisor, says : \" breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants. \" the new charts will not only provide more accurate measurements for infant growth of breastfed babies, but will also help healthcare professionals and parents to identify early signs of overweight or obesity and provide support. \" the new charts are based on a design developed by the world health organisation after an extensive study of 8, 500 children from across six countries, which established comprehensive and definitive data about the growth of healthy children for the first time. they are to be used on all new babies in england from 11 may with the other countries expected to adopt them in the coming months. belinda phipps, chief executive of the national childbirth trust, welcomed the new charts and stated :. \" now that the new charts have been introduced, the next extremely important step is for health professionals to be appropriately trained on how to work with them in order to ensure parents are given the correct information about their child ' s weight. \" ms phipps said the previous charts had led to some breastfeeding mothers being advised to use formula milk, or introduce solids as a \" top up \" because their babies were not gaining weight fast enough. \" the introduction of formula milk or solids too early can interrupt breastfeeding and often brings it to an end earlier. \" in england, eight out of 10 mothers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44267099049086334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc86a52f-ab10-46ea-85e3-93058c1ad6da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.403583"}
{"text": "solids as a \" top up \" because their babies were not gaining weight fast enough. \" the introduction of formula milk or solids too early can interrupt breastfeeding and often brings it to an end earlier. \" in england, eight out of 10 mothers start breastfeeding but only around one fifth continue until six months. the rates are very much lower than other european countries. see the nhs video about the new growth charts here 7 may 09 ' you ' re having twins ' doesn ' t always mean you ' re having a caesarean aph meet and greet anyone who has to use airports, whether it ' s for business or pleasure, will be all too aware of the frustration of time and money used when taking the car to and from their flight. potty training tips from mums potty training certainly isn ' t one of the simplest challenges that parenthood presents us with but with a few tips from those of us that have successfully weaned our toddlers out of nappies and into knickers, it can certainly become a little less daunting! pregnancy and birth - the things men worry about it ' s not just women who need help with the labour ; men need help during labour as well but are often left out for obvious reasons. skin salvation - mum ' s eczema cure for daughter when lula balmond was a little girl, she suffered from such bad eczema that she actually had to be bandaged every night just to help her sleep. eczema in babies and infants this is a huge area in all types of medicine and often quite complex. modern living has seen an enormous increase in many types of skin conditions in new born babies and in infants. 21 weeks pregnant at 21 weeks pregnant your baby will probably start moving round much more and you may be able to notice a pattern to the movements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383588618009615, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc86a52f-ab10-46ea-85e3-93058c1ad6da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.404305"}
{"text": "july 16, 2010 \" having hiv appears to be associated with a greater risk of death, even when the immune system is relatively robust and patients have not started treatment, \" according to a study published friday in the lancet, medpage today reports ( smith, 7 / 15 ). though the who recommends patients begin receiving antiretroviral therapy ( art ) when their cd4 levels - - a measure of immune system response - - dip below 350, \" [ t ] he researchers said their findings point to the need for continuing studies to examine the risks and benefits of starting antiretroviral therapy, or art, for patients with high cd4 cell counts, \" healthday news reports. \" for this study, researchers examined data from 40, 830 hiv patients, aged 20 to 59, in europe and north america, who had at least one cd4 count greater than 350 cells per microliter while not taking art. the patients were divided into four risk groups : men who have sex with men, heterosexuals, injection drug users, and those with other or unknown risk factors, \" the news service writes. \" the relatively low rate for men who have sex with men suggests that unmeasured confounders - - such as lifestyle and socioeconomic factors - - might play a role in the high rates for the other groups, the researchers said, \" medpage today continues ( 7 / 15 ). however, when compared to patients with cd4 counts between 350 and 499, the death rate was 23 percent lower in patients with counts of 500 - 699 and 34 percent lower with patients with counts at or above 700, according to the lancet study. \" because art might reduce the risk of death in such patients, these findings support the need for continuing studies ( such as the start trial and further exploration of existing observational databases ) of the risks and benefits of starting art at cd4 counts greater than 350 cells per? l, \" the authors conclude ( study group on death rates at high cd4 count in antiretroviral naive patients, 7 / 16 ). however, the study authors \" cautioned that the findings may not apply outside europe and north america, where all of the patients were under care.? they also noted that all of the patients were diagnosed early in the course of the disease, and their attitudes to healthcare might differ from those diagnosed later, \" medpage today adds ( 7 / 15 ). top issues at aids 2010 ; fauci on hiv vaccine, prevention ; funding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46038254401600376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:177916f2-eefc-47b7-997e-df4281bd188c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.409745"}
{"text": "patients were diagnosed early in the course of the disease, and their attitudes to healthcare might differ from those diagnosed later, \" medpage today adds ( 7 / 15 ). top issues at aids 2010 ; fauci on hiv vaccine, prevention ; funding global hiv / aids programs ; hiv in the middle east, north africa irin / plusnews examines some of the \" issues likely to top the list \" during the international aids conference - aids 2010, which kicks off july 18 in vienna, austria, including universal access to treatment, recent scientific developments in the area of hiv / aids research and the topic of treatment as prevention ( 7 / 15 ). the kaiser family foundation will provide webcasts of select sessions from aids 2010 starting with the opening session live at 19 : 30 cest / 17 : 30 gmt / 1 : 30 p. m. et on sunday, july 18. agence france - presse features a conversation with anthony fauci, head of the national institute for allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), who speaks of recent advances that scientists hope will bring them closer to the development of an hiv vaccine. in the article, fauci reflects on the results of the thai hiv vaccine trial, which found an investigational hiv vaccine provided slight protection against hiv, and the recent discovery of three antibodies that protect against hiv in one individual. fauci noted that while the two studies \" have left scientists feeling ' much more confident that ultimately we will have a vaccine ' against hiv / aids, although it was still impossible to say exactly when that would be, \" afp writes. fauci also spoke of the importance of a continued emphasis on hiv prevention programs, including such things as male circumcision and syringe exchange programs. \" ways have to be found, too, to improve access to these preventive measures, especially in developing countries where only 20 percent of \" populations who would benefit \" actually have access to them, he added, \" the news service writes ( santini, 7 / 15 ). in other news, medecins sans frontieres ( msf ) on thursday said international donors need to maintain their commitments for global hiv / aids programs ahead of aids 2010, during which they pointed to their recent report that estimated the potential consequences of \" ' delayed, deferred, or denied ' \" global hiv / aids funding on patient populations worldwide, reuters reports. \" the report suggested that far from cutting back on treatment projects in high - risk developing regions such as sub - saharan africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4323124244891182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:177916f2-eefc-47b7-997e-df4281bd188c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.410705"}
{"text": "of \" ' delayed, deferred, or denied ' \" global hiv / aids funding on patient populations worldwide, reuters reports. \" the report suggested that far from cutting back on treatment projects in high - risk developing regions such as sub - saharan africa, donors should recognise that investing now in earlier treatment for more patients would pay off later, \" the news service writes ( kelland, 7 / 15 ). \" msf ' s study showed that early and sustained treatment of hiv patients had born fruit in several regions, including malawi ' s thyolo district where the overall death rate dropped by a stunning 37 percent between 2000 and 2007, thanks to universal access to arvs, \" afp reports. \" where patients get treatment, ' there is an overall reduction of mortality in the community, there is also less tuberculosis and we start to see, where there is a high coverage of arv, also a reduction in the number of new cases ( of hiv / aids ), ' said [ mit ] philips, \" who authored the msf report ( 7 / 15 ). \" in light of the financial crisis, donors may be tempted to walk away from their commitments to provide universal access to aids treatment, \" the report said, according to reuters. \" but these policies are short - sighted and fail to take into account long - term payoffs, including savings in economic terms, as well as increased quality of life and quality outcomes, \" reuters continues. the report also said the u. s. is \" ' flatlining ' funding for aids treatment, ' \" the news service adds ( kelland, 7 / 15 ). in related hiv / aids coverage, the national reports on the u. n. development program and unaids ' decision to form a commission to examine \" whether legal structures criminalise certain types of high - risk behaviour and drive the disease underground \" and what that might mean for the middle east. \" last month ' s u. n. conference in dubai found many countries in the middle east and north africa fall ' well short ' of providing universal treatment, with sufferers often subject to ill - treatment, social stigma and discrimination, \" the newspaper writes ( reinl, 7 / 15 ). meanwhile, the economist looks at the travel restrictions people living with hiv / aids face throughout the world, including the middle east. \" in the past year, both china and america have lifted 20 - odd - year bans stopping individuals with hiv from entering, but 51 countries still restrict movement in some form ( be it entry to the country or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46157320392950457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:177916f2-eefc-47b7-997e-df4281bd188c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.411651"}
{"text": "on 14 february 1916, on the occasion of a banquet held by the bell telephone company of canada in montreal, a call was placed to vancouver - the first trans - canadian telephone call, albeit routed through large parts of the united states. it would be another 16 years before such a call using all - canadian lines would be made. in the 1920s the prairie provinces ( alberta, saskatchewan, and manitoba ) created their own telephone companies, shrinking bell ' s influence somewhat and precipitating the creation of alliances to ensure the provision of coast - to - coast telephone service through a series of toll and collaboration agreements. the first such alliance was the telephone association of canada, which was formed in the early 1920s and which was followed by the trans - canada telephone system ( tcts ) in 1931. the purpose of the tcts was to ensure the creation and maintenance of a seamless, coast - to - coast telephone system. tcts was eventually followed by the stentor alliance in 1992. stentor was broken up by the end of 1999 upon bell ' s promise to provide \" national operational services \" to the other telephone companies. all - digit dialling replaced the combination of letters and numbers on the bell network on 1 may 1960 in the quebec cities of ormstown and franklin centre. on 15 march 1962, bell became the first company in the world to offer commercial facsimile services. what is known today as bce was created in 1983 through a corporate reorganization whereby bce became parent to over 80 companies previously known as the bell group, of which bell canada, the country ' s largest telephone company, had been head. this reorganization was designed to cast off charter restrictions inhibiting certain corporate acquisitions and investments and remove from detailed regulatory scrutiny many activities and inter - corporate dealings. bce and other providers of telecommunications services have moved beyond the traditional range of voice - to - voice services and will continue to do so, subject to consumer acceptance and the crtc ( canadian radio - television and telecommunications commission ). already providers of high - speed internet and satellite tv services are aligning themselves with so - called \" content providers \" ( such as the globe and mail, in the case of bce ), preparing to enter the voice over internet protocol ( voip ) market, and seeking permission to carry tv signals via their phone lines. a major step in the company ' s vertical integration of services came with the $ 1. 3 billion acquisition of ctv inc, the country ' s largest broadcaster, in 2011. the deal achieved crtc approval with bce ' s pledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4505948040212035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c37b89c-b5eb-4b88-93be-deb2ad5abedd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.416948"}
{"text": "their phone lines. a major step in the company ' s vertical integration of services came with the $ 1. 3 billion acquisition of ctv inc, the country ' s largest broadcaster, in 2011. the deal achieved crtc approval with bce ' s pledge of $ 245 million to be spent over the next seven years to create new programs, enlarge local news budgets and for other initiatives to reinforce domestic production and to move the network toward digital transmission. \" at the end of 2003, bce inc was organized into four distinct business segments : bell canada ( 85. 2 % share of 2003 revenues ), bell globemedia ( 7 % ), bce ventures ( 6. 2 % ), and bce emergis ( 1. 6 % ). bell canada is by far the company ' s largest operating division and has come a long way from being a mere provider of telephone services. it is involved in the enabling and delivery of a wide range of communications through wired telephone traffic, cellular telephones, internet access, and satellite television. the company remains a major player in wired telephone traffic and is the incumbent telephone company in ontario, quebec, atlantic canada, and canada ' s north. bell globemedia represents bce ' s foray into the area of media convergence, bringing together the television operations of ctv, which include the main network, the sports network ( tsn ), and a host of other specialty channels ; and the media assets of thomson corporation, chief among them the globe and mail. bce ' s stake in bell globemedia is 70. 1 percent. the bce ventures segment is used to combine a number of bce ' s operations for management purposes, notably telesat, a wholly owned provider of satellite communications and systems management services and cgi, a 29. 8 percent owned it services company, which itself is publicly traded. bce emergis is an e - business service provider, focusing on the processing of claims, payments, loans and security services related to the health and financial services sector. in mid - 2004, bce sold off its interest in bce emergis through a public offering in an effort to streamline its operations. under its self - imposed mandate of corporate social responsibility ( csr ), bce invests in a wide range of areas and causes. in 2003 the company ' s investment totalled $ 67 million and was spread over four areas : workplace, university innovation, society, and environment. sixteen million ( or some 24 percent ) of this amount was invested under the society heading and went to youth organizations such as the boys and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44262934540885357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c37b89c-b5eb-4b88-93be-deb2ad5abedd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.418391"}
{"text": "investment totalled $ 67 million and was spread over four areas : workplace, university innovation, society, and environment. sixteen million ( or some 24 percent ) of this amount was invested under the society heading and went to youth organizations such as the boys and girls clubs of canada and allo prof ; the united way ; and other community development. the company ' s support of the bell university labs and other research and development activities came to $ 5. 4 million and is intended to support goals such as increased innovation activities in western and atlantic canada. bce ' s csr efforts are company - wide and funds come from corporate sources as well as employee contributions, either through donations or volunteering. see also toronto feature : 299 queen street west. author robert e. babe rev : sasha yusufali links to other sites bell canada ' s website for consumer products and services. keys to history search this \" keys to history \" website for fascinating online exhibits about notable people, places, and events in canadian history. from montreal ' s mccord museum. the online home of tmx group, which owns and operates the toronto stock exchange and the tsx venture exchange. for real - time and historical market data, sector profiles, and financial information about listed companies, click on listed company directory on left side of page or enter stock symbol in the search box. the corporate website for bce, canada ' s largest communications company. a bilingual glossary of frequently used terms and industry acronyms used in the wireless telecommunications industry. system for electronic document analysis and retrieval search the sedar online database for disclosure documents of canadian public companies and mutual funds. from the canadian securities administrators. bell acquires all of virgin mobile canada a cbc news story about bell canada ' s acquisition of virgin mobile canada. search the reuters website for the latest news and reports about specific canadian companies and business sectors. canada ' s bell to acquire astral media for c $ 3 billion a reuters news story about the purchase of astral media by bce inc, parent of bell canada, said to be a move to expand bell ' s business activity in the province of quebec.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4505020766683232, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c37b89c-b5eb-4b88-93be-deb2ad5abedd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.419735"}
{"text": "this year, the concrete producer, with our sister publication, concrete construction, introduced the greensite project of the year con contest honoring the concrete community ' s efforts to promote concrete ' s role in creating eco - friendly structures that will stand the test of time. the name \u201c greensite \u201d reflects the innovative processes and materials that create a green building project, many of which are invisible in the final product. for instance, visitors to the aldo leopold legacy center in wisconsin breathe air that is pretreated by an underground concrete pipe ventilation system. meanwhile, in philadelphia, lightweight carboncast walls protect residents of the symphony house condominiums from the elements, while using less energy and fewer materials than traditional concrete panels. tcp ' s 2008 greensite winners each represent a different category : institutional, commercial, multifamily, residential, and high - rise. for more details and photos of each project, click here. to learn how to participate in next year ' s greensite project of the year, click here. institutionalgrand rapids art museum grand rapids, mich. when planning for the new grand rapids art museum, project officials and donors decided to pursue leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) certification \u201c with a vengeance, \u201d to make it the world ' s first newly built, leed - certified art museum. they eventually exceeded this goal with a gold level certification by incorporating green design elements and sustainable building materials. concrete was an important contributor to the project ' s sustainability and design flexibility. of the many elements brought to life in this 135, 000 - square - foot building, the architectural concrete exterior stands out as one of its most beautiful components. at the same time, the museum ' s 12 - inch - thick, cast - in - place concrete walls optimize energy use by keeping the building warm or cold. inside, exposed concrete walls feature tie holes aligned in rows and columns, and defined corners and reveals. a sequence of 177 separate architectural concrete pours led to a one - of - a - kind forming system. the forms, which called for sharp corners, needed to be watertight around the tie holes and edges. each pour had zero tolerance for rework, since patches were not allowed. concrete also helped meet leed material requirements because much of it came from local sources, requiring less energy in transportation. the museum ' s 20, 000 yards of 4000 to 6000 psi concrete contained 3 % recycled content and 100 % regional materials. other items that contribute to the sustainable quality of the museum include extensive use of natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510042242608082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32b99848-65f1-4193-8960-02f929ff3d05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.422492"}
{"text": "an ancient christian writer wrote that, \" of all divine things, the most divine is to share with god in the saving of souls. \" interestingly, god and souls was the motto of st. maria faustina kowalska, whose revelations in the 1930s led to the modern divine mercy movement. our lord asked st. faustina to pray and offer the chaplet of the divine mercy for sinners and the dying, saying : pray as much as you can for the dying. by your entreaties [ that is, insistent prayers ], obtain for them trust in my mercy, because they have most need of trust, and have it the least. be assured that the grace of eternal salvation for certain souls in their final moment depends on your prayer. you know the whole abyss of my mercy, so draw upon it for yourself and especially for poor sinners. sooner would heaven and earth turn into nothingness than would my mercy not embrace a trusting soul. \" ( diary of st. faustina, 1777 ) saint faustina was often given the grace to know when a certain dying person desired or needed prayer ; she would be alerted to the moment, by her guardian angel or by our lord himself. at those times she would pray until she no longer felt the need to pray, or a sense of peace came upon her, or she learned that the person had died, or heard the soul say, \" thank you! \" she wrote : \" oh, dying souls are in such great need of prayer! o jesus, inspire souls to pray often for the dying \" ( diary, 1015 ). one of the best means of assisting the dying is the one that jesus revealed to st. faustina and insisted that she use often, even continuously : the chaplet of the divine mercy. jesus said, \" my daughter, encourage souls to say the chaplet which i have given to you. it pleases me to grant everything they ask of me by saying the chaplet.... write that when they say this chaplet in the presence of the dying, i will stand between my father and the dying person, not as the just judge but as the merciful savior \" ( diary, 1541 ). earlier, our lord said to her, \" at the hour of their death, i defend as my own glory every soul that will say this chaplet ; or when others say it for a dying person, the indulgence is the same \" ( diary, 811 ). what if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43237605686325054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63d936dc-466b-47bd-90ef-6d86f6cacd7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.426913"}
{"text": "the hour of their death, i defend as my own glory every soul that will say this chaplet ; or when others say it for a dying person, the indulgence is the same \" ( diary, 811 ). what if the person prays from a distance? saint faustina had a love for the sick and dying, and she prayed for them with great fervor. the following experiences recorded in her diary make it clear that one does not have to be at the bedside physically. she wrote, \" it sometimes happens that the dying person is in the second or third building away, yet for the spirit, space does not exist. it sometimes happens that i know about a death occurring several hundred kilometers away. this has happened several times with regard to my family and relatives and also sisters in religion, and even souls whom i have not known during their lifetime \" ( diary, 835 ). our lord said to st. faustina, \" ' my daughter, help me to save a certain dying sinner. say the chaplet that i have taught you for him. ' when i began to say the chaplet, i saw the man dying in the midst of terrible torment and struggle. his guardian angel was defending him, but he was, as it were, powerless against the enormity of the soul ' s misery. a multitude of devils was waiting for the soul. but while i was saying the chaplet, i saw jesus just as he is depicted in the image. the rays which issued from jesus ' heart enveloped the sick man, and the powers of darkness fled in panic. the sick man peacefully breathed his last. when i came to myself, i understood how very important the chaplet was for the dying. it appeases the anger of god \" ( diary, 1565 ). these words are particularly relevant for members of the eucharistic apostles of the divine mercy ( eadm ) and all eucharistic adorers. in chapels throughout the world, they are reciting or praying the chaplet for the sick and dying, and are part of an international registry established by the ministry. we currently have more than 400 chapels worldwide praying the chaplet of the divine mercy hourly during eucharistic adoration for the sick and dying. this includes 14 cloistered convents of poor clares in india and bangladesh. moreover, on the occasion of the great jubilee of the year 2000, the holy father, pope john paul ii, by a personally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4707660561389287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63d936dc-466b-47bd-90ef-6d86f6cacd7c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.427792"}
{"text": "##oration for the sick and dying. this includes 14 cloistered convents of poor clares in india and bangladesh. moreover, on the occasion of the great jubilee of the year 2000, the holy father, pope john paul ii, by a personally signed parchment, imparted a special apostolic blessing \" to all the faithful, who during adoration of our most merciful savior in the most blessed sacrament of the altar will be praying the divine mercy chaplet for the sick and for those throughout the world who will be dying in that hour. \" a copy of the blessing is available for chapels whose adorers pray for the sick and dying. in addition, on the feast of the incarnation in 2003, pope john paul ii imparted a special apostolic blessing to all the faithful worldwide who pray the chaplet at any time and any place for pro - life causes : for mothers contemplating abortion ; for infants dying in the womb ; for victims of stem cell research, genetic manipulation, euthanasia ; and for all elected officials that they promote a culture of life. so it is most appropriate that people worldwide pray a chaplet for all those dying, as well as for all the pro - life causes. for more information, call the eucharistic apostles of the divine mercy ( eadm ) at 1 - 877 - 380 - 0727. dr. bryan thatcher, md, is the founder and director of eucharistic apostles of the divine mercy ( eadm ). he travels the world promoting the eucharist, prayer cenacles, and the message of divine mercy as a \" way of life. \" learn more about eadm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4130670317367491, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63d936dc-466b-47bd-90ef-6d86f6cacd7c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.428392"}
{"text": "a common claim is that were we to experience miracles on the scale of the exodus, then belief in god would be an altogether easier proposition. the problem is that the biblical text simply does not bear this out. parashat beshallach neatly divides into two. before the crossing of the red sea, the children of israel display a sublime faith, the pinnacle being the ecstatic tones of the song of moses. yet no sooner have they scaled these dizzy spiritual heights, they descend into a litany of complaints about water, food and how good life was back in egypt. how can this incongruity be explained? faith is an art form. it is something which is acquired over a period of time and requires practice. it is not something that can be superimposed from without. when the children of israel expressed their faith in god at the seam, it was heartfelt and spontaneous, borne of a sense of overwhelming awe and gratitude. but it was also skin - deep and unsustainable. this phenomemon was to repeat itself with the rapid transition from acceptance of the sinaitic covenant with the immortal words, \u201c we shall do and understand \u201d, to the ignominy of the golden calf. clearly, wondrous events are no guarantee for long term faith. indeed, much of jewish history has been void of open miracles, but this did not prevent many generations of jews from exhibiting remarkable levels of devotion and commitment, arising daily to perform the will of the creator with lion - like strength. real faith is not to be found in a fleeting moment of divine majesty, but in the quotidian tasks performed by ordinary people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4985245469867824, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:255bd061-ccb8-4b21-a2b0-f43b18fe6682>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.430012"}
{"text": "the memory factory : the forgotten women artists of vienna 1900 the memory factory : the forgotten women artists of vienna 1900 ( paperback ) the memory factory introduces an english - speaking public to the significant women artists of vienna at the turn of the twentieth century, each chosen for her aesthetic innovations and participation in public exhibitions. these women played important public roles as exhibiting artists, both individually and in collectives, but this history has been silenced over time. their stories show that the city of vienna was contradictory and cosmopolitan : despite men - only policies in its main art institutions, it offered a myriad of unexpected ways for women artists to forge successful public careers. women artists came from the provinces, russia, and germany to participate in its vibrant art scene. however, and especially because so many of the artists were jewish, their contributions were actively obscured beginning in the late 1930s. many had to flee austria, losing their studios and lifework in the process. some were killed in concentration camps. along with the stories of individual women artists, the author reconstructs the history of separate women artists \u2019 associations and their exhibitions. chapters covering the careers of tina blau, elena luksch - makowsky, bronica koller, helene funke, and teresa ries ( among others ) point to a more integrated and cosmopolitan art world than previously thought ; one where women became part of the avant - garde, accepted and even highlighted in major exhibitions at the secession and with the klimt group. \u201c this is an excellent addition to the literature on fin - de - sicle vienna, well - researched and well - argued. it highlights little - known artists and situates them in a novel interpretation of women \u2019 s roles in the art world. the author challenges dominant tropes of feminist historiography and thus sheds new light on twentieth - century art history and historiography. \u201d \u2014 michael gubser, james madison university the art blog [ theartblog. org, june 24, 2012, by andrea kirsch ] it \u2019 s remarkable that recent scholarship can force significant reconsideration of an artistic culture as well - studied as that of vienna around 1900, but that \u2019 s what julie m. johnson \u2019 s work has done. as such, it will be required reading for anyone interested in vienna \u2019 s turn - of - the - century art and art institutions, particularly the schools and the artists \u2019 associations and unions \u2013 which functioned much as today \u2019 s artists \u2019 collectives and artist - run spaces. it is also an important contribution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37463772420941704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9050c1a1-318e-4e8b-9e41-d20cab8bbc28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.434678"}
{"text": "in vienna \u2019 s turn - of - the - century art and art institutions, particularly the schools and the artists \u2019 associations and unions \u2013 which functioned much as today \u2019 s artists \u2019 collectives and artist - run spaces. it is also an important contribution to women \u2019 s studies and to the historiography of art, for it documents a group of women artists who were active in vienna \u2019 s art world around 1900 but were entirely written out of later historical accounts. based upon intensive archival research, johnson demonstrates that, unlike the better - studied situation in paris, women in vienna had access to art education, and while they were barred from official membership in the major artists \u2019 unions, that didn \u2019 t keep those same groups from exhibiting their work.... johnson devotes serious attention to critical discussions about women artists and the problem of their place in the established story of patrilineal artistic development. she is equally interested in the erasure of their history after world war ii, and makes use of recent scholarship about memory to analyze how a group of artists so broadly involved with vienna \u2019 s artistic life around 1900 could be forgotten.... purdue university press is to be congratulated for publishing this book through its series on central european studies. it is extensively illustrated with works by the women artists and their male colleagues as well as with many valuable views of exhibition installations, showing the women \u2019 s work in situ. the vienna review [ may 2012 by kate ferguson ] in the memory factory, julie johnson digs into the archives to reveal an astonishing picture of these women artists thriving in fin - de - siecle vienna.... johnson writes crisply with none of the pretensions common in academia and progresses neatly between telling the individual stories of five women artists ( chapters 1 - 5 ) and examining in greater detail the culture in which they first flourished and were later obscured ( chapters 6 - 8 ). llustrations of paintings and sculptures, distributed generously throughout, inject life into the stories behind them. woman ' s art journal [ volume 34 # 1, by megan brandow - faller \"... rich in documentation as it is in theory, secondary literature, and high - quality black - and - white and color illustrations of both well - known and marginalized works by women artists. johnson \u2019 s groundbreaking work raises many new questions not only relevant to studies of viennese modernism, but to scholars interested in women and modernism more broadly. \u201d about the author ( s ) : julie m. johnson teaches contemporary and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.481321192064633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9050c1a1-318e-4e8b-9e41-d20cab8bbc28>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.435769"}
{"text": "fighting between government troops and guerrillas had broken out around the 4 - year - old girl ' s family home in the countryside of this central american country. the soldiers took advantage of the confusion and seized contreras and her two siblings, who were under the age of 2. \" we all fled the house and suddenly it all ended because they captured us and our parents disappeared, \" said contreras, now 35 and living in neighboring guatemala. contreras was just one of hundreds of children who disappeared under a variety of circumstances during el salvador ' s brutal, 13 - year civil war, which left some 75, 000 people dead and thousands more missing. in most cases, the parents have yet to find out what happened to their children, while a few hundred of the missing have been identified after giving investigators dna samples and other evidence. now, a human rights group, probusqueda, is uncovering another macabre, and mostly unknown twist to the tragedy. in contreras ' and at least nine other cases, low - to - mid - ranking soldiers abducted children in what an international court says was a \" systematic pattern of forced disappearances. \" some of the soldiers raised the children as their own, while others gave them away or sold them to lucrative illegal adoption networks. in contreras ' case, an army private spirited her away, raped her and gave her the crimes make el salvador the second latin american country proven to engage in such child abductions during internal cold war - era conflicts. argentina ' s military kidnapped hundreds of children of political opponents, and the prosecution of those responsible three decades later led to the indictment of top officers, including army gen. jorge rafael videla, then - head of argentina ' s military junta. no one has revealed the full scope of the child abductions in el salvador. the number of confirmed abductions will likely rise if the country ' s defense department makes public files from the civil war era. contreras and the families of five other victims of military abductions successfully sued their government in the inter - american court of human rights, demanding the military release more information. three years later, the military hasn ' t turned over the requested files and the mostly retired officers suspected of adopting stolen children have refused dna tests. \" without those files we can ' t say this or that officer is responsible, \" said the country ' s attorney general, oscar luna. president mauricio funes has tried to made amends for some civil war - era crimes, said probusqueda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38413826771065795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c524c8e9-8f03-4a2e-80fa-d3d1c99d97d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.441727"}
{"text": "files we can ' t say this or that officer is responsible, \" said the country ' s attorney general, oscar luna. president mauricio funes has tried to made amends for some civil war - era crimes, said probusqueda director maria ester alvarenga. the president belongs to the farabundo marti national liberation front party, which began as the guerrilla force battling el salvador ' s u. s. - backed government, and could be expected to pursue such prosecutions. \" but it ' s surprising to me that he isn ' t making the military archives available, \" alvarenga said. \" i ' m frustrated that nothing ' s been done at these levels. \" military officials refused to talk to the associated press about the cases, despite repeated requests for a meeting. spokeswoman vilma quintanilla told the ap, \" the request is in the hands of the chiefs, but still i don ' t have a response. \" several latin american countries have hit stiff opposition from the military when they ' ve tried to prosecute soldiers and officers for human rights abuses. in the cases of argentina and chile, prosecutors have succeeded in indicting and jailing top officials. in el salvador, alvarenga said, the military \" is a real power. \" so far, the initial investigations have hinted at the possible enormity of the abuses. over the past 20 years, probusqueda has received 921 reports of children who went missing during the war, with many killed in combat and others orphaned when their parents died. the human rights group has identified the parents of 382 of the missing through dna tests, and of those, 235 have reunited with their families. another 95 are waiting to meet their parents, while 52 have been found dead. the majority of the cases, 529, remain unsolved. a government missing - persons commission created in 2010 by order of the inter - american court has also received 203 reports of missing children, with some of those cases likely duplicating probusqueda ' s. just last year, the commission investigated 124 cases and found 15 of the missing. two of the children were located in italy, and another was in the united states. investigators found the corpses of eight children who had been killed and buried during the war. according to contreras and other sources, she, her siblings and nine other children were seized in 1982 as the u. s. - trained anti - guerrilla atlacatl battalion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38808311244545846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c524c8e9-8f03-4a2e-80fa-d3d1c99d97d0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.442660"}
{"text": "of eight children who had been killed and buried during the war. according to contreras and other sources, she, her siblings and nine other children were seized in 1982 as the u. s. - trained anti - guerrilla atlacatl battalion clashed with rebels. a helicopter took away the boys, while the girls were driven away in trucks. army pvt. miguel angel molina ended up with contreras and later registered her as his own daughter in the western salvadoran town of santa ana, according to the inter - american court, which also found that he had raped her. \" ( the situation ) put her in a state of extreme vulnerability that aggravated her suffering, acts of violence that she suffered during almost 10 years, that is to say, between the ages of 4 until 14 years, \" the court ruling says. molina later committed suicide. the court found the salvadoran government was responsible for the abductions of not just contreras but also of her two siblings \u2014 serapio cristian, who was 20 months old at the time of his kidnapping, and julia ines contreras, who was 4 months old. the court also found the government responsible for the abductions of three other children who were between the ages of 3 and 14. \" that soldier stole everything from me, \" contreras said. \" he took away my parents, he took away my siblings, he took away my identity. i couldn ' t live like a girl because he never gave me the love of a father and he was always abusing me, even raping me. i was only 10 - years old and i couldn ' t do anything. \" victims and investigators said justice won ' t be completely served until el salvador ' s government carries out the entirety of the court ' s orders. that includes accepting responsibility for the abductions of contreras and the five others mentioned in the court ruling, and investigating those believed responsible. el salvador has also been ordered to locate the four in the group of missing still unaccounted for, provide medical and psychological support to the victims, issue a public apology, name schools after those abducted and open government archives about the history. in an oct. 29 ceremony attended by contreras, then - foreign minister martinez hugo martinez fulfilled part of the order. he asked for forgiveness from \" hundreds of salvadoran families who were victims of the forced disappearances of boys and girls \" and \" who suffered the infinite pain of being hit by the disappearances of their most beloved and vulnerable people. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3836318951816487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c524c8e9-8f03-4a2e-80fa-d3d1c99d97d0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.443647"}
{"text": "the order. he asked for forgiveness from \" hundreds of salvadoran families who were victims of the forced disappearances of boys and girls \" and \" who suffered the infinite pain of being hit by the disappearances of their most beloved and vulnerable people. \" yet contreras ' sister has never been found, and despite promises by the country ' s foreign ministry to name schools after victims, it hasn ' t indicated when it will start doing that. the armed forces remain the chief obstacle to justice, said miguel montenegro, director of the nonprofit human rights commission. \" here, there ' s a strong power, a power exercised by old members of the armed forces, \" montenegro said. for contreras, the quest for truth has been long, bitter and incomplete. she eventually escaped molina and stayed with one of his relatives. with the help of another of molina ' s relatives, contreras settled in guatemala. her parents found her in 2006 after they appealed to guatemalan officials and probusqueda. just recently, she reunited with her brother, who was also abducted and given to a soldier ' s relative. she ' s started her own family. but contreras remains distant from her parents and has yet to find her sister. \" i recovered my identity, \" contreras said. \" the other gregoria doesn ' t exist. i have my husband and my children. i don ' t want anything more. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35635412988317466, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c524c8e9-8f03-4a2e-80fa-d3d1c99d97d0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.444181"}
{"text": "rome, ga. \u2014 martin cipollini, professor of biology at berry college, has been working in partnership with the georgia chapter of the american chestnut foundation to restore the american chestnut tree, which nearly was wiped out in the 1950s by blight in southeastern forests. by cross - pollinating some remaining american chestnuts with chinese chestnut trees \u2014 which are immune to the blight that was caused by an infectious fungus \u2014 hybrid trees were created and now are growing in an orchard on berry college \u2019 s mountain campus. but next year, cipollini plans to kill them. \u201c we \u2019 re going to put that fungus in each of these trees, \u201d he said as he stood between rows of chestnut trees in the orchard. \u201c next year we \u2019 re going to try to kill them. \u201d the fungal disease was introduced by frogs in new york during the early 1900s, cipollini said, and it spread from tree to tree, infecting both asian and american chestnuts. only the asian trees \u2014 particularly the chinese chestnut \u2014 were able to resist the blight brought on by the fungus. the american chestnut was susceptible to the disease, and by the 1950s nearly all were wiped out. \u201c the only saving grace is that the chestnut can resprout from the roots, \u201d cipollini said. \u201c as a result of that, the tree wasn \u2019 t killed entirely, instead of having large forests of trees producing nuts. \u201d in the berry orchard, there are not only the hybrid trees but also pure american chestnuts and pure chinese chestnut trees. cipollini said they are also going to infect the american chestnuts and chinese chestnuts with the fungus. the chinese should be resistant and develop a canker that will heal over. the other trees, he said, will form cankers and that canker will expand. the point is to see if the hybrid trees will form cankers that heal as the chinese chestnuts will. he hopes some hybrid trees will resist the disease. for the ones that do, they will in turn be bred with more american trees. this process, which could take 30 years or longer, will be continued until the trees have more than 90 percent of american in their genetic backgrounds, but still are able to resist the blight. berry \u2019 s orchard is \u201c the headquarters, so to speak, for the breeding program for the state of georgia, \u201d said cipollini. \u201c we \u2019 ve helped to establish about 100 orchard sites in the state. we are principally responsible for an orchard in armuchee called the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4223710189773741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e2635c7-0bfd-4f5a-b720-1e12ac9df7c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.447569"}
{"text": "headquarters, so to speak, for the breeding program for the state of georgia, \u201d said cipollini. \u201c we \u2019 ve helped to establish about 100 orchard sites in the state. we are principally responsible for an orchard in armuchee called the henry - berry college orchard that was established last year with help from faye and ralph henry. \u201d cipollini said if any of the hybrids can withstand the blight, they carry the right genes from the chinese chestnut parent in their genetic histories. they then will look at the trees for other characteristics to see how close they are genetically to the american chestnut \u2019 s. \u201c if it fits everything, that one may be one of the few we keep in the orchard, \u201d he said. only a few of the more than 200 trees in the orchard may remain, but that would be the next generation that would move forward in the breeding program. \u201c it takes four years to get the trees to the point where they can be tested, and the whole process from beginning to end takes anywhere from 10 to 12 years, \u201d he said. though the process is long, cipollini was optimistic that in future decades, the american chestnut might be able to be reintroduced into the wild with a resistance to blight. related articles \u00bb imagine a landscape filled with american chestnut trees, some so large an entire family could stand in front of the... trees going a little nuts? if you ' ve noticed more acorns, walnuts and pecans falling from the trees to the ground... chestnut ' marriages ' may bring back appalachian native hill craddock and his utc biology students study the intimate details in the love life of a chestnut tree. you... traverse city, mich. \u2014 apple growers in the eastern u. s. have a despised enemy known as apple scab \u2014 a...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40536288882947447, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e2635c7-0bfd-4f5a-b720-1e12ac9df7c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.448262"}
{"text": "jenny williams flips through her grade 11 american history book and laughs when she sees bill clinton identified as the country ' s most recent president. \" it ends around 1996... there ' s nothing here about afghanistan or obama, \" says the 16 - year - old student at etobicoke ' s martingrove collegiate. her history of a free nation textbook was printed in 1998 and is in serious need of revision. outdated textbooks are common at toronto ' s public high schools and students are lucky to get their hands on them. often, textbooks are unavailable because they ' ve been signed out of a library by other students. \" some students have to share textbooks and sometimes the information inside is outdated, \" says williams, a student trustee at the toronto district school board. \" students learn a lot differently today than 10 or 20 years ago. \" but there ' s good news for students who are tired of carrying heavy textbooks. the tdsb is looking at moving to digital textbooks by 2015 in order to cut costs and to provide better information. trustee michael coteau has been championing the transition to digital textbooks for months and trustees recently unanimously voted in favour of a plan, which could save the board up to $ 100 million over a decade. \" we have textbooks that exist within our system and other systems... science books, for example, ( that ) are outdated. we still have science books that call pluto a planet, \" says coteau. \" so, with digital technology and digitization of materials, we could really put together a course curriculum that is flexible and has the ability to be changed instantly. \" the school board spends $ 8 million per year on textbooks. over a 10 - year period, if half the books are digitized, it could save up to $ 50 million. the tdsb is looking to education director chris spence to create a plan this month on how to increase access to digital course material in middle and secondary schools. the idea is to use classic texts where the copyright has expired. \" the motion itself really talks about staff putting together an approach, a strategy that takes into account there are lots of different types of technology out there, \" coteau says. \" we need to figure out a method of collecting information and material that ' s used in the classroom, digitizing it and having it flexible enough so different technologies can use that information. \" however, donna quan, the tdsb ' s academic deputy director, cautioned that while schools will be equipped with wireless internet by 2015, students will likely have to wait", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4063384117741743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123602a-6e6d-45a4-8a6b-15d773fdd1e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.454664"}
{"text": "will save blyth students around $ 700 annually. according to a report from the ontario public school boards ' association, students currently \" power down \" at school because technology in the learning environment is as slow as being on dial - up while their lives outside of class revolve around high - speed technology, such as iphones, ipads and laptops. \" today ' s students are leaders in the use of technology and we know they want their learning experiences in school to reflect this, \" colleen schenk, president of opsba, said when the report was published in april. \" students want to take the technology they use in their daily lives and integrate it with how they learn. they want their learning clearly connected to the world beyond the school. \" as long as teachers keep up with the technology, digital textbooks are a great educational tool, says salvatore bancheri, a university of toronto expert in technology in education. \" the actual process of reading will be changed, \" he says. \" in textbooks, you read in a linear sense but online, it ' s more difficult. people tend to skim read online, \" he says. ken coran, the president of the ontario secondary schools teachers ' federation, says he ' s concerned about giving students equal access to whatever hardware is needed to read the textbooks, but aside from that, digitization is the way to go. \" it ' d be a way to update textbooks, especially in the science field where there are always advancements, \" he says. \" not just outdated, depending on which school board, the textbooks may or may not be available. the canadian market is a smaller market than the u. s. \" the number of new textbooks each school receives varies on how much the province grants a school boards. \" it ' s up to the school board which courses or which textbooks would actually receive the most updated editions of the textbooks for the curriculum, \" coran says. \" some have a normal ( course ) rotation, some base it on enrolment. \" premier dalton mcguinty said in may that while phasing out text books may eventually happen in ontario, they ' ll be around for years. \" i ' m not comfortable ( that ) all kids have access to that in their homes right now, \" he told the canadian press. \" until we can be assured of that, i ' d be very reluctant to move ahead. \" coteau says the province has a significant role to play in keeping up with technology and offering students digitized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4367090886691964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d123602a-6e6d-45a4-8a6b-15d773fdd1e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.456816"}
{"text": "the buddha points to two mental qualities as the underlying safeguards of morality, thus as the protectors of both the individual and society as a whole. these two qualities are called in pali hiri and ottappa. hiri is an innate sense of shame over moral transgression ; ottappa is moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing. the buddha calls these two states the bright guardians of the world ( sukka lokapala ). he gives them this designation because as long as these two states prevail in people ' s hearts the moral standards of the world remain intact, while when their influence wanes the human world falls into unabashed promiscuity and violence, becoming almost indistinguishable from the animal realm ( itiv. 42 ). while moral shame and fear of wrongdoing are united in the common task of protecting the mind from moral defilement, they differ in their individual characteristics and modes of operation. hiri, the sense of shame, has an internal reference ; it is rooted in self - respect and induces us to shrink from wrongdoing out of a feeling of personal honor. ottappa, fear of wrongdoing, has an external orientation. it is the voice of conscience that warns us of the dire consequences of moral transgression : blame and punishment by others, the painful kammic results of evil deeds, the impediment to our desire for liberation from suffering. acariya buddhaghosa illustrates the difference between the two with the simile of an iron rod smeared with excrement at one end and heated to a glow at the other end : hiri is like one ' s disgust at grabbing the rod in the place where it is smeared with excrement, ottappa is like one ' s fear of grabbing it in the place where it is red hot. in the present - day world, with its secularization of all values, such notions as shame and fear of wrong are bound to appear antiquated, relics from a puritanical past when superstition and dogma manacled our rights to uninhibited self - expression. yet the buddha ' s stress on the importance of hiri and ottappa was based on a deep insight into the different potentialities of human nature. he saw that the path to deliverance is a struggle against the current, and that if we are to unfold the mind ' s capacities for wisdom, purity and peace, then we need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5152687770490254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e72168f-fdae-4979-91e7-38ec684a1945>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.459253"}
{"text": "2. migraine is the result of a hypersensitive brain most physicians \u2014 including experts in headache medicine \u2014 used to believe that migraine was caused by cranial blood vessels expanding and contracting, rothrock says. \u201c it was thought that migraine - associated constriction of blood vessels reduced blood flow to the eye or brain, producing aura, and that a compensatory dilation of the blood vessels caused the throbbing, sickening head pain. \u201d but it turns out that migraine is actually \u201c a genetic condition that, as with epilepsy, produces a hypersensitive brain, \u201d rothrock says. he notes that researchers at harvard recently reported evidence indicating that electrical events originating in the brain itself may provoke activation of the receptors for head pain that are located \u201c downstream, \u201d within the meninges that cover the brain. \u201c it appears that a migraine attack may originate within the visual cortex of the brain, \u201d rothrock says, \u201c with activity generated at that site serving to promote the trigeminal nerve to release neuropeptides that in turn induce blood vessels located in the meninges to leak pro - inflammatory proteins, which activate and further sensitize head pain receptors, which consequently send a message back to the brain that \u2018 there \u2019 s pain out here. \u2019 this to - and - fro, self - reinforcing process \u2014 brain to meninges / meninges to brain \u2014 builds and builds until finally it wears itself out, or one administers a therapy that blocks the signaling of head pain. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4548127007407362, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3fff85d-ec7c-4fb8-8257-9a27adc7b930>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.463209"}
{"text": "researchers with the u. s. geological survey and the u. s. fish and wildlife service have used unmanned aircraft in three trials to count the number of sandhill cranes that visit the monte vista national wildlife refuge and found them to be a safe alternative for both birds and scientists. \u201c what these systems do is they help to more quickly fly over the cranes, \u201d said leanne hanson, a usgs biologist who is overseeing the use of the aircraft. \u201c they don \u2019 t flush the birds so there \u2019 s no mid - air collision potential. \u201d more than 20, 000 cranes typically make a stopover in the valley from late february to april. traditionally, wildlife biologists have used fixed - wing aircraft to count animals but those planes pose a threat to the birds and also use more fuel than their smaller, electrically - charged counterparts. the raven small unmanned aerial vehicle, as it \u2019 s properly called, is 3 - feet long and has a 55 - inch wingspan. it can fly between 150 feet and 1, 000 feet above ground. the geological survey secured five of the decommissioned craft from the u. s. army in 2009. while the army maintains ownership, an agreement allows the geological survey to use planes at no cost. since then, the geological survey had to secure permission from the federal aviation administration to fly over the refuge below 2, 000 feet. they also had to settle on the best time to fly. while the craft can fly with an attached video camera and film during the day, the cranes spend much of those hours dispersed across the valley. but at night the birds cram into the monte vista refuge, which has some of the few wetlands in the valley that aren \u2019 t covered with ice in late february and march thanks to the pumping of groundwater. \u201c it looks like from what we did last night we got fairly good coverage of all the cranes that are on the refuge, \u201d said jim dubovsky, a migratory bird specialist with the u. s. fish and wildlife service. at night a thermal, infrared sensor is attached to the craft and researchers can download the files and count what they see from their own computer screens. dubovsky said the cranes have a recognizable heat signature in comparison to the other birds that use the refuge, such as ducks and geese. meanwhile the geological survey is developing other uses for the planes. hanson said the agency is looking at hot springs within lake and river systems that provide unique habitat, checking historical mating areas for sage grouse and monitoring mountain pine beetle damage in northern colorado, among other uses. source :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4156332422208528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db0ef56e-a149-4e12-a6c4-fcf4b5eb36e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.465914"}
{"text": "written by sandra sorensen demonstrators converge on the u. s. capitol during the april 9 jubilee 2000 mobilization for debt relief. \u00a9 sandra sorensen following the biblical call for jubilee \u2014 when slaves are set free and debts canceled ( leviticus 25 ) \u2014 on sunday, april 9, several thousand people joined hands and encircled the u. s. capitol in an effort to encourage action to relieve the crushing burden of debt on the world ' s poorest countries. among them were more than 100 ucc members who gathered for a morning worship service at first congregational ucc in downtown washington, then marched to the washington mall for the jubilee 2000 mobilization. ucc participants traveled from seattle, colorado, iowa, ohio, illinois, massachusetts, rhode island, connecticut, new york and pennsylvania, joining with advocates from across denominations and faith groups, as well as students, union members, and human rights organizers. undeterred by strong winds and unusually cold april temperatures, demonstrators listened to musicians and speakers, including afl - cio president john sweeney, the rev. jim wallis of sojourners and archbishop of honduras oscar rodriguez. speakers called for international action for debt relief to allow countries to direct much - needed money to basic social services. ucc young people were well - represented. they expressed a sense of commitment to stand with children and youth in debt - burdened nations who enjoy far less access to education, health care and other human services. children and youth constructed yards of paper chains to symbolize the suffering caused by massive debts. then, led by shofars and trumpets, rally participants formed a human chain around the u. s. capitol in a show of support for debt cancellation. young and old draped in paper chains chanted \" save the children, kill the debt \" as they circled the capitol building. churches have been urging debt relief for two decades. the latest resolution from the ucc came last year during general synod 22, where delegates passed a resolution in support of debt relief. the jubilee 2000 campaign is a worldwide movement calling for the cancellation of debts that divert resources away from basic human needs such as education, nutrition, health, clean water and sanitation. campaign organizers contend that debt contributes to global political, social and economic instability. for each $ 1 million sub - saharan africa diverts from health and education to service its debt, 24 more women will die in childbirth and 159 infants will die during their first year. in mozambique one in four children dies before age 5, yet the government spends four times as much money on debt service than it does on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4141542774814128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ab34508-2d40-4a78-9a37-9867de59c0cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.470258"}
{"text": "study shows that blocking an inflammation pathway prevents cardiac fibrosis outcome could lead to a new therapeutic strategy for heart failure new research from uc davis published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences shows that blocking an enzyme that promotes inflammation can prevent the tissue damage following a heart attack that often leads to heart failure. led by nipavan chiamvimonvat, cardiologist and professor of internal medicine, a team of researchers tested a compound that inhibits the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase - - or seh - - one of the key players in the robust immune - system response that heals tissue following an injury. the enzyme, however, can become counterproductive after a cardiac event. chiamvimonvat explained that seh increases proinflammatory lipid mediators, leading to long - term, heightened inflammatory conditions. it also causes cells, which typically link together and provide the foundation for heart tissue, to overwork. the outcome is scar tissue, or fibrosis, that results in an abnormal relaxation of the heart after each beat, taxing remaining heart muscle as it performs double duty and eventually leading to a decline in the heart \u2019 s pumping action. \u201c we often see patients following a heart attack in clinic who initially respond well to current treatments, which address the initial causes of the cardiac event and try to preserve heart function, \u201d said chiamvimonvat, whose research focuses on the biological mechanisms of heart disease. \u201c over time, though, heart function in some patients continues to worsen and can lead to heart failure. it would be ideal to have new approaches that target the cellular overproduction that leads to heart muscle stiffening and cardiac fibrosis. \" heart failure progressively limits oxygen throughout the body, reducing mobility, respiration and quality of life. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, the condition affects 5. 7 million people in the u. s. and costs the nation $ 34. 4 billion in health - care services, medications and lost productivity. about half of people who have heart failure die within five years of diagnosis. previous research by chiamvimonvat showed that an seh inhibitor synthesized in the laboratory of entomology professor bruce hammock can reduce the enlargement of heart muscle cells and associated arrhythmia. for the current study, she conducted a series of experiments to determine if it could also be a potential treatment for fibrosis. chiamvimonvat and her team tested the compound on a mouse model for heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4720262945528666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41d6a1b1-5de2-4529-b497-b7e8aa02b568>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.475156"}
{"text": "associated arrhythmia. for the current study, she conducted a series of experiments to determine if it could also be a potential treatment for fibrosis. chiamvimonvat and her team tested the compound on a mouse model for heart attack. because cardiac fibrosis can also be caused by other long - term cardiac diseases, the compound was also used on a mouse model for the chronic pressure overload commonly seen with hypertension. for both models, one group of mice was given the compound with their drinking water, while another group was not. the animals \u2019 heart functions were assessed using echocardiography. the results showed that the mice receiving treatment had significant decreases in adverse cardiac muscle remodeling following a heart attack or due to chronic pressure overload. their overall cardiac function also improved. additional tests performed in hammock \u2019 s lab showed significantly reduced inflammatory factors in their systems. \u201c our study shines new light on this inflammation pathway and identifies a potential therapeutic target that could greatly expand options for one of the biggest and most difficult - to - treat problems in cardiology, \u201d said javier lopez, cardiologist, assistant professor of internal medicine and study co - author who developed methods used in the study to quantify fibrotic cells. the team hopes to test the compound next on a larger animal model as a precursor to human clinical trials. \u201c this project is part of a long - term, exciting collaboration between two labs dedicated to combining their strengths to benefit human health, \u201d said hammock. \u201c the translational value of our research is significant. \u201d the study received major support from the national institutes of health ( grant hl85727 and hl85844 ), a veterans administration merit review grant, the howard hughes medical institute med - into - grad training program, an nih - funded training grant in basic and translational cardiovascular science ( grant t32 hl86350 ), the american heart association, a western states affiliate predoctoral fellowship award, a fellow - to - faculty award from the sarnoff cardiovascular research foundation and a harold amos medical faculty development award from the robert wood johnson foundation. partial support was provided by the national institute of environmental health ( grant r37 es01710 ), the niehs superfund basic research program ( grant p42 es04699 ), the niehs center for children \u2019 s environmental health and disease prevention ( grant p02 es11269 ), a technology translational grant from uc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4983461998946232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41d6a1b1-5de2-4529-b497-b7e8aa02b568>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.476078"}
{"text": "##s superfund basic research program ( grant p42 es04699 ), the niehs center for children \u2019 s environmental health and disease prevention ( grant p02 es11269 ), a technology translational grant from uc davis health system and the american asthma society. hammock is a george and judy marcus senior fellow of the american asthma society. chiamvimonvat is also affiliated with the va northern california healthcare system. additional uc davis study authors were padmini sirish, ning li, jun - yan liu, kin sing stephen lee, sung hee hwang, hong qiu and siu mei ma. author cuifen zhao is currently at shandong university in china. a copy of \u201c unique mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in the prevention of cardiac fibrosis \u201d is available online at http : / / www. pnas. org / content / early / 2013 / 03 / 13 / 1221972110. full. pdf + html? sid = 0fdc42d8 - ad4c - 44a9 - 8c81 - fb6ef56ad5cb or by e - mailing pnasnews @ nas. edu. uc davis health system is improving lives and transforming health care by providing excellent patient care, conducting groundbreaking research, fostering innovative, interprofessional education and creating dynamic, productive partnerships with the community. the academic health system includes one of the country ' s best medical schools, a 619 - bed acute - care teaching hospital, a 1, 000 - member physician ' s practice group and the new betty irene moore school of nursing. it is home to a national cancer institute - designated comprehensive cancer center, an international neurodevelopmental institute, a stem cell institute and a comprehensive children ' s hospital. other nationally prominent centers focus on advancing telemedicine, improving vascular care, eliminating health disparities and translating research findings into new treatments for patients. together, they make uc davis a hub of innovation that is transforming health for all. for more information, visit healthsystem. ucdavis. edu /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4978064797371663, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41d6a1b1-5de2-4529-b497-b7e8aa02b568>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.476845"}
{"text": "forecasters predict as many as four to eight hurricanes this year. university of houston resources have expertise in a variety of topics related to storms \u2013 before, during and after. new asthma research opposes current drug treatmentmulti - institutional study supports controversial theory, reveals genetic key richard a. bond, professor of pharmacology at the university of houston college of pharmacy ( uhcop ), has been investigating whether beta - 2 adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs ( or beta blockers ) ultimately might be a safer, more effective strategy for long - term asthma management than the currently used beta - 2 adrenoreceptor agonists ( or stimulants ). the beta - 2 adrenoreceptor is a receptor found in many cells, including the smooth muscle lining the airways, and has long been a target for asthma drugs. however, a recent study shows the absence of asthma - like symptoms in a mouse model that lacks the key gene that produces the receptor. this lends further evidence to bond ' s theory that questions whether the pharmaceutical industry should be working to block or inhibit the receptor instead of the current approach of chronically stimulating it to reduce asthma symptoms. the study, \" beta2 - adrenoreceptor signaling is required for the development of an asthma phenotype in a murine model, \" is in the current online issue of the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), one of the world ' s most - cited multidisciplinary scientific serials. a follow - up commentary by an independent scientist in the field also will be published in the print issue of pnas in february. the timely release of this study comes on the heels of the fda considering a renewed look at the use of long - acting beta agonist drugs ( labas ) - at least those used alone, without a steroidal component - for the management of asthma symptoms. in an fda report released in december, an analysis of more than 100 trials on four drugs ( two labas alone and two laba / corticosteroid combinations ) found an increased risk of hospitalization and asthma - related deaths with the laba - only therapy. during the same month, an fda advisory panel urged the fda to ban the laba - only drugs and strengthen warnings on the combination drugs. bond and his colleagues propose an alternative to stimulants, using antagonists ( or beta blockers ) instead. this approach, termed paradoxical pharmacology, suggests patients may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5082683580346921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9783b681-0fad-42b3-a1ca-6b1a4c7a2f0c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.481894"}
{"text": "fellow uhcop faculty researcher brian j. knoll. with support from the strategic program for asthma research of the american asthma foundation, a second human clinical trial based on bond ' s research is under way using the beta - blocker drug nadolol in patients with mild asthma. in the first clinical trial, sponsored by san francisco - based inverseon inc., eight of 10 patients had less airway hyperresponsiveness on beta - blocker therapy at the end of the trial, although some did experience an initial negative response. ( see related release at http : / / www. uh. edu / news - events / newsrelease. php? releaseid _ int = 187. ) commenting on the results of the first clinical trial, two u. k. researchers wrote in the jan. 10 issue of the british journal the lancet that the use of beta - blocker therapy for asthma warrants serious, but careful, consideration and further investigation, including the use of specific alternative types of beta blockers. to those ends, inverseon, of which bond is scientific founder, has filed u. s. patent applications for using beta blockers to treat airway disease. dr. william garner, chairman of inverseon, said the company recently received a notice of allowance - one of several procedural steps on the path to patent approval - from the u. s. patent office. \" the comment in the lancet on inverseon ' s human asthma study, combined with the notice of allowance from the u. s. patent office, represents important external validation of inverseon ' s approach to asthma, \" garner said. \" we believe that our oral therapy has the potential to be a significant product for the chronic treatment of asthma. \" the university of houston the university of houston, texas ' premier metropolitan research and teaching institution, is home to more than 40 research centers and institutes and sponsors more than 300 partnerships with corporate, civic and governmental entities. uh, the most diverse research university in the country, stands at the forefront of education, research and service with more than 36, 000 students. about the uh college of pharmacy for more than 60 years, the university of houston college of pharmacy has shaped aspiring pharmacists, scientists and researchers. the college offers an undergraduate degree in the pharmaceutical sciences, graduate degrees in pharmacy administration, pharmacology and pharmaceutics, a professional pharmacy degree and combined professional / graduate degrees. with facilities on the uh campus and in the texas medical center, the uh college of pharmacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5109234424568092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9783b681-0fad-42b3-a1ca-6b1a4c7a2f0c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.484203"}
{"text": "unesco global forum : uses and misuses of university rankings are university rankings a good measure for comparing institutions of higher education? are the criteria used in ranking systems relevant to students everywhere? do they wield too much influence on policies of universities? these questions will be at the heart of an international forum, organised by unesco, the world bank and the organization for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) to be held at unesco, 16 - 17 may ( room 2 ). the forum \u2013 \u201c rankings and accountability in higher education : uses and misuses \u201d \u2013 will be opened by unesco director - general irina bokova. participants include qian tang, assistant unesco director - general for education, jamil salmi, the world bank \u2019 s tertiary education coordinator, and barbara ischinger, the oecd \u2019 s director for education, along with representatives of the world \u2019 s leading rankings systems, policy - makers, experts, researchers, students, representatives of international organizations, the media and higher education establishments from around the world. first used as an information tool aimed at satisfying public demand for transparency, international university rankings have come to be regarded as measure of quality, and spurred intense competition between establishments. in a globalized world, where higher education has become a major export industry and where student mobility is increasing exponentially, they have been transformed into policy - instruments that influence the decisions of institutions, academic staff, researchers, students and policy - makers. the forum will serve as an opportunity to clarify the methodology underpinning the many rankings available today, to question why they have such influence, and examine their impact on institutions \u2019 policies. participants will also look beyond rankings at existing and developing accountability tools for higher education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47809534266182435, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6596bd0a-98fb-4007-8616-7bb6110b2de4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.488521"}
{"text": "| the panel at the fourth ministerial follow - up forum to the paris commitments and paris principles, at which it was announced that five new nations have signed the paris commitments, designed to end the use of children in armed conflict and bringing the total number of signatories to 100. | by chris niles new york, usa, 27 september 2011 - five more nations have officially committed to ending the phenomena of children in armed conflict by signing the paris commitments. the inclusion of angola, armenia, bosnia and herzegovina, costa rica and san marino means that 100 nations have now pledged to do everything they can to protect children from being forced into conflict. the announcement was made during a ministerial follow - up forum which builds on the work of the paris principles, and the paris commitments. a grey area \u201c i am happy to announce that we have reached 100 states that have signed the paris commitments, and significant progress has been made, \u201d said france \u2019 s human rights ambassador francois zimeray, whose government co - hosted the event with unicef at un headquarters. the ambassador went on to pledge france \u2019 s on - going support, stressing that the so - called \u2018 infamy \u2019 list of countries which ignore international standards regarding children in armed conflict is still too long. \u201c children would never be in armed conflict without the cowardice of adults, \u201d he said. the special representative of the secretary - general for children and armed conflict radhika coomaraswamy presented a working paper \u201c children and justice during and in the aftermath of armed conflict \u201d which focuses on the grey area in which children are brought before the courts, either as victims, witnesses or perpetrators. ms. coomaraswamy pointed out the potential negative ramifications to placing children on trial. \u201c if they testify will they be able to withstand a vigorous cross examination which often results in an attack on their character and the reliving of horrific events? \u201d she asked. need for reparations the special representative went on to highlight the need for reparations, pointing out that victims should be compensated for their loss of childhood, family and education. \u201c governments and donors play a key role in providing sustainable resources to make such initiatives work, \u201d she said. during 2010, unicef and its partners contributed to the release of approximately 10, 000 children associated with armed conflict. unicef deputy executive director officer - in - charge rima salah emphasised the need for flexible funding to design programmes that help children to recover from their ordeal and to lead empowered lives. \u201c sustainable, inclusive and community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42209920121754524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:325ba7e1-1030-40cc-a6b8-3f6890436fad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.492789"}
{"text": "for information only - not an official document 18 june 2012 united nations committee on the peaceful uses of outer space concludes 55th session in vienna vienna, 18 june ( un information service ) - the united nations committee on the peaceful uses of outer space ( copuos ) has concluded its deliberations over ways and means to maintain outer space for peaceful purposes and to ensure that space technology and its applications continue to benefit many areas critical to all humanity at its 55th session, held from 6 to 15 june. the committee agreed on a new agenda item, \" space and sustainable development \", to consider, among others, the outcomes of the upcoming united nations conference on sustainable development ( rio + 20 ) and the use of space technology and its applications for socioeconomic and sustainable development. the committee also agreed to commemorate in 2013 the fiftieth anniversary of the first space flight by a woman, cosmonaut valentina tereshkova on 16 june 1963, with a special panel consisting of prominent women in the space - related fields of space exploration, science, technology, education, business and policy to address the contribution of women to space activities on the topic \" space : building the future today \". other highlights of the 55th session of the committee included : - the panel discussion on the theme \" fortieth anniversary of the landsat programme and the evolution of worldwide remote sensing from space \" was held on 6 june, addressing the contributions of landsat as the longest - running civilian earth observation programme to the worldwide evolution of earth observation. a dedicated exhibition on this theme was held at the vienna international centre from 6 to 15 june, with several countries exhibiting their remote sensing imagery. - the government of china donated a beidou navigation satellite model to the permanent exhibition of the united nations office for outer space affairs ( unoosa ) at the vienna international centre. the model is exhibited in the section dedicated to global navigation satellite systems. - the four expert groups of the working group on the long term sustainability of outer space activities met on the margins of the current session to work on the following issues : sustainable space utilization, space debris and space operations, space weather, and regulatory regimes for actors in space arena. - the action team on near earth objects ( neos ) of the committee continued its work on draft recommendations for an international response to the neo impact threat. as part of the overall neo threat mitigation efforts, representatives of space agencies held a second meeting to build consensus on recommendations to establish a mission planning and operations group. * * * * * for further information, please contact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248917258059494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fde25b0-a8ba-4110-ab63-a2ce8b32c5e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.495549"}
{"text": "dictionary results for works | 1. works - noun \u00b7 buildings for carrying on industrial labor ; \" they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles \" synonym ( s ) : plant, industrial _ plant hypernym ( s ) : building _ complex, complex 2. works - noun \u00b7 everything available ; usually preceded by ` the ' ; \" we saw the whole shebang \" ; \" a hotdog with the works \" ; \" we took on the whole caboodle \" ; \" for $ 10 you get the full treatment \" synonym ( s ) : whole _ shebang, whole _ kit _ and _ caboodle, kit _ and _ caboodle, whole _ kit _ and _ boodle, kit _ and _ boodle, whole _ kit, whole _ caboodle, whole _ works, full _ treatment hypernym ( s ) : entirety, entireness, integrality, totality 3. works - noun \u00b7 performance of moral or religious acts ; \" salvation by deeds \" ; \" the reward for good works \" 4. works - noun \u00b7 the internal mechanism of a device 5. work - noun \u00b7 activity directed toward making or doing something ; \" she checked several points needing further work \" 6. work - noun \u00b7 a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing ; \" it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works \" ; \" the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work \" ; \" he was indebted to the pioneering work of john dewey \" ; \" the work of an active imagination \" ; \" erosion is the work of wind or water over time \" hypernym ( s ) : product, production 7. work - noun \u00b7 the occupation for which you are paid ; \" he is looking for employment \" ; \" a lot of people are out of work \" hypernym ( s ) : occupation, business, job, line _ of _ work, line 8. work - noun \u00b7 applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject ( especially by reading ) ; \" mastering a second language requires a lot of work \" ; \" no schools offer graduate study in interior design \" hypernym ( s ) : learning, acquisition 9. work - noun \u00b7 ( physics ) a manifestation of energy ; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force ; \" work equals force times distance \" hypernym ( s ) : energy, free _ energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5806856820659276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8fc2c8c-7f42-4018-ae8d-539f5a561cbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.502536"}
{"text": "of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force ; \" work equals force times distance \" hypernym ( s ) : energy, free _ energy 10. work - noun \u00b7 a place where work is done ; \" he arrived at work early today \" hypernym ( s ) : geographic _ point, geographical _ point 11. work - noun \u00b7 the total output of a writer or artist ( or a substantial part of it ) ; \" he studied the entire wagnerian oeuvre \" ; \" picasso ' s work can be divided into periods \" synonym ( s ) : oeuvre, body _ of _ work hypernym ( s ) : end _ product, output 12. work - verb \u00b7 exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity ; \" i will work hard to improve my grades \" ; \" she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor \" 13. work - verb \u00b7 be employed ; \" is your husband working again? \" ; \" my wife never worked \" ; \" do you want to work after the age of 60? \" ; \" she never did any work because she inherited a lot of money \" ; \" she works as a waitress to put herself through college \" 14. work - verb \u00b7 have an effect or outcome ; often the one desired or expected ; \" the voting process doesn ' t work as well as people thought \" ; \" how does your idea work in practice? \" ; \" this method doesn ' t work \" ; \" the breaks of my new car act quickly \" ; \" the medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water \" hypernym ( s ) : succeed, win, come _ through, bring _ home _ the _ bacon, deliver _ the _ goods 15. work - verb \u00b7 perform as expected when applied ; \" the washing machine won ' t go unless it ' s plugged in \" ; \" does this old car still run well? \" ; \" this old radio doesn ' t work anymore \" synonym ( s ) : function, operate, go, run 16. work - verb \u00b7 shape, form, or improve a material ; \" work stone into tools \" ; \" process iron \" ; \" work the metal \" synonym ( s ) : work _ on, process hypernym ( s ) : transform, transmute, transubstantiate 17. work - verb \u00b7 give a workout to ; \" some parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6530088284389023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8fc2c8c-7f42-4018-ae8d-539f5a561cbd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.503410"}
{"text": "process iron \" ; \" work the metal \" synonym ( s ) : work _ on, process hypernym ( s ) : transform, transmute, transubstantiate 17. work - verb \u00b7 give a workout to ; \" some parents exercise their infants \" ; \" my personal trainer works me hard \" ; \" work one ' s muscles \" ; \" this puzzle will exercise your mind \" synonym ( s ) : exercise, work _ out hypernym ( s ) : work, put _ to _ work 18. work - verb \u00b7 proceed along a path ; \" work one ' s way through the crowd \" ; \" make one ' s way into the forest \" 19. work - verb \u00b7 operate in a certain place, area, or specialty ; \" she works the night clubs \" ; \" the salesman works the midwest \" ; \" this artist works mostly in acrylics \" 20. work - verb \u00b7 proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity ; \" work your way through every problem or task \" ; \" she was working on her second martini when the guests arrived \" ; \" start from the bottom and work towards the top \" hypernym ( s ) : go, proceed, move 21. work - verb \u00b7 move in an agitated manner ; \" his fingers worked with tension \" hypernym ( s ) : move, displace 22. work - verb \u00b7 cause to happen or to occur as a consequence ; \" i cannot work a miracle \" ; \" wreak havoc \" ; \" bring comments \" ; \" play a joke \" ; \" the rain brought relief to the drought - stricken area \" synonym ( s ) : bring, play, wreak, make _ for hypernym ( s ) : make, create 23. work - verb \u00b7 cause to work ; \" he is working his servants hard \" hypernym ( s ) : use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ 24. work - verb \u00b7 prepare for crops ; \" work the soil \" ; \" cultivate the land \" synonym ( s ) : cultivate, crop hypernym ( s ) : fix, prepare, set _ up, ready, gear _ up, set 25. work - verb \u00b7 behave in a certain way when handled ; \" this dough does not work easily \" ; \" the soft metal works well \" 26. work - verb \u00b7 have and exert influence or effect ; \" the artist ' s work influenced the young painter \" ; \" she worked on her friends to support the political candidate \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5642738278936038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8fc2c8c-7f42-4018-ae8d-539f5a561cbd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.504230"}
{"text": "not work easily \" ; \" the soft metal works well \" 26. work - verb \u00b7 have and exert influence or effect ; \" the artist ' s work influenced the young painter \" ; \" she worked on her friends to support the political candidate \" synonym ( s ) : influence, act _ upon hypernym ( s ) : affect, impact, bear _ upon, bear _ on, touch _ on, touch 27. work - verb \u00b7 operate in or through ; \" work the phones \" hypernym ( s ) : operate, run 28. work - verb \u00b7 cause to operate or function ; \" this pilot works the controls \" ; \" can you work an electric drill? \" hypernym ( s ) : manage, deal, care, handle 29. work - verb \u00b7 provoke or excite ; \" the rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy \" hypernym ( s ) : stimulate, excite, stir 30. work - verb \u00b7 gratify and charm, usually in order to influence ; \" the political candidate worked the crowds \" hypernym ( s ) : capture, enamour, trance, catch, becharm, enamor, captivate, beguile, charm, fascinate, bewitch, entrance, enchant 31. work - verb \u00b7 make something, usually for a specific function ; \" she molded the rice balls carefully \" ; \" form cylinders from the dough \" ; \" shape a figure \" ; \" work the metal into a sword \" synonym ( s ) : shape, form, mold, mould, forge hypernym ( s ) : create _ from _ raw _ material, create _ from _ raw _ stuff 32. work - verb \u00b7 move into or onto ; \" work the raisins into the dough \" ; \" the student worked a few jokes into his presentation \" ; \" work the body onto the flatbed truck \" hypernym ( s ) : move, displace 33. work - verb \u00b7 make uniform ; \" knead dough \" ; \" work the clay until it is soft \" 34. work - verb \u00b7 use or manipulate to one ' s advantage ; \" he exploit the new taxation system \" ; \" she knows how to work the system \" ; \" he works his parents for sympathy \" hypernym ( s ) : use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ 35. work - verb \u00b7 find the solution to ( a problem or question ) or understand the meaning of ; \" did you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5409629673730441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8fc2c8c-7f42-4018-ae8d-539f5a561cbd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.505167"}
{"text": "he works his parents for sympathy \" hypernym ( s ) : use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ 35. work - verb \u00b7 find the solution to ( a problem or question ) or understand the meaning of ; \" did you solve the problem? \" ; \" work out your problems with the boss \" ; \" this unpleasant situation isn ' t going to work itself out \" ; \" did you get it? \" ; \" did you get my meaning? \" ; \" he could not work the math problem \" synonym ( s ) : solve, work _ out, figure _ out, puzzle _ out, lick 36. work - verb \u00b7 cause to undergo fermentation ; \" we ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content \" ; \" the vintner worked the wine in big oak vats \" 37. work - verb \u00b7 go sour or spoil ; \" the milk has soured \" ; \" the wine worked \" ; \" the cream has turned - - we have to throw it out \" synonym ( s ) : sour, turn, ferment hypernym ( s ) : change _ state, turn 38. work - verb \u00b7 arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion ; \" the stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times \" hypernym ( s ) : become, go, get or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that project or homework! letters to unscramble the word synonyms, antonyms and related words word below with '? ' to indicate missing letters word to find the rhymes letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5352896581645943, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8fc2c8c-7f42-4018-ae8d-539f5a561cbd>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.505789"}
{"text": "flowersamong the many and more beautiful of our common wild flowers that grow beside the tweed are the marsh marigold, or kingcup, loosestrife, purple and yellow, ragged robin and devil ' s - bit scabious. the beautiful and rare include seven orchids : the purple dactylorrhiza - illutrated here, northern marsh and twayblade ( in damp meadows and woods } ; lesser twayblade ( on heather moors ) ; heath spotted ( on acid soil ) ; bird ' s nest ( in beechwoods ). from june to august one might, with less than amazing luck, see the duck ( but not the drake - the drake has absconded ) leading a flotilla of up to twelve ducklings buffeting themselves like mad against the current ; a memorable - sight. buzzards can be relied on to appear, usually at a great height, mewing. short - eared owl, peregrine falcon, sparrow - hawk and kestrel are also often seen. and from autumn to spring great flocks of geese, pink - footed and greylag, fly from and back to the frozen north, spread against the sky in arrowhead or zig - zag order and calling to each other as they go. they too are unlikely to be overlooked.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307789826787254, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9080a429-f926-4fe6-9c48-294937cde330>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.506954"}
{"text": "being referred for radiation treatment is an unfamiliar experience to most cancer patients. on these pages, we will explain radiation oncology to you and answer questions that most often exist for our patients. and we will also explain why you should feel remarkably confident in coming to urmc, the region \u2019 s leader in radiation oncology. what is radiation oncology? radiation oncology is one of the three major cancer specialties in oncologic medicine. it uses energy from radiation beams, radio isotopes, or charged particles to target tumors and to eradicate cancer cells. radiation beams are usually generated in treatment machines, such as linear accelerators or high - energy ct scanners. another type of radiation treatment uses radioisotopes, or radioactive materials. these are utilized in radiation implants and radioisotope - labeled molecules in the treatment of various cancers. in addition to getting rid of cancer, radiation treatment is highly effective in reducing symptoms such as cancer - related pain. radiation has also been used in the treatment of many benign ( non - cancerous ) conditions in both adults and children. what makes urmc different? at the james p. wilmot cancer center, the department of radiation oncology is an essential part of multidisciplinary care. in other words, a team of experts from surgery, medical oncology, radiation oncology, and many other disciplines will come together to evaluate and manage your cancer treatment. this is a unique approach to care and is considered the ideal model of cancer care. the department of radiation oncology provides state - of - the - art treatment technology to increase the curability of cancer while reducing side effects. our comprehensive cancer care team includes physician radiation oncologists, radiation physicists, radiation therapists, dosimetrists, nurses, social workers, and nutritionists. what should i expect as a patient? your treatment will involve a team of healthcare providers from the department of radiation oncology. typically, a radiation oncologist will direct the radiation treatment process and plans. your team will also include a secretary, a nurse, a nurse practitioner, a resident physician in training, radiation therapists who operate the treatment machines, and a radiation dosimetrist or physicist specializing in radiation treatment physical plans. the department also offers assistance from social workers and nutritionists. support groups for cancer patients are also available. these include disease - specific groups, age - specific groups, and many others. a typical radiation treatment process begins with an initial consultation with your radiation oncologist. the treatment recommendation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218964864100432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffa6721-0668-47e5-82ac-2b0016662f9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.510896"}
{"text": "workers and nutritionists. support groups for cancer patients are also available. these include disease - specific groups, age - specific groups, and many others. a typical radiation treatment process begins with an initial consultation with your radiation oncologist. the treatment recommendation, indication, rationale, benefits, side effects, and potential risks will be explained to you. this is followed by a radiation simulation session, which takes approximately one hour. this simulation process ensures the accuracy of your treatment plan. your actual treatment will begin 7 - 14 days later. however, patients with cancer - related emergencies can begin their treatments sooner. daily treatment visits may take 15 - 30 minutes and generally last 1 to 8 weeks, depending on the diagnosis and the treatment plan. the stereotactic brain radiosurgery is generally completed in one session. the stereotactic body radiosurgery is generally completed in less than 10 sessions. your radiation oncologist, therapists, and the team nurse will be there for you every step of the way. they will help you assess treatment - related side effects, your progress, and tolerance. what technology do you offer? we offer state - of - the - art equipment for external beam radiation at all four of our treatment sites : strong memorial hospital ( smh ), highland hospital ( hh ), cancer center at park ridge ( pr ), and sands cancer center. - ct simulators ( smh, pr ) - megavoltage ct ( smh ) - cone - beam ct units ( smh ) - linear accelerators with imrt and igrt capabilities ( smh, hh, pr, sands ) - novalis radiosurgery ( smh ) - tomotherapy ( smh ) - brachytherapy ( smh, hh, pr ) - prostate seed implants ( smh, hh, pr ) - gyn implants for gynecologic cancer ( hh ) - nucletron high dose rate brachytherapy ( hh ) - liver radiation using theraspheres ( smh ) - i - 131 treatment for thyroid cancer ( hh, pr ) - radioactive mesh tumor bed boost for lung cancer ( smh ) - total body irradiation ( smh ) - accelerated partial breast radiotherapy using mammosite or external beam ( smh, hh, pr, sands ) how can i learn more about my disease or condition? your cancer treatment team in the department of radiation oncology will be your very best resource for learning more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4885363426342373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffa6721-0668-47e5-82ac-2b0016662f9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.511805"}
{"text": "just inside the door circulation / reserves and the reference room tim ' s tour : tim walks down the hallway and sees a desk marked \" circulation / reserves. \" right! he remembers that his sociology professor told the class to go to the reserves desk and read an article she had put there for them. faculty members put materials they want the whole class to read at the reserve desk. materials on reserve have shorter check - out periods than regular books so that everyone gets a chance to read them. tim ' s tour : the reserves staff member seems friendly, so tim asks if they have any books on the vietnam war that he can check out. the reserves person tells him he can get help with that at the reference desk and shows him where it is. want more on course reserves? > unit 6 > gil the reference desk is where you go for help with all stages of your research, especially when you are just starting out. reference librarians can help you focus your topic and find information using library databases, the internet, and reference sources. besides going to the reference desk in a library, you can get reference help by phone, e - mail, or sometimes even online chat. \" ask a librarian \" look for the \" ask a librarian \" link on galileo, which will take you to an online request form. when you send your question, the galileo people will automatically forward it to the reference department at your home library. if that library can ' t answer your question, they ' ll forward it to a library that can. you should get an answer within three days ; if you need a quicker response then call the reference desk. \" ask a librarian \" services won ' t do your research for you, but they will answer brief factual questions and point you to resources to help you get started. your library may also have a distance learning librarian who specializes in helping distance education students with library research. tim ' s tour : when tim asks the reference librarian his question, the librarian encourages him to focus his topic on a particular aspect of the vietnam war. tim doesn ' t know enough about it to decide, so the librarian gives him a reference book called the encyclopedia of the vietnam war. the book gives him some background on the war and has essays on some great topics. tim decides to do his paper on news coverage of the war. the reference room is where libraries have their computers with access to the online catalog, periodical databases, and the internet. the reference book collection usually includes : - statistical compilations - style guides items from the reference collections cannot be checked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45471708400293276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:194e610f-148c-415c-b70c-6ae304ea19e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.514946"}
{"text": "sick - day guidelines for people with diabetes what happens when you are sick when you are sick, your body reacts by releasing hormones to fight infection. but these hormones raise blood sugar levels and at the same time make it more difficult for insulin to lower blood sugar. when you have diabetes, even a minor illness can lead to dangerously high blood sugar. this may cause life - threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or a hyperosmolar state. work with your doctor to make a sick - day plan for you or your child with diabetes. discuss your target blood sugar goal during an illness, how you should adjust your insulin dose and timing ( if you take insulin ), and when you need to contact your doctor for help. also, make sure you know how often to check blood sugar and urine ketone levels. keep your plan in a convenient place, and include contact information in case you need to reach your doctor at night or on the weekends. steps to take during an illness here are some general sick - day guidelines : - continue taking your diabetes medicine even if you are vomiting and having trouble eating or drinking. your blood sugar may continue to rise because of your illness. if you cannot take your medicines, call your doctor and discuss whether you need to adjust your insulin dose or other medicine. - try to eat your normal types and amounts of food and to drink extra fluids, such as water, broth, carbonated drinks, and fruit juice. encourage your child to drink extra liquids to prevent - if your blood sugar level is higher than 240 milligrams per deciliter ( mg / dl ), or the blood sugar level your doctor recommends, drink extra liquids that do not contain sugar, such as water or sugar - free cola. - if you cannot eat the foods in your regular diet, drink extra liquids that contain sugar and salt, such as soup, sports drinks, or milk. you may also try eating foods that are gentle on the stomach, such as crackers, gelatin, or applesauce. try to eat or drink 50 grams ( g ) of carbohydrate every 3 to 4 hours. for example, 6 saltine crackers, 1 cup ( 8 fl oz ) of milk, and \u00bd cup ( 4 fl oz ) of orange juice each contain approximately 15 g of carbohydrate. - check your blood sugar at least every 3 to 4 hours, or more often if it is rising quickly, even through the night. if your blood sugar level rises above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41429419025657266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f65d825e-f246-4a5d-8697-0c4871b82c04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.524073"}
{"text": ") of orange juice each contain approximately 15 g of carbohydrate. - check your blood sugar at least every 3 to 4 hours, or more often if it is rising quickly, even through the night. if your blood sugar level rises above 240 mg / dl and your doctor has told you to take an extra insulin dose for high blood sugar levels, take the appropriate amount. if you take insulin and your doctor has not told you to take a specific amount of additional insulin, call him or her for advice. - if you take insulin, do a urine test for ketones every 4 to 6 hours, especially if your blood sugar is higher than 300 mg / dl ( or the blood sugar level your doctor recommends ). call your doctor if you have more than 2 + or moderate ketones in your urine. check your child ' s urine for ketones at least every 6 hours, even through the night. - weigh yourself and check your temperature, breathing rate, and pulse frequently if your blood sugar is higher than 300 mg / dl. if you are losing weight and your temperature, breathing rate, and pulse are increasing, contact a doctor. you may be getting worse. - don ' t take any nonprescription medicines without talking with your doctor. many nonprescription medicines affect your blood sugar level. when to call your doctor minor illnesses in people with diabetes \u2014 especially children with type 1 diabetes \u2014 can lead to very high blood sugar levels and possible emergencies. when children are sick, watch them closely for signs that they need immediate medical attention. call 911 or other emergency services if you or your child has : - symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis ( dka ), such as abdominal pain, vomiting, rapid breathing, fruity - smelling breath, or severe drowsiness. - symptoms of dehydration, such as a dry mouth and very yellow or dark urine. dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and may be caused by vomiting and diarrhea. - a low blood sugar level that continues. it may not be necessary to call your doctor every time you or your child with diabetes has a mild illness, such as a cold. but it is a good idea to call for advice when you are sick and : - you have a blood sugar level that stays higher than the level the doctor has set for you, for example, 240 mg / dl for two or more readings. - you have more than 2 + or moderate ketones in your urine. - you still have a fever and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4201391702518323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f65d825e-f246-4a5d-8697-0c4871b82c04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.525205"}
{"text": "if you have chronic pain, such as with fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome, you may have a hard time sleeping or you may wake up feeling tired and unrefreshed. some experts believe poor sleep can make pain worse. getting a good night ' s sleep may help. practice good sleeping habits. go to bed only when you are sleepy, and get up at the same time each day, whether you are rested or not. avoid alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine for 4 to 6 hours or longer before bedtime. these can lead to poor sleep. to go to bed and get up at the same time every day. do not read, eat, work, or watch television in bed. use your bed only for sleeping and keep your bedroom at a comfortable make sure your mattress provides good support. use a neck support pillow to stabilize your head and neck during eliminate or block out all sound and light that may disturb your sleep. try using a sleep mask and earplugs to help you if you lie awake in bed for longer than 15 minutes, get up, leave the bedroom, and do something quiet ( read or listen to music ) until you are sleepy again. how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38929784497929226, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8da00c41-6904-460e-b337-b3bfc804fbda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.526689"}
{"text": "cancer during pregnancy topic overview back to top on rare occasions, cancer coincides with pregnancy. because the medicines and radiation used for treating cancer can be dangerous to a fetus, a pregnant woman and her doctors must weigh a number of factors when planning her care, including : - the fetus ' s gestational age. - the type and location of the cancer. - how advanced the cancer is. - how rapidly the cancer is developing. - whether she has other health problems. in nonpregnant women, surgery may be used to remove cancer, depending on the cancer ' s type and location. after surgery to remove cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the two may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells. when treating a pregnant woman, doctors adjust the usual treatment regimen with the following in mind. 1 - radiation therapy for cancer treatment is not usually used during pregnancy because in can be harmful to the baby. - diagnostic tests that use radiation may be used during pregnancy if necessary. but ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) are considered safer and are used whenever possible. - chemotherapy medicines are not usually used during the first trimester because of the risks to the fetus, but there are some that may be safely given in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. whenever possible, doctors try to delay chemotherapy during pregnancy to minimize the effects on the fetus. such decisions depend on how advanced the cancer is and how quickly it is developing. - if cancer is diagnosed in the third trimester, it may be possible to first deliver the baby, then start treatment. once the fetus ' s lungs are mature, as confirmed by amniocentesis, an early cesarean or induced delivery can shorten the wait till treatment. - if cancer is diagnosed in the first or second trimester, your doctors may try to delay chemotherapy as long into the second trimester as possible. - if advanced cancer is diagnosed in the first trimester, and immediate radiation and chemotherapy are necessary, your doctor may recommend ending the pregnancy. if you have been diagnosed with cancer during your pregnancy, you will be working with a number of health professionals. ask your cancer specialist ( oncologist ) for the name of a licensed medical social worker who can help support you through your treatment. a social worker can also help coordinate the various professionals involved with your care. references back to top credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | sarah marshall, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | kirtly jones, md - ob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42228061786882665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afbc9194-11b7-47ff-8115-f228f0475e5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.529700"}
{"text": "roundworm infection in dogs roundworms ( nematodes or ascarids ) are parasites that live freely in the intestine, feeding off of partially digested intestinal contents. their name is derived from their tubular or \" round \" shape. toxocara canis and toxascaris leonina are two important species of roundworms in dogs. toxocara canis causes more significant disease and also may be transmitted to humans. how did my dog get roundworms? infected dogs shed the microscopic roundworm eggs in their feces. other dogs may become infected by sniffing or licking infected feces. roundworm eggs can also be spread by other animals such as rodents, earthworms, roaches and birds. in these animals, the roundworms are merely transported, and do not mature into adults ; if a dog eats this \" paratenic \" host, the roundworm is liberated and completes its maturation. \" in the dog, the roundworm undergoes a complicated life cycle. \" in the dog, the roundworm undergoes a complicated life cycle before mature roundworms are found in the intestinal tract. this involves several stages and includes migration through various bodily tissues. roundworm larvae ( immature worms ) can migrate and encyst throughout the host ' s body. this is important in the female dog because these encysted larvae will start to develop during pregnancy and ultimately cross the placenta into an unborn puppy. thus puppies can be born with roundworms and can pass fertile eggs from adult worms in their stools by the time they are approximately eleven days old. roundworm larvae may also enter the mother ' s mammary glands and be transmitted through the milk. are roundworms a threat to my dog? \" the most common consequence of roundworms is growth reduction. \" roundworms are most threatening to puppies. the most common consequence of roundworms is growth reduction. since roundworms eat partially digested food in the intestinal tract, if there is a large burden of roundworms they will rob the growing puppy of vital nutrients. the life cycle of toxocara canis is more complicated than that of other nematode worms found in dogs. roundworms can complete their life cycle in immature dogs, but as the pup ' s immune system matures ( usually by 6 months of age ), the larval stages will become \" arrested \" or encyst in the pup ' s muscles roundworm larvae swallowed by adult dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43717366650333334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b905ce26-d42a-4547-a7a4-0f26e5c84aa4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.539685"}
{"text": "cycle in immature dogs, but as the pup ' s immune system matures ( usually by 6 months of age ), the larval stages will become \" arrested \" or encyst in the pup ' s muscles roundworm larvae swallowed by adult dogs usually encyst in the dog ' s tissues. few roundworms will mature in the bowel of infected adult dogs. consequently few eggs are passed in the stool leading to difficulty in definitive diagnosis and treatment. in intact female dogs, encysted toxocara canis larvae can resume development after estrus, and she can shed eggs in the stool at that time. with dogs that have been spayed or castrated, development of a roundworm infection may indicate that there is an underlying immune system disease that has allowed the encysted larvae to complete their life cycle. toxascaris leonina can complete their life cycle in any age of dog, or in cats. how are roundworms diagnosed? \" in puppies, clinical signs such as stunted growth, potbelly, and recurrent diarrhea are a good indication of roundworm infection. \" in puppies, clinical signs such as stunted growth, potbelly, and recurrent diarrhea are a good indication of roundworm infection. definitive diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of the dog ' s feces. is it true that children can get roundworm infections? if the infective eggs of toxocara canis are swallowed by people, the larvae can invade the tissues and become encysted in various organs. humans act like any other paratenic or accidental host. if a young child ingests a large number of infected eggs, clinical disease may become apparent. very rarely, liver problems may result from roundworm larval migration ( visceral larval migrans ). even less commonly, the larvae can migrate into the eye and cause blindness ( ocular larval migrans ). because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the centers for disease control ( cdc ) that all dogs be de - wormed monthly. modern monthly heartworm preventives also prevent roundworm infections and are highly recommend for all dogs and cats. \" because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the centers for disease control ( cdc ) that all dogs be de - wormed monthly. \" because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the centers for disease control ( cdc ) that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41751924387969375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b905ce26-d42a-4547-a7a4-0f26e5c84aa4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.540712"}
{"text": "in humans, it is recommended by the centers for disease control ( cdc ) that all dogs be de - wormed monthly. \" because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the centers for disease control ( cdc ) that all dogs be de - wormed monthly. modern monthly heartworm preventives also prevent roundworm infections and are highly recommend for all dogs and cats. how are roundworms treated? treatment is simple and effective. there are many safe and effective preparations available to kill adult roundworms in the intestine. many heartworm preventives contain medications that are effective against intestinal roundworms help prevent future infections. some of these preparations only the adult worms and do not affect migrating or encysting larvae. new products have recently been developed that will also affect the larval stages. your veterinarian will advise you on the best treatment and prevention plan for your pet. what about roundworm eggs shed in the environment? initially the eggs are not infective. after a period, which may vary from weeks to months, the eggs develop into infective larvae. under ideal conditions, this takes approximately four weeks. these infective larvae can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time and are particularly resistant to changes in temperature and humidity. the best environmental treatment is prevention. remove your dog ' s feces as soon as possible to prevent the spread and transmission of roundworms. what is the most effective strategy i can use to control infection in my dogs, protect my family and reduce contamination of the environment? deworm pregnant dogs in late pregnancy, after the 42nd day or after six weeks of pregnancy. this will help reduce potential contamination of the environment for newborn puppies. all puppies should be dewormed routinely, starting at about two weeks of age and repeated regularly. your veterinarian will design the most appropriate deworming schedule for your pets. the use of a heartworm preventative product that is effective against roundworms will stop the shedding of eggs into the environment. rodent control is important since rodents can serve as a source of infection. dogs should be prevented from defecating in children ' s play areas and there should be prompt disposal of all dog feces, especially in gardens, playgrounds and public parks. \" practice strict hygiene particularly with children. \" practice strict hygiene particularly with children. do not allow them to play in potentially contaminated environments and ensure proper and frequent hand washing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40360714705930756, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b905ce26-d42a-4547-a7a4-0f26e5c84aa4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.541761"}
{"text": "the 3 most important lifesaving commands every dog should know - provided by vetstreet. com i love it when people ask me about the most important commands a dog should know. although there are many behaviors that promote safety, there are three basic commands that are especially critical : \" down stay, \" \" drop it \" and \" come. \" not only should every dog be familiar with these behaviors, but dogs should be trained to perform them anywhere, anytime. a dog who immediately drops his body into a down, regardless of distance from his owner, will be better able to avoid danger. i work as an evaluator for the national disaster search dog foundation, which teaches search - and - rescue dogs to respond to this command even if they are running at top speed toward a victim or are on top of a pile of rubble. a search dog needs to respond to this command promptly and stay in place until the potential hazard passes or the handler can safely reach the dog. pet dogs see similar safety benefits from this training. there are occasions when dogs need to be directed out of danger, but calling them to us could actually put them in more danger. for instance, imagine that your dog is running toward a fast - moving car. depending on the distance and timing, calling him over could put him directly in the path of the oncoming car, but directing him into a down stay will keep him out of the way and safe. dogs manage to get their teeth on all sorts of things that are unsafe for them, which is why the drop it command is so important. the number - one poison hazard for dogs is human prescription medication ; even a single pill can have devastating effects on a dog. everyday household items can be dangerous for dogs as well \u2014 ladies ' underwear is a common choking hazard for dogs, but other typical offenders are chicken bones and apple cores. chewing on and swallowing items that can get stuck in their throats or intestinal tracts can lead to death or, in some cases, a very expensive surgery. unless a dog has been taught to drop whatever is in his mouth, he may play keep away or swallow the item before the owner can retrieve it. a dog that understands \u201c drop it \u201d will let go of the item, which can then be taken away. dogs are often happily oblivious to dangers around them, and unless they can be depended upon to always come when they are called, they may easily run right into a deadly situation. as a child, i had a dog named scooter who had a habit of dash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4393415225250627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d397474-7bf3-499c-ad5e-1f2e64694c49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.544685"}
{"text": "that \u2019 s why we \u2019 ve created this list of summer supplies to keep on hand to help your skin stay healthy and to treat various summertime skin conditions. sunscreen \u2013 \u201c broad spectrum \u201d sunscreen protects you from both uva and uvb rays. apply it under your makeup and at least 15 minutes before going outdoors, to allow the chemicals to work at protecting your skin. it \u2019 s best to use a sunscreen with an spf factor of 30 or higher. use at least 1 ounce and reapply every 2 hours or less, especially during physical or water activities. moisturizer \u2013 keep your skin hydrated, especially if pools are part of your summer play. chlorine is very drying to the skin. scrubs \u2013 exfoliating the day of sunless tanning will help get rid of dead skin so your tan goes on even and lasts longer. you \u2019 ll need separate scrubs for your face and for your body. don \u2019 t exfoliate more than once a week. ibuprofen \u2013 use as an anti - inflammatory against rashes, burns, insect bites and the pain and swelling of sunburns. follow recommended dosage amounts for children and adults. insect repellent \u2013 a repellent with deet can help minimize the risk of mosquito and other insect bites. repellents formulated for children will contain a lower percentage of deet than adult formulas. topical protection cream \u2013 when venturing in areas with possible poisonous or other plants that can cause adverse skin reactions, apply a barrier cream or lotion containing at least 5 percent quaternium - 18 bentonite. antihistamines \u2013 use to counter minor itching, irritation or rashes from bug bites or plant reactions. don \u2019 t give to a child unless checking with your physician first. steroid cream or calamine lotion \u2013 calamine lotion or 1 percent hydrocortisone cream may help relieve itching and redness from bug bites and sunburns. don \u2019 t use on children younger than 2 unless directed by a physician.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39275817714740763, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5732a51-d996-4408-b8e2-fb493c37752d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.546741"}
{"text": "\" porphyria ' s lover \" by robert browning is a poem that narrates the shift of power in a relationship, as the initially passive lover suddenly strangles porphyria with her own hair so that \" her darling one wish would be heard \" \u2014 that is, her desire to \" give herself to me [ the lover ] forever. \" the poem begins with the lover sitting around in his cottage listening to a storm outside, perhaps in self - pity. he seems to be rather helpless, as he does nothing as porphyria enters, makes a fire in the hearth, and subsequently goes to his side and confesses her affections : and, last, she sat down by my side and called me. when no voice replied, she put my arm about her waist, and made her smooth white shoulder bare, and all her yellow hair displaced, and, stooping, made my cheek lie there, and spread, o ' er all, her yellow hair, murmuring how she loved me \u2014 she too weak, for all her heart ' s endeavor, to set its struggling passion free from pride, and vainer ties dissever, and give herself to me forever. the lover did not reply to porphyria when she spoke to him, nor did he make any effort to get closer to her ; porphyria had to put her arm around him and \" stoop \" to place his head on her shoulder, perhaps indicating that he will not or can not return her advances ( perhaps due to either an inhibiting mental issue, or a physical disability ). porphyria ' s confession of love then seems to indicate that, although she does truly love him, she cannot remove herself from some other ties in her life, and thus cannot be with him. at this point, the lover is overwhelmed to know that she loves him, and greedily tries to think of what to do to preserve the moment \u2014 \" that moment she was mine, mine. \" the action suddenly shifts to the previously inactive lover, as he wraps porphyria ' s hair around her neck and strangles her. now, he has fulfilled her wish and placed himself in the more powerful position in the relationship, telling us : i propped her head up as before, only, this time my shoulder bore. 1. what is the significance of the lover ' s initially unreliabile statements in his subsequent strangling of porphyria? 2. does the lover simply have some sort of psychotic disorder, or does he have a legitimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47196893735514744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bb53047-8c33-48f3-a881-09d3c06de17c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.550195"}
{"text": "by w. blake gray one of the main characteristics of japanese is its vagueness. language is culture, and japanese helps people get along in crowded, resource - poor cities by preventing hard feelings in conversation. here ' s a good example of how this works : in a business meeting, everyone sits around the table vaguely feeling out each others ' position until eventually everyone realizes what they ' re expected to say. thus the first and only vote is almost always unanimous. here ' s a more frustrating example : i think this sake is named \" 140 \" ( hyakuyonju ) because it ' s the 140th attempt at crossing aomori ' s native hanafubuki rice with the more famous yamada nishiki, which doesn ' t usually grow so far north. however, i can ' t confirm that ; the japanese describing it is just too vague. all i know is that in the crossing experiments, somehow this rice got the number \" 140. \" maybe that ' s the number of wins aomori native daisuke matsuzaka expects to pile up in boston. maybe it ' s just a mellifluous number. as a journalist, i hate that vagueness - - it makes reporting anything from japan a challenge, as you get notebooks full of quotes that, translated, essentially mean, \" maybe so. \" i can ' t help but wonder, as i struggled to get information on this product, how much japanese exports would benefit from a trade export organization with english skills. oh wait - - there is one. i went to jetro, the japan external trade organization, where i learned the following about aomori rice : \" the value that is delicious by the security that only the person who ate understands. please enjoy it in your mouth. \" ok, at least we know where to put it. let me tell you what i do know. aomori prefecture is the snowiest in japan - - even more so than hokkaido. aomori is at the very tip of honshu, and even in summer it ' s foggy and windy. the prefecture is 66 % covered by forest, and the rest mostly by farmland, such that a visiting english teacher posted somewhere on the web, \" there ' s nothing but rice paddies here. \" aomori is fairly poor and has been losing population since it peaked in 1983, because young people don ' t want to pursue the number one industry - - agriculture. when they get to tokyo, they have to relearn how to speak, because aomori is famous in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5203837030723593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b82734c-488b-46a1-ad48-6414b79b2cb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.555598"}
{"text": "and has been losing population since it peaked in 1983, because young people don ' t want to pursue the number one industry - - agriculture. when they get to tokyo, they have to relearn how to speak, because aomori is famous in japan for its unfashionable rural dialect. they also have to learn to have fun, because all there is to do in aomori at night is carve artwork in the rice paddies - - which they ' ve gotten quite good at. aomori grows 75 % of the garlic in japan and 52 % of the apples. it also grows more yam and burdock root than any other prefecture. but we didn ' t come here to talk about garlic or burdock root ( though we can talk about calvados if you like ). nowadays we believe that the best wines come from marginal growing areas - - areas that are too cold to guarantee a crop every year. could it be true for sake as well? there are so many factors in creating great sake that it ' s hard to tease out the influence of cool climate. but aomori prefecture, with only 1. 5 million people, has 45 sake producers. nishida, maker of this sake, likes the area so much that it uses the denshu brand just for junmais, and has a second brewery in aomori where it makes its more famous brand kikuizumi. and it ' s not the only famous name from aomori, because momokawa, which has an outpost in oregon, has its home base there. nishida ' s denshu junmai is one of the most popular junmai sakes in japan, regularly making local lists of top 10 junmais. the 140 is a more recent product, created in 2003. nishida claims over and over that all their denshu sakes are \" handmade. \" here we get back to vagueness - - what does that mean? the rice can ' t possibly be polished by hand ( down to 40 %, hence daiginjo ) in this day and age. but what the heck, it ' s good sake. when it comes my turn, i might prepare to possibly express an opinion in the direction of approval. in any case, remember to follow the official instructions, and please enjoy it in your mouth. aromas of fresh cream, peach, white chocolate and orange pith. there ' s plenty of fresh fruit ( peach and apricot ) up front. you taste a jolt of alcohol (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43373180612762186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b82734c-488b-46a1-ad48-6414b79b2cb7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.556606"}
{"text": "official instructions, and please enjoy it in your mouth. aromas of fresh cream, peach, white chocolate and orange pith. there ' s plenty of fresh fruit ( peach and apricot ) up front. you taste a jolt of alcohol ( it ' s a hefty 17. 0 % ) in your first sip, but then it turns quite smooth, with a long creamy finish. it ' s not the most complex daiginjo ever, but it ' s rich and smooth and crowd - pleasing. in aomori they would drink this with seafood stew, but i think it ' s fine with miso - glazed cod or other dishes where the creaminess would match the food ' s texture. overall score : between 9 and 9. 5 how much? : $ 45 for 720ml this sake is difficult to find online. look for it at your nearest specialty sake retailer. w. blake gray is a former japan resident whose first wine book in japanese will be published in august. please enjoy other writing from him at wblakegray. blogspot. com. the seven percent solution tasting : may 11, healdsburg, ca vinography images : green but getting there churton wines, marlborough, new zealand : recent releases a dark day for wine lovers how to love italian wine or die trying : a first timer ' s guide to vinitaly stella di campalto, castelnuovo dell ' abate, italy : current releases 2013 anderson valley pinot noir festival : may 17 - 19, philo, ca vinography images : cover crop grape pickings for us lawyers when it comes to rose, italy gives france a run for the money masuizumi junmai daiginjo, toyama prefecture wine. com gives retailers ( and consumers ) the finger 1961 hospices de beaune emile chandesais, burgundy wine over time the better half of my palate 1999 kira \u00a1 lyudvar \" lapis \" tokaji furmint, hungary what ' s allowed in your wine and winemaking why community tasting notes sites will fail appreciating wine in context the soul vs. the market 1989 fiorano botte 48 semillion, italy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38143184645293116, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b82734c-488b-46a1-ad48-6414b79b2cb7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.557529"}
{"text": "the tri - county health department in northern colorado has confirmed a case of rabies in a skunk. the rabid skunk was found on a private property in brighton, and collected for testing by a veterinarian who identified cues that meant the animal could be infected. now the health department is warning that an increase in rabid skunks has increased the risk for people and unvaccinated animals. \" this rabid skunk in adams county, along with several others identified over the last few years, confirms that rabies is endemic in skunks in the front range and eastern pplains, \" said the department ' s director richard l. vogt in a news release. in adams county, this is the second rabid skunk identified since 2007, when skunk rabies emerged. the first was identified in may 2010 in a rural part of the county just south of morgan county. in the recent case, officials are not aware of any exposure the skunk may have had with humans or other animals. but the department has renewed a call for rabies vaccinations for pets and livestock in addition to taking other precautions to prevent exposure to any rabid animal in the future. people are warned not to feed wild animals or leave pet food or livestock feed accessible outdoors. junk piles that could provide nesting areas for animals should be removed, and pets should not be allowed to roam freely, since this increases the risk that they become exposed to the virus without the owner ' s knowledge. the rabies virus affects the animal ' s nervous system and is nearly always fatal. the virus is shed in the saliva of infected animals, and spread through the bite of a rabid animal or through saliva if it comes into contact with eyes, nose, mouth or open wounds of a person or another mammal. immediate medical treatment is required after exposure. anyone with questions can call cohelp, the statewide public health information line at 1 - 877 - 462 - 2911 or go online at www. tchd. org / rabies. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4146056302200509, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0c53937-89fb-4d60-b887-77d17d04f442>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.559838"}
{"text": "tskhouk - karckar vulkantskhouk - karckar volcano is a group of 8 holocene cinder cones in the central siunik volcanic ridge along the armenia / azerbaijan border about 60 km se of lake sevan. the last activity took place about 5000 years ago, and built a cone which erupted lava flows. these flows overly older human settlement traces and were used for gravesites in the first half of the 3rd millennium bc. beschreibung : the tskhouk - karckar volcano group was constructed within offset segments of the major pambak - sevan strike - slip fault trending se from lake sevan. 8 pyroclastic cones produced 3 generations of holocene lava flows. human traces dated are found on the 2 older generation lava flows, including many petroglyphs, burial kurgans, and masonry walls. no such traces have been found on the youngest flows, suggesting they erupted later than these early settlements and human activities. some lava flows overlie petroglyphs dated to the end of the 4th millennium and beginning of the 3rd millennium bc and were themselves used in gravesites dated at 4720 + / - 140 yrs ago. following these eruptions, the area was not repopulated until the middle ages. ( adapted from : gvp / smithsonian institution ) karakhanian, a et al ( 2002 ) \" holocene - historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for armenia and adjacent countries \", j volc geotherm res, v. 113, pp. 319 - 344", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3674902569827936, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5dfcd9b-03b4-4ad1-9784-91242d3b9e40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.561381"}
{"text": "what is a bubble? today \u2019 s economies often experience large movements in asset prices that have significant macroeconomic effects. given that many of these movements in asset prices seem unrelated to economic conditions or fundamentals, they have come to be called bubbles, whether swelling or bursting. typically, these bubbles are unpredictable and generate substantial macroeconomic effects. consumption, the capital stock, and output all tend to surge when a bubble arises and then collapse or stagnate when the bubble bursts. despite the recurrent nature of bubbles and their macroeconomic implications, however, we still lack a stylised model to answer the basic questions : - what is the origin of bubbly episodes? - why are they unpredictable? - how do bubbles affect consumption, the capital stock, and output? of course, economists have long thought about asset bubbles. to do so, they have found it useful to think of an economy with two idealised asset classes : productive assets or \u201c capital \u201d and pyramid schemes or \u201c bubbles \u201d. both assets are used as a store of value or savings vehicle, but they have different characteristics. capital is costly to produce but it is then useful in production. bubbles play no role in production, but initiating them is costless. a successful theory of bubbles should then explain why rational and informed agents optimally choose to hold bubbles in their portfolios, and it should also characterise the macroeconomic consequences of their choice. samuelson ( 1958 ) and tirole ( 1985 ) laid the foundations for such a theory by portraying bubbles as a remedy to the problem of dynamic inefficiency. their argument is based on the dual role of capital as a productive asset and a store of value. to satisfy the need for a store of value, economies sometimes accumulate so much capital that the investment required to sustain it exceeds the income that it produces. this investment is inefficient and lowers the resources available for consumption. in this situation, bubbles can be both attractive to investors and feasible from a macroeconomic perspective. for instance, a pyramid scheme that absorbs all inefficient investments in each period is feasible and its return exceeds that of the investments it replaces. the samuelson - tirole model provides an elegant and powerful framework to think about bubbles. however, the picture that emerges from this theory is hard to reconcile with historical evidence. - first, the model features deterministic bubbles that exist from the very beginning of time and never burst. this is contrary to the observation that, in real economies, bubbles pop - up and burst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5350752569639088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9818e58-29b1-4913-aff0-b9e218d88d48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.569490"}
{"text": "this theory is hard to reconcile with historical evidence. - first, the model features deterministic bubbles that exist from the very beginning of time and never burst. this is contrary to the observation that, in real economies, bubbles pop - up and burst. we therefore need a model in which bubbles are transient, that is, a model of bubbly episodes. - second, and most importantly, in the samuelson - tirole model bubbles raise consumption by reducing inefficient investments. as a result, bubbles slow down capital accumulation and lower output. in the real world, bubbly episodes tend to be associated with consumption booms indeed. but they also tend to be associated with expansions in the capital stock and output. a successful model of bubbles must come to grips with these correlations. towards a realistic theory of bubbles in recent research ( martin and ventura 2011a and 2011b ), we build such a model by introducing investor sentiment shocks and imperfect financial markets into the theory of rational bubbles. since bubbles have no intrinsic value, their current size depends on market expectations regarding their future size, i. e. on \" investor sentiment \". introducing shocks to investor sentiment is therefore crucial to generate realistic bubble dynamics in the model. introducing financial frictions is also crucial because these create rate - of - return differentials and allow efficient and inefficient investments to coexist. our key observation is then quite simple. bubbles not only reduce inefficient investments, but also increase efficient ones. in our model, bubbly episodes are booms in consumption and efficient investments financed by a reduction in inefficient investments. if efficient investments increase enough, bubbly episodes expand the capital stock and output. this turns out to be the case under a wide range of parameter values. to understand these effects of bubbly episodes, it is useful to analyse the set of transfers that bubbles implement. in the theory, a bubble is nothing but a pyramid scheme by which the buyer surrenders resources today expecting that future buyers will surrender resources to him / her. the economy enters each period with an initial distribution of current and future bubble owners. some of these owners bought their bubbles in earlier periods, while others just created them or are expected to do so in the future. in this setup, there are two natural channels through which bubbles may transfer resources from inefficient to efficient investment. - first, they do so directly through the market for bubbles. on the demand side of this market we find investors who cannot obtain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5326534357437507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9818e58-29b1-4913-aff0-b9e218d88d48>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.570495"}
{"text": "this setup, there are two natural channels through which bubbles may transfer resources from inefficient to efficient investment. - first, they do so directly through the market for bubbles. on the demand side of this market we find investors who cannot obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles ; while on the supply side we find consumers and investors who can obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles. when the market for bubbles closes, resources have thus been transferred from inefficient investors to consumers and efficient investors, leading to an increase in consumption and efficient investments at the expense of inefficient investments ( martin and ventura 2011a ). - second, bubbles may also transfer resources towards efficient investments through the credit market. this happens when the prospect of a future bubble raises the net worth of efficient investors, therefore allowing them to expand their borrowing and investment ( martin and ventura 2011b ). introducing financial frictions can thus explain how bubbles can lead to expansions in the capital stock and in output. it also solves a nagging problem of the theory of rational bubbles, which was first pointed out by abel et al. ( 1989 ). in the samuelson - tirole model, bubbles can only exist if the investment required to sustain the capital stock exceeds the income that it produces. abel et al. ( 1989 ) examined a group of developed economies and found that, in all of them, investment falls short of capital income. this finding has often been considered evidence that rational bubbles cannot exist in real economies. introducing financial frictions into the theory shows that this conclusion is unwarranted. the observation that capital income exceeds investment only implies that, on average, investments are dynamically efficient. but this does not exclude the possibility that the economy contains \u201c pockets \u201d of dynamically inefficient investments that could support a bubble. nor does it exclude the possibility that an expansionary bubble, by lowering the return to investment, creates itself the pockets of dynamically inefficient investments that support it. in such situations, the test of abel et al. would wrongly conclude that bubbles are not possible. our research is part of a growing body of work that studies the effects of bubbles in the presence of financial frictions : - caballero and krishnamurthy ( 2006 ) and farhi and tirole ( 2011 ) show that bubbles can be a useful source of liquidity ; - kocherlakota ( 2009 ) shows that bubbles can also raise collateral or net worth ; and - ventura ( 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134583345026624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9818e58-29b1-4913-aff0-b9e218d88d48>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.571559"}
{"text": "millions of us have ' pre - diabetes ' by jeffrey bramnick, pure matters almost 24 million americans have diabetes according to the center for disease control ( cdc ). millions of more americans have a condition that puts them at high risk for developing diabetes. the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) estimates that almost 57 million american adults have pre - diabetes. pre - diabetes, also known as impaired glucose tolerance, means having a blood sugar level that is higher than normal, but not yet persistently high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes. there ' s good news, though. if you have pre - diabetes, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by losing weight and getting regular exercise. risks of pre - diabetes if you have pre - diabetes, you are at 50 percent higher risk for developing heart disease and stroke, according to the american diabetes association ( ada ). these are risk factors for pre - diabetes : - overweight or obesity ; a body mass index ( bmi ) of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight, and a bmi of 30 or higher is obese - a family history of type 2 diabetes - being an african american, american indian, hispanic american or asian american - low hdl cholesterol and high triglycerides ( abnormal lipid profile ) - high blood pressure - a history of gestational diabetes what to do if you have pre - diabetes, work with your health care provider on lifestyle changes you can make. if you ' re overweight, losing weight can reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes. losing even eight to 10 pounds can make a difference, the niddk says. ultimately, you should aim for a bmi of 27 ; ideally, less than 25. to lose weight, maintain the loss and live a healthier life, get regular moderate - intensity exercise. the u. s. department of agriculture ' s 2005 guidelines on nutrition and exercise recommend 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily. this amount can be broken up into several 20 - minute sessions each day. be sure to check with your health care provider before beginning an exercise program. by the numbers two types of tests can determine whether you have pre - diabetes : fasting plasma glucose test ( fpg ) or the oral glucose tolerance test ( ogtt ). if your blood sugar level is abnormally high with the fpg, you have impaired fasting glucose, according to the ada. if your blood sugar levels are abnormally high with the ogtt, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43649552859270646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dda7ffb-0bdd-4d95-8480-592fbdfd81d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.575417"}
{"text": "i am one of those people who love to travel. it doesn ' t matter if i ' m driving for a few minutes or several hours, i just relax and enjoy the drive. during my journeys i have observed odd tasks that drivers try to perform while simultaneously operating their vehicle. i have observed people text messaging, talking on the phone, putting on makeup, reading, and putting in contact lenses. secondary activities have become an everyday occurrence for american motorists. a growing shift in focus from the roadway to a multitude of other tasks impairs the ability of modern drivers. even though research shows that certain influences ( such as drowsiness or conversation ) cause greater impairment than driving drunk, over 7 million people believe that their focus is unaffected by these behaviors. over the last several years, technology has imbedded itself into our everyday lives. can you remember the last time you forgot your cell phone at home and left for work? did it cause you distress, wondering how you could ever make it through the day without your phone? fifteen to 20 years ago, this was unheard of. today, it is the norm. the younger generation has grown up in this ever - advancing technological era and has never experienced a time without cell phones. because cell phones have become such a part of our everyday lives, distracted driving is now the number one killer of american teens and young adults. distracted driving among motorists has become an epidemic. in the state of missouri alone, in 2011, distracted driving killed 153 people and injured 10, 017. distraction affected crashes are preventable. distracted driving does not just happen, it is a choice. sending or receiving a text takes a driver ' s eyes from the road for an average of 4. 6 seconds. an equivalent is driving 55 mph for the length of an entire football field, blind. text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse than driving while not distracted. as generations age and technology advances, the number of americans using electronic devices while driving will continue to grow, as will the number of vehicle crashes caused by distracted driving. working together, all of us can help reduce driver distraction, and save lives and prevent injuries. while some progress has been made to educate the youth in the fight to end distracted driving, they aren ' t the only drivers who are distracted. there is much more to be done to help end this dangerous practice. itas clear the problem is complex and the solution requires parents, teens, educators, employers, and the government to get involved. still, the first line of defense against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46852219151592817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec5cb550-a139-41b0-9d9d-d1b1f065d3cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.580389"}
{"text": "yoga for a healthy back and neck back problems are very common among adults : some estimates say that over 20 % of adults have some chronic back pain. among the many causes of back pain are poor posture, back strain from poorly designed furniture, weak back and stomach muscles from lack of exercise, and injuries. many physicians recommend yoga exercise as a way to gently stretch and strengthen back muscles. in fact, if you \u2019 ve had physical therapy, you \u2019 ll probably recognize several yoga movements. in yoga, a strong, flexible back is very important for maintaining posture, for insuring that the nervous system pathways are strong and clear, for improving circulation to the brain, and for maintaining the erect posture necessary for seated meditation in intermediate practice. yoga exercises can be helpful both in preventing and in healing from an injury. many yoga exercises gently stretch and strengthen the muscles in the hips, back, and legs ; others improve muscle strength in the abdomen, which supports the lower back. in most people, muscles on one side of the body are stronger than those on the other ; yoga exercises stretch and strengthen both sides equally. if you practice every day, you will soon notice more relaxed posture and a more fluid carriage, and your back muscles won \u2019 t tire as easily. you \u2019 ll also learn how to recognize tension in your back and neck muscles more quickly so that you can release it before the muscles become tight and sore. if you have suffered an injury to your back or neck, begin with extremely gentle movements that do not hyperextend the neck or back in either direction. in a class, your instructor will modify the yoga exercises for you to be sure you don \u2019 t strain. even if you have had back surgery, there will always be some movements you can do. be sure to consult your physician before beginning any new exercise routine. breathing techniques and meditation training will teach you how to relax your body and mind at will and to recover faster from stress reactions. for beginning meditation, which is done lying flat so the spine can remain straight without strain, place a few cushions under your thighs and knees to release any pressure on your lower back. by exercising carefully, and by practicing a simple routine of exercise, breathing, and meditation every day, you can help your back and neck become as strong and healthy as possible. courtesy of the american yoga association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41059711264984533, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35cf2830-5981-49e0-84ae-12848758c557>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.585781"}
{"text": "what is health law? there are many ways to conceptualize health law. the health law & justice program views health law as encompassing not only the law of health care delivery and financing but all areas of study that focus on the intersection between law and health : from the ethics of embryonic stem cell research, to the role of government in preventing child maltreatment, to occupational health and safety regulations, to the laws governing elder care and death. we have grouped our health law courses into four overlapping but distinct areas of study : health care law, public and population health law, bioethics, and global health law. although these are not the only categories into which health law may be divided, we think these groupings provide a helpful lens for understanding the field \u2019 s multifaceted nature. health care law health care law focuses on the legislative, executive, and judicial rules and regulations that govern the health care industry. the health care industry includes hospitals and hospital systems, public and private insurers, pharmaceutical and device manufacturers, and the individual practitioners who treat patients. each of these entities functions within a vast complex of laws and regulations, and our curriculum reflects this complexity by offering a variety of courses that focus on specific aspects of health care law, such as fraud and abuse, food and drug law, medical malpractice, and healthcare mergers and acquisitions. public and population health law public health law has deep historical roots, but it has only recently emerged as a distinct area of legal study. part of what distinguishes public health law is its focus on prevention and populations : whereas healthcare law generally focuses on the delivery of treatment to individual patients, public health law generally focuses on preventing injury and disease by lowering health risks among populations. thus, a public health intervention, such as requiring cars to have airbags, may not decrease any particular individual \u2019 s risk of death as much as an expensive surgical procedure could, but when spread across a population, such interventions can make a huge difference in morbidity and mortality rates. because of public health \u2019 s focus on populations, we group public health law together with those areas of study that focus on the health of particular populations, such as children and the elderly. our curriculum includes several courses devoted to public health law and the law governing the health of specific populations. health law raises unique ethical challenges. even the question of how to define \u201c health \u201d is contested : it was only in the 1970s, for example, that the american psychiatric association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. beyond the difficulty of defining health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5146804784318082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ac14f63-65c3-4ef5-95dd-4fb571ab73d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.590870"}
{"text": "health law raises unique ethical challenges. even the question of how to define \u201c health \u201d is contested : it was only in the 1970s, for example, that the american psychiatric association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. beyond the difficulty of defining health is figuring out how to value it. because good health is a prerequisite for so much of what we do, it has a special value to many of us and cannot easily be balanced against other public or private goods. people also have conflicting intuitions about how to weigh the health of a single, identified person against the health of many, unidentified people. finally, advances in health technologies introduce new and difficult questions, including : do our genes belong to us? how can we protect patient privacy while maximizing patient health? and how should we define life and death? our bioethics courses encourage students to grapple with these and other difficult questions. global health law global health law is an emerging field that addresses the health challenges associated with globalization and population growth. global health law encompasses \u201c international health law \u201d but also extends beyond it in three important ways. first, whereas international health law focuses primarily on health - specific agreements, global health law examines a wider array of laws that affect but are not necessarily focused on health, such as laws governing trade, intellectual property, national security, human rights, and environmental protection. second, whereas international health law focuses on agreements among nation - states that attempt to influence governmental behavior, global health law also addresses the legal rights and obligations of nongovernmental actors such as corporations, nonprofit organizations, and private individuals. finally, whereas international health law focuses on international agreements, global health law also considers the impact that countries \u2019 national and local laws have on global health. thus, global health law breaks down many of the traditional distinctions that define international health law and, thereby, reflects the complexity of the health threats the world faces today. the washington college of law curriculum includes several courses designed to help students understand these threats and the unique legal and policy challenges they present.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462397367620706, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ac14f63-65c3-4ef5-95dd-4fb571ab73d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.591721"}
{"text": "sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ) are spread by sexual contact involving the genitals, mouth, or rectum, and can also be spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus before or during delivery. stds, which affect both men and women, are a worldwide public health concern. by laura beil christen childs woke up on september 12, 2009, in the pitch dark of early morning with what she thought was a pulled muscle in her leg. she reached down to massage the cramp, trying to fathom how her left calf could be so achingly sore when she hadn ' t made it to the gym in weeks. this was a saturday \u2014 by monday, her leg was swollen and hot, and when she tried to stand, jolts of pain shot up to her spine. she consulted her brother - in - law, a doctor, and he told her to go to the er immediately... some stds, such as hiv, can take up to 6 months before they can be detected in the blood. genital herpes and the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) can be spread when symptoms are not present. even if you and your partner have been tested, use condoms for all sex until you and your partner haven ' t had sex with another person for 6 months. then get symptoms of stds, such as unusual discharge, sores, redness, or growths in your and your partner ' s genital area, or pain while don ' t have more than one sex partner at a time. the safest sex is with one partner who has sex only with you. every time you add a new sex partner, you are being exposed to all of the diseases that all of their partners may have. your risk for an std increases if you have several sex partners at the same time. use a condom every time you have sex. a condom is the best way to protect yourself from stds. latex and polyurethane condoms do not let std viruses pass through, so they offer good protection from stds. condoms made from sheep intestines do not protect against stds. water - based lubricant such as k - y jelly or astroglide to help prevent tearing of the skin if there is a lack of lubrication during sexual intercourse. small tears in the vagina during vaginal sex or in the rectum during anal sex allow stds to get into your blood. avoid douching if you are a woman, because it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4163187908837747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e5b49ec-c4fd-45d2-964b-d680614866df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.595891"}
{"text": "what \u2019 s that jungle insect?! december 31, 2009 i was walking through the jungles in peru this summer when i noticed these insects on a small plant. their long, white, fuzzy antennae - like protrusions could move independently of one another, and moved quite a bit when i moved quickly toward them or made a loud noise. there appeared to be a bead of some sort of fluid at the point where these strange \u201c antennae \u201d connected to the insects \u2019 heads. also, these white antennae - like things also seemed to be growing from the bottoms of the leaves of the plant, as if the insects were harvesting them and carrying them on their head like antennae. i also have a short video showing the way in which they move, if that would be any help. thanks! the monkey whisperer manu national reserve, peru dear monkey whisperer, we wish your photo was more detailed, revealing the anatomy of an individual, but alas, it is not so. we are guessing that this is some species of free living hemipteran, perhaps a treehopper, leafhopper, or aphid, but we are uncertain as to the family, much less the genus or species. perhaps one of our readers has more information. we believe they are immature specimens which could mean the adult looks quite different. we also believe the antennae you describe are wax filaments which are produced by many hemipterans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740232886087437, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4eaa97e7-4373-4ef7-83db-53dba5075bd3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.597366"}
{"text": "elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material ( e. g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds ) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition. elemental analysis can be qualitative ( determining what elements are present ), and it can be quantitative ( determining how much of each are present ). elemental analysis falls within the ambit of analytical chemistry, the set of instruments involved in decyphering the chemical nature of our world. for synthetic chemists, elemental analysis or \" ea \" almost always refers to chnx analysis \u2014 the determination of the percentage weights of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and heteroatoms ( x ) ( halogens, sulfur ) of a sample. this information is important to help determine the structure of an unknown compound, as well as to help prove the structure and purity of a synthesized compound. the most common form of elemental analysis, chn analysis, is accomplished by combustion analysis. in this technique, a sample is burned in an excess of oxygen, and various traps collect the combustion products \u2014 carbon dioxide, water, and nitric oxide. the weights of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. other quantitative methods include : - gravimetry, where the sample is dissolved and then the element of interest is precipitated and its mass measured or the element of interest is volatilized and the mass loss is measured. - optical atomic spectroscopy, such as flame atomic absorption, graphite furnace atomic absorption, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, which probe the outer electronic structure of atoms. to qualitatively determine which elements exist in a sample, methods include : - mass spectrometric atomic spectroscopy, such as inductively coupled mass spectrometry, which probes the mass of atoms. - other spectroscopy which probes the inner electronic structure of atoms such as x - ray fluorescence, particle induced x - ray emission, x - ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and auger electron spectroscopy. - electrochemical methods there is no pharmaceutical or device industry support for this site and we need your viewer supported donations | editorial board | governance | licensing | disclaimers | avoid plagiarism | policies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5849866700010625, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df340b51-ca16-473c-9b5f-8b1e02d00178>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.603211"}
{"text": "the government national mortgage association ( ginnie mae ) is a wholly owned federal corporation within the u. s. department of [ housing and urban development ( hud ). it was created in 1968 through an amendment to title iii of the national housing act. the president of ginnie mae is appointed by the president of the united states, and serves as a key member of the secretary of housing and urban development ' s principal staff. ginnie mae is credited with creating the mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) program in 1968. the purpose of the mortgage - backed security program is to attract new sources of capital for residential mortgage loans by increasing liquidity in the secondary mortgage market. through the program, ginnie mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities backed by pools of mortgages issued by private mortgage institutions. a ginnie mae mortgage - backed security is the only mbs guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the united states government. ginnie mae can make this guarantee because mortgages in the underlying security are insured or guaranteed by the federal housing administration ( fha ), the rural housing service ( rhs ), ( formerly farmers home administration ), the department of veterans affairs ( va ), or hud \u2019 s office of public and indian housing ( pih ). the original mbs concept, as well as new variations developed in the past four decades, remains ginnie mae \u2019 s primary activity. ginnie mae does not assemble or issue securities : instead, it assesses a small fee on banks and other mortgage lenders to evaluate, and then guarantee the pool of mortgages to be sold by this private entity. the fee collected by ginnie mae is, if necessary, used as an advance against mbs pools which experience defaults. when homeowners do not make a mortgage payment, ginnie mae uses these fees to fulfill its guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest payment to the mbs security holders. should the mortgage - holder lose the home to foreclosure, ginnie mae \u2019 s full - faith and credit guarantee comes into play because all of the underlying mortgages are insured or guaranteed by fha, va, rhs and others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501895101638653, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3727d179-821e-427e-84dd-e02f50b8f4e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.605438"}
{"text": "richard branson is well on his way to space. now he plans to explore the deepest parts of the ocean as well. announced his undersea exploration venture, virgin oceanic, on tuesday. unlike his suborbital - space - flight company, virgin galactic, the new venture is not accepting paying passengers. instead, it will comprise only five deep - sea dives, each one carrying just one person, to the deepest points in each of the five oceans. to make the dives, virgin has built a custom submarine and a flashy promotional video. the sub ' s cockpit has a bubble - like dome made of quartz, which can withstand 6 million kilos of pressure across its surface, overall, the sub looks a bit like an aeroplane, the better to \" fly \" to its underwater destinations. it weighs 3, 600 kilos, is made of carbon fibre and titanium, and is rated to withstand pressure up to 37, 000 feet below the surface. it ' s not fast, though, with a maximum speed of just 3 knots and the ability to dive at 1. 8 metres per second, so its life - support systems are meant to last up to 24 hours. in addition to its one human, the sub will have a water sampling system that can filter microbes and viruses from the water for later study. it will also be able to deploy unmanned probes. so far, the sub has only gone for a dip in san francisco bay. virgin oceanic notes that sub was originally the brainchild of aviator and adventurer steve fossett, a friend of branson ' s, who crashed during a solo plane flight in 2007 but whose remains weren ' t found until 2008. to support and transport the sub, virgin has retrofitted carbon - fiber racing catamaran with a crane, generators and lots of electronics. the first dive will be to the bottom of the mariana trench, a 36, 201 - foot canyon deep in the western pacific. humans have made it to the bottom of the mariana trench just once before, in 1960. the commander of that expedition, jacques piccard, later recounted the experience of that the second dive will be to the bottom of the puerto rico trench, which at 8, 600 metres below the surface is the deepest trench in the atlantic ocean. branson himself plans to pilot the sub for this journey. branson will be the backup pilot for the mariana dive too, if his designated pilot is unable to do it. three other dives are planned, each to the deepest point of other three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4077697323115699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b46f3d22-881d-4779-a347-9580bcff3f52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.609622"}
{"text": "wisconsin soldiers who served in the black hawk war ( 1832 ) wisconsin muster rolls from the black hawk war, 1832 during the black hawk war against the sauk and fox indians, residents of wisconsin were assembled into local militia, regular u. s. army troops were deployed from st. louis, and fighting units of menominee and potawatomi warriors were organized under white leadership. the lists linked below show the names of all soldiers in the 18 companies of \" iowa \" militia [ i. e., iowa co, michigan territory ; present - day southwestern wisconsin ], plus the menominee and potawatomie units and one militia company raised at green bay. not included here are soldiers from the militia of other states or in the regular u. s. army ; the illinois state archives lists soldiers from that state. the rosters of 18 companies of iowa co. volunteers are listed first, followed by three menominee and two potawatomi companies, and finally by the single company of green bay militia. altogether they total about 600 names on 67 pages. the original muster rolls from which these typed versions were made are in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c., misfiled under \" iowa. \" these lists were created as soldiers mustered out at the end of the conflict ; occasional footnotes contain supplemental information from a parallel set of payroll records for each unit. the originals have not been microfilmed, and are published here for the first time. these transcriptions were made by wisconsin historical society genealogical librarian james l. hansen in 1980. they may be browsed in the left - hand frame of the viewer, and individual names may be searched in the box directly above it. territory to statehood | the black hawk war treaty councils, from prairie du chien to madeline island | creator : | | u. s. general accounting office. | pub data : | | unpublished typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c. | citation : | | \" wisconsin muster rolls from the black hawk war, 1832. \" typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c. online facsimile at : visited on : 5 / 18 / 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3654973896200978, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:398e77f9-3fef-4d73-980b-f253e23e9fb6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.614516"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email a jog dial is a controller that can step through options or regulate the speed of media playback. it consists of a wheel or disc that spins freely or can move through a series of individual stops, known as detents or clicks, depending on the design. electronics like cameras may have jog dials, and they can be attached to mice or external controls for a computer to control programs. for example, transcriptionists, video editors, and audio mixers may use an external jog dial to work more efficiently with media. the design of the dial can depend on the device. some are aligned vertically to create a spinning wheel, while others are horizontal. textured edges are common to make a jog dial easier to grip and these may have markings to allow the user to see the appropriate setting. on a digital camera, for example, a dial can allow the user to select from several detents, each representing a different shooting mode. another dial may control aperture or shutter speed when the user is on a manual or semi - manual mode. for controlling media playback, a jog dial spins freely. it can be activated to fast forward or reverse, pause, and slow media. this can be critical for editing and transcribing, where one - touch control increase efficiency. disc jockeys can use jog dials for fades, record skips, and other effects both in recordings and live performances. jog dials also provide a quick method for reviewing footage in the field, useful for sound technicians and videographers. some computer mice come with a jog dial, sometimes known as a scroll wheel, which can be used for scrolling, clicking, and other functions. external jog dials can also be connected separately. these are usually designed for quick installation ; some come with compact discs loaded with software for full feature functionality. they may be designed to coordinate with specific software programs to add features and make the software easy to use. in addition to responding to spinning, some jog dials also respond to pressure. the user can push down to click or select, and may be able to selectively exert pressure on either end of the jog dial to access additional features. this increases the capacity of the device, although the learning curve can be steeper as people learn to control it effectively. accidentally putting pressure on one end while operating the device, for instance, may inadvertently trigger an unwanted function.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4992661583682779, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b214b0f0-6fb5-447b-bfbe-27a4758425da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.617334"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to draw off ( a liquid ) by a gradual process : drained water from the sink. - v. to cause liquid to go out from ; empty : drained the bathtub ; drain the pond. - v. to draw off the surface water of : the mississippi river drains a vast area. - v. to drink all the contents of : drained the cup. - v. to deplete gradually, especially to the point of complete exhaustion. see synonyms at deplete. - v. to fatigue or spend emotionally or physically : the day ' s events completely drained me of all strength. - v. to flow off or out : gasoline drained slowly from the tilted can. - v. to become empty by the drawing off of liquid : watched the tub slowly drain. - v. to discharge surface or excess water : the niagara river drains into lake ontario. when flooded, the swamp drains northward. - v. to become gradually depleted ; dwindle : felt his enthusiasm draining. - n. a pipe or channel by which liquid is drawn off. - n. medicine a device, such as a tube, inserted into the opening of a wound or body cavity to facilitate discharge of fluid or purulent material. - n. the act or process of draining. - n. a gradual outflow or loss ; consumption or depletion : the drain of young talent by emigration. - n. something that causes a gradual loss : interruptions that are a drain on my patience. - idiom. down the drain to or into the condition of being wasted or lost : all of our best laid plans are down the drain. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to draw off gradually, as a liquid ; remove or convey away by degrees, as through conduits, by filtration, or by any comparable process : as, to drain water from land, wine from the lees, or blood from the body ; to drain away the specie of a country. - to free, clear, or deprive by degrees, as of a liquid ; empty or exhaust gradually : as, to drain land of water ( the most familiar use of the word ) ; to drain a vessel of its contents ; to drain a country of its resources. - to flow off gradually. - to be gradually emptied, as of a liquid : as, the cask slowly drains. - n. the act of draining or drawing off, or of emptying by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5333664052894802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25767e69-f86c-4c01-89f9-0e299d46ce09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.624282"}
{"text": "; to drain a country of its resources. - to flow off gradually. - to be gradually emptied, as of a liquid : as, the cask slowly drains. - n. the act of draining or drawing off, or of emptying by drawing off ; gradual or continuous outflow, withdrawal, or expenditure. - n. that which drains, or by means of which draining is immediately effected. - n. specifically \u2014 a passage, pipe, or open channel for the removal of water or other liquid ; especially, a pipe or channel for removing the surplus water from soils. drains may be open ditches or sunken pipes or conduits. those for wet lands are so made as to permit the percolation into them of water from the adjacent soil, as by the use in a covered conduit of porous earthen pipes or tiles, or of a filling of small stones, of an open cut where there is a sufficient slope, etc. see sewer. - n. the trench in which the melted metal flows from a furnace to the molds - n. in surgery, a hollow sound or canula used to draw off purulent matter from a deep seated abscess. - n. pl. the grain from the mash - tub : distinctively called brewers ' drains. - n. in ship - building, a large pipe which runs through or above the double bottom of a war - ship and is connected with the principal pumps to remove water from the various compartments. the main drain is from 12 to 15 inches in diameter, has openings into the large compartments controlled by valves, and is intended to pump out the water in case of damage by grounding, collision, etc. the secondary or auxiliary drain is also connected with all the large compartments and is used for all ordinary pumping. - n. a conduit allowing liquid to flow out of an otherwise contained volume. - n. something consuming resources and providing nothing in return. - n. vulgar an act of urination. - n. electronics the name of one terminal of a field effect transistor ( fet ). - v. intransitive to lose liquid. - v. transitive, ergative to cause liquid to flow out of. - v. transitive, ergative to convert a perennially wet place into a dry one. - v. transitive to deplete of energy or resources. - v. intransitive, pinball to fall off the bottom of the playfield. gnu webster ' s 1913", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5674358039678471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25767e69-f86c-4c01-89f9-0e299d46ce09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.626207"}
{"text": "to convert a perennially wet place into a dry one. - v. transitive to deplete of energy or resources. - v. intransitive, pinball to fall off the bottom of the playfield. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. to draw off by degrees ; to cause to flow gradually out or off ; hence, to cause the exhaustion of. - v. to exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off ; to make gradually dry or empty ; to remove surface water, as from streets, by gutters, etc. ; to deprive of moisture ; hence, to exhaust ; to empty of wealth, resources, or the like. - v. to filter. - v. to flow gradually. - v. to become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping. - n. the act of draining, or of drawing off ; gradual and continuous outflow or withdrawal. - n. that means of which anything is drained ; a channel ; a trench ; a water course ; a sewer ; a sink. - n. engraving the grain from the mashing tub. - v. empty of liquid ; drain the liquid from - v. flow off gradually - n. a pipe through which liquid is carried away - n. emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it - v. deplete of resources - v. make weak - n. tube inserted into a body cavity ( as during surgery ) to remove unwanted material - n. a gradual depletion of energy or resources - middle english dreinen ( verb ) from old english dreahnian ( \" to drain, strain, filter \" ), from proto - germanic * draug - ( \u201c dry \u201d ), akin to old english drugian ( \" to dry up \" ), druga\u00fe ( \" dryness, drought \" ), old english dryge ( \" dry \" ). more at dry ( wiktionary ) - middle english dreinen, to strain, drain, from old english dreahnian. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c brain drain is still claiming canadian doctors, but not our doctorals. \u201d \u201c she noted that the more typical \" brain drain \" is to the us, as canadian professionals leave for greater income potential. \u201d \u201c if there is brain drain from a particular country, it can scarcely develop. \u201d \u201c that a slip - slide into banality leads to forum brain drain is a sort of catch - 22 given. \u201d \u201c the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5812456707370491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25767e69-f86c-4c01-89f9-0e299d46ce09>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.627178"}
{"text": "leave for greater income potential. \u201d \u201c if there is brain drain from a particular country, it can scarcely develop. \u201d \u201c that a slip - slide into banality leads to forum brain drain is a sort of catch - 22 given. \u201d \u201c the brain drain is not the consequence of some sort of collective despair. \u201d \u201c hong kong ' s brain drain is both a myth and a reality - - a myth in that its proportions tend to be wildly exaggerated, and in that its existence is attributed to a largely imaginary state of panic supposedly to be found in hong kong. \u201d \u201c highly educated women \u2019 s abandonment of the workplace is not an extension of the centuries of upper - class arm candy ; it \u2019 s a sex - specific brain drain from the future rulers of the society.... \u201d \u201c ainalem puts it this way : one potential solution to africa \u2019 s brain drain is virtual participation. \u201d \u201c america ' s loss may be india ' s gain, analysts say, pointing to a ' reverse brain drain ' that may see india reaping benefits for years to come. \u201d \u201c watch the water drain from the roof of the greenhouses. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 drain \u2019. the path of least resistance, watercourses, plumbing.... words describing slow action or movement ( open list, randomness, descriptive ) includes words of the \" prodcom list \" words that make me think of vampire : the requiem grateful credit to http : / / reocities. com / soho / studios / 9783 / phond1. html. very basic words for esl students. words from 2009 ' watchmen ' film. words that mean drink. looking for tweets for drain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506034969132678, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25767e69-f86c-4c01-89f9-0e299d46ce09>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.627828"}
{"text": "frequently asked questions about pancreatic cancer by pure matters these are some answers to frequently asked questions about pancreatic cancer. q : what is the pancreas? a : the pancreas is a glandular organ, located deep in the abdomen. it is behind the stomach and in front of the spine. the pancreas is about 6 inches long and has a wide head with a body that tapers to a narrow tail. the pancreas makes enzymes and hormones. the enzymes mix with bile to help with the digestion of food, especially fats, sugars, and proteins. the pancreas makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. these hormones help the body control the level of sugar in the blood. both of these hormones help the body use and store the energy it gets from food. q : what is cancer of the pancreas? a : pancreatic cancer is cancer that starts in the pancreas. no one is entirely sure why people get this type of cancer. it is thought that normal cells undergo a series of changes, leading to permanent cell changes, and eventually cancer. q : what are the different types of pancreatic cancer? a : most cancers of the pancreas start in the ducts that carry pancreatic juices. they are called adenocarcinomas. these are less common types of pancreatic cancer. - mucinous cystadenocarcinomas - acinar cell carcinomas - large cell carcinomas these types are named after the way they look under the microscope. a rare type of pancreatic cancer starts in the cells of the pancreas that make insulin and other hormones. these cells are called islet cells. cancers that begin in these cells are called islet cell cancers, or endocrine tumors of the pancreas. q : what are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? a : pancreatic cancer can grow inside a person ' s body for a long time before symptoms appear. these are the most common symptoms. - yellow eyes, skin, or nails ( jaundice ) - pain in the abdomen or back - weight loss over several months that is unexpected - an enlarged abdomen, from a swollen gallbladder digestive problems often happen if the tumor blocks the release of pancreatic juices into the intestines. if this happens, people can have problems digesting fatty foods. this can cause stools to be pale, greasy, bulky, and foul smelling. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4130349077792453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a91fe7e7-b2ee-40f9-887a-cba1a2033d19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.631968"}
{"text": "happen if the tumor blocks the release of pancreatic juices into the intestines. if this happens, people can have problems digesting fatty foods. this can cause stools to be pale, greasy, bulky, and foul smelling. the stools may also float in the toilet. q : what is the treatment for pancreatic cancer? a : doctors treat pancreatic cancer in these three ways. - radiation therapy people may have these treatments alone or combined. q : what is a pancreaticoduodenectomy? a : this is the most common type of surgery used to remove tumors from the pancreas. it is also called the whipple procedure. the surgeon removes all of these during the procedure. - the head of the pancreas ( the body of the pancreas may also be removed ) - distal common bile duct - part of the stomach ( possibly ) - lymph nodes near the pancreas after surgery, bile from the liver, food from the stomach, and digestive juices from the remaining part of the pancreas all enter the small intestine. q : should everyone get a second opinion for a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer? a : many people with cancer get a second opinion from another doctor. there are many reasons to get a second opinion. these are some of the reasons. - the person is not comfortable with the treatment decision. - the type of cancer is rare. - there are different ways to treat the cancer. - the person is not able to see a cancer expert. q : how can someone get a second opinion? a : these are some ways to get a second opinion. - talk with a primary doctor. he or she may be able to recommend a specialist. this might include a surgeon, medical oncologist, or radiation oncologist. sometimes these doctors work together at cancer centers or programs. - ask the cancer information service ( 800 - 4 - cancer ) for help. it can provide treatment facilities, cancer centers, and other programs supported by the national cancer institute. - get names of doctors from other sources. check with a local medical society, a nearby hospital, a medical school, local cancer advocacy groups, or other people who have had pancreatic cancer. - consult the official abms directory of board certified medical specialists. this book from the american board of medical specialists lists doctors by state. it gives their specialty, background, and training. it is available at most public libraries or on the internet at www. ab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4283919212450781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a91fe7e7-b2ee-40f9-887a-cba1a2033d19>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.633095"}
{"text": "since the inception of waste discharge regulations in california ( both by the regional water quality control boards and the u. s. epa ), the self monitoring of waste streams has been a standard practice. compliance with effluent standards has been mainly, if not solely, determined by enforcement agencies through the review of the reports submitted by the dischargers. occasionally, staffs of the state agencies collect samples of various discharge streams to verify the validity of monitoring reports provided by the dischargers to the state. according to the water code, regional boards may require the submittal of monitoring reports as necessary. the burden, including costs, of these reports shall bear a reasonable relationship to the need for the report and the benefits obtained from the report. there is a provision in the water code that specifies reports of confidential nature be treated differently. when these reports are requested by the person furnishing a report, the portions of a report that might disclose proprietary processes shall not be made available for inspection by the public, but shall be made available to governmental agencies for use in making studies. however, these portions of a report are available for use by the state or any state agency in the judicial review for enforcement practices. waste discharge permits in california there are two types of waste discharge permits that govern the discharge of waste in california. these permits are the national pollutant discharge elimination system and the waste discharge requirements. national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) : npdes permits are issued to regulate discharges of waste to navigable waters of the nation, including discharges of storm water from urban separate storm water systems and certain categories of industrial activity. \" waters of the nation \" encompass surface waters such as rivers, lakes, bays, estuaries, oceans, etc. the permits are authorized by section 402 of the federal clean water act and section 13370 of the california water code. the permit content and the issuance process are contained in the code of federal regulations. npdes permits are required to dictate conditions of discharge that will ensure protection of beneficial uses of the receiving water as in regional water quality control plans adopted by the state water board. the u. s. environmental protection agency has approved the state ' s program to regulate discharges of waste water to \" waters of the nation. \" the state, through the regional water boards, issues the npdes permits, reviews discharger self - monitoring reports, performs independent compliance checking and takes enforcement actions as needed. waste discharge requirements ( wdrs ) : the california water code authorizes regional water boards to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4375113413416666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab7c5950-f24e-484a-9711-e68705a6a460>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.640377"}
{"text": "through the regional water boards, issues the npdes permits, reviews discharger self - monitoring reports, performs independent compliance checking and takes enforcement actions as needed. waste discharge requirements ( wdrs ) : the california water code authorizes regional water boards to regulate discharges of waste to land to protect water quality. water boards issue wdrs in accordance with section 13263 of the california water code. regional boards issue wdrs, review self - monitoring reports submitted by the discharger, perform independent compliance checking, and take the necessary enforcement action. self monitoring program both the wdrs and the npdes permits contain extensive discharge specifications, prohibitions, effluent standards, mass loadings, receiving water standards, general provisions and the \" self monitoring and reporting program. \" this program is truly the cornerstone of both the wdrs and the npdes program. in california, monitoring of discharges and receiving waters is carried out by the permittee. the ideal situation would be where the regulatory agency and / or an independent laboratory collected and analyzed samples from the permittee ' s waste stream. however, since this process is not logically or financially possible, the burden falls on the permittee. potential problems resulting from a self - monitoring system include improper sample collection, poor analytical technique, falsification of records and other abuses of the system. the regulatory agency has several tools available to prevent or minimize these problems. facility inspections are routinely performed by regulatory agency personnel and should consist of a thorough inspection of the treatment facility. this visual observation should allow the inspector to determine whether the facility is capable of producing an effluent that will meet its permit limits. the facility inspection should also include an inspection of the laboratory facilities, including a review of the laboratory and sampling techniques used and the appropriate supporting records. additionally, the regulatory agency also conducts compliance monitoring consisting of periodic sampling of a permittee discharge. if the compliance monitoring results differ significantly from those reported by the permittee, then the reason for the discrepancy should be discovered and corrected. types of monitoring reports both the wdrs and the npdes permits require a plethora of monitoring reports ( including daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi - annually and yearly information on various parameters that are expected to be found in the discharge streams ). in addition, the permittee is required to sample receiving waters for back groundwater quality as well as source water supply quality. in many cases, the permittee is required to perform toxicity bioassays to characterize the toxicity potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44032949655508014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab7c5950-f24e-484a-9711-e68705a6a460>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.641413"}
{"text": "the discharge streams ). in addition, the permittee is required to sample receiving waters for back groundwater quality as well as source water supply quality. in many cases, the permittee is required to perform toxicity bioassays to characterize the toxicity potential of the discharge. these monitoring reports are submitted both to the state and u. s. epa for npdes discharges. considerations for selecting monitoring requirements an integral part of the monitoring conditions for a particular facility is the monitoring points. the point at which a sample is collected can have a dramatic effect on the monitoring results for that facility. for example, a facility may have several waste streams from different plant processes. the waste stream from a particular process may contain extremely high amounts of a particular pollutant, that may reflect poor housekeeping, inadequate treatment facilities or other problems. however, when this stream is diluted with other waste streams from other parts of the plant, the resulting constituent concentrations may be below detectable levels. thus, it may be necessary to require internal monitoring points in order to detect these problem areas. ultimately, the permittee is responsible for providing a safe and accessible sampling point that is representative of the discharge. the state permit writer is responsible for determining the most appropriate monitoring location and explicitly specifying this in the permit. some factors that need to be considered when determining monitoring frequency include - frequency of discharge - design capacity of treatment facility - type of treatment method used - significance of pollutants with regard to post - compliance record / history - cost of monitoring relative to discharger ' s capabilities. the monitoring frequency is normally based on the design capacity of the treatment facility and complexity of the discharge. if the cost of monitoring is significant in considering the capability of the discharger, the frequency of some or all of the parameters can be decreased. types of sampling in addition to establishing monitoring frequencies, the permit writer will need to determine the type of sample required. there are two types of samples : grabs and composite. where the quality and flow of the waste stream being sampled is not likely to change over time, a grab sample is appropriate and specified in the permit. when the material being sampled varies significantly over time either as a result of flow or quality changes, a composite sample is desirable. as these reports are received by the regional water quality control board staff, they are generally logged to show when they were received versus when they were due. staff checks compliance with permit specified effluent limitations, conditions, types of samples required and frequency of samples specified in the permit. this information is then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47065725229578137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab7c5950-f24e-484a-9711-e68705a6a460>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.642433"}
{"text": "board staff, they are generally logged to show when they were received versus when they were due. staff checks compliance with permit specified effluent limitations, conditions, types of samples required and frequency of samples specified in the permit. this information is then entered into a computer tracking system. if the nature of a violation is significant, an enforcement procedure is implemented. first, a staff member will contact the discharger to find out the cause of the violations. if a satisfactory explanation is obtained, a note of the confirmation is put in the file. however, if the nature of violation is significant, a formal letter of violation is sent to the discharger confirming violations noted and the discharger is requested to submit information on actions that have been implemented to bring the discharge into compliance or actions that are proposed along with the time schedule to bring the discharge into compliance as soon as possible. both the u. s. epa and the state have guidance for their staff to determine if violations are significant and what level of enforcement is appropriate to address these violations. the enforcement process is based on incremental escalation of enforcement ( i. e., from a phone call to a formal enforcement hearing before the regional board ). a discharger can be issued a cease and desist action by the regional board in accordance with the due process as outlined in the california water code and the federal regulations. is self monitoring working? in general, the self monitoring system used to monitor waste discharge systems in california is working. dischargers sample their discharge streams in accordance with their permit terms and conditions and follow a chain of custody procedures for transporting samples to state certified laboratories for analyses. the laboratory results are tabulated by the discharger and / or its consultants and sent to the state and to u. s. epa where appropriate. in some cases, dischargers forget to sample for the parameters outlined in their waste discharge requirements and monitoring reports are submitted. staff of the regulatory agencies ( at least once a month ) review non - submittal of these reports and tag those dischargers that are delinquent in the submittal of their reports. a follow up letter is sent to these dischargers to remind them that the required monitoring reports need to be submitted in a timely manner. constant violators are prioritized for enforcement action as appropriate. there have been a few instances of falsification of monitoring reports in the state and these types of cases are considered to be very serious and companies and / or persons involved are dealt severely to the maximum extent allowed by law. such exemplary enforcement actions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45214682213976876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab7c5950-f24e-484a-9711-e68705a6a460>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.643380"}
{"text": "bribery, corruption, intrigue, rotten boroughs and riots \u2026 oh dear, that will be wiltshire \u2019 s parliamentary elections in eighteenth and nineteenth century! present events always give us an opportunity to take the long - view and here at the history centre we have a range of resources on the political history of the county and borough, from excellent accounts published in the victoria county history for wiltshire to election squibs, poll books and original documents. wiltshire \u2019 s early claim to political fame was the impressive size of its parliamentary representation. until 1832 it elected two knights of the shire ( representing the whole county ), two mps for salisbury, and two burgesses for each of its 15 boroughs, a grand total of 34 seats. only cornwall had higher. this was especially impressive given that many of the boroughs were the size of a village, and few of their residents could vote. the most notable, of course, was old sarum, which retuned two mps and in 1768, it is claimed, had an electorate of, er \u2026 one, though usually could count on seven. other small boroughs included great bedwyn, cricklade, downton, heytesbury, hindon, ludgershall and wootton bassett. yet other towns like bradford on avon, corsham, trowbridge, and warminster could not send representatives to parliament. the remaining boroughs electing two mp \u2019 s were calne, chippenham, devizes, marlborough, malmesbury, marlborough, westbury and wilton. but don \u2019 t think for one minute that the larger towns necessarily had a bigger electorate. malmesbury weighed in with a total electorate of 13, and if this was not enough it was notable for being one of the most corrupt boroughs in england. cricklade, on the other hand, through the act of 1782, had its franchise extended to all freeholders in the surrounding area, numbering 1, 200. this made bribery and corruption more difficult, but unfortunately fewer than fifty voters actually lived in the borough itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40052722727355217, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee7713d7-6ec0-456c-a2ee-40e090738a23>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.645314"}
{"text": "one area that is particularly ripe for opportunity is in the stem fields ( science, technology, engineering and mathematics ). in august, u. s. news & world report reported that there will be a need to fill over 1. 2 million stem jobs in the u. s. by 2018. stem careers offer lucrative and stable opportunities ; for example, pharmacist jobs boast median salaries of $ 105, 000, with a projected 25 percent job growth rate between 2010 and 2020. stem fields are also drivers of innovation : experts note that those working in stem are overwhelmingly responsible for creating breakthrough inventions compared with non - stem counterparts. despite the promise these career paths offer, less than one - third of eighth graders in this country are proficient in mathematics and science and fewer than 15 percent of u. s. undergraduates receive science or engineering degrees. this academic lag has resulted in the country \u2019 s stem workforce hovering under 3 percent of the total working population. \u201c it is important to close these gaps because stem fields have an enormous impact on our country \u2019 s growth and also provide rich opportunities for our youth, \u201d says john jones, r. ph., j. d., who is a senior vice president at optumrx and the chair of the pharmacy is right for me educational initiative. \u201c we should reach students early in their education to get them thinking about the opportunities the sector has to offer, and begin taking those first steps toward building careers in the diverse stem arena. \u201d so how can parents and caretakers help kids embark upon successful professional journeys in stem and related fields? jones recommends taking the following steps : 1. engage young students early on and provide them with an educational roadmap. students may not consider careers in stem fields because they simply do not know about what those pathways can offer. help expose kids as early as elementary and middle school to the types of unique and exciting options found through stem. work with your children to build a strong foundation in math and science skills, which are essential to pursuing stem opportunities at every level \u2013 from technical positions to those requiring advanced degrees. 2. encourage hands - on learning. gaining real - world stem experience through internships, summer jobs, or even participation in student innovation competitions can help kids get excited about future possibilities and apply their science and math education in creative ways. shadowing stem professionals in the local community can also provide a deeper understanding of what stem professions involve on a day - to - day basis. 3. seek out additional support both in your local community and online. preparing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46270180390670657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f690c3dc-77f8-424c-8a77-2c5a934769d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.650194"}
{"text": "children love to hear their grandparents and parents recount the details of whence their family came, the genealogy of who they are, how they came about and why they are. indeed, our heritage depends on the continuous retelling of such important events. this is why we take pleasure each year at this time recounting some of the lesser discussed details surrounding the birth of jesus christ. we all know what happened on \u201c christmas \u201d \u2014 as st. luke masterfully wrote in his gospel ( see below ). but having some of the context that led up to this holy, remarkable day adds to its richness. in truth, jesus \u2019 birth is a story for jews and christians alike. after all, jesus \u2019 parents, mary and joseph, were jews. and the setting for this momentous, monumental event was in the heart of the land that god promised to abraham and moses \u2014 israel. the main characters leading up to jesus \u2019 birth \u2014 mary, joseph, mary \u2019 s cousin, elizabeth, and her husband, zacharias \u2014 were anything but celebrities in their day. they were as common as iowa farmers. and yet, in reality, mary and joseph were indeed connected to royalty. biblical scholars write they actually were cousins, both descendants from the lineage of king david, the longtime king of israel. but at that time \u2014 which was around 4 b. c. \u2014 the jews of judea ( central israel ), were anything but a privileged, royal class. they were living under the rule of julius ceasar augustus and his vast roman empire and under the unpredictability of the maniac, king herod, an arab - jew who ruled over jerusalem and bethlehem as a \u201c client \u201d king for caesar. \u201c herod inflicted such outrages upon ( the jews ) as not even a beast could have done if it possessed the power to rule over men, \u201d wrote the biblical historian josephus. what \u2019 s more, herod became infamous for murdering his wife, his wife \u2019 s father, her brother, three of his own sons and 300 of his military leaders. nonetheless, under herod, the jews managed to live with what biblical historian james edward talmadge called \u201c some semblance of national autonomy. \u201d they could practice their religion without much interference. but there was no doubt the jews did not relish their domination. the jews kept to themselves and held particular dislike for the samaritans, a racially mixed people. \u201c the enmity between jew and samaritan was so intense that travelers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4016814810488546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac84c8a-44c5-464c-bba0-d8e9377ab2b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.659244"}
{"text": "there was no doubt the jews did not relish their domination. the jews kept to themselves and held particular dislike for the samaritans, a racially mixed people. \u201c the enmity between jew and samaritan was so intense that travelers between judea and galilee would make long detours rather than pass through samaria, \u201d talmadge wrote. this is what mary and joseph would encounter after they received word of julius caesar \u2019 s order for a census. caesar demanded that everyone register in his hometown. for mary and joseph, this meant traveling from nazareth in galilee in the north to bethlehem in judea \u2014 an 80 - mile journey. that would have taken them right through samaria. and let \u2019 s not forget : mary was nine months pregnant. in his gospel on the birth of christ, st. luke was sparing on the details of mary and joseph \u2019 s trip. the fact there are few details must mean it was mostly uneventful. but you could imagine it otherwise : any woman in her ninth month of pregnancy is physically miserable \u2014 can \u2019 t sit for long stretches, can \u2019 t sleep. so imagine mary and joseph traveling in a caravan or with mary riding on a donkey. it was cold at night. the trip would have taken about four days. on this very day, dec. 22, they would have had two days to go before reaching bethlehem. and at this point in the trip, they would just be passing through samaria. jewish travelers were marks for bandits. god was watching over mary and joseph, of course. they made it, but only to find out that bethlehem, normally a sleepy little town, was bustling with jews who had returned to register for the census. there was no room at the inn. mary and joseph, we know, found a stable. but this wasn \u2019 t the stable we see on the hallmark christmas cards. the stables in those days often were dark, cold caves with \u201c mangers \u201d \u2014 animal - feeding troughs carved into the stone walls ; they were not wooden cribs padded with dry, neatly arranged hay. with nowhere else to go, mary gave birth \u2026 under the stars, amid the manure and muck, among the sheep, cows and chickens, no doctors present to administer an epidural, with joseph, her carpenter husband, assisting as best he could. those who have witnessed birth know its difficulty in a hospital bed. imagine the scene in a smelly, cold barn. yet, this lowly, humble setting was the way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3906886619676404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac84c8a-44c5-464c-bba0-d8e9377ab2b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.660244"}
{"text": "were accomplished that she should be delivered. and she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger ; because there was no room for them in the inn. and there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. and, lo, the angel of the lord came upon them, and the glory of the lord shone round about them : and they were sore afraid. and the angel said unto them, fear not : for, behold, i bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. for unto you is born this day in the city of david a saviour, which is christ the lord. and this shall be a sign unto you ; ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. and suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising god, and saying, glory to god in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. and it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, let us now go even unto bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the lord hath made known unto us. and they came with haste, and found mary, and joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. \u2014 st. luke, 2 : 1 - 16, king james bible currently 0 responses 18 author event laura lee smith : heart of palm 18 an island affaire 6 : 00 pm - 11 : 00 pm 18 chef ' s cooking for kids 6 : 00 pm - 9 : 00 pm 18 movie and discussion - history channel ' s ancient alien series 7 : 00 pm - 8 : 00 pm trevor kunk is the chef de cuisine at blue hill in new york city \u2019 s greenwich village, which the james beard foundation just named \" most outstanding restaurant. \" sarasota native and resident bri oliva made her tv debut may 7, on the \" rachael ray show. \" oliva was selected to participate in a segment called \" hidden dangers on the playground. \" key to the city more than 100 community members and leaders, friends and family surprised paul thorpe, one of the founding members of the downtown association of sarasota, april 25, at the gator club, to show their appreciation and celebrate the strides he \u2019 s made for sarasota over the past four decades.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39620190801574473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac84c8a-44c5-464c-bba0-d8e9377ab2b8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.662131"}
{"text": "in this episode ( in order of appearance ) : [ upbeat electronic music ] ( jennifer ) : hello, there. i ' m jennifer pulley, and welcome to another edition of nasa 360. today we ' ve got so many things lined up for you. we ' re going to talk about technology. we ' re going to talk about exploration. and we ' re going to talk about dinosaurs and how they ' re all related. but first, let ' s talk about where i ' m standing. get this : i ' m standing inside a fort. that ' s right, and it ' s not just any fort. this is jamestown fort. it ' s the site of the first permanent english colony in what was then called the new world. today, of course, we know it as america. now think about this : from this starting point, people spread out all across the country and eventually populated the entire united states. so i guess we have to say that this landing ' s spot ' s a pretty big deal in american history. over time, though, the original fort that the english settlers built fell into disrepair. and believe it or not, for many years, it was lost to history. that all changed in 1996 when archaeologist dr. bill kelso rediscovered the original fort. it began a whole new era of understanding what life was like for those first jamestown settlers. for the first time, they had proof. using old writings, drawings, and now a handy trowel for digging, dr. kelso and his team discovered where the old fort was. and they began excavating the artifacts. to date, he and his team have found over 1 million artifacts from the original fort. and they expect to find many more in the next few years. in a little while, we ' ll catch up with dr. kelso and dig a little deeper into the history of jamestown. but first, do you know the difference between an archaeologist and a paleontologist? well, let ' s see. they both dig in the ground looking for things in the past, right? well, it ' s the type of things they ' re looking for that make them different. you see, archaeology is the science of understanding human cultures, while paleontology is the study of prehistoric life - forms. so basically, then, archaeologists spends their time trying to understand human history, while paleontologists generally look for fossils from before human history, like dinosaur bones. got it? luckily for archaeologists and paleontologists,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5063914945882333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.680773"}
{"text": "study of prehistoric life - forms. so basically, then, archaeologists spends their time trying to understand human history, while paleontologists generally look for fossils from before human history, like dinosaur bones. got it? luckily for archaeologists and paleontologists, tons of help is now coming from nasa. how? well, one of the ways is through the use of remote sensing techniques. remote sensing? well, in the broadest sense, it ' s the use of a device to collect information without actually physically touching the object. now, a great example of a remote sensing device we use every single day? our eyes. think about it. you can detect objects around you without physically touching them. you simply use your detectors, or your eyes, to see the object, gather information about it. you ' re using remote sensing. there are many forms of nasa - sponsored remote sensing devices that are being used to help in archaeology and paleontology. like, for example, there ' s something called ground - penetrating radar. this unique type of radar system can actually see objects in the ground without anyone having to dig them up. by using this in combination with aerial photography and historical documents, nasa can help give researchers a much better indication of where to dig, what to preserve, and what areas to avoid. satellites are another type of remote sensing tool being used by nasa researchers to help archaeologists and paleontologists. in fact, nasa archaeologist dr. tom sever has been using satellite data to help us understand why the mayan civilization in guatemala collapsed and how current populations may be able to prevent future disaster. let me try to break it down for you. between the third and ninth century, the mayan civilization in central america flourished. but after about the ninth century, they collapsed, leaving archaeologists few clues as to why this once - mighty civilization disappeared. this is where nasa comes in. our remote sensing satellites can detect even small changes within the electromagnetic spectrum. so sand, cultivated soil, vegetation, and rocks, each have distinctive spectral signatures which are easily distinguished from each other. so archaeologists can use info from the remote sensing satellites to quickly target specific areas of interest then send teams to that area to validate the findings. dr. sever and his team have already found several previously undiscovered sites and feel confident that they know where others are, thanks to nasa ' s remote sensing satellites. that is how nasa is helping researchers find old ruins. but remote sensing satellites are also helping us understand why the mayan civilization may have disappeared. today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5492698716777107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.681839"}
{"text": "sites and feel confident that they know where others are, thanks to nasa ' s remote sensing satellites. that is how nasa is helping researchers find old ruins. but remote sensing satellites are also helping us understand why the mayan civilization may have disappeared. today, the peten rain forest in guatemala is covered with trees and is not heavily populated. but it was not like this during the peak of the mayan civilization. in fact, during that time, this region had a population of about 2, 000 people per square mile, which is about the same as current - day los angeles. with a population that large, the mayans had to farm huge areas of land. to do this, they employed a technique called slash and burn, which eventually destroyed virtually every tree for hundreds of miles. computer models show that as the trees disappeared, so did the rain, which caused temperatures to increase by five to six degrees. all of these shifts may have caused malnutrition and disease, which, in turn, contributed to its collapse. this information is especially important for us today because slash - and - burn techniques are once again being used in the areas that were once mayan strongholds. understanding what happened to the mayans may dissuade current generations of farmers from following the same destructive path. so as you can see, nasa technology is being used for a lot more than just to help us in space. it ' s being used to help save lives back here on earth too. hey, in a little bit, we ' ll swing back out here to jamestown to talk with dr. kelso. but first, let ' s head to north dakota. johnny alonso ' s there to see what a mummified dinosaur and nasa have in common. hang on tight. you ' re watching nasa 360. ( johnny ) : hey, how ' s it going? let me ask you something. have you ever seen a real dinosaur? and i ' m not talking about one of those dinosaurs you might see in the movies or even the skeletons in the museums. i ' m talking about a real dinosaur with skin, muscle, and bones. yeah, it might be hard nowadays, considering the fact that dinosaurs lived, what, hundreds of millions of years ago. but what if i told you that researchers found a dinosaur just like that? would you believe it? well, if you said no, you ' d better start believing, because a few years ago, researchers found an actual mummified dinosaur that was still intact, from the skin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48470409396796693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.684047"}
{"text": "that researchers found a dinosaur just like that? would you believe it? well, if you said no, you ' d better start believing, because a few years ago, researchers found an actual mummified dinosaur that was still intact, from the skin to cartilage to muscle. a mummified hadrosaur named dakota is so unique in its discovery that it ' s changing what researchers thought they knew about dinosaurs. i rolled out to bismarck, north dakota, to speak with my buddy dr. john hoganson about this amazing discovery and to find out how nasa is helping unearth more clues. oh, wow, are you kidding me? yeah, this is... oh, this is so cool! ( dr. john hoganson ) : this is the tail section of the duckbilled dinosaur called dakota. and it ' s being prepared here at the north dakota geological survey preparation laboratory here at the heritage center here in bismarck. ( johnny ) : this is something else. wow! so, doc, how was this dinosaur found? ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, this fossil was found in 1999 by tyler lyson down in marmarth, north dakota, which is in the southwest corner of the state. he was only a sophomore in high school at the time but was out exploring for fossils, actually, on his uncle ' s property down in the badlands. now, this is a hadrosaur called edmontosaurus. that ' s the scientific name for this particular species of dinosaur. hadrosaurs were duckbilled dinosaurs. they ' re a group of dinosaurs that were referred to as duckbilled dinosaurs because their snouts were compressed very similar to a modern duck. ( johnny ) : so what is so unique about this fossil? ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, you know, generally, paleontologists, when we ' re out exploring for fossils, will only find individual bones or fragments of jaws or things like that. this particular dinosaur, called dakota, is not only a complete skeleton but it ' s very unique, because the skin is actually preserved on this animal. so the entire skeleton appears to be wrapped in the skin that it was enclosed in. this is called a mummified dinosaur, but it ' s not a mummy in the sense of what we generally think about, like an egyptian mummy that has been embalmed for preservation. the skin on this animal is actually preserved because it ' s been replaced by a mineral called siderite, which is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4628656935970487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.685284"}
{"text": "not a mummy in the sense of what we generally think about, like an egyptian mummy that has been embalmed for preservation. the skin on this animal is actually preserved because it ' s been replaced by a mineral called siderite, which is an iron carbonate kind of mineral which is very hard and has preserved the skin. ( johnny ) : all right, so how did nasa get involved with this dinosaur discovery? well, researchers needed a way to scan through all the layers of rock to see all the dinosaur. and since this thing weighs about ten tons, they needed a really, really big scanner. ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, you know, when we usually find these fossils in the field, we generally just find the bones, the skeletons. and it was determined early on during the excavation process that this particular dinosaur was covered in skin. so it was decided to take these skeleton blocks out still entombed in the rock. so big blocks of rocks were removed. and at that point, it was decided that the best technology to use to determine the position of the bones in the rock and the completeness of the skeleton was to use c. a. t. scan technologies. and that ' s where nasa was asked if they could help with this. and it ' s been a very good approach, because with this tail block that we ' re working on right now, we, through the c. a. t. scan technology, are able to know where the bones are before we actually start digging through the rock matrix. ( johnny ) : luckily for these guys, nasa operates the largest ct scanner in the world. located at a boeing facility in canoga park, california, this scanner ' s first priority is to inspect large space shuttle parts. well, the task for dakota was not all that different. so they loaded dakota on a truck and shipped it off to california. when it arrived, the scanner was able to penetrate the dense iron carbonate that surrounded the dinosaur ' s tail section. and right away, researchers saw bones, tissue, and cartilage. ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, since i ' ve been a paleontologist, which has been a few years, there ' s been a lot of technological changes and advancements that have really helped the science. in addition to the c. a. t. scan technology that we ' ve been talking about here, there ' s a lot of remote sensing types of technologies that are available to us now. global position systems, mapping,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5031802338967288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.686297"}
{"text": "really helped the science. in addition to the c. a. t. scan technology that we ' ve been talking about here, there ' s a lot of remote sensing types of technologies that are available to us now. global position systems, mapping, lidar, kinds of laser mapping, various other kinds of technologies that assist us in the field actually locating and positioning the fossil finds, because it ' s very important to us to know where in the rock column the fossil is found and also, of course, the geographic position of the fossil. we also use, you know, c. a. t. scans for determining the bones structures of skulls and also the size of the brain cases and skulls, fossil skulls, that have been found. so technology is used extensively now in paleontology. we ' re preparing this for exhibit. the tail and one of the arms will be prepared and put on exhibit here at the north dakota heritage center, which is open to the public. so we plan to have it here for quite some time if people are interested in coming and seeing it. ( johnny ) : good. absolutely. well, doctor, thank you so much for having us here. ( dr. john hoganson ) : sure, it ' s really good to have you here. ( johnny ) : most definitely. thank you. hey, in a little bit, i ' m going to tell you how nasa ' s bringing history to life on the lewis and clark trail. so don ' t go anywhere. it ' s coming right up. you ' re watching nasa 360. ( jennifer ) : okay, so the first english settlers landed here in jamestown in 1607. but the first years, oh, they were rough. in fact, for many years, there was question as to whether the small fort would actually survive. there was starvation and a lot of sickness. but thanks to some local indians and some resupply from england, this small, little fort held on, and it began to flourish. in fact, from 1612 to 1698, jamestown was the capital of the whole country. that changed when a fire swept through the state house and it forced the capital to be moved to williamsburg. just a few years later, jamestown was gone, both physically and in memory. over the centuries, people believed that the old fort and all of its artifacts had actually washed away into the james river. but that all changed in 1994, when the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, or, for short, the apva, commissioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49392864962719313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.687283"}
{"text": "the centuries, people believed that the old fort and all of its artifacts had actually washed away into the james river. but that all changed in 1994, when the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, or, for short, the apva, commissioned an archaeological dig in the area where the original fort was thought to be. why? well, apva lead archaeologist dr. bill kelso believed the original fort had not been washed away at all. he had a hunch that he knew where to find the fort. and this old church had something to do with it. ( dr. bill kelso ) : reason that i started digging where i did was that, there ' s a church tower here that ' s the only original above - ground part of jamestown, 17th century. and the church was originally in the midst of the fort. one of the records said this, you know? i said, \" well, it ought to be around here somewhere. \" so starting near the church was the key. and it was an area that had never really been looked at before, ironically enough. it ' s high ground. it really made sense, now that we know where the fort is. ( jennifer ) : can you walk me through kind of the excavation process, the recording - - we were talking a little bit about the technology - - and then where do the artifacts go from there? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, artifacts are removed from the soil. once we understand the context, we call it, where they ' re found, they ' re taken to a lab, and they ' re washed. and then some of these - - like these iron objects would have to be conserved. some things, probably 1 % or 2 % of what we have here, will go on exhibit. we have, you know, a museum here. and there are other traveling exhibits and other things that we do just to tell the jamestown story. ( excavator ) : would you believe that? ( excavator ) : how are we going to do this? ( man ) : what is that? ( woman ) : oh, my god! ( excavator ) : it ' s all metal down here. that ' s why it ' s rusty. ( man ) : that ' s lord deleware ' s. [ end excavation footage ] ( jennifer ) : dr. kelso, how long have you been an archaeologist? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4441541124319462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.688171"}
{"text": "rusty. ( man ) : that ' s lord deleware ' s. [ end excavation footage ] ( jennifer ) : dr. kelso, how long have you been an archaeologist? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i started probably 1607, something like that. ( jennifer ) : [ laughing ] why, you look great! ( dr. bill kelso ) : thank you very much. ( jennifer ) : well, you ' re over 400 years old! ( dr. bill kelso ) : gosh. it ' s been a while. 45 years, i guess, i would say. ( jennifer ) : all right, so in that time, in those 45 years, tell me, what have you seen? what changes have you seen - - technology - - technological advances in archaeology? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, the major technological advances - - you would think that we would ' ve invented x - ray vision. you know, we would save a lot of digging. but that hasn ' t happened. there are certain machines that can give you some reading belowground without digging, remote sensing. but what i think the breakthrough has been has been in recording, the record of archaeology, ' cause archaeology, i think, in the past, is something that ' s viewed as destructive. but now we have the technology, through a gis program, that we can record almost in three dimensions. and we ' re close. and if you can record in three dimensions, then you can actually replicate the site again, digitally, and, you know, relook at it. that still doesn ' t replace just, you know, blood, sweat, and tears. i mean, it ' s just down. it ' s digging. it ' s scooping. it ' s using - - our main instrument here is just this small shovel. and, you know, it takes a long time to dig out a hole like this with something like this. but we have to do that so that we don ' t disturb artifacts. ( jennifer ) : so tell me about some of the amazing things you ' ve found. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, we ' ve found over a million artifacts in this project. but there are certain things that really do stand out. ( jennifer ) : one of those things that stands out is a lead luggage tag with its destination stamped on it, \" yamestowne. \" this tag made the long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47964097072351114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.689235"}
{"text": "in this project. but there are certain things that really do stand out. ( jennifer ) : one of those things that stands out is a lead luggage tag with its destination stamped on it, \" yamestowne. \" this tag made the long journey from england to the new world on a wooden ship then was discarded into the bottom of a well. after its rediscovery 400 years later, it would again be making a long trip, this time into space. to help celebrate the 400th anniversary of jamestown, this lowly luggage tag was placed aboard the space shuttle atlantis, where it traveled nearly 6 million miles around the earth. after the space flight was over, the tag was returned to jamestown, where it went back on display in the jamestown archaearium with other artifacts from the old fort. ( dr. bill kelso ) : i think it really highlights the... sort of age - old exploration process, that, in 1607, you had to get the vehicles. you had to raise the money. you had to get the political things in order, the charter, to come to virginia, and dress appropriately with armor and closed helmets, because it was an alien environment, you had to put some kind of a \u2026 it ' s almost like a - - it is almost like a space station. you know, here in - - or an outpost - - to begin to explore an unknown environment in virginia, and that ' s \u2013 ( jennifer ) : and nasa ' s continuing to do that. ( dr. bill kelso ) : right, and here ' s the colonization of the moon. and what are the problems? well, you got to get there. you got to have the right vehicles. what do you take with you? you know, how do you survive in this alien environment? you put in artificial surface around you, you know, and you dress appropriately. so it is - - it ' s really an age - old thing. this whole psychological need to explore, spiritual need to explore, i think, is still today just as it was at the time of jamestown. ( jennifer ) : all right, so let ' s talk a little bit about this correlation between the early explorers, yourself, you ' re an explorer, and then the future explorers. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i ' m kind of an explorer of explorers, the recent explorers. i mean, they - - we ' re trying to figure out what it was like to explore and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002463258613548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.690155"}
{"text": "the future explorers. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i ' m kind of an explorer of explorers, the recent explorers. i mean, they - - we ' re trying to figure out what it was like to explore and to discover. and our project ' s called \" jamestown rediscovery \" you know, we ' re not discovering jamestown. we ' re rediscovering it. and a good example is this space here that - - this was used as a laboratory to study the minerals and the iron ore of this new land to see if it could be profitable to come here. so, yeah, this is very similar to what i ' ve read about explorations, especially on mars. they send out vehicles, and they do drilling, and they look at the material. and that ' s what was going on here. and so this space was where - - i ' m sure people that you ' ve heard of before - - captain john smith walked around in here. you know, maybe pocahontas checking out the blacksmith shop. ( jennifer ) : that is so cool. that ' s \u2026 i mean, that ' s - - what an amazing job you have. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, that ' s what \u2026 that ' s the payoff, is to feel \u2026 to walk the places, to be in the places where these historical events happened. so then the events take on much more meaning than if you just read them in a text book. ( jennifer ) : earlier, dr. kelso mentioned the similarities between the 1607 jamestown explorers and nasa ' s future space explorers. what about all the explorers in between? guys like daniel boone, neil armstrong come to mind, as well as many countless others who have helped broaden our knowledge through exploration. perhaps two of the most famous names in american exploration history are lewis and clark. you ever heard of them? they blazed a trail through the american west, mapping out their path as they went. so what do you think? did nasa have anything to do with the lewis and clark expedition? well, not the original trip, but nasa is helping out now. johnny alonso will tell you all about it. ( johnny ) : all right, so we ' ve seen a lot today how nasa ' s helping archaeologists and paleontologists through remote sensing. these remote sensing devices have helped us unearth some really cool findings in places like cambodia, central america, and the american southwest. and they ' ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5092535220089109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.691079"}
{"text": "' ve seen a lot today how nasa ' s helping archaeologists and paleontologists through remote sensing. these remote sensing devices have helped us unearth some really cool findings in places like cambodia, central america, and the american southwest. and they ' ve also helped along one of the most famous trails in american history, the lewis and clark trail. to find out how nasa helped map this 200 - year - old trail, i rolled up to fort mandan in north dakota, where lewis and clark spent their first winter. before we get into nasa ' s involvement, let ' s go back a few hundred years to the beginning of the lewis and clark expedition. back in 1804, when the expedition began, we knew almost nothing about what was to the west of st. louis. so president thomas jefferson commissioned meriwether lewis and william clark to lead an expedition west to find the first all - water route to the pacific ocean. this was an epic journey, taking several years and 3, 700 miles ( 5, 955 km ) to complete. during this trip, they collected samples of plants and animals, met many of the different indian tribes of the west and brought back detailed data about the route that they had taken. but even though they brought back some pretty good maps and data, they still weren ' t 100 percent accurate. that ' s because most of these journals weren ' t written right away, or they were written after a hard day ' s travel. and many of the entries contain geographical inaccuracies. so \u2026 this is where nasa comes in. researchers from nasa ' s stennis space center took the maps of lewis and clark and combined them with high - resolution images taken from satellites and aircraft. they created maps with a 360 - degree view of an area where the explorers traveled. from that view, archaeologists could follow the trails as if they were flying over the actual landscape in real time and in any direction or angle they chose. researchers pored over these maps looking for telltale signs of human disturbances unique to the lewis and clark expedition. with this technique, archaeologists were able to narrow down some of the possible sites from many miles to a few acres. this information is helping to find lewis and clark artifacts that provide a clearer understanding of the expedition and what the lives of those early explorers had been like. and don ' t forget, nasa has a new generation of explorers too that will soon be going back to the moon and on to mars. so in the future when we talk about great explorers, there ' s no doubt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4436808087510472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.692134"}
{"text": "early explorers had been like. and don ' t forget, nasa has a new generation of explorers too that will soon be going back to the moon and on to mars. so in the future when we talk about great explorers, there ' s no doubt that nasa ' s astronauts will be on the list. it ' s amazing, isn ' t it? just when you thought you knew everything about nasa, we throw something else at you. so as you can see, nasa ' s not only trying to help shape our future. it ' s also making the past clearer. that ' s it for this episode. for jennifer pulley, i ' m johnny alonso. i ' ll catch you next time on nasa 360. ( johnny ) : \u2026 dinosaur. i ' d say it was still in - - [ laughing ]. ( johnny ) : these remote sensing devices will help us on - - two. ( jennifer ) : why? well, apva lead archaeologist dr. bill kelso believed - - he thought \u2013 [ smiles ]. ( johnny ) : \u2026 to find out how nasa helped - - two. ( johnny ) : that ' s right, a mummified hadrosaur named dakota [ stops, snaps fingers ] ( jennifer ) : let ' s head out to north dakota. johnny alonso is learning how nasa technology was used to unearth some really cool - - really unique \u2026 eh. ( jennifer ) : guys like daniel boone and neil armstrong may come to mind, as well as many countless oth \u2026 ( jennifer ) : \u2026 it ' s doctor \u2013 bill - la - la - la - la \u2026 ( johnny ) : i rolled out to fort mandan, north dakota, for... damn! that was it. that was it. i ' ll say it right this time. \u203a download vodcast ( 284 mb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44621557243060816, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47cdb67-9f15-4708-acca-7d9c1a34dec3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.692829"}
{"text": "article in liberal education, spring 2007 \" reclaiming the distinctiveness of american higher education \" william g. durden is president of dickinson college. in the face of rising global competition and the heightened call for accountability issued by the spellings commission on the future of higher education, educators across the country are being called upon \u2014 once again \u2014 to demonstrate the validity of a liberal education. we are asked repeatedly if our approach to undergraduate education will prepare students to meet the challenges of the twenty - first century, if it is capable of adapting to rapidly changing times. as we seek to respond to these concerns and evaluate the effectiveness of our own institutions, i suggest that we look for guidance to those enlightened revolutionaries who established not only our democracy, but also an american approach to liberal education that was distinctive for its emphasis on pragmatism delivered through an integrated, comprehensive student experience. our founding fathers instinctively understood that a nation whose success depended upon engaged and informed citizens demanded an education far different from the isolated, \u201c monkish, \u201d ivory - tower model that was prevalent throughout eighteenth - century europe and upon which america ' s colonial, theologically oriented colleges and universities had been modeled. they advocated, instead, an education that easily traversed the boundaries between the classroom and the community, an education in which the lessons of the academy could be applied immediately to a society seeking to define its own parameters. it was a revolutionary education for a revolutionary time. one of the most passionate and eloquent advocates of a distinctive american education was dr. benjamin rush, who founded dickinson college. rush ' s fundamental precepts, debated regularly with thomas jefferson, john adams, john dickinson, and others, offer us important directives as we explore ways to define the relevance and value of liberal education in our own rapidly changing, revolutionary era. for rush, an american liberal arts education was to be, above all, useful \u2014 useful to oneself, but also to society. this education was to accomplish nothing less than preparation of those citizens and leaders who would shape the economy, government, and social structures of the young democracy. rush adamantly believed that students must be engaged with their society in order to prepare them to lead in it. rush had no tolerance for \u201c the college high on the hill, \u201d physically and symbolically removed from the people. for this reason, he strategically located dickinson college a short two - block walk from the county courthouse, fully expecting students to make the trek on a regular basis to observe government in action. through the creation of debating societies \u2014 an early incarnation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48680832466940666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.705183"}
{"text": "the people. for this reason, he strategically located dickinson college a short two - block walk from the county courthouse, fully expecting students to make the trek on a regular basis to observe government in action. through the creation of debating societies \u2014 an early incarnation of extracurricular student groups \u2014 rush sought to give students the opportunity to discuss the most pressing issues of the day, an opportunity that connected them to rather than isolated them from emerging national developments. rush even went so far as to recommend that students live not on campus, but with families in the town, where they could be mentored daily in community values and citizenship. rush ' s conception of an american liberal arts education did not draw arbitrary boundaries among students ' classroom experiences, their extracurricular and recreational activities, and their living arrangements. it was an educational approach designed to encourage character development and one that valued public service as a form of patriotism. we have, i am afraid, lost this vision of an integrated and distinctively american approach to liberal education. we have compartmentalized its parts. there has been a rupture between the student life and academic sides of our enterprise and a focused emphasis on the \u201c useful \u201d and the comprehensive has dulled with time. while rush ' s idea of having all students live with families in the community is unrealistic in the twenty - first century, is the fundamental premise behind this idea outdated? shouldn ' t we still be striving to provide daily mentoring to our students in community values and citizenship? isn ' t it our responsibility to develop the twenty - first - century contexts that accomplish this most basic and most important of goals? and should not the current \u201c accountability movement \u201d in higher education extend beyond the measurement of disciplinary academic ability to that of citizenship? shouldn ' t we be seeking evidence of informed voting in public elections, community volunteerism, monetary contributions to nonprofit organizations, standing for public office? decoupling academic and student life i would argue that higher education has derailed on both the academic and student life sides. of course, the academic side would like to claim that it has held steadfast to its mission, and faculty all too frequently place blame on student life for failing to make these important connections. this line of thinking, however, ignores the fact that student life divisions are a relatively recent creation in american higher education and that faculty should also, as they have in the past, shoulder the responsibility of providing a comprehensive educational experience for our students. and what about student life? this division has burgeoned at most institutions over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5172570058328474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.706193"}
{"text": "a relatively recent creation in american higher education and that faculty should also, as they have in the past, shoulder the responsibility of providing a comprehensive educational experience for our students. and what about student life? this division has burgeoned at most institutions over the past two decades \u2014 but in too many instances, we have allowed it to mushroom without clear purpose or direction. instead, we have reacted helter - skelter in our rush to meet rising student demands and challenges. we are \u201c over - offering \u201d and thus introducing a hyper - consumerism into the academic setting. we have built twenty - four - hour student unions and fitness centers that resemble cruise ships. in our haste to demonstrate that we understand that engaged students are healthy, energetic students, we have scrambled to provide them with opportunities to engage in \u2014 well, everything \u2014 to include every conceivable aspect of their own selves and their unfettered desires. we have not, however, organized this plethora of activities into a cohesive or progressive series of meaningful, educative experiences. instead, we have provided our students with a shopping mall of choices without overarching purpose. in the process, we have created a lot of busy, busy students, many of whom are intent on adding activity upon activity to their undergraduate resumes. we have, in short, succeeded in giving students the opportunity to be busy \u2014 but simply being busy is not the same as being meaningfully engaged with society and understanding the connection between the activities in which one is engaged and the larger educational mission of the institution. in general, we have not fulfilled our educative responsibility to open students ' minds, to encourage serious inquiry, and to develop an understanding of what it means to be a part of a wider, diverse community that is not always cast ultimately in a student ' s own image. by simply enabling our students ' selfish desires, we have denied them the genuine sociability and connectivity necessary for continuous learning. instead, we have fallen prey to the students ' own definition of success as we assist them in their quest for personal advancement at the expense of communal progress. the whole notion of a \u201c useful \u201d education, in other words, has become focused on a personal usefulness as each student asks him or herself, \u201c how can i get ahead? \u201d the type of \u201c usefulness \u201d that builds good citizens through service to society has all too frequently fallen by the wayside. while there is a notable rise in community service or volunteerism among college students today, this often occurs because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5054291025793388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.707150"}
{"text": "get ahead? \u201d the type of \u201c usefulness \u201d that builds good citizens through service to society has all too frequently fallen by the wayside. while there is a notable rise in community service or volunteerism among college students today, this often occurs because such activity is now viewed as a necessary component for \u201c credentialing \u201d personal aspirations. of course, there are notable exceptions to these negative trends among both individual students and college or university programs. yet, in general, it is this decoupling of the academic from student life and our enabling behavior in higher education that has resulted in today ' s undergraduates experiencing what former harvard dean harry lewis ( 2006 ) describes provocatively in his recent book, excellence without a soul, as \u201c the hollowness of undergraduate education, \u201d the total abdication of colleges ' \u201c moral authority to shape the souls of students, \u201d and the absence of any definitive statements about what it is to be an educated person. american undergraduate education for the twenty - first century it is time to reclaim and revitalize for the twenty - first century the distinctiveness that characterized american higher education during the earliest days of our democracy. at the dawn of a century that promises to be breathtaking in both its challenges and opportunities, we must ensure that our students are prepared and willing to take on the responsibility of global citizenship and shake free of their obsessive focus on themselves. we must ensure that they know how the united states \u201c works \u201d and what it values ( in all that complexity ) and are prepared to engage and listen carefully to opinions expressed by the rest of the world. we must be willing to admit that we have lost the connection between theory and practice that will most readily make this global understanding possible, and we must seek to redefine this connection in a twenty - first - century context. to do so, we must return to a conception of undergraduate education that is comprehensive and does not compartmentalize students ' experiences into artificial components that separate the curricular from the extracurricular. we must return to the notion of a \u201c useful \u201d education that encompasses and intertwines personal and public usefulness, demonstrating to our students that personal success and understanding are most complete when they contribute to the public good \u2014 not when they simply fulfill individual notions of anticipated accomplishment. this will require us to rethink totally our approach to undergraduate education. dr. rush was on to this notion very early. in a 1773 letter to his countrymen on patriotism, he stated that \u201c the social spirit is the true selfish spirit,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506712200192523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.708129"}
{"text": "will require us to rethink totally our approach to undergraduate education. dr. rush was on to this notion very early. in a 1773 letter to his countrymen on patriotism, he stated that \u201c the social spirit is the true selfish spirit, and men always promote their own interest most in proportion as they promote that of their neighbors and their country \u201d ( 1951, 84 ). as a starting point, we must conceive of and treat student life and the academic program as coequal partners in a shared endeavor that begins as a student prepares for the transition to college and continues as an organized and sustained priority until commencement. the residential experience continues to be the characteristic that distinguishes american undergraduate education from that found in other countries, and it should remain a centrally defining feature. the challenge is to incorporate it into the entire educational experience rather than treating it as an ancillary, less serious partner. failure to do so places the historic advantage of an american higher education at risk and lends increasing advantage to many for - profit institutions that offer a new \u2014 and far less costly \u2014 business model for higher education that eschews athletics, residential life, and student life for the bottom line. we must find ways to encourage faculty to think differently about how they reach and relate to students, ways that will require them to think beyond the classroom experience. the answer is not, as some have suggested, merely to coax faculty into living in residence halls, a concept that presumes that physical juxtaposition will establish a cohesive educational experience. rather, we need to think creatively about how to bridge the artificial chasm between academic and student life. we need to focus on ways to engage students in a seamless experience that moves easily and naturally in and out of the classroom \u2014 an experience that involves faculty in both arenas. we all have been touched and inspired by a professor whose passion for his or her discipline is absolutely contagious. we need to enhance and expand the ways in which our faculty can model behavior that shows students what it is like to be an engaged scholar who is connected to the wider world with a sense of wonder, bliss, and obligation. equally important, we need to give our students glimpses of faculty interactions in their own communities. they must see the \u201c whole \u201d professor \u2014 an individual who lives beyond his or her discipline with curiosity and a commitment to better the world. we need, in other words, to illustrate to our students through example \u2014 through proactive mentorship \u2014 that a liberal education is a lifelong habit of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548802188432554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.709075"}
{"text": "\u2014 an individual who lives beyond his or her discipline with curiosity and a commitment to better the world. we need, in other words, to illustrate to our students through example \u2014 through proactive mentorship \u2014 that a liberal education is a lifelong habit of the mind. similarly, we must demand for our institutions student life professionals who push beyond attention to the affective and endlessly affirming desires of our students. we must ask them to act as far stronger role models by advancing discourse about issues that matter beyond the highly circumscribed topic of the self and how it \u201c feels at a particular moment. \u201d we must ask them to encourage students ' engagement in an expansive interpretation of the life of the mind and to advance a more realistic commentary \u2014 a constructive honesty \u2014 about students ' performance and aspiration that tempers their unfettered, often ungrounded self - assessment. we must ask them to do so with a candor not found in education \u2014 collegiate or precollegiate \u2014 for decades. we need, in the final analysis, to push beyond the ivory - tower mentality that our founding fathers so ardently rejected for american higher education but that, nevertheless, has seeped steadily back into the mindset of most of our country ' s colleges and universities. in fact, i would go so far as to suggest that all sectors of american life, except liberal arts higher education, revolted against the practices of royalist, privileged england. \u201c learning for learning ' s sake, \u201d instead of the objective of an ultimately useful study, still dominates american liberal education all too often. it is now time to complete the revolution. introducing a more comprehensive and generous approach to undergraduate education will require nothing short of a major cultural shift for many institutions. developing the synergy between the academic program and student life will require that long - established habits be replaced with creative thinking and a willingness for change \u2014 a most formidable challenge in a profession notorious for maintaining stability and status quo in its basic organization and intent. perhaps most important will be the need to reassess purposes for which we reward our faculty \u2014 an exercise that will ask us to reexamine the most fundamental aspects of our mission. we must encourage our faculty to connect to the world beyond our campus boundaries through activities such as service learning and applied research. we must find or reallocate resources to help faculty establish networks with the broader community. we must challenge faculty to broaden the definition and scope of substantive scholarship in a liberal arts setting, and we must support them as they explore new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668173763356419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.710059"}
{"text": "applied research. we must find or reallocate resources to help faculty establish networks with the broader community. we must challenge faculty to broaden the definition and scope of substantive scholarship in a liberal arts setting, and we must support them as they explore new pedagogies and introduce new methods of research in and out of the classroom. we must recognize that these activities can and should be the foundation for legitimate, serious scholarship and service for faculty and that they are integral for advancing a distinctively engaging residential life for students. and we must give these activities appropriate weight and merit when evaluating faculty performance. in the final analysis, we will only be successful if we create a solid scholarly foundation of new knowledge, pedagogy, and residential life out of this renewed synthesis that will define american higher education for the twenty - first century. to the casual observer, all of this talk about citizenship and engagement with community may seem superfluous and unnecessary. look in virtually any college catalogue or on any web site and you will find platitudes and promises touting the institution ' s commitment to these ideals. while i suppose the fact that such pronouncements exist is a step in the right direction, many of us know that the real work has yet to be done. to quote thomas jefferson, \u201c it is in our lives and not from our words, that [ our value ] must be read.... by the same test, the world must judge me. \u201d there you have it. by the same test, so must the world judge us in higher education. this is true accountability \u2014 devotion to and deliverance upon the original post - revolutionary intention adapted to our own rapidly changing times. lewis, h. r. 2006. excellence without a soul : how a great university forgot education. new york : public affairs. rush, b. 1951. letters of benjamin rush, volume 1 : 1761 \u2013 1792. princeton, nj : princeton university press. back to president ' s page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077149853936502, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68ae8362-c67a-4881-8d02-1ce96dcf5abb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.710842"}
{"text": "this program demonstrates the differences of facemasks and respirators that are to be used in public settings during an influenza pandemic. created : 5 / 15 / 2007 by cdc, national institute for occupational safety and health ( niosh ). date released : 5 / 25 / 2007. series name : cdc featured podcasts. [ announcer ] this podcast is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. cdc - safer, healthier people. facemasks are loose - fitting, disposable masks that cover the nose and mouth. these include products labeled as surgical, dental, medical procedure, isolation, and laser masks. facemasks help stop droplets from being spread by the person wearing them. they also keep splashes or sprays from reaching the mouth and nose of the person wearing the facemask. they are not designed to protect you against breathing in very small particles. facemasks should be used once and then thrown away in the trash. a respirator, for example an n95 or higher filtering facepiece respirator is designed to protect you from breathing in very small particles, which might contain viruses. these types of respirators fit tightly to the face so that most air is inhaled through the filter material. to work the best way, n95 respirators must be specially fitted for each person who wears one. this is called \u201c fit testing \u201d and is usually done in a workspace where respirators are used. like surgical masks, n95 respirators should be worn only once and then thrown away in the trash. cdc is not recommending persons to stockpile masks or respirators at this time. if you purchase any, the manufacturer supplies important instructions with facemasks and respirators on how they are to be put on and checked to make sure they are properly positioned on the face. always follow the manufacturer \u2019 s instructions, specific to the product you are using. to access the most accurate and relevant health information that affects you, your family and your community, please visit www. cdc. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4994045296340113, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:936b84bc-5390-4254-a113-720b4ed8a26d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.712822"}
{"text": "when asked about his overarching goal for writing his autobiography, a struggle to walk with dignity \u2013 the true story of a jamaican - born canadian, gerald archambeau responds, \u201c to inspire youth to never give up on the goodness of human beings regardless of race. \u201d with this aspiration in mind, archambeau has donated a collection of his works \u2013 a memoir and three scrapbooks \u2013 to clara thomas archives and special collections. the scrapbooks narrate archambeau \u2019 s life through a series of photographs, postcards and newspaper clippings pertaining to race relations and his employers the canadian national railway ( cn ), canadian pacific railway ( cpr ) and air canada. the scrapbooks refer to the collective fight for human rights equality and archambeau \u2019 s quotes written throughout added personal reflections of his own struggle. these scrapbooks, chronicling his life, served as the catalyst for writing a struggle to walk with dignity \u2013 the true story of a jamaican - born canadian. catherine davidson, york university \u2019 s associate university librarian of collections, believes that archambeau \u2019 s donation will be a valuable instructional resource for undergraduate humanities programs, specifically courses in canadian history and race relations. \u201c archambeau \u2019 s memoir and scrapbooks shine a light on the racial segregation and inequality that were prevalent in canada at the time, \u201d said davidson. \u201c archambeau \u2019 s scrapbooks in particular are a fascinating read ; they bring the issues to life for the reader. \u201d archambeau was born in jamaica to a panamanian father of african, french, and aboriginal ancestry and mother of caucasian and african ancestry \u2013 although he was raised by his grandmother and three aunts. as a teenager he was forced to immigrate to canada by his mother and stepfather, a barbadian who fought for the canadian army in the second world war and for that reason was granted canadian citizenship. archambeau moved to canada so the three could qualify for veteran housing in montreal. because of his love for trains, archambeau was employed as a porter for cn and cpr for over 15 years. he writes next to a newspaper clipping about the porters in one of his scrapbooks, \u201c the true gentlemen of the rails \u2013 service with a smile even though we were insulted at times. \u201d despite racial clauses in some union contracts, archambeau \u2019 s time on the rails was quite happy. \u201c we served canada \u2019 s wealthy who could afford to ride in sleeping cars, club cars, parlour cars, and eat in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40644330309388355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f25f314-8b86-4c12-a17f-07f8cc16da80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.716430"}
{"text": "\u201d despite racial clauses in some union contracts, archambeau \u2019 s time on the rails was quite happy. \u201c we served canada \u2019 s wealthy who could afford to ride in sleeping cars, club cars, parlour cars, and eat in the dining cars. porters who provided good service were tipped and always had money in their pockets. very few incidences of open racism occurred on the railways and if there were any problems ( the porters ) could report it to the train conductor who would handle it according to railway rules. \u201d in the 1960s the railway business started to decline in popularity and in 1967 archambeau began working for air canada as a station attendant, later being promoted to lead ramp foreman. it was at this point that he said that he had to fight for equality because of improper workplace practices and behaviours. when archambeau retired in 1993, his wife marion encouraged him to write his autobiography, the book was published in 2008 by blue butterfly publishing. \u201c the most important thing to me in life is my integrity as a human being \u2013 not as a race or a colour, but as a person, \u201d said archambeau. \u201d my book is a very humanistic story about interactions between people of the human race. \u201d for more information about the donation or how to integrate it into coursework and research, contact anna st. onge, archivist of digital projects & outreach, clara thomas archives & special collections, by e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org. to order a copy of archambeau \u2019 s book, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.395594072382639, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f25f314-8b86-4c12-a17f-07f8cc16da80>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.717063"}
{"text": "pipelining is a technique you can use to increase the throughput of the fpga vi. in a pipelined design, you take advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of the fpga to increase the efficiency of sequential code. to implement a pipeline, you must divide code into discrete steps and wire the inputs and outputs of each step to feedback nodes or shift registers in a loop. in the following block diagram, subvis a, b, and c execute in sequence within a single - cycle timed loop. as a result, the clock rate of the single - cycle timed loop must be set to accommodate the sum of the running times of all three running subvis. when you wire the inputs and outputs of the subvis to feedback nodes, as shown in the following block diagram, labview pipelines the subvis. now, the subvis execute in parallel, all within a single cycle, and the maximum clock rate is limited only by the subvi with the longest combinatorial path. by implementing a pipelined design, you might be able to increase the clock rate of the single - cycle timed loop and increase the throughput of the fpga vi. you also can use shift registers to implement a pipeline, as shown in the following block diagram. when you implement a pipeline, the output of the final step lags behind the input by the number of steps in the pipeline, and the output is invalid for each clock cycle until the pipeline fills. the number of steps in a pipeline is called the pipeline depth, and the latency of a pipeline, measured in clock cycles, corresponds to its depth. for a pipeline of depth n, the result is invalid until the nth clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle lags behind the input by n - 1 clock cycles. because there are three steps in this example ( subvis a, b, and c ), the improved code results in a pipeline of depth 3. therefore, the output is not valid until the third clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle c always corresponds to the input from clock cycle c \u2013 ( n \u2013 1 ), as shown in the following illustration. in this example, subvi a processes measurement 1 during clock cycle 1, while subvis b and c both process the default value of the shift register, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 2, subvi a processes measurement 2, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 1, and subvi c processes an invalid value, yielding invalid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5273193796252346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29698716-c643-4b04-a14c-fbfe103ba6f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.721085"}
{"text": "the default value of the shift register, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 2, subvi a processes measurement 2, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 1, and subvi c processes an invalid value, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 3 the pipeline finally fills and the output from subvi c becomes valid for the first time. subvi a processes measurement 3, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 2, and subvi c processes the output of subvi b from clock cycle 2, yielding the output that corresponds to measurement 1. after the pipeline is full, all subsequent clock cycles yield valid output, with a constant lag of 2 clock cycles. | note you must use caution to prevent undesired behavior due to the invalid outputs that occur at the beginning of pipelined execution. for example, you can use a case structure to ensure that a control algorithm enables actuators only after n clock cycles elapse. | you can use pipelining to increase throughput by compiling a single - cycle timed loop in a faster clock domain. for example, the top section of the illustration below shows the execution timing of a non - pipelined loop consisting of three subvis, each of which requires a propagation delay of 12. 5 ns. the total propagation delay from subvi a to subvi c is 37. 5 ns, which is too long to compile at 40 mhz. the middle section of the illustration shows how pipelining the code reduces the propagation delay to 12. 5 ns, allowing the loop to compile at 40 mhz. because the propagation delay of the pipelined loop is only 12. 5 ns, the loop can compile at a clock rate as high as 80 mhz, as shown in the bottom section of the illustration. | note a pipelined design increases latency over a non - pipelined design when measured in clock cycles. however, because pipelining allows you to decrease the cycle period, the overall latency measured in units of time should not change substantially. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514964278126097, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29698716-c643-4b04-a14c-fbfe103ba6f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.722227"}
{"text": "americans who log long hours on the job find the time for leisure and other activities by cutting down on sleep, a study reports today. \" we only have 24 hours in a day, \" says mathias basner, a researcher at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine. his study of 47, 731 americans found that people who worked more simply got up earlier or went to bed later \u2014 a practice that puts them at risk of sleep deprivation. time spent at work is the single biggest determinant of how much sleep americans got on a typical day, according to the study in the sept. 1 issue of the journal sleep. but travel time, including time sitting in traffic on the way to work, comes in second place, basner says. \" you could argue there ' s a hidden cost to living in suburbia, \" says gregory belenky, director of the sleep and performance research center at washington state university in spokane. people who live in sprawling urban areas often make a long workday even longer when they try to run errands on clogged roads, he says. basner says sleep deprivation has been linked to a number of serious health problems, including obesity. people who are chronically sleep - deprived also can experience attention lapses, memory loss and other difficulties that can impair performance on the job, says james walsh, executive director of the sleep medicine and research center at st. luke ' s hospital in st. louis. and fatigue can add an element of danger to an already stressful commute. \" if you ' re only sleeping five hours a night, you ' re at risk of falling asleep at the wheel, \" walsh says. the national sleep foundation estimates that sleep - deprived drivers cause more than 100, 000 automobile crashes a year and more than 1, 500 deaths. basner ' s team analyzed the results of a federal survey conducted in 2003 through 2005. people were asked to account for their time over a 24 - hour period. the survey suggests that people who cut back on sleep on weekdays often try to sleep in on saturday and sunday. but people who cut back on sleep night after night might never catch up, walsh says. surveys suggest americans get about 6\u00bd hours of sleep a night \u2014 about an hour less than the average in the 1950s, he says. today, many adults extend their workdays by using cellphones to check e - mail messages. a second study in sleep suggests that teens who use cellphones after lights out can have daytime sleepiness. the teens in this study lived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4289237524942204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2951a7a-5c05-4ef7-93dc-fe5d722272c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.725040"}
{"text": "the minister of health christine ondoa recently downplayed the number of people affected by the nodding disease by \u201c revealing \u201d that the syndrome has so far left 3094 innocent lives victimized and 173 dead. ondoa said that the syndrome which is now soaring in places like lira district and oyam county, can be handled by the government. ondoa was officially opening an international conference on nodding syndrome last week at sheraton hotel kampala which concluded on thursday in kampala. ondoa highlighted some of the new statistics indicating that in pader district 104 are infected with 66 dead, kitugum 1098 have the disease and 98 have succumbed to it, while in lamwo 308 infected and 9 dead. international experts on nodding disease joined local medical professionals to share experience and discuss the mysterious disease that continues to ravage northern uganda. experts from the us center for disease control and prevention, world health organization ( who ), uk \u2019 s department for international development ( dfid ) and those from affected countries like liberia, tanzania, south sudan all convened at sheraton to share experiences and forge a way forward to curb the spiraling epidemic. world health organization officials in uganda said that the conference was attended by about 120 scientists from across the world. anthony mbonye, of uganda ' s ministry of health, said the conference gave a platform for scientists to share knowledge about the disease. scientists are working to find the cause of the disease, which is stretching health care capacities and testing the patience of a community looking for answers as to why the region is suffering only a few years after the war subdued, why it ' s concentrated in certain communities, and whether it is contagious. the us centres for disease control and prevention, which has been investigating nodding syndrome at the request of the ugandan government, has ruled out 36 possible causes since 2009 and is carrying out a clinical trial for potential treatments. when asked whether these experts could find a remedy ondoa said that, \u201c i am optimistic that we shall come up with a comprehensive plan not necessarily the medicine but ways of reducing the rate of spread of the disease. people who are gathered here are renowned researchers and some have handled the syndrome before, so i think very many questions will be answered \u201d. nodding disease is a neurological disease that primarily affects children between ages of 5 to 15 years causing progressive cognitive dysfunction, mental retardation neurological deterioration and a characteristic nodding of the head, although in some parts of northern uganda it is also affecting adults. by a web design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4073267565832973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c689f796-b0d1-4e40-b1b1-e838d32a3bc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.727560"}
{"text": "descriptionan in - depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer. in general, the course of treatment is determined by the stage of the cancer. stages range from i to iv based on the cancer ' s specific characteristics, such as whether it has spread beyond the ovaries. in stage i, the cancer has not spread. it is confined to one ovary ( stage ia ) or both ovaries ( stage ib ). in stages ia and ib, the ovarian capsules are intact and there are no tumors on the surface. stage ic can affect one or both ovaries, but the tumors are on the surface, or the capsule is ruptured, or there is evidence of tumor cells in abdominal fluid ( ascites ). the overall five - year survival rate for stage ia or ib can be as high as 90 %, but the presence of other factors may affect this rate. for example, non - clear - cell pt well - differentiated cancer cells or borderline tumors have a favorable prognosis. clear cells or those that are more poorly differentiated have a worse outlook. stage ic has a poorer outlook than the earlier stages. treatment options : treatment for most women with stage ia and ib includes surgical removal of the uterus and both ovaries and fallopian tubes ( total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy ), partial removal of the omentum ( the fatty layer that covers and pads organs in the abdomen ), and surgical staging of the lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen. ( carefully selected premenopausal women in stage i with the lowest - grade tumors in one ovary may sometimes be treated only with the removal of the diseased ovary and tube in order to preserve fertility. ) patients with stage ia or b disease, grade 1 ( or sometimes grade 2 ), usually do not need further therapy after surgery. however, higher risk patients ( e. g., stage ic, stage i / grade 3 ) are usually treated with platinum - based chemotherapy to reduce their risk of subsequent relapse. in stage ii, the cancer has spread to other areas in the pelvis. it may have advanced to the uterus or fallopian tubes ( stage iia ), or other areas within the pelvis ( stage iib ), but is still limited to the pelvic area. stage iic indicates capsular involvement, rupture,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42699292991077165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7373690c-1b19-4b90-bd48-c20aa75aa7fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.731717"}
{"text": "the uterus or fallopian tubes ( stage iia ), or other areas within the pelvis ( stage iib ), but is still limited to the pelvic area. stage iic indicates capsular involvement, rupture, or positive washings ( i. e., they contain malignant cells ). the five - year survival rate for stage ii is approximately 60 % to 80 %. treatment options : surgical management for most women in this stage is total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy, and removal of as much cancer in the pelvic area as possible ( tumor debulking ). surgical staging should be performed. after the operation, treatment with chemotherapy ( e. g., paclitaxel and carboplatin ) is usually necessary in an attempt to eradicate residual cancer and decrease the chance for relapse. in stage iii, one or both of the following are present : ( 1 ) the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the omentum ( the fatty layer that covers and pads organs in the abdomen ) and other areas within the abdomen, such as the surface of the liver or intestine. ( 2 ) the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is 20 %. treatment options : surgical management for most women in this stage is total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy and removal of as much cancer as possible ( tumor debulking ). following surgery, chemotherapy ( e. g., paclitaxel plus carboplatin ) is usually necessary in an attempt to eradicate residual cancer. a number of approaches are under investigation for reducing high rates of recurrence ( about 80 % ), including the following : experimental chemotherapy agents, anti - angiogenic therapies, gene and biological therapies, intraperitoneally administered high - dose chemotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy ( chemotherapy before surgery ), high - dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation ( to date this approach has proven to be very toxic with no convincing improvement in survival ). stage iv is the most advanced. the cancer may have spread to the inside of the liver or spleen. there may be distant metastases, such as ovarian cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is less than 10 %. treatment options : tumor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4392474784957379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7373690c-1b19-4b90-bd48-c20aa75aa7fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.732609"}
{"text": "inside of the liver or spleen. there may be distant metastases, such as ovarian cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is less than 10 %. treatment options : tumor debulking before chemotherapy sometimes may be performed. recurrent ovarian cancer treatment options : if ovarian cancer returns, chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, although it is not generally curative in the setting of relapsed disease. if the interval between the last platinum - containing chemotherapy ( carboplatin or cisplatin ) and relapse is long ( greater than six months ), it is reasonable to attempt a repeat trial of platinum - based chemotherapy, with or without paclitaxel. if the interval is short, or if these drugs fail to control the tumor, then other second - line drugs may be useful in achieving a response. they include topotecan, liposomal doxorubicin, etoposide, docetaxel, gemcitabine, or tamoxifen. there is no evidence as yet that second - line drug combinations are any more effective than single agents, although they are generally more toxic. clinical trials using various investigative approaches are under way. it is not clear if there is a role of a second debulking surgical procedure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4259456318919337, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7373690c-1b19-4b90-bd48-c20aa75aa7fa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.733229"}
{"text": "saturday, january 9, 2010 elizabeth ballroom e ( hyatt ) island ( or dokdo in korean ; takeshima in japanese ; liancourt rocks in french / english ) consists of a group of disputed islets in the sea between korea and. although japan south korea currently controls the islets has claimed the contested territory. while korean claim is based on its historical records dating from the sixth century, japanese takes the records of the seventeenth century, the era of its colonial rule over japan korea ( 1910 - 45 ), and the document at the end of wwii. more recently, the u. s. library of congress faced much challenge from within and without both academia and popular media as it tried to make a change in the current library subject heading concerning the disputed territory as of 2008. how have the controversial archival records on the island constructed subjective and contradictory historical interpretations and imagination? what kind of geographical and historical narratives do these changing maps of the island reflect? this poster session introduces the changing cartographical practices over the disputed borderland between u. s. japan and korea, and brings to light the genealogy of the controversy over the name and citizenship of the island in the context of the rise of colonialism, imperialism, and cold war in twentieth - century east asia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4999667043043013, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40519207-288c-420b-be97-cd5b991778ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.734565"}
{"text": "' because of the tender mercy of our god, the dawn from on high will visit us, to shine on those who sit in the darkenss and the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace ' ( luke 1, 78 - 79 ). in his famous spirit - inspired hymn zachary praises god, first, for sending a savior to his people. at first blush, this is a military figure who will defeat israel ' s enemies, with purpose and result that israel might worship god in holiness and justice all the days of her life. then zachary changes imagery ; the figure of might give place to a figure of light. light in no longer a person of power ; rather, he is a person of warmth and illumination - characteristics of the dawn. light, unlike military power, is silent, but o so powerful. whoever is this light is not described as saving from enemies ; rather, he is described as showing israel the way to peace. for israel, there can be only one meaning of peace : it is peace with god. the dawn will lead israel to union with god, and there will no more separation from the creature from his creator. it is perhaps jarring that the creature is described as ' in the dark ' and ' in the shadow of death '. these terms are meant to describe the essential, fundamental existential situation of every human being. no matter one ' s ' feeling good ', or being ' in top form ', or joyful and happy - the truth is that by himself the human being is in the dark ; in biblical terms, this means that one by himself unable to see the truth about life and hence the truth about how to conduct his life. traditionally for the old testment, the gentiles were quintessentially ' in the dark ', for they did not know the bedrock of all reality : the true god. other meanings are included in ' darkness ' : ignorance, sin, humiliation, self - destruction. further, one is, without the light, in the shadow of death. this means that death is so near that its shadow is upon every human being. this death is physical, which meant for israel the entry into at best a shadowy existence with the hope of someday the resurrection from the dead and eventual happiness ( or punishment ). in this shadowy existence there is not the happiness that each human being knows he or she should have. death is another form of darkness, a separation from what a person senses to be the truth, but cannot see or find it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5270234431621026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9bf5e95-0bdb-4e84-8e11-d6bb3bba187d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.737088"}
{"text": "this is an excerpt from eere network news, a weekly electronic newsletter. shell and hr biopetroleum to grow algae for biofuels royal dutch shell plc announced on december 11th that it will work with hr biopetroleum to build a pilot facility for growing algae as a source of biofuels. the facility will cultivate algae in seawater ponds, then harvest the algae and extract oil from them for conversion into fuels such as biodiesel. construction of the facility will begin immediately on a parcel of land leased from the natural energy laboratory of hawaii authority ( nelha ), which is located on the west shore of the island of hawaii. the nelha site is ideal for the project because it pipes in a constant supply of clean, fresh ocean water. nelha was originally built to support a doe project for ocean thermal energy conversion, and it continues to employ the project ' s seawater supply pipes to support a variety of research projects and commercial enterprises, including facilities that currently grow and harvest algae for pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. shell and hr biopetroleum have formed a joint venture company, called cellana, to develop the biofuels project. algae grow rapidly and can have a high percentage of lipids, or oils. they can double their mass several times a day and produce at least 15 times more oil per acre than alternatives such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha. moreover, algae - growing facilities can be built on coastal land unsuitable for conventional agriculture. the cellana facility will grow only non - genetically modified, marine microalgae species in open - air ponds using proprietary technology. it will also use bottled carbon dioxide to test the algae ' s ability to capture carbon. to support the facility, academic research programs at the university of hawaii, the university of southern mississippi, and canada ' s dalhousie university will screen natural microalgae species to find the strains that produce the highest yields and the most oil. see the shell press release and the nelha web site. shell isn ' t the only oil company that ' s exploring the potential of algae. in late october, chevron corporation and doe ' s national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) announced that they had entered into a collaborative research and development agreement to produce biofuels from algae. under the agreement, chevron and nrel scientists will collaborate to identify and develop algae strains that can be economically harvested and processed into transportation fuels such as jet fuel. see the nrel press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.496085010409336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68644093-a2a6-4d16-a938-a7632a2d08c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.741300"}
{"text": "congressman tanner ' s fairness and independence in redistricting act ( h. r. 2642 ) the fairness and independence in redistricting act, introduced by representative john tanner, would make important improvements to our congressional elections. the act would require state legislatures to appoint independent commissions that would be responsible for redrawing district boundaries. these commissions would draw district boundaries in accordance with the provisions of the voting rights act, and could not draw lines based on partisanship alone. as a result, the redistricting process would become independent of partisan manipulation. in addition, the act would only allow redistricting to occur once every ten years. the united states constitution requires congressional seats to be reapportioned among the states after each decennial census in order to ensure compliance with the one - person one - vote criteria, the federal voting rights act, and traditional redistricting principles such as compact and contiguous districts. redistricting, however, has often turned into a means to further political goals as boundaries have consistently been drawn that tend to protect incumbents and reduce competition. generally, state legislators and governors re - draw the boundaries of the us house districts, but the process varies among states. in twelve states, the legislature does not have final authority to redistrict. alaska, idaho and arizona recently became part of these twelve states as they used a redistricting commission for the first time in 2000. only six states \u2013 arizona, hawaii, idaho, montana, new jersey, and washington \u2013 give authority for congressional line drawing to a commission. iowa uses an independent commission to develop plans which are later approved by the legislature. the fairness and independence in redistricting act would bring uniformity to the way in which districts are redrawn. clearly some states have implemented fairer processes, while other states continue to use redistricting to solidify the governing party ' s grasp on power. the way in which legislative lines are drawn has a major impact on who wins and who loses. as a result, it is only logical that such authority by delegated to independent commissions. in 2001 - 2002, nearly every political jurisdiction in the nation adjusted its legislative district lines based on new information provided by the u. s. census. in addition, texas re - adjusted its districts in 2003. the tanner bill could end such blatant partisan manipulation of the redistricting process by prohibiting mid - decade redistricting. read the bill summary and status of h. r. 2642 on thomas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4514331156232336, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cea32b22-3c44-40ad-a232-fa41e2188e1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.743902"}
{"text": "according to the global language monitor, the english language this week crossed a threshold as the \" one millionth word \" entered the lexicon. that word? \" web 2. 0. \" global language monitor has a methodology by which it measures \" new \" words entering into english. though \" web 2. 0 \" has been around for years, glm ' s method of counting requires \" a minimum of 25, 000 citations with the necessary breadth of geographic distribution and depth of citations. \" \" web 2. 0 \" met that test this week, as did \" n00b \" ( word 999, 998 ). both words passed into mainstream usage today, according to glm. also on the listed of official new words this week : slumdog, cloud computing, octomom ( seriously, octomom ), sexting, defriend, and recessionista. the very precision of the \" one million word \" claim is patent nonsense, of course, depending entirely on how you count words, what ' s excluded, and what the criteria is for something going \" mainstream. \" glm does not count, for instance, \" the 600, 000 species of mold \" as separate words, nor do \" the tens millions of lesser known chemical substances \" make the list. stung by criticism from linguists, glm ' s faq includes the question, \" a number of linguists disagree with the million word march. why? \" and, in case the answer to that one doesn ' t clear things up, there ' s a second question : \" every so often, we hear arguments about the insurmountable obstacles in the path of estimating the number of words in the english language. how do you answer these arguments? \" so, even if we english speakers are saddled with terms like \" web 2. 0, \" \" octomom, \" and \" brangelina, \" we still have the privilege of working with one of the most supple languages in the world. the answer to both questions is that estimates are used in everything from astronomy ( how many stars are there? ) to climatology ( how much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere? ) ; language should be able to use the same techniques. which is all true, of course, but the cautious language of approximation and guesswork is totally absent from the announcement. \" as expected, english crossed the 1, 000, 000 word threshold on june 10, 2009 at 10 : 22 am gmt, \" said paul jj payack,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5256419212424943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50c9ed51-0398-4b21-b768-7b59f2d253f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.749073"}
{"text": "but the cautious language of approximation and guesswork is totally absent from the announcement. \" as expected, english crossed the 1, 000, 000 word threshold on june 10, 2009 at 10 : 22 am gmt, \" said paul jj payack, president and chief word analyst of the global language monitor. one is reminded of history ' s repeated prognostications about the year, month, and hour of the world ' s end. but the larger point, one that goes far beyond the million word march, is that the vibrancy of english, which began in the late 16th century, continues undiminshed. the language has seen an explosion of words ever since the \" new learning \" of the renaissance imported thousands of greek and latin terms into english, and a massive stock of french words still lingers in the language thanks to the norman conquest. so today ' s international linguistic diversity is nothing new for the language. many of the most recent words are american rather than from the uk, while others are indian ( \" slumdog \" and \" jai ho! \" were just behind \" web 2. 0 \" ). by some measures, english now has more words than any other in the world. simon winchester, who wrote a wonderful book about the creation of the oxford english dictionary and the mad, american, penis - slashing civil war vet who made such a tremendous contribution to the work, celebrated english diversity this week in a fine telegraph essay. \" i just cannot imagine any other language offering such opportunities for gaiety and fun, \" he said. \" reading recently that both the germans and the chinese have cracked down on the names people are allowed to have, and knowing that the french and the italians still have gloom - laden academies to protect the so - called purity of their languages, strips out all the amusement and joy that is so very apparent in the tongue we speak so happily. i feel for them, poor deprived purists. \" so, even if we english speakers are saddled with terms like \" web 2. 0, \" \" octomom, \" and \" brangelina, \" we still have the privilege of working with one of the most supple languages in the world. want to write entirely in english but adopt a latinate vocabulary? you can. an anglo - saxon vocabulary? you can. french? mais oui. an indian vocabulary? we ' re getting there \u2014 and have been ever since \" pyjamas \" and \" mulligatawny \" entered the language.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46074308877859593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50c9ed51-0398-4b21-b768-7b59f2d253f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.750268"}
{"text": "most of the literature points out that lyme is usually easily treated once identified. fortunately, doctors now know that lyme is fairly common locally and are better prepared to order blood tests to confirm if lyme is the problem. advanced stages of the disease are usually treated with intravenous drugs, which may include medicines that reduce swelling in joints. probably the best approach for dealing with lyme disease is to try to avoid contact with the ticks that carry it, but that is not an option for those who enjoy the outdoors. if you need to be in the field, the recommendation is to wear long clothing, tuck pants legs into boots and wear long - sleeve shirts. most people won ' t do that when it ' s hot and humid outside, but that ' s the recommendation. the cdc and other organizations also recommend the use of insect repellents. according to the cdc, the risk of tick attachment can be reduced by using insect repellents containing deet to clothes and exposed skin. lyme is very common in dogs in this region, and there is a lyme vaccine for dogs. our vets recommend it. i know of three cases where field trail labs were confirmed positive for lyme in the past year. deer and deer ticks are everywhere now, so the safest bet is to get the vaccine - even for some house dogs. no one is recommending that you eliminate outdoors activities in fear of lyme, but it is something to be aware of. a few basic safety precautions certainly make sense. don ' t forget your dogs. it seems like we are hearing more and more about pets getting lyme disease, so you should consult with your vet on the best approach for your situation. for more information on lyme disease, go to the american lyme disease foundation web site at www. lyme. org. bill anderson writes a weekly outdoors column for the herald - mail. he can be reached by e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4020509372100038, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c404154-d476-41db-a39e-4bb33289362c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.753135"}
{"text": "dear dr. donohue : please discuss the relationship between bad breath and liver and kidney problems - - diagnosis, treatment and cure. - - d. h. dear d. h. : nine times out of 10, people need not implicate the liver or kidney as the source of bad breath. its source can usually be found in the mouth. an overgrowth of mouth bacteria converts food into sulfur compounds that are the olfactory equivalents of rotten eggs. ridding the mouth of bacteria usually also rids the mouth of unpleasant breath. floss religiously. brush the tongue with toothpaste every time you brush the teeth. if you are not one who easily gags, gently scrape the back of the tongue with a plastic spoon turned upside down. a dry mouth also spawns mouth odors. don ' t let the mouth hang open during sleep. ask your spouse if it does. if the answer is yes, keep it closed by looping an elastic band under the chin and over the head. meat assists mouth bacteria in production of foul - smelling sulfur compounds. cut down on meat and increase portions of grains, vegetables and fruits. liver and kidney disease can impart a noxious odor to the breath. however, other symptoms of liver and kidney failure are so florid that the diagnosis of their failure is rarely missed. bad breath by itself rarely indicates liver or kidney problems. the dentist can aid you in a program to eradicate stubborn mouth bacteria. some people require prescription mouthwashes to decimate those bacteria. dear dr. donohue : my neighbor has recently been diagnosed with meralgia paresthetica. please be good enough to offer an explanation of this disease, its treatment and the prognosis. - - e. p. dear e. p. : \" disease \" is too strong a word for meralgia paresthetica. \" condition \" fits the bill better. it ' s the result of pressure on a nerve located on the side of the body at about the belt line. pressure on the nerve produces numbness or burning pain on the front and side of the thigh. pressure can come from skintight jeans, too snug a belt or excess fatty tissue. people with diabetes can develop meralgia paresthetica due to diabetes damage to the nerve. if weight is the problem, dieting is the answer. if constricting garments are the cause, the answer is obvious. however, there are times when the doctor is at a loss to identify a cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4567385803632096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:538a9789-60c2-4454-a58b-9e6e65371f6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.755721"}
{"text": "the d - 4 submarine launched ballistic missile ( slbm ) system, using the r - 21 rocket, used storable liquid - propellants, which were toxic and corrosive - clearly not the best thing to be carried in the sealed environment of a submarine. the concept of the follow - on d - 6 system, to be installed on series 629 and 658 nuclear - powered ballistic missile submarines, was to use safer solid propellants. decree 1032 - 492 of 5 september 1958 authorised research and development of the d - 6 solid propellant slbm system, to be armed with the article ' r ' rocket. the missile was to have a range of 800 to 2500 km, but the d - 6 launcher had to have the same external dimensions as that used for the d - 2 / r - 13 liquid propellant slbm. two propellants were considered for the rocket : nylon - b, a double - based ballistic powder, and nylon - s, a composite propellant consisting of ammonium perchlorate, a furfuryl - acetate binder, a titanium oxidiser developed in the us by thiokol, and nitroguanidine. altogether seven variants of the rocket were studied, two using nylon - b, and five using nylon - s. nylon - b had a specific energy of 40 kg / kw - cm, and a specific impulse of 200 seconds. the motors were built in diameters of 0. 70 to 0. 85 m, and four motors were clustered per stage. hydraulic gas vanes were used to steer the rocket. nylon - s had a specific impulse of 200 seconds, and variants were studied using gas vanes, steerable nozzles ( made of composite plastics and molybdenum, or chrome steel ). the draft project was completed in november 1959, and flight trials were to commence in 1960. at rzhevsk field and leningrad test motors of up to 500 kg mass were tested. at the end of 1959 the draft project for the 629d6 launch container for the the series 629 submarine was issued by ya e yevgrafov. all drawings were released to factory 444 for start of construction in december 1960. based on the findings of tests on the p5d - 4 test stand, decree 38 - 145 of 18 march 1959 ordered construction of a new test stand for d - 6 development. during the course of 1960 the technical project for the p5d - 6 test stand for mock - up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4694690255877314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03eafe66-2d0b-49d1-b4cc-bb23a64d2065>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.760226"}
{"text": "p5d - 4 test stand, decree 38 - 145 of 18 march 1959 ordered construction of a new test stand for d - 6 development. during the course of 1960 the technical project for the p5d - 6 test stand for mock - up trials of the missile and container - launcher was completed. the 613d6 derivative of the 613 nuclear submarine was developed for naval tests of the missile. the decree 141 - 64 of 9 february 1959 called for design of this submarine to be completed by november 1960. in january 1961 construction of four submarines of this series began at factory 444. decree 656 - 267 of 18 june 1960 called for further development of the d - 6 using nylon - s propellant for submarine series 629, 658, and 667, the submarines to be designed by chief designer a s kassatsiev. the technical projects for these boats were to be completed by the fourth quarter 1962. flight trials of the 1100 - km range missile aboard a 629b test boat in the third quarter of 1962. a variant of the rocket was also considered for mobile army use. it was also planned to replace the liquid - propellant d - 4 in the 667 ssbn ' s with the d - 6. the nuclear device in either missile was to have a mass of 500 kg and a variable yield of from 300 kt to 1. 0 mt. the inertial navigation system was to be designed by semikhatov at nii - 592. the missiles would be cold launched from the submarine, igniting above the surface - the nylon - b version at 30 - 50 m altitude, and the nylon - s version at 40 - 80 m. two different re - entry vehicles would be used to, that of the nylon - b version being 1. 8 m long. all of these plans came to a halt on 27 april 1961 when the d - 6 was cancelled in favour of the d - 7 system, which was to use an rt - 15m derivative of the land - based 8k96 solid propellant missile being planned by korolev. at the time of cancellation, the test stand at factory 444 was 47 % complete. d - 6 technology was however used in korolev ' s rt - 1 test missile, including engines from nii - 125. boost propulsion : solid rocket. stage data - d - 6 aka : article r ; d - 6. status : cancelled 1961.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45449811885452235, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03eafe66-2d0b-49d1-b4cc-bb23a64d2065>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.761101"}
{"text": "how does the law treat mountaintop removal? laws at the state and federal level regulate mountaintop removal coal mining and its environmental impacts, require varying levels of public participation, and apply varying amounts of scrutiny in the permitting process. this section will explore the governmental institutions that exert influence over mountaintop removal coal mining, the laws that regulate it, and potential changes in the law. there is great dispute as to whether or not regulations and their enforcement sufficiently safe - guard the health, safety, and well - being of communities living near mountaintop removal sites and the surrounding environment, so both law as written and law as applied will be explored in this section. national environmental protection act the national environmental protection act was passed in 1970 in order to monitor the environmental impact of federal agency actions and decisions. the act created a council on environmental policy, required environmental impact statements and a process to solicit public input to include environmental concerns in federal agency decision making. in the case of mountaintop removal and valley fill permitting, coal companies prepare and submit an environmental impact statements ( eis ) for each permit. in theory, these statements assess the potential impact of mining on the environment. the army corps of engineers is empowered to issue finding of no significant impact ( fonsi ) documents which supersede any concerns that may be present in the eis by explaining why the corps has concluded that there are no significant environmental impacts resulting from the granting of a permit. in the past, this power has been used to streamline the permitting process, despite the obvious impacts of mountaintop removal mining. instances exist where permits were granted despite inadequate eis statements, and then challenged in court. for example, as part of a settlement agreement from the bragg vs robertson ( civ. no. 2 : 98 - 0636 ( s. d. w. v. ) the epa, the corps, the u. s. interior department ' s fish & wildlife service and office of surface mining, and the west virginia department of environmental protection ( dep ), prepared an environmental impact statement ( final eis ) looking at the impacts of mountaintop mining and valley fills more information is available in the citizen ' s guide to nepa. clean water act congress passed the clean water act ( cwa ) in 1972 with the intention of resolving the crisis of america ' s polluted waterways and wetlands. the cwa combines regulatory and non - regulatory tools in attempting to rid current water systems of pollutants, while attempting to stem the development of new polluted waterways and wetlands. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43107592495553015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af4c7880-f258-4680-af24-2539b741bf42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.770867"}
{"text": "resolving the crisis of america ' s polluted waterways and wetlands. the cwa combines regulatory and non - regulatory tools in attempting to rid current water systems of pollutants, while attempting to stem the development of new polluted waterways and wetlands. in order to safeguard against the dumping of waste and pollutants into waterways, the act forbids all dumping ( except for specific agricultural uses ) that is not approved by the army corps of engineers. surface mines are required to obtain a national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) permit, which is regulated under the cwa. in west virginia, the dep has primacy of enforcement of the npdes permits with epa acting as the federal oversight body. these permits cover all pollutants discharged off the site and into the waters of the united states, restricting effluent limits and requiring the site operator to explain in the mining plan how it will meet those limits and treat what ' s running off the site, among other requirements. valley fill, or 404, permits if a mining plan calls for valley fills, a 404 permit must be obtained, which is an exemption to subsection 404 of the cwa which allows the corps to issue variances to fill in an intermittent or perennial stream. epa follows the united states geological survey ' s definitions for streams : an intermittent stream holds water during wet portions of the year and a perennial stream holds water throughout the year. the corps does not have authority over water quality, that ' s the jurisdiction of the epa who oversees this permit. however, since anything that interferes with the flow of the water of the united states is regulated by the corps, the corps administers valley fills. this is the only part of surface mine permitting where the state does not have primacy of enforcement. \" the thing that ' s ironic here is that the fill rule was originally developed for developers seeking to build, and this was intended for very small projects, primarily for filling in wetlands for building things like subdivisions and shopping malls, \" sludge safety project staffer mathew louis - rosenberg said. \" so, the division that handles these permits is the division of wetlands. within that, the standards that are developed, that are currently used to determine the environmental impact of a fill, were developed for wetland ecosystems. \" we can ' t allow them to continue to keep issuing permits. look at what they ' re using to evaluate them. it ' s an ecosystem that bears no resemblance to what we ' re evaluating. \" the people who authored the guidelines testified to joe love", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43719130551360946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af4c7880-f258-4680-af24-2539b741bf42>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.771883"}
{"text": "can ' t allow them to continue to keep issuing permits. look at what they ' re using to evaluate them. it ' s an ecosystem that bears no resemblance to what we ' re evaluating. \" the people who authored the guidelines testified to joe lovett, a west virginia lawyer who ' s only tried cases aimed at ending mountaintop removal, that the methodology they developed was not appropriate for this ecosystem. \" the people who literally wrote the book they use to decide whether they should issue a permit, said it ' s inappropriate, \" louis - rosenberg said. there ' s two types of valley fill permits : individual and nationwide 21. large sites are supposed to obtain an individual permit, which carries a more stringent set of regulations requiring more data and proof that the project will not have an adverse impact on the environment. however, nationwide 21 allows the corps to issue a blanket permit for small things and, unlike the individual permits, does not require a public hearing. coal companies saw the value in nationwide permits, and would often break up large valley fills into smaller pieces in their permit applications in order to avoid the regulatory oversight of an listen to ernie thompson, resident of horse creek and former mine inspector, talk about the changes in law regarding valley fills. individual permit. in this way, many valley fills were created when a nationwide permit was granted and residents did not notice until dumping began. beginning with a court victory for advocates against mountaintop removal in 2007, nationwide 21 permits were declared in violation of the clean water act. this ruling remained in effect until the fourth circuit court overturned it in early 2009. surface mining control and reclamation act ( smcra ) on february 16th, 1972, a coal slurry impoundment ruptured in buffalo creek, w. va. the rushing tidal wave of sludge killed over 120 people and left many thousands homeless, yet several days before the rupture a federal inspector had found the dam site in \" satisfactory \" safety. the dangers of strip mining had long been of concern to coalfield residents. the increased mechanization of strip mining that left many union mining jobs and the encroaching growth of strip mines combined to spark a powerful grassroots movement to abolish strip mining. the tragedy of the buffalo creek flood stoked these flames and five years later, in response to the growing political pressure from southern democrats and coalfield residents, jimmy carter signed the surface mining control and reclamation act in 1977. it did not abolish strip mining, instead stating that its primary goal was to \" establish a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4551755939141733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af4c7880-f258-4680-af24-2539b741bf42>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.772886"}
{"text": "later, in response to the growing political pressure from southern democrats and coalfield residents, jimmy carter signed the surface mining control and reclamation act in 1977. it did not abolish strip mining, instead stating that its primary goal was to \" establish a nationwide program to protect society and the environment from the adverse effects of surface coal mining operations. \" to do so, it created the office of surface mining in the department of the interior and the regulations for them to enforce. the surface mines constructed before smcra are often referred to as \" pre - law, \" while those after are called \" post - law. \" the smcra permit is the whole mining plan, top to bottom, including the blasting plan. the dep administers smcra permits but, unlike the npdes permits, the interior department ' s office of surface mining and reclamation maintains oversight. the dep ' s office of explosives and blasting also approves the blasting plan within the smcra permit. a typical environmental impact statement is also required here, \" but they usually don ' t get filled out, \" louis - rosenberg said. smcra requires that \" all surface coal mining operations back - fill, compact... and grade in order to restore the approximate original contour of the land with all high - walls, spoil piles and depressions eliminated. \" however, the wvdep regularly grants exceptions to the approximate original contour ( aoc ) rule. this despite one of the act ' s goals : to \" assure that surface mining operations are not conducted where reclamation as required by this act is not feasible. \" since 1977, the following language was added to smcra, weakening this goal : in cases where an industrial, commercial, agricultural, residential or public facility ( including recreational facilities ) use is proposed or the postmining use of the affected land, the regulatory authority may grant a permit for a surface mining operation of the nature described.... after consultation with the appropriate land use planning agencies, if any, the proposed post mining land use is deemed to constitute an equal or better economic use of the affected land as compared to pre mining use. this clause allows coal companies to not restore a site ' s aoc, as long as it is put to a better economic or social use than it was before. under this clause, prisons and a golf course have been constructed on mountaintop removal sites. one such prison has earned the name sink - sink because it does just that. the mountains, and the ecosystems they support, have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4688902195268085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af4c7880-f258-4680-af24-2539b741bf42>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.773866"}
{"text": "henry craik, ed. english prose. 1916. vol. ii. sixteenth century to the restoration on the exercise of the will by ralph cudworth ( 16171688 ) from treatise of free will it cannot be denied but that there are, and may be, many cases in which several objects propounded to our choice at the same time, are so equal, or exactly alike, as that there cannot possibly be any reason or motive in the understanding necessarily to determine the choice to one of them rather than to another of them. as for example, suppose one man should offer to another, out of twenty guinea pieces of gold, or golden balls, or silver globulites, so exactly alike in bigness, figure, colour, and weight, as that he could discern no manner of difference between them, to make his choice of one and no more ; add, also, that these guineas or golden balls may be so placed circularly as to be equidistant from the choosers hand. now it cannot be doubted but that, in this case, any man would certainly choose one, and not stand in suspense or demur because he could not tell which to prefer or choose before another. but if being necessitated by no motive or reason antecedent to choose this rather than that, he must determine himself contingently, or fortuitously, or causelessly, it being all one to him which he took, nor could there be any knowledge ex causis beforehand which of these twenty would certainly be taken. but if you will say, there was some hidden cause, necessarily determinating in this case, then if the trial should be made an hundred times over and over again, or by a hundred several persons, there is no reason why we must not allow that all of them must needs take the same guinea every time, that is either the first, second, or third, etc. of them, as they lie in order from the right or left hand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5553786495544466, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c50f96b-3f63-4c2c-9fb3-d8b3e7c05ff8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.775802"}
{"text": "theodore roosevelt ( 18581919 ). hunting trips of a ranchman. 1885. still - hunting elk on the mountains fter the buffalo the elk are the first animals to disappear from a country when it is settled. this arises from their size and consequent conspicuousness, and the eagerness with which they are followed by hunters ; and also because of their gregariousness and their occasional fits of stupid panic during whose continuance hunters can now and then work great slaughter in a herd. five years ago elk were abundant in the valley of the little missouri, and in fall were found wandering in great bands of over a hundred individuals each. but they have now vanished completely, except that one or two may still lurk in some of the most remote and broken places, where there are deep, wooded ravines. formerly the elk were plentiful all over the plains, coming down into them in great bands during the fall months and traversing their entire extent. but the incoming of hunters and cattle - men has driven them off the ground as completely as the buffalo ; unlike the latter, however, they are still very common in the dense woods that cover the rocky mountains and the other great western chains. in the old days running elk on horseback was a highly esteemed form of plains sport ; but now that it has become a beast of the timber and the craggy ground, instead of a beast of the open, level prairie, it is followed almost solely on foot and with the rifle. its sense of smell is very acute, and it has good eyes and quick ears ; and its wariness makes it under ordinary circumstances very difficult to approach. but it is subject to fits of panic folly, and during their continuance great numbers can be destroyed. a band places almost as much reliance upon the leaders as does a flock of sheep ; and if the leaders are shot down, the others will huddle together in a terrified mass, seemingly unable to make up their minds in which direction to flee. when one, more bold than the rest, does at last step out, the hidden hunter ' s at once shooting it down will produce a fresh panic ; i have known of twenty elk ( or wapiti, as they are occasionally called ) being thus procured out of one band. and at times they show a curious indifference to danger, running up on a hunter who is in plain sight, or standing still for a few fatal seconds to gaze at one that unexpectedly appears. in spite of its size and strength and great branching ant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4621327747990556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.806598"}
{"text": ". and at times they show a curious indifference to danger, running up on a hunter who is in plain sight, or standing still for a few fatal seconds to gaze at one that unexpectedly appears. in spite of its size and strength and great branching antlers, the elk is but little more dangerous to the hunter than is an ordinary buck. once, in coming up to a wounded one, i had it strike at me with its forefeet, bristling up the hair on the neck, and making a harsh, grating noise with its teeth ; as its back was broken it could not get at me, but the savage glare in its eyes left me no doubt as to its intentions. only in a single instance have i ever known of a hunter being regularly charged by one of these great deer. he had struck a band of elk and wounded an old bull, which, after going a couple of miles, received another ball and then separated from the rest of the herd and took refuge in a dense patch of small timber. the hunter went in on its trail and came upon it lying down ; it jumped to its feet and, with hair all bristling, made a regular charge upon its pursuer, who leaped out of the way behind a tree just in time to avoid it. it crashed past through the undergrowth without turning, and he killed it with a third and last shot. but this was a very exceptional case, and in most instances the elk submits to death with hardly an effort at resistance ; it is by no means as dangerous an antagonist as is a bull moose. the elk is unfortunately one of those animals seemingly doomed to total destruction at no distant date. already its range has shrunk to far less than one half its former size. originally it was found as far as the atlantic sea - board ; i have myself known of several sets of antlers preserved in the house of a long island gentleman, whose ancestors had killed the bearers shortly after the first settlement of new york. even so late as the first years of this century elk were found in many mountainous and densely wooded places east of the mississippi, in new york, pennsylvania, virginia, kentucky, tennessee, and all of what were then the northwestern states and territories. the last individual of the race was killed in the adirondacks in 1834 ; in pennsylvania not till nearly thirty years later ; while a very few are still to be found in northern michigan. elsewhere they must now be sought far to the west of the mississippi ; and even there they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4426925183149032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.807842"}
{"text": "in the adirondacks in 1834 ; in pennsylvania not till nearly thirty years later ; while a very few are still to be found in northern michigan. elsewhere they must now be sought far to the west of the mississippi ; and even there they are almost gone from the great plains, and are only numerous in the deep mountain forests. wherever it exists the skin hunters and meat butchers wage the most relentless and unceasing war upon it for the sake of its hide and flesh, and their unremitting persecution is thinning out the herds with terrible rapidity. the gradual extermination of this, the most stately and beautiful animal of the chase to be found in america, can be looked upon only with unmixed regret by every sportsman and lover of nature. excepting the moose, it is the largest and, without exception, it is the noblest of the deer tribe. no other species of true deer, in either the old or the new world, comes up to it in size and in the shape, length, and weight of its mighty antlers ; while the grand, proud carriage and lordly bearing of an old bull make it perhaps the most majestic - looking of all the animal creation. the open plains have already lost one of their great attractions, now that we no more see the long lines of elk trotting across them ; and it will be a sad day when the lordly, antlered beasts are no longer found in the wild rocky glens and among the lonely woods of towering pines that cover the great western mountain chains. the elk has other foes besides man. the grizzly will always make a meal of one if he gets a chance ; and against his ponderous weight and savage prowess hoofs and antlers avail but little. still he is too clumsy and easily avoided ever to do very much damage in the herds. cougars, where they exist, work more havoc. a bull elk in rutting season, if on his guard, would with ease beat off a cougar ; but the sly, cunning cat takes its quarry unawares, and once the cruel fangs are fastened in the game ' s throat or neck, no plunging or struggling can shake it off. the gray timber wolves also join in twos and threes to hunt down and hamstring the elk, if other game is scarce. but these great deer can hold their own and make head against all their brute foes ; it is only when pitted against man the destroyer, that they succumb in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45394983199414324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.808864"}
{"text": "to hunt down and hamstring the elk, if other game is scarce. but these great deer can hold their own and make head against all their brute foes ; it is only when pitted against man the destroyer, that they succumb in the struggle for life. during last summer we found it necessary to leave my ranch on the little missouri and take quite a long trip through the cattle country of southeastern montana and northern wyoming ; and, having come to the foot of the bighorn mountains, we took a fortnight ' s hunt through them after elk and bear. we went into the mountains with a pack train, leaving the ranch wagon at the place where we began to go up the first steep rise. there were two others, besides myself, in the party ; one of them, the teamster, a weather - beaten old plainsman, who possessed a most extraordinary stock of miscellaneous misinformation upon every conceivable subject, and the other my ranch foreman, merrifield. none of us had ever been within two hundred miles of the bighorn range before ; so that our hunting trip had the added zest of being also an exploring expedition. each of us rode one pony, and the packs were carried on four others. we were not burdened by much baggage. having no tent we took the canvas wagon sheet instead ; our bedding, plenty of spare cartridges, some flour, bacon, coffee, sugar and salt, and a few very primitive cooking utensils, completed the outfit. the bighorn range is a chain of bare, rocky peaks stretching lengthwise along the middle of a table - land which is about thirty miles wide. at its edges this table - land falls sheer off into the rolling plains country. from the rocky peaks flow rapid brooks of clear, icy water, which take their way through deep gorges that they have channelled out in the surface of the plateau ; a few miles from the heads of the streams these gorges become regular canyons, with sides so steep as to be almost perpendicular ; in travelling, therefore, the trail has to keep well up toward timber line, as lower down horses find it difficult or impossible to get across the valleys. in strong contrast to the treeless cattle plains extending to its foot, the sides of the table - land are densely wooded with tall pines. its top forms what is called a park country ; that is, it is covered with alternating groves of trees and open glades, each grove or glade varying in size from half a dozen to many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554599809387201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.809855"}
{"text": "table - land are densely wooded with tall pines. its top forms what is called a park country ; that is, it is covered with alternating groves of trees and open glades, each grove or glade varying in size from half a dozen to many hundred acres. we went in with the pack train two days ' journey before pitching camp in what we intended to be our hunting grounds, following an old indian trail. no one who has not tried it can understand the work and worry that it is to drive a pack train over rough ground and through timber. we were none of us very skilful at packing, and the loads were all the time slipping ; sometimes the ponies would stampede with the pack half tied, or they would get caught among the fallen logs, or in a ticklish place would suddenly decline to follow the trail, or would commit some one of the thousand other tricks which seem to be all a pack - pony knows. then at night they were a bother ; if picketed out they fed badly and got thin, and if they were not picketed they sometimes strayed away. the most valuable one of the lot was also the hardest to catch. accordingly we used to let him loose with a long lariat tied round his neck, and one night this lariat twisted up in a sage - brush, and in struggling to free himself the pony got a half hitch round his hind leg, threw himself, and fell over a bank into a creek on a large stone. we found him in the morning very much the worse for wear, and his hind legs swelled up so that his chief method of progression was by a series of awkward hops. of course no load could be put upon him, but he managed to limp along behind the other horses, and actually in the end reached the ranch on the little missouri three hundred miles off. no sooner had he got there and been turned loose to rest than he fell down a big wash - out and broke his neck. another time one of the maresa homely beast with a head like a camel ' smanaged to flounder into the very centre of a mud - hole, and we spent the better part of a morning in fishing her out. it was on the second day of our journey into the mountains, while leading the pack - ponies down the precipitous side of a steep valley, that i obtained my first sight of elk. the trail wound through a forest of tall, slender pines, standing very close together, and with dead trees lying in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48062468454776874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.810970"}
{"text": "leading the pack - ponies down the precipitous side of a steep valley, that i obtained my first sight of elk. the trail wound through a forest of tall, slender pines, standing very close together, and with dead trees lying in every direction. the narrow trunks or overhanging limbs threatened to scrape off the packs at every moment, as the ponies hopped and scrambled over the fallen trunks ; and it was difficult work, and most trying to the temper, to keep them going along straight and prevent them from wandering off to one side or the other. at last we got out into a succession of small, open glades, with boggy spots in them ; the lowest glade was of some size, and as we reached it we saw a small band of cow elk disappearing into the woods on its other edge. i was riding a restive horse, and when i tried to jump off to shoot, it reared and turned round, before i could get my left foot out of the stirrup ; when i at last got free i could get a glimpse of but one elk, vanishing behind a dead trunk, and my hasty shot missed. i was a good deal annoyed at this, my opening experience with mountain game, feeling that it was an omen of misfortune ; but it did not prove so, for during the rest of my two weeks ' stay, i with one exception got every animal i fired at. a beautiful, clear mountain brook ran through the bottom of the valley, and in an open space by its side we pitched camp. we were entirely out of fresh meat, and after lunch all three of us separated to hunt, each for his own hand. the teamster went up stream, merrifield went down, while i followed the tracks of the band of cows and calves that we had started in the morning ; their trail led along the wooded hill - crests parallel to the stream, and therefore to merrifield ' s course. the crests of the hills formed a wavy - topped but continuous ridge between two canyon - like valleys, and the sides fell off steeper and steeper the farther down stream i went, until at last they were broken in places by sheer precipices and cliffs ; the groves of trees too, though with here and there open glades, formed a continuous forest of tall pines. there was a small growth of young spruce and other evergreen, thick enough to give cover, but not to interfere with seeing and shooting to some distance. the pine trunks rose like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45870147620601265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.812351"}
{"text": "here and there open glades, formed a continuous forest of tall pines. there was a small growth of young spruce and other evergreen, thick enough to give cover, but not to interfere with seeing and shooting to some distance. the pine trunks rose like straight columns, standing quite close together ; and at their bases the ground was carpeted with the sweet - scented needles, over which, in my moccasined feet, i trod without any noise. it was but a little past noon, and the sun in the open was very hot ; yet underneath the great archways of the pine woods the air though still was cool, and the sunbeams that struggled down here and there through the interlacing branches, and glinted on the rough trunks, only made bright spots in what was elsewhere the uniform, grayish half - light of the mountain forest. game trails threaded the woods in all directions, made for the most part by the elk. these animals, when not disturbed, travel strung out in single file, each one stepping very nearly in the tracks of the one before it ; they are great wanderers, going over an immense amount of country during the course of a day, and so they soon wear regular, well - beaten paths in any place where they are at all plentiful. the band i was following had, as is their custom, all run together into a wedge - shaped mass when i fired, and crashed off through the woods in a bunch during the first moments of alarm. the footprints in the soil showed that they had in the beginning taken a plunging gallop, but after a few strides had settled into the swinging, ground - covering trot that is the elk ' s most natural and characteristic gait. a band of elk when alarmed is likely to go twenty miles without halting ; but these had probably been very little molested, and there was a chance that they would not go far without stopping. after getting through the first grove, the huddled herd had straightened itself out into single file, and trotted off in a nearly straight line. a mile or two of ground having been passed over in this way, the animals had slackened their pace into a walk, evidently making up their minds that they were out of danger. soon afterwards they had begun to go slower, and to scatter out on each side, browsing or grazing. it was not difficult work to follow up the band at first. while trotting, their sharp hoofs came down with sufficient force to leave very distinct footprints,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4634405822858374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.813398"}
{"text": "slower, and to scatter out on each side, browsing or grazing. it was not difficult work to follow up the band at first. while trotting, their sharp hoofs came down with sufficient force to leave very distinct footprints, and, moreover, the trail was the more readily made out as all the animals trod nearly in each other ' s steps. but when the band spread out the tracking was much harder, as each single one, walking slowly along, merely made here and there a slight scrape in the soil or a faint indentation in the bed of pine needles. besides, i had to advance with the greatest caution, keeping the sharpest look - out in front and on all sides of me. even as it was, though i got very close up to my game, they were on foot before i saw them, and i did not get a standing shot. while carefully looking to my footsteps i paid too little heed to the rifle which i held in my right hand, and let the barrel tap smartly on a tree trunk. instantly there was a stamp and movement among the bushes ahead and to one side of me ; the elk had heard but had neither seen nor smelt me ; and a second afterward i saw the indistinct, shadowy outlines of the band as they trotted down hill, from where their beds had been made on the very summit of the crest, taking a course diagonal to mine. i raced forward and also down hill, behind some large mossy boulders, and cut them fairly off, the band passing directly ahead of me and not twenty yards away, at a slashing trot, which a few of them changed for a wild gallop, as i opened fire. i was so hemmed in by the thick tree trunks, and it was so difficult to catch more than a fleeting glimpse of each animal, that though i fired four shots i only brought down one elk, a full - grown cow, with a broken neck, dead in its tracks ; but i also broke the hind leg of a bull calf. elk offer easy marks when in motion, much easier than deer, because of their trotting gait, and their regular, deliberate movements. they look very handsome as they trot through a wood, stepping lightly and easily over the dead trunks and crashing through the underbrush, with the head held up and nose pointing forward. in galloping, however, the neck is thrust straight out in front, and the animal moves with labored bounds, which carry it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4495841195125496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.814472"}
{"text": "and easily over the dead trunks and crashing through the underbrush, with the head held up and nose pointing forward. in galloping, however, the neck is thrust straight out in front, and the animal moves with labored bounds, which carry it along rapidly but soon tire it out. after thrusting the hunting - knife into the throat of the cow, i followed the trail of the band ; and in an open glade, filled with tall sage - brush, came across and finished the wounded calf. meanwhile the others ran directly across merrifield ' s path, and he shot two. this gave us much more meat than we wished ; nor would we have shot as many, but neither of us could reckon upon the other ' s getting as much game, and flesh was a necessity. leaving merrifield to skin and cut up the dead animals, i walked back to camp where i found the teamster, who had brought in the hams and tongues of two deer he had shot, and sent him back with a pack - pony for the hides and meat of the elk. elk tongues are most delicious eating, being juicy, tender, and well flavored ; they are excellent to take out as a lunch on a long hunting trip. we now had more than enough meat in camp, and did not shoot at another cow or calf elk while on the mountains, though we saw quite a number ; the last day of my stay i was within fifty yards of two that were walking quietly through a very dense, swampy wood. but it took me some time longer before i got any fine heads. the day after killing the cow and calf i went out in the morning by myself and hunted through the woods up toward the rocky peaks, going above timber line, and not reaching camp until after nightfall. in hunting through a wild and unknown country a man must always take great care not to get lost. in the first place he should never, under any conceivable circumstances, stir fifty yards from camp without a compass, plenty of matches, and his rifle ; then he need never feel nervous, even if he is lost, for he can keep himself from cold and hunger, and can steer a straight course until he reaches some settlement. but he should not get lost at all. old plainsmen or backwoodsmen get to have almost an instinct for finding their way, and are able to tell where they are and the way home in almost any place ; probably they keep in their heads an accurate idea of their course and of the general lay of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475052108739734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.815463"}
{"text": "or backwoodsmen get to have almost an instinct for finding their way, and are able to tell where they are and the way home in almost any place ; probably they keep in their heads an accurate idea of their course and of the general lay of the land. but most men cannot do this. in hunting through a new country a man should, if possible, choose some prominent landmarks, and then should learn how they look from different sidesfor they will with difficulty be recognized as the same objects, if seen from different points of view. if he gets out of sight of these, he should choose another to work back to, as a kind of half - way point ; and so on. he should keep looking back ; it is wonderful how different a country looks when following back on one ' s trail. if possible, he should locate his camp, in his mind, with reference to a line, and not a point ; he should take a river or a long ridge, for example. then at any time he can strike back to this line and follow it up or down till he gets home. if possible, i always spend the first day, when on new ground, in hunting up - stream. then, so long as i am sure i do not wander off into the valleys or creeks of another water - course, i am safe, for, no matter on what remote branch, all i have to do is to follow down - stream until i reach camp ; while if i was below camp, it would be difficult to tell which fork to follow up every time the stream branched. a man should always notice the position of the sun, the direction from which the wind blows, the slope of the water - courses, prominent features in the landscape, and so forth, and should keep in mind his own general course ; and he had better err on the side of caution rather than on that of boldness. getting lost is very uncomfortable, both for the man himself and for those who have to break up their work and hunt for him. deep woods or perfectly flat, open country are almost equally easy places in which to get lost ; while if the country is moderately open and level, with only here and there a prominent and easily recognized hill or butte, a man can safely go where he wishes, hardly paying any heed to his course. but even here he should know his general direction from camp, so as to be able to steer for it with a compass if a fog comes up. and if he leaves his horse hidden in a gu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49654902682446694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.817408"}
{"text": ", hardly paying any heed to his course. but even here he should know his general direction from camp, so as to be able to steer for it with a compass if a fog comes up. and if he leaves his horse hidden in a gully or pocket while he goes off to hunt on foot, he must recollect to keep the place well in his mind ; on one occasion, when i feared that somebody might meddle with my horse, i hid him so successfully that i spent the better part of a day in finding him. keeping in mind the above given rules, when i left camp the morning after the breaking up of the band of cows and calves, i hunted up - stream, and across and through the wooded spurs dividing the little brooks that formed its head waters. no game was encountered, except some blue grouse, which i saw when near camp on my return, and shot for the pot. these blue grouse are the largest species found in america, except the sage fowl. they are exclusively birds of the deep mountain forests, and in their manners remind one of the spruce grouse of the northeastern woods, being almost equally tame. when alarmed, they fly at once into a tree, and several can often be shot before the remainder take fright and are off. on this trip we killed a good many, shooting off their heads with our rifles. they formed a most welcome addition to our bill of fare, the meat being white and excellent. a curious peculiarity in their flesh is that the breast meat has in it a layer of much darker color. they are very handsome birds, and furnish dainty food to men wearied of venison ; but, unless their heads are knocked off with a rifle, they do not furnish much sport, as they will not fly off when flushed, but simply rise into a fairly tall tree, and there sit, motionless, except that the head is twisted and bobbed round to observe the acts of the foe. all of the sights and sounds in these pine woods that clothed the bighorn mountains reminded me of the similar ones seen and heard in the great, sombre forests of maine and the adirondacks. the animals and birds were much the same. as in the east, there were red squirrels, chipmunks, red hares, and woodchucks, all of them differing but slightly from our common kinds ; woodpeckers, chickadees, nuthatches, and whisky jacks came about camp ; ravens and eagles flew over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4530092693396637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.818406"}
{"text": "chipmunks, red hares, and woodchucks, all of them differing but slightly from our common kinds ; woodpeckers, chickadees, nuthatches, and whisky jacks came about camp ; ravens and eagles flew over the rocky cliffs. there were some new forms, however. the nutcracker, a large, noisy, crow - like bird, with many of the habits of a woodpecker, was common, and in the rocks above timber line, we came upon the little chief hare, a wee animal, with a shrill, timorous squeak. during our stay upon the mountains the weather was generally clear, but always cold, thin ice covering the dark waters of the small mountain tarns, and there were slight snow - falls every two or three days ; but we were only kept in camp one day, when it sleeted, snowed, and rained from dawn till nightfall. we passed this day very comfortably, however. i had far too much forethought to go into the woods without a small supply of books for just such occasions. we had rigged the canvas wagon sheet into a tent, at the bottom of the ravine, near the willow - covered brink of the brook that ran through it. the steep hill - sides bounding the valley, which a little below us became sheer cliffs, were partly covered with great pines and spruces, and partly open ground grown up with tall grass and sage - brush. we were thus well sheltered from the wind ; and when one morning we looked out and saw the wet snow lying on the ground, and with its weight bending down the willow bushes and loading the tall evergreens, while the freezing sleet rattled against the canvas, we simply started a roaring fire of pine logs in front of the tent, and passed a cosy day inside, cleaning guns, reading, and playing cards. blue grouse, elk hams, and deer saddles hung from the trees around, so we had no fear of starvation. still, towards evening we got a little tired, and i could not resist taking a couple of hours ' brisk ride in the mist, through a chain of open glades that sloped off from our camp. later on we made a camp at the head of a great natural meadow, where two streams joined together, and in times long gone by had been dammed by the beaver. this had at first choked up the passage and made a small lake ; then dams were built higher and higher up, making chains of little ponds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4754244340006648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.819378"}
{"text": ", where two streams joined together, and in times long gone by had been dammed by the beaver. this had at first choked up the passage and made a small lake ; then dams were built higher and higher up, making chains of little ponds. by degrees these filled up, and the whole valley became a broad marshy meadow, through which the brook wound between rows of willows and alders. these beaver meadows are very common ; but are not usually of such large size. around this camp there was very little game ; but we got a fine mess of spotted trout by taking a long and most toilsome walk up to a little lake lying very near timber line. our rods and lines were most primitive, consisting of two clumsy dead cedars ( the only trees within reach ), about six feet of string tied to one and a piece of catgut to the other, with preposterous hooks ; yet the trout were so ravenous that we caught them at the rate of about one a minute ; and they formed another welcome change in our camp fare. this lake lay in a valley whose sides were so steep and boulder - covered as to need hard climbing to get into and out of it. every day in the cold, clear weather we tramped miles and miles through the woods and mountains, which, after a snow - storm took on a really wintry look ; while in the moonlight the snow - laden forests shone and sparkled like crystal. the dweller in cities has but a faint idea of the way we ate and slept. one day merrifield and i went out together and had a rather exciting chase after some bull elk. the previous evening, toward sunset, i had seen three bulls trotting off across an open glade toward a great stretch of forest and broken ground, up near the foot of the rocky peaks. next morning early we started off to hunt through this country. the walking was hard work, especially up and down the steep cliffs, covered with slippery pine needles ; or among the windfalls, where the rows of dead trees lay piled up across one another in the wildest confusion. we saw nothing until we came to a large patch of burnt ground, where we at once found the soft, black soil marked up by elk hoofs ; nor had we penetrated into it more than a few hundred yards before we came to tracks made but a few minutes before, and almost instantly afterward saw three bull elk, probably those i had seen on the preceding day. we had been running briskly up - hill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4507342828174737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.820398"}
{"text": "we penetrated into it more than a few hundred yards before we came to tracks made but a few minutes before, and almost instantly afterward saw three bull elk, probably those i had seen on the preceding day. we had been running briskly up - hill through the soft, heavy loam, in which our feet made no noise but slipped and sank deeply ; as a consequence, i was all out of breath and my hand so unsteady that i missed my first shot. elk, however, do not vanish with the instantaneous rapidity of frightened deer, and these three trotted off in a direction quartering to us. i doubt if i ever went through more violent exertion than in the next ten minutes. we raced after them at full speed, opening fire ; i wounded all three, but none of the wounds were immediately disabling. they trotted on and we panted afterwards, slipping on the wet earth, pitching headlong over charred stumps, leaping on dead logs that broke beneath our weight, more than once measuring our full - length on the ground, halting and firing whenever we got a chance. at last one bull fell ; we passed him by after the others which were still running up - hill. the sweat streamed into my eyes and made furrows in the sooty mud that covered my face, from having fallen full length down on the burnt earth ; i sobbed for breath as i toiled at a shambling trot after them, as nearly done out as could well be. at this moment they turned down - hill. it was a great relief ; a man who is too done up to go a step up - hill can still run fast enough down ; with a last spurt i closed in near enough to fire again ; one elk fell ; the other went off at a walk. we passed the second elk and i kept on alone after the third, not able to go at more than a slow trot myself, and too much winded to dare risk a shot at any distance. he got out of the burnt patch, going into some thick timber in a deep ravine ; i closed pretty well, and rushed after him into a thicket of young evergreens. hardly was i in when there was a scramble and bounce among them and i caught a glimpse of a yellow body moving out to one side ; i ran out toward the edge and fired through the twigs at the moving beast. down it went, but when i ran up, to my disgust i found that i had jumped and killed, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4550912066838936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.821451"}
{"text": "glimpse of a yellow body moving out to one side ; i ran out toward the edge and fired through the twigs at the moving beast. down it went, but when i ran up, to my disgust i found that i had jumped and killed, in my haste, a black - tail deer, which must have been already roused by the passage of the wounded elk. i at once took up the trail of the latter again, but after a little while the blood grew less, and ceased, and i lost the track ; nor could i find it, hunt as hard as i might. the poor beast could not have gone five hundred yards ; yet we never found the carcass. then i walked slowly back past the deer i had slain by so curious a mischance, to the elk. the first one shot down was already dead. the second was only wounded, though it could not rise. when it saw us coming it sought to hide from us by laying its neck flat on the ground, but when we came up close it raised its head and looked proudly at us, the heavy mane bristling up on the neck, while its eyes glared and its teeth grated together. i felt really sorry to kill it. though these were both well - grown elks, their antlers, of ten points, were small, twisted, and ill - shaped ; in fact hardly worth preserving, except to call to mind a chase in which during a few minutes i did as much downright hard work as it has often fallen to my lot to do. the burnt earth had blackened our faces and hands till we looked like negroes. the bull elk had at this time begun calling, and several times they were heard right round camp at night, challenging one another or calling to the cows. their calling is known to hunters as \" whistling \" ; but this is a most inappropriate name for it. it is a most singular and beautiful sound, and is very much the most musical cry uttered by any four - footed beast. when heard for the first time it is almost impossible to believe that it is the call of an animal ; it sounds far more as if made by an \u00e6olian harp or some strange wind instrument. it consists of quite a series of notes uttered continuously, in a most soft, musical, vibrant tone, so clearly that they can be heard half a mile off. heard in the clear, frosty moonlight from the depths of the rugged and forest - clad mountains the effect is most beautiful ; for its charm is heightened by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44427543523639423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.822415"}
{"text": ", musical, vibrant tone, so clearly that they can be heard half a mile off. heard in the clear, frosty moonlight from the depths of the rugged and forest - clad mountains the effect is most beautiful ; for its charm is heightened by the wild and desolate surroundings. it has the sustained, varied melody of some bird songs, with, of course, a hundred - fold greater power. now and then, however, the performance is marred by the elk ' s apparently getting out of breath towards the close, and winding up with two or three gasping notes which have an unpleasantly mule - like sound. the great pine - clad mountains, their forests studded with open glades, were the best of places for the still - hunter ' s craft. going noiselessly through them in our dull - colored buckskin and noiseless moccasins, we kept getting glimpses, as it were, of the inner life of the mountains. each animal that we saw had its own individuality. aside from the thrill and tingle that a hunter experiences at the sight of his game, i by degrees grew to feel as if i had a personal interest in the different traits and habits of the wild creatures. the characters of the animals differed widely, and the differences were typified by their actions ; and it was pleasant to watch them in their own homes, myself unseen, when after stealthy, silent progress through the sombre and soundless depths of the woods i came upon them going about the ordinary business of their lives. the lumbering, self - confident gait of the bears, their burly strength, and their half - humorous, half - ferocious look, gave me a real insight into their character ; and i never was more impressed by the exhibition of vast, physical power, than when watching from an ambush a grizzly burying or covering up an elk carcass. his motions looked awkward, but it was marvellous to see the ease and absence of effort with which he would scoop out great holes in the earth, or twitch the heavy carcass from side to side. and the proud, graceful, half - timid, half - defiant bearing of the elk was in its own way quite as noteworthy ; they seemed to glory in their own power and beauty, and yet to be ever on the watch for foes against whom they knew they might not dare to contend. the true still - hunter should be a lover of nature as well as of sport, or he will miss half the pleasure of being in the woods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5058535268270694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.823405"}
{"text": "to be ever on the watch for foes against whom they knew they might not dare to contend. the true still - hunter should be a lover of nature as well as of sport, or he will miss half the pleasure of being in the woods. the finest bull, with the best head that i got, was killed in the midst of very beautiful and grand surroundings. we had been hunting through a great pine wood which ran up to the edge of a broad canyon - like valley, bounded by sheer walls of rock. there were fresh tracks of elk about, and we had been advancing up wind with even more than our usual caution when, on stepping out into a patch of open ground, near the edge of the cliff, we came upon a great bull, beating and thrashing his antlers against a young tree, about eighty yards off. he stopped and faced us for a second, his mighty antlers thrown in the air, as he held his head aloft. behind him towered the tall and sombre pines, while at his feet the jutting crags overhung the deep chasm below, that stretched off between high walls of barren and snow - streaked rocks, the evergreens clinging to their sides, while along the bottom the rapid torrent gathered in places into black and sullen mountain lakes. as the bull turned to run i struck him just behind the shoulder ; he reeled to the death - blow, but staggered gamely on a few rods into the forest before sinking to the ground, with my second bullet through his lungs. two or three days later than this i killed another bull, nearly as large, in the same patch of woods in which i had slain the first. a bear had been feeding on the carcass of the latter, and, after a vain effort to find his den, we determined to beat through the woods and try to start him up. accordingly merrifield, the teamster, and myself took parallel courses some three hundred yards apart, and started at one end to walk through to the other. i doubt if the teamster much wished to meet a bear alone ( while nothing would have given merrifield more hearty and unaffected enjoyment than to have encountered an entire family ), and he gradually edged in pretty close to me. where the woods became pretty open i saw him suddenly lift his rifle and fire, and immediately afterwards a splendid bull elk trotted past in front of me, evidently untouched, the teamster having missed. the elk ran to the other side of two trees that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49539253262822386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.824458"}
{"text": "the woods became pretty open i saw him suddenly lift his rifle and fire, and immediately afterwards a splendid bull elk trotted past in front of me, evidently untouched, the teamster having missed. the elk ran to the other side of two trees that stood close together some seventy yards off, and stopped for a moment to look round. kneeling down i fired at the only part of his body i could see between the two trees, and sent a bullet into his flank. away he went, and i after, running in my moccasins over the moss and pine needles for all there was in me. if a wounded elk gets fairly started he will go at a measured trot for many hours, and even if mortally hurt may run twenty miles before falling ; while at the same time he does not start off at full speed, and will often give an active hunter a chance for another shot as he turns and changes his course preparatory to taking a straight line. so i raced along after the elk at my very best speed for a few hundred feet, and then got another shot as he went across a little glade, injuring his hip somewhat. this made it all right for me, and another hundred yards ' burst took me up to where i was able to put a ball in a fatal spot, and the grand old fellow sank down and fell over on his side. no sportsman can ever feel much keener pleasure and self - satisfaction than when, after a successful stalk and good shot, he walks up to a grand elk lying dead in the cool shade of the great evergreens, and looks at the massive and yet finely moulded form, and at the mighty antlers which are to serve in the future as the trophy and proof of his successful skill. still - hunting the elk on the mountains is as noble a kind of sport as can well be imagined ; there is nothing more pleasant and enjoyable, and at the same time it demands that the hunter shall bring into play many manly qualities. there have been few days of my hunting life that were so full of unalloyed happiness as were those spent on the bighorn range. from morning till night i was on foot, in cool, bracing air, now moving silently through the vast, melancholy pine forests, now treading the brink of high, rocky precipices, always amid the most grand and beautiful scenery ; and always after as noble and lordly game as is to be found in the western world. since writing the above i killed an elk near my ranch ; probably the last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4425244920549969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.825413"}
{"text": ", rocky precipices, always amid the most grand and beautiful scenery ; and always after as noble and lordly game as is to be found in the western world. since writing the above i killed an elk near my ranch ; probably the last of his race that will ever be found in our neighborhood. it was just before the fall round - up. an old hunter, who was under some obligation to me, told me that he had shot a cow elk and had seen the tracks of one or two others not more than twenty - five miles off, in a place where the cattle rarely wandered. such a chance was not to be neglected ; and, on the first free day, one of my elk - horn foremen, will dow by name, and myself, took our hunting horses and started off, accompanied by the ranch wagon, in the direction of the probable haunts of the doomed deer. towards nightfall we struck a deep spring pool, near by the remains of an old indian encampment. it was at the head of a great basin, several miles across, in which we believed the game to lie. the wagon was halted and we pitched camp ; there was plenty of dead wood, and soon the venison steaks were broiling over the coals raked from beneath the crackling cottonwood logs, while in the narrow valley the ponies grazed almost within the circle of the flickering fire - light. it was in the cool and pleasant month of september ; and long after going to bed we lay awake under the blankets watching the stars that on clear nights always shine with such intense brightness over the lonely western plains. we were up and off by the gray of the morning. it was a beautiful hunting day ; the sundogs hung in the red dawn ; the wind hardly stirred over the crisp grass ; and though the sky was cloudless yet the weather had that queer, smoky, hazy look that it is most apt to take on during the time of the indian summer. from a high spur of the table - land we looked out far and wide over a great stretch of broken country, the brown of whose hills and valleys was varied everywhere by patches of dull red and vivid yellow, tokens that the trees were already putting on the dress with which they greet the mortal ripening of the year. the deep and narrow but smooth ravines running up towards the edges of the plateaus were heavily wooded, the bright green tree - tops rising to a height they rarely reach in the barren plains - country ; and the rocky sides of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45295183719871007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.826379"}
{"text": "of the year. the deep and narrow but smooth ravines running up towards the edges of the plateaus were heavily wooded, the bright green tree - tops rising to a height they rarely reach in the barren plains - country ; and the rocky sides of the sheer gorges were clad with a thick growth of dwarfed cedars, while here and there the trailing virginia creepers burned crimson among their sombre masses. we hunted stealthily up - wind, across the line of the heavily timbered coulies. we soon saw traces of our quarry ; old tracks at first, and then the fresh footprints of a single elka bull, judging by the sizewhich had come down to drink at a mirey alkali pool, its feet slipping so as to leave the marks of the false hoofs in the soft soil. we hunted with painstaking and noiseless care for many hours ; at last as i led old manitou up to look over the edge of a narrow ravine, there was a crash and movement in the timber below me, and immediately afterwards i caught a glimps of a great bull elk trotting up through the young trees as he gallantly breasted the steep hill - side opposite. when clear of the woods, and directly across the valley from me, he stopped and turned half round, throwing his head in the air to gaze for a moment at the intruder. my bullet struck too far back, but, nevertheless, made a deadly wound, and the elk went over the crest of the hill at a wild, plunging gallop. we followed the bloody trail for a quarter of a mile, and found him dead in a thicket. though of large size, he yet had but small antlers, with few points.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3869826841971347, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9b63b2-8b3a-4e88-9ff5-da3951897be2>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.827040"}
{"text": "a key conclusion of this discussion is the fact that all sectors of the economy must achieve deep reductions, not just one or two. this certainly includes the transportation system, which in california is the largest single source of ghgs ( 38 percent of the total, according to the california air resources board ). transportation - related emissions, in turn, are a product of three factors : - the fuel efficiency of vehicles - the carbon content of fuels - vehicle miles traveled ( vmt ) what does this really mean in practice? well, if we think of fuel efficiency and carbon content collectively as \" carbon efficiency \" ( or carbon emission per mile ), then we see that the carbon efficiency times the vmt must be reduced on the order of 88 percent per capita in forty years. if carbon efficiency were quintupled over that time period through a combination of fuel efficiency gains and decarbonization of fuel stocks, we would still need to reduce vmt by 40 percent per capita relative to today ' s levels. in other words, we would have to \" make do \" with 40 percent less personal driving, trucking, business travel and all other uses of motorized vehicles. if carbon efficiency is merely doubled, we would need to reduce the per capita vmt by 76 percent! are these changes feasible? certainly. in fact, there are americans right now who live well on 76 percent less vmt than their average compatriots. they ' re the americans who live in dense urban centers such as new york and san francisco. bringing the transportation system into line with our 2050 climate goals means making sure ( among other things ) that vastly more americans can live in those kinds of truly dense, mixed - use environments, rather than simply somewhat - more - dense suburban settings ( which tend to achieve vmt reductions of only about 20 - 30 percent ). it can be done - - but modest changes to how we build urban regions won ' t get us there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5176974450968441, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:195a864c-5f6a-478a-bede-629b9396f444>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.829043"}
{"text": "hummingbirds are attracted to a good nectar recipe, but so are ants, bees and wasps. fortunately, there are many easy ways to control insects on hummingbird feeders to eliminate these pests without harming the birds. hummingbird feeder pests several types of insects find hummingbird nectar irresistible. bees, wasps and ants are the most common uninvited guests, but other insects such as moths and earwigs may also be attracted to the nectar. when too many bugs are feeding on the sugar water, it becomes contaminated and less attractive to hummingbirds. in extreme cases, dozens or hundreds of insects may be monopolizing a feeder, preventing the birds from visiting it at all. by knowing the proper ways to control these insects, birders can manage their hummingbird feeders and reserve the nectar for the birds. ways to control insects on hummingbird feeders there are many ways to control insects on nectar feeders, but the first thing that birders need to realize is that it is quite impossible to remove 100 percent of the insects that are attracted to a feeder. by using multiple methods, however, it is possible to encourage most bugs to dine elsewhere without harming the hummingbirds. effective and safe ways to control insects on hummingbird feeders include : - choose no - insect feeders : some types of hummingbird feeders are less insect - friendly than others. saucer feeders, for example, position the nectar away from the feeding port and insects are unable to get to it, while hummingbirds with their long tongues have no trouble. other feeder designs include ant moats or bee guards that are designed to keep insects from accessing the nectar without impeding hummingbirds. - relocate the feeder : once hummingbirds find a food source, they will visit it frequently. insects are only likely to visit convenient food sources and are less inclined to search for relocated feeders. moving the feeder by just a few feet can minimize the insect visitors without discouraging the hummingbirds. - avoid yellow feeders : wasps and bees are attracted to the color yellow but do not find red appealing. avoid feeders that have yellow insect guards or flower accents to minimize the feeders \u2019 attractiveness to insects. if your feeder comes with yellow accents, repaint the accents with red, non - toxic paint. - keep the feeder clean : as birds feed, drips of nectar will inevitably fall from their bills onto the feeder. feeders can also drip if they are filled too full, as the air pressure inside the feeder will force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40638760270678054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0360200-66da-4a0f-a553-c209d6baaa31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.834165"}
{"text": "non - toxic paint. - keep the feeder clean : as birds feed, drips of nectar will inevitably fall from their bills onto the feeder. feeders can also drip if they are filled too full, as the air pressure inside the feeder will force the nectar out the feeding ports when it heats up. each time the feeder is refilled, carefully clean the outside and around the feeding ports to remove spilled nectar. - use insect traps : commercial insect traps and feeder accessories are available to minimize insects \u2019 access to nectar feeders. while these can be effective deterrents, use them sparingly so you do not disrupt the insects \u2019 place in your backyard ecosystem. - hang feeders carefully : ants may climb a pole to reach a nectar feeder, so choose to hang the feeder from a branch or gutter instead. using fishing line to hang the feeder is another option, as the line is too thin for most ants to climb to access the feeder. - keep the feeder shaded : most flying insects prefer to feed in full sunlight, so make nectar feeders less attractive by hanging them in a shadier spot. this will also keep the nectar cooler and slow fermentation. - offer substitute feeders : if you want to minimize insects on hummingbird feeders but still want the bees around for your flowers or garden, offer them a substitute feeder with a sweeter sugar water solution. place the diversion feeder in an obvious, sunny location, while using additional techniques to protect the hummingbird feeder. - avoid other attractions : bees, wasps and ants are naturally attracted to other features of your yard, including plants and flowers. this is highly desirable for a healthy garden, but avoid uncovered trash, soda cans and other things the insects may find attractive to minimize their unintended food sources and keep their populations under control. how not to remove insects it may take several different techniques to completely minimize the appearance of insects at your hummingbird feeders. there are two techniques, however, that should not be used because they are potentially destructive to hummingbirds. - insecticides : even a small amount of pesticide chemicals near the hummingbird feeder can be devastating to small birds. do not use any sprays near the feeder, and if you do choose to use insect traps, be sure they are positioned away from the feeder. - oils : one home remedy for insects on hummingbird feeders is to use olive oil, cooking spray, petroleum jelly or similar substances around feeding ports or on the poles or chains supporting feeders. while this can deter insects,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4073505744129644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0360200-66da-4a0f-a553-c209d6baaa31>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.835263"}
{"text": "the question to answer is did dino - raptors live and hunt and feed in packs, like wolves? i \u2019 m biased. i worked on the movie \u201c jurassic park, \u201d consulting with the special effects artists. and the book \u201c jurassic park \u201d has references to my research. and \u2026 my first dig was excavating raptors near bridger, montana, in 1964. i was a freshman. grant meyer was the field boss \u2013 a fine fellow with delicacy of touch that was surprising in such a hulking physique. grant is the guy who really started \u201c jurassic park. \u201d it was grant meyer who found the raptor deinonychus, four of them, their bones intermingled in a thin layer of dark gray clay - stone. he directed us kids in extracting the bones. back at yale, another undergrad, peter parks, cleaned the rock off the bones. professor john ostrom named the beast \u201c terrible claw \u201d \u2013 deinonychus. i prepared the first restoration and the temporary exhibit. | model of a dromaeosaurus raptor claw raptor kick - boxer of the cretaceous deinonychus became a dino celebrity. it was fast, smart, maneuverable \u2013 we imagined it as a kick - boxer of the cretaceous. it would leap up and slash its victims with the huge, curved hind - claw, shaped like a box - cutter. we wondered whether the four deinonychus were a social unit in real life. maybe the hunted together. since deinonychus was close kin to velociraptor, dug in the 1920 \u2019 s in mongolia, we started calling all the similar critters \u201c raptors. \u201d michael crichton read about the yale raptors and he got thinking : \u201c hmmmmm \u2026 wouldn \u2019 t it be cool to use genetic engineering to bring back to life \u2026 a pack of dino - raptors \u2026 \u201d his best - seller \u201c jurassic park \u201d was the result. in his book, he called deinoncyhus a species of velociraptor ( they are close ). csi of multiple victims. but how can we be sure that the four raptors lived and hunted together? perhaps these four raptors lived separately, died separately, and then their bodies got washed in together. how can we be certain that the way fossils are buried truthfully preserves the way they lived? here \u2019 s a fundamental rule of paleontology : all species tend to leave their dead bodies in clumps. whether or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41476394619547574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe19aa59-c702-409e-b446-3dd414f337db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.842488"}
{"text": "got washed in together. how can we be certain that the way fossils are buried truthfully preserves the way they lived? here \u2019 s a fundamental rule of paleontology : all species tend to leave their dead bodies in clumps. whether or not they hunted together, extinct animals get buried together. example of non - pack mass burial we \u2019 re digging in north texas now, excavating the first specialized top predator that ever evolved \u2013 the finback dimetrodon. it \u2019 s 170 million years before deinonychus. dimetrodons had very small brains, slow legs, and certainly were not nearly as quick witted or quick legged as a komodo dragon lizard of today. lizards don \u2019 t make wolf - packs. we wouldn \u2019 t expect dimetrodon to make well organized social units. but we find them buried in clumps. in one quarry there are fossils from at least 500 dimetrodons. maybe 5000 \u2026 we find hundreds of bones from scores of dimetrodons all mixed together at dozens of spots within the quarry that is about 200 yards long. there are babies, adolescents, young adults, and old dimetrodons all piled on top of each other \u2013 in fifteen separate layers. and \u2026.. dimetrodons were cannibals!!!!!! here \u2019 s the proof : what we look for is ballistic evidence. first, we search for clues that victims were dismembered and gnawed \u2013 we want to find marks on bones left by carnivore teeth. second, we want fossil bullets. bullets are the tooth crowns shed by meat - eaters as they fed. like crocs and sharks today, dinosaurs and primitive reptiles like dimetrodon shed old tooth crowns as they fed. new crowns would grow in to replace the old. so \u2026 when we find many shed teeth mixed with chewed bones that \u2019 s excellent csi evidence about who ate whom. do our dimetrodon bones have tooth marks? yes! and do we find shed teeth from the perpetrators? yes again. who \u2019 s the perp? 98 % of the shed teeth at our big dimetrodon quarry are from \u2026 \u2026 dimetrodon cannibalism surprised us at first, but it shouldn \u2019 t have. it \u2019 s standard operating procedure today. meat is hard to come by and most carnivore species won \u2019 t turn up their noses at a meal of their own kind. lions eat lions. wolves eat wolves. hyenas will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476612997594949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe19aa59-c702-409e-b446-3dd414f337db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.843457"}
{"text": "have. it \u2019 s standard operating procedure today. meat is hard to come by and most carnivore species won \u2019 t turn up their noses at a meal of their own kind. lions eat lions. wolves eat wolves. hyenas will eat everybody. our mega - dimetrodon quarry was different from the four raptor site. the dimetrodons included babies, adolescents and adults. and a dozen other species were buried with the dimetrodons, including big and small herbivores, insect - eaters, fresh - water sharks, and bottom - living aquatic amphibians shaped like salamanders. we don \u2019 t know yet what killed our dimetrodons. we don \u2019 t know why so many carnivores came to one spot \u2013 maybe they were attracted to amphibians who were trapped in a pond that was drying up. but it \u2019 s perfectly natural that the dimetrodon survivors would gobble up the dimetrodon victims. cannibalism is just common sense. back to the four raptors \u2026 \u2026 did dinosaur predators feed together? | x - ray of an allosaur upper jaw showing the new tooth crowns growing inside the tooth sockets i \u2019 ve dug several jurassic spots with shed teeth from carnivorous allosaurs. these jurassic sites show that the allosaurs were cannibals but still may have been good parents. we dug a spot with heaps of giant, multi - ton prey. herbivore bones were tooth - marked and chewed. there were shed teeth only from one species \u2013 an allosaur. both baby shed teeth and adult shed teeth were mixed with the giant bones. so here it looked like parents and babies did eat together \u2013 and the parents may have brought food to the young. five of the victims chewed by adult and baby allosaurs were \u2026. adult allosaurs. perfectly natural \u2013 cannibalism is nature \u2019 s way. did deinonychus eat its own dead? they \u2019 d be foolish if they didn \u2019 t. at the four raptor site there are some tooth marks on some bones and a few shed teeth. we just dug another montana site where someone had chewed on a deinonychus hip and left some shed teeth. the chewer was \u2026.. another deinonychus. ok \u2013 no surprise to find chewed & clumped raptors. cannibalism is ubiquitous. but we \u2019 re not through with our dino - csi. we need to analyze why the four raptors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4199037517649651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe19aa59-c702-409e-b446-3dd414f337db>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.844508"}
{"text": ".. another deinonychus. ok \u2013 no surprise to find chewed & clumped raptors. cannibalism is ubiquitous. but we \u2019 re not through with our dino - csi. we need to analyze why the four raptors died and were buried so close together. the three d \u2019 s of death : there are three big mass killers in nature, the three big d \u2019 s : disease. drought. drowning. a long - lasting drought can kill thousands, both herbivores and carnivores. a sudden flood can drown thousands of all species. epidemics wipe out multitudes of plant - eaters and meat - eaters. the d \u2019 s work together : a drought can kill and dry up many victims. then, a flood can wash the desiccated carcasses into a sandbar. after disease kills many, the bodies may dry up, then get washed in together. did a flood drown the raptors and wash them into one spot? no evidence for that. the water that carried in the mud was moving very slowly \u2013 it wasn \u2019 t a killer flood. and \u2026 this is important \u2026 there weren \u2019 t other victims bunched up with the raptors. a major flood would wash in turtles and crocs, fish and dino - herbivores. the four raptors were alone in their burial \u2013 no other species. there are flood sites with dinosaurs \u2013 huge river sand bar deposits with hundreds of skeletons. usually there are many species \u2013 plant - eaters and meat - eaters. bone cabin quarryin wyoming was such a sandbar and had stegosaurs, apatosaurs, diplodocus, camarasaurs, camptosaurs \u2013 all herbivores, adults and youngsters. and there were allosaurs and ornitholestes, both predators. the four - deinonychus quarry wasn \u2019 t like that. did drought kill the four raptors? no evidence here either \u2013 the habitat seemed peaceful and normal. drought should concentrate water - loving critters \u2013 we should see crocs and turtles huddled together in the last ponds and lakes. that \u2019 s not our four raptor site. what could clump raptors in life? the four raptors were all adults, one a bit older than the others. no babies. in many jurassic and cretaceous digs, we get adolescent predators \u2013 one of my como digs had a half dozen young allosaurs. but not at the deinonychus site dug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45878904531383224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe19aa59-c702-409e-b446-3dd414f337db>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.845497"}
{"text": ", one a bit older than the others. no babies. in many jurassic and cretaceous digs, we get adolescent predators \u2013 one of my como digs had a half dozen young allosaurs. but not at the deinonychus site dug by grant meyer. what would concentrate four adults of one raptor species and no one else? why didn \u2019 t the young die and get buried? did disease kill the raptors? disease today hits social predators hard. since they live together, all the predators in a pack can come down with a virus or bacterial ailment together. age segregation and adult - only death | model of a dromaeosaurus - from the same family as the deinonychus plus \u2013 social predators do separate the young from the adults during hunting. group hunting is common among mammals, birds and some advanced reptiles. crocs are the most social reptiles alive today. nile crocodiles do some adult - group hunting when wildebeest herds cross rivers. several big crocs ( probably brothers ) gang up on the wildebeest. hunting groups - wolves, hyenas, lions, crocs - usually contain only adults, babies and adolescents are well advised to stay away so they won \u2019 t get hurt. therefore, social hunting is one way adults clump together and may die together. therefore \u2026. at this stage in our investigation \u2026 when we look at all the clues from the mud, current velocity, lack of babies, lack of other species \u2026 \u2026 group hunting by adult deinonychus raptors is a viable hypothesis. it \u2019 s not the only hypothesis but still, i think, the strongest one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42532702400343214, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe19aa59-c702-409e-b446-3dd414f337db>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.846114"}
{"text": "the oceans are being emptied of fish. a forthcoming united nations report lays out the stark numbers : only around 25 % of commercial stocks are in a healthy or even reasonably healthy state. some 30 % of fish stocks are considered collapsed, and 90 % of large predatory fish \u2014 like the bluefin tuna so prized by sushi aficionados \u2014 have disappeared since the middle of the 20th century. more than 60 % of assessed fish stocks are in need of rebuilding, and some researchers estimate that if current trends hold, virtually all commercial fisheries will have collapsed by mid century. \" fisheries across the world are being plundered, or exploited at unsustainable rates, \" said achim steiner, the executive director of the united nations environment programme. in some respects, steiner could have stopped at \" plundered, \" because as much damage as the legal, commercial fishing trade has wrought on the oceans, it ' s the illegal trade that could spell their doom. legal fishermen \u2014 the everyday farmers of the seas \u2014 have licenses they must protect and laws they must obey. but illegal fishing \u2014 often done on the high seas where regulations are lax and catch limits can be exceeded with impunity, or in the coastal waters of developing nations, which lack the ability to fight back \u2014 abides by rules of its own. now, a team led by stefan flothmann of the pew environment group has published a study in the may 20 issue of science showing just how hard stopping the illegal fishing scourge will be. there are a lot of factors driving the rising global demand for fish. a growing global population needs ready sources of protein, and fish \u2014 generally low in fat and high in nutrients \u2014 is a natural. plus, the worldwide explosion in the popularity of sushi means that even people who never liked fish before have developed a taste for it. global seafood consumption has doubled over the past 40 years, and the sushi boom has tracked that trend. but there ' s also a major problem with overcapacity \u2014 or the simple excess of fishermen \u2014 thanks to the $ 27 billion in subsidies given to the worldwide fishing industry each year. those subsidies \u2014 especially the billions that go to cheap diesel fuel that makes factory fishing on the high seas possible at all - - have created an industry bigger than the oceans can support. the u. n. estimates that the global fleet consists of more than 20 million boats, ranging from tiny subsistence outfits to massive trawlers. together they have a fishing capacity 1. 8 to 2. 8 times larger than the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44412861849134977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9418647a-3068-436d-bb3a-72a8e91b3fe7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.849304"}
{"text": "by : clemente rendon de la garza he was born in villa de cadereyta, nuevo leon in 1639. he was the son of alonso de leon y josefa gonzalez. his occupation was agriculture and livestock. he married agustina cantu and they had seven children, alonso, juan, santiago, ines, mateo, juana and andres. in 1667 he was named mayor of cadereyta, position that he served for eight years. after that position alonso was named \u201c encomendadero \u201d, in which he help in the transformation of indians to the catholic religion. during the period of 1668 - 82 he was known for the pacification of indians. in 1682 alonso was named sargento mayor and by the end of that year governor of nuevo leon, position that he served until 1684. \u201c el mozo \u201d wrote the book \u201c derrotero diario y demarcacion del viaje \u201d, in which he described the trip to the bahia del espiritu santo looking for french settlers. in 1687 the viceroy named alonso governor of the coahuila republic with the mission to start new towns and once again help in the indian pacification. \u201c el mozo \u201d headed other expeditions looking for french settlements and during those trips he named rio nueces, rio hondo, rio del leon, rio nuestra senora de guadalupe and rio san marcos. general alonso de leon died on march 21, 1691. the first exploration of \u201c el mozo \u201d was the south of the rio grande. he was one of the first explorers in san juan de los esteros hermosos ( matamoros ) and the one that brought fray diego de orozco who made possible the first mass in matamoros. don jose de escandon y de la helguera was born in soto de la marina, santander in march 19, 1700, being the son of don jose de escandon rumoroso y de dona francisca de la helguera. at the age of 15, he migrated to new spain and enrolled with the army ( caballeros montados de merida ). in 1721 he moved to queretaro as teniente de infanteria y caballeria. don jose married dona maria antonia ocio y ocampo in 1724 and they had two children, jose and ana maria. dona maria died in 1736 and in 1737 he remarried dona maria josefa juana de llera y bayas. they had seven children, manuel,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3883109025998807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.862144"}
{"text": "antonia ocio y ocampo in 1724 and they had two children, jose and ana maria. dona maria died in 1736 and in 1737 he remarried dona maria josefa juana de llera y bayas. they had seven children, manuel, ignacio, vicente, mariano, francisco, josefa maria and maria josefa. during the period of 1727 through 1734 he served in the indian pacification. in 1736 he started his pacification work in the sierra gorda region. with his work in sierra gorda he gained the title of teniente de capitan general de la sierra gorda. on september 3, 1746 viceroy juan francisco de guemes y horcasitas, conde de revillagigedo gave don jose the rights to colonize nuevo santander. after some planning, in january 7, 1747 don jose started his project. he left queretaro with fray jose velasco, fray lorenzo de medina captain maldonado, two sergeants, 10 soldiers and some servants. along the trip some other people joined him from san luis, nuevo reino de leon and coahuila. don jose arrived to the rio grande on february 24, 1747 and established a camp named real del rio del norte, currently known as el soliseno. this camp served as based for escandon \u2019 s inspection of the area. after three months, the expedition ended and by october 1747 he wrote a report about the expedition and future plans for settlement. on may 31, 1748 conde revillagigedo authorized escandon to start his settlement plans. don jose de escandon founded 22 towns in 3 periods : first period 1748 - 49 original name actual name date santa maria de la llera llera december 25, 1748 san francisco de guemes guemes january 1, 1749 padilla viejo padilla january 6, 1749 santander de los cinco senores santander jimenez february 17, 1749 burgos burgos february 20, 1749 santa ana de camargo camargo march 5, 1749 reynosa reynosa march 14, 1749 san fernando de presas san fernando march 19, 1749 altamira altamira may 2, 1749 horcasitas magiscatzin may 11, 1749 santa barbara ocampo may 19, 1749 real de los infantes bustamante may 26, 1749 second period 1750 - 51 original name actual name date santa maria de los dolores rancho dolores, texas august 22, 1750 soto la marina soto la marina september 3, 1750 santa maria de ag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37871941765402356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.863013"}
{"text": "1749 real de los infantes bustamante may 26, 1749 second period 1750 - 51 original name actual name date santa maria de los dolores rancho dolores, texas august 22, 1750 soto la marina soto la marina september 3, 1750 santa maria de aguayo cd. victoria october 6, 1750 revilla guerrero viejo october 10, 1750 escandon xicotencatl march 15, 1751 third period 1752 - 57 original name actual name date santo domingo de hoyos hidalgo may 19, 1752 santillana abasolo december 26, 1752 mier cd. mier march 5, 1753 laredo laredo, texas may 15, 1755 real de borbon villagran may 8, 1757 by the end of 1749, escandon was called back to queretaro to help again in the indian pacification in sierra gorda. discontent from nuevo santander settlers turn into removal of settlement rights. he died in mexico city on september 10, 1770. fray manuel julio de silva was born in zacatecas in1736, he was the son of don joaquin de silva and dona ana maria caballero. he received the franciscan votes on may 2, 1754. in 1790 fray de silva was designated to be commissioner of the texas missions. he travel to san antonio with father francisco mariano garza and they visited mission san antonio valero and espiritu santo. fray de silva was called to go back to mexico and there he proposed to the viceroy the founding of missions along the cost to control karankawas and comanche indians. father de silva organized two groups, the first one headed by him and fray francisco puelles to work in texas and the second one, headed by his brother father joaquin maria de silva to work on the pacific coast. fray de silva got founding from spain to start the nuestra senora del refugio mission at north of rio san antonio. on his way back to san antonio, fray de silva and his followers passed through the congregation san juan de los esteros. as they found out that san juan did not had religious services, they stayed there some days. the residents from san juan decided to change the name of the congregation to nuestra senora del refugio de los esteros. fray de silva and fray puelles continued their trip to san antonio. when they learned about missing or lost funds, fray de silva returned to mexico. during this time, karankawa indians destroyed refugio mission. fray puelles had to relocate the mission and when fray de silva returned they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41672448247676813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.863923"}
{"text": "trip to san antonio. when they learned about missing or lost funds, fray de silva returned to mexico. during this time, karankawa indians destroyed refugio mission. fray puelles had to relocate the mission and when fray de silva returned they relocated the mission one more time to rancho santa gertrudis. after two years of hard work, fray de silva went back to zacatecas due to poor health. he died on december 3, 1798 in zacatecas. mariano antonio matamoros guridi was born on august 14, 1770 in mexico city, he was the son of don manuel matamoros salazar and dona mariana guridi. mariano got a bachelors of arts degree in 1786 and a degree in theology in 1789. he got license to say mass in some churches. he had a son, apolonio, before he became a priest and he raise him as his adoptive son and a daughter with her cousin catalina salazar. mariano believed in the mexican revolutionary movement and although he didn \u2019 t participated actively, his beliefs got him in trouble. once matamoros beliefs were public, he joined father jose maria morelos. he was named \u201c coronel \u201d and after proving his ability in some battles, morelos made his \u201c mariscal \u201d being second in command. he was sent to jail and had a trial, and on february 3, 1814 was killed. several cities had been named after don mariano matamoros and one of them is matamoros, tamaulipas. father balli was born on 1768 in reynosa, tamaulipas, he was the son of don jose maria balli fuera and dona rosa maria hinojosa benavides. father balli became priest in 1796. after serving in a chapel in reynosa, he became the priest at nuestra senora del refugio de los esteros in matamoros in 1800. the original site of the church was about 200 meter from the actual one ( 5th and matamoros ), but after a rio grande flood, father balli relocated it to the present site. he received a lot of land on both sides of the river and money as inheritance, and part of that inheritance he used to build the church in 1820. isla de santiago was also part of his inheritance, which is known as isla del padre. father balli died august 16, 1829 in matamoros, four years before the completion of his project, the church of nuestra senora del refugio. general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36435877946495976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.864808"}
{"text": "was also part of his inheritance, which is known as isla del padre. father balli died august 16, 1829 in matamoros, four years before the completion of his project, the church of nuestra senora del refugio. general mier y teran was born in mexico city on february 18, 1789, he was the son of manuel de mier y teran and maria ignacia de teruel y llanos. he joined in 1811 the revolutionary revolt with general rayon. later mier y teran joined his childhood friend in the battle, mariano matamoros. his main role during the was the construction of arms. once morelos died, mier y teran took control of the independence revolt. several defeats plus the need of food and arms made him to back out of the battlefield and began a more pacific life. iturbide was the next independence leader and once the proclamation of independence was a done deal, mier y teran return to the politics taking an active role in congress. mier y teran started a school to teach how to make arms and prepare the army. his poor relations with president guadalupe victoria, made him accept victoria \u2019 s proposition to go to the border and try to set the border limits between mexico and the united states. the border commission travel all the way to the rio rojo, and analyzed the boundaries. by march 1829, mier y teran was order to come back and stay in matamoros. during his time in matamoros, mier y teran had the opportunity to study the rio grande all the way to camargo. he knew that texas was in problems and that the mexican government needed to do something about it if they didn \u2019 t want to lose it. when mier y teran saw that nothing could be done to retain texas and that the mexican government kept fighting between itself, he committed suicide in san antonio de padilla. since december 5, 1972 his body lays down in matamoros. juan jose de la garza was born in villa de cruillas, tamaulipas on may 6, 1826, he was the son of juan b de la garza y maria eusebia galvan. he became governor of tamaulipas for the first time in 1852. de la garza supported the \u201c plan de ayutla \u201d against santa ana dictatorship. after some battles and the fall of santa ana government, juan jose de la garza became governor again and moved the state government from mata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3697447505288144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.865788"}
{"text": "time in 1852. de la garza supported the \u201c plan de ayutla \u201d against santa ana dictatorship. after some battles and the fall of santa ana government, juan jose de la garza became governor again and moved the state government from matamoros to tampico. he served eight times as governor of tamaulipas. de la garza founded the instituto cientifico y literario san juan in matamoros. the school closed for a period during the mexican revolution, but was later reopen as a middle school and currently as a high school with the name of his founder. after the decline in popularity on his eighth period as governor, de la garza moved to mexico city. there he became minister of the supreme court and law teacher. juan jose de la garza returned to tamaulipas after 20 years where he died on october 16, 1893. manuel gonzalez flores was born in matamoros on june 17, 1832, being the son of fernando gonzalez y eusebia flores. he joined the armed forces in matamoros in 1853. he participated in the puebla battle of 1862. benito juarez, as mexican president, named gonzalez governor of the national palace. manuel gonzalez was a supporter of porfirio diaz and those beliefs made him resign from juarez government to help diaz and his plan de la noria and plan de tuxtepec. he also supported diaz in his attack to brownsville and matamoros against president lerdo de tejada. once diaz became president, he named manuel gonzalez chief commander and governor of michoacan. gonzalez hold several positions in the army during diaz presidential period. at the end of diaz term, he helped manuel gonzalez to become the next mexican president ( december 1, 1880 \u2013 november 30, 1884 ). during gonzalez time in office, he extended the railroad from 1073 km to 5731 km, increased the telegraph to 30, 000 km, reformed the postal service and ended the problem on the border of guatemala and chiapas. also, he implemented the decimal system, organized the army college, reestablished relations with england, changed the silver coins to nickel, and founded the mexican national bank ( banamex ). on the other hand, the economy was having a recession and the debt with england increased. at the end of his days in office, gonzalez was not real popular. diaz became president again and gonzalez was named governor of guanajuato. he remained as governor with great popularity until his death. general manuel gonzalez died in mexico", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40879366600428535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.866785"}
{"text": "england increased. at the end of his days in office, gonzalez was not real popular. diaz became president again and gonzalez was named governor of guanajuato. he remained as governor with great popularity until his death. general manuel gonzalez died in mexico city on march 8, 1893. lucio blanco was born in nadadores, coahuila on july 29, 1879, he was the son of don bernardo blanco and dona maria fuentes. he met madero and supported his revolutionary movement. he fought against diaz until he resigned as president. he helped madero throughout his presidential period and after he was assassinated, he joined carranza. he fought against huerta in matamoros, and took over the city. this was the first important battle won by the constitutionalists. from matamoros, he organized the ceremony to give agriculture land property titles to people from nuevo leon and tamaulipas. at the end of carranza period in office, blanco had to leave to laredo, texas due to his decline in popularity. although carranza did not support obregon, he became the next president. blanco returned to mexico, but once again had to leave due to rumors about him being against obregon. lucio blanco was found dead at the rio grande on july 7, 1922. maria lorenza hinojosa was born in matamoros, tamaulipas on august 10, 1864, being the daughter of don victor hinojosa longoria and maria rosa garcia de la garza. she developed an inclination towards the music. maria lorenza composed her first song at the age of eight. she graduated for the \u201c conservatorio nacional de musica de la ciudad de mexico \u201d and after that, she gave concerts in mexico and the us. maria lorenza returned to matamoros in 1904 were she composed many songs like the one for lauro villar. her eyes saw the entrance of lucio blanco to matamoros during the mexican revolution and that event made her compose songs to generals and revolutionary events. also, she composed a hymn to celebrate the first hundred years of the independence. maria lorenza hinojosa died in matamoros on january 19, 1936. jose maria barrientos was born cadereyta jimenez, nuevo leon on november 19, 1891, being the son don francisco barrientos gonzalez and dona trinidad garza zambrano. he joined a school band were he learned to play the cornet. during the first century celebration of independence, he started a band", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3768947127875928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.867702"}
{"text": "on november 19, 1891, being the son don francisco barrientos gonzalez and dona trinidad garza zambrano. he joined a school band were he learned to play the cornet. during the first century celebration of independence, he started a band to participate in the festivities. jose maria barrienato composed several songs during revolutionary period. he was taken by carranza \u2019 s supporters to a military base to play. later, he joined the revolution in matamoros with general lucio blanco. he retired from the army in 1915 and went to new mexico were he joined a band. by 1916 he returned to matamoros and founded the municipal band. in 1925, barrientos also founded the brownsville band. he formed part of the matamoros first century festivities ( 1926 ) and his main contribution was to give the music to the words of the matamoros hymn. governor portes gil was really pleased with the hymn that ask barrientos to transform it into the tamaulipas hymn, only three words were changed. during the foundation of first secondary school of matamoros, barrientos was part of the founding teachers. the work with the students was far beyond his duties, barrientos was always willing to help in the creation of new bands. after a life full of great compositions, barrientos died on august 3, 1965. manuel feliciano rodriguez was born in matamoros, tamaulipas on february 15, 1897, he was the son of manuel rodriguez uresti and adelaida brayda trevino. dr manuel married raquel herminia longoria guerra and they had three children, raquel herminia, adela aurora and manuel feliciano. he became a doctor in mexico city during the period of the revolution of agua prieta. he returned to matamoros to work as a doctor and also made his certificate valid in texas. besides his work as a doctor, he became a teacher and made possible the reopening of the instituto cientifico juan jose de la garza as a middle school and later as a high school. his contribution to the matamoros society included the foundation of the rotary club, and his great literary work. dr manuel feliciano rodriguez died on september 6, 1976. eduardo chavez was born in mexico city on may 6, 1898, being the son of engineer agustin chavez pedroza and juvencia ramirez de chavez. as a high school student he joined the armed forces with carranza during the mexican revolution. he joined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.390952419478864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.868579"}
{"text": "eduardo chavez was born in mexico city on may 6, 1898, being the son of engineer agustin chavez pedroza and juvencia ramirez de chavez. as a high school student he joined the armed forces with carranza during the mexican revolution. he joined the national irrigation commission and work on the irrigation systems and in the rectification of the rio grande. chavez was sent to matamoros by president cardenas with the mission to build a levee to prevent flooding problems. once he finished the levee project, chavez discovered the possibility of an irrigation system by gravity. although the poor support of cadenas advisors, chavez got the authorization to start his irrigation project, el retamal. that project gave the possibility to increase the agriculture production and in order to do it, he brought people from nuevo leon. the new residents founded several towns near matamoros. irrigation district 25 brought prosperity to the region. chavez knowledge about the region and water treaty between mexico and the us, gave him the opportunity to create important water dams ( presa falcon and la amistad ). during the period of president ruiz cortines, chavez as a cabinet member, headed important projects on the gulf of mexico, rio yaqui, creation of mozucari water dam and irrigation district to name a few. eduardo chavez died in mexico city on may 28, 1982 and his body was buried in valle hermoso, tamaulipas. one of his projects, \u201c del panuco al bravo \u201d, could and still can be the solution to the present irrigation problems of matamoros and neighbor regions, but even know, the project do not have the necessary support. eliseo paredes was born in \u201c rancho la esperanza \u201d ( matamoros, tamaulipas ) on december 8, 1899, he was the son of don justo paredes cisneros and dona clotilde manzano vidal. he was a businessman and historian. during the 20 \u2019 s, he established a business in the juarez market. he married maria guadalupe rangel and they had seven children, sergio, eliseo, josefina, graciela irma, isaura, maria guadalupe, and sara alicia. eliseo paredes actively participated in different civic and cultural associations in matamoros. he founded a historic society in matamoros, formed and organized the museo casamata and became the first historian of matamoros. eliseo paredes died in matamoros on july 11, 1988.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.399206807232132, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522add1b-32ba-4d93-8b6d-47d59f3dc676>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.869473"}
{"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 17. 2 two - way trade - distinguish between one - way trade and two - way trade. - explain why two - way trade may occur. the model of trade presented thus far assumed that countries specialize in producing the good in which they have a comparative advantage and, therefore, engage in one - way trade. one - way ( or interindustry ) tradesituation in which countries specialize in producing the goods in which they have a comparative advantage and then export those goods so they can import the goods in which they do not have a comparative advantage. occurs when countries specialize in producing the goods in which they have a comparative advantage and then export those goods so they can import the goods in which they do not have a comparative advantage. however, when we look at world trade, we also see countries exchanging the same goods or goods in the same industry category. for example, the united states may both export construction materials to canada and import them from canada. american car buyers can choose chevrolets, fords, and chryslers. they can also choose imported cars such as toyotas. japanese car buyers may choose to purchase toyotas \u2014 or imported cars such as chevrolets, fords, and chryslers. the united states imports cars from japan and exports cars to it. conversely, japan imports cars from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5039646488614888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77195d99-b308-4383-bc84-4ee5a876e1b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.880273"}
{"text": "cars such as toyotas. japanese car buyers may choose to purchase toyotas \u2014 or imported cars such as chevrolets, fords, and chryslers. the united states imports cars from japan and exports cars to it. conversely, japan imports cars from the united states and exports cars to it. international trade in which countries both import and export the same or similar goods is called two - way ( or intraindustry ) trade. international trade in which countries both import and export the same or similar goods. two reasons countries import and export the same goods are variations in transportation costs and seasonal effects. in the example of the united states and canada both importing and exporting construction materials, transportation costs are the likely explanation. it may be cheaper for a contractor in northern maine to import construction materials from the eastern part of canada than to buy them in the united states. for a contractor in vancouver, british columbia, it may be cheaper to import construction materials from somewhere in the western part of the united states than to buy them in canada. by engaging in trade, both the american and canadian contractors save on transportation costs. seasonal factors explain why the united states both imports fruit from and exports fruit to chile. another explanation of two - way trade in similar goods lies in recognizing that not all goods are produced under conditions of perfect competition. once this assumption is relaxed, we can explain two - way trade in terms of a key feature of monopolistic competition and some cases of oligopoly : product differentiation. suppose two countries have similar endowments of factors of production and technologies available to them, but their products are differentiated \u2014 clocks produced by different manufacturers, for example, are different. consumers in the united states buy some clocks produced in switzerland, just as consumers in switzerland purchase some clocks produced in the united states. indeed, if two countries are similar in their relative endowments of factors of production and in the technologies available to them, two - way trade based on product differentiation is likely to be more significant than one - way trade based on comparative advantage. in comparison to the expansion of one - way trade based on comparative advantage, expansion of two - way trade may entail lower adjustment costs. in the case of two - way trade, there is specialization within industries rather than movement of factors of production out of industries that compete with newly imported goods and into export industries. such adjustments are likely to be faster and less painful for labor and for the owners of the capital and natural resources involved. because two - way trade often occurs in the context of imperfect competition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186792902741049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77195d99-b308-4383-bc84-4ee5a876e1b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.881327"}
{"text": "industries that compete with newly imported goods and into export industries. such adjustments are likely to be faster and less painful for labor and for the owners of the capital and natural resources involved. because two - way trade often occurs in the context of imperfect competition, we cannot expect it to meet the efficiency standards of one - way trade based on comparative advantage and the underlying assumption of perfectly competitive markets. but, as we discussed in the chapter on imperfect competition, the inefficiency must be weighed against the benefits derived from product differentiation. people in the united states are not limited to buying only the kinds of cars produced in the united states, just as people in japan are not limited to buying only cars produced in japan. - specialization and trade according to comparative advantage leads to one - way trade. - a large percentage of trade among countries with similar factor endowments is two - way trade, in which countries import and export the same or similar goods and services. - two - way trade is often explained by variations in transportation costs and seasonal factors ; in similar goods it often occurs in the context of models of imperfect competition. - adjustment costs associated with expansion of two - way trade may be lower than for expansion of one - way trade. the text argues that two - way trade must be a result of transportation cost, climate, or imperfect competition. explain why. case in point : two - way trade in water : a growth industry \u00a9 2010 jupiterimages corporation in the 1930s, the successful introduction into the united states of french - made perrier showed that u. s. consumers were open to a \u201c new \u201d bottled beverage. since then, the u. s. bottled water business has taken off and bottled water is now the second largest commercial beverage category by volume, after carbonated soft drinks. seeing the increased popularity of bottled water, both pepsico and coca - cola launched their own bottled water brands, aquafina and dasani, respectively. both of these brands are made from purified tap water. dasani has minerals added back into it ; aquafina does not. other brands of water come from springs or artesian wells. while domestic brands of water have multiplied, americans still drink some imported brands. representing only about 3 % of the u. s. market, the volume of imported water nonetheless has about doubled in the last five years. and u. s. bottled water companies are also eyeing markets in other countries. as new york times columnist and book author thomas friedman noted as he was being shown around a customer call center in bangalore, india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48289745450506166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77195d99-b308-4383-bc84-4ee5a876e1b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.882530"}
{"text": "has about doubled in the last five years. and u. s. bottled water companies are also eyeing markets in other countries. as new york times columnist and book author thomas friedman noted as he was being shown around a customer call center in bangalore, india, the water on the desktops of the telemarketers was none other than coke \u2019 s dasani. whether the differences in brands of water are perceived or real, it may not be too long before restaurants develop water lists next to their beer and wine lists. in the u. s. and in other countries around the world, there is likely to be a domestic section and an imported section on those lists. two - way trade in water seems destined to be a growth industry for some time to come. sources : thomas l. friedman, \u201c what goes around \u2026 \u201d the new york times, february 26, 2004, p. a27 ; tom mcgrath and kate dailey, \u201c liquid assets, \u201d men \u2019 s health 19 : 2 ( march 2004 ) : 142 \u2013 49 ; statistics from beverage marketing corporation at www. bottledwater. org / public / stats _ 2004. doc. answer to try it! problem in the absence of one of these factors, there would only be one - way, or interindustry, trade, which would take place according to comparative advantage, as described in the first section of this chapter, with a country specializing in and exporting the goods in which it has a comparative advantage and importing goods in which it does not. efficiency differences would be the only basis for trade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4531601216416604, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77195d99-b308-4383-bc84-4ee5a876e1b9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.883178"}
{"text": "updated at 9 : 45 p. m. with figures provided by the bachmann campaign ottumwa, ia. \u2013 michele bachmann told a crowd here that growing tax burdens have undermined the american middle class and forced both parents into the workforce. to support her argument, she said tax rates in 1950 were just 5 percent \u2013 a fraction of the overall tax rate today. \u201c the average amount of taxes that the average family ( paid ) was 5 percent overall, \u201d bachmann said. with taxes that low, she continued, her father \u2019 s salary from the air force was enough to support her entire family. \u201c a sergeant could have a wife and four children and the wife didn \u2019 t have to work because you paid 5 percent for your overall tax burden. \u201d but her figures do not appear to be accurate. according to the nonprofit tax foundation, the overall tax rate in 1950 was actually 24. 6 percent \u2013 almost five times the rate cited by bachmann and just 3. 1 percent less than the 2011 tax rate of 27. 7 percent. the apparent error undermines bachmann \u2019 s central point, which is that the tax burden is primarily responsible for forcing both parents to work and other substantial changes to middle - class financial life over the past several decades. the bachmann campaign responded this afternoon that the 5 - percent figure comes from the taxpayers league of minnesota, and that bachmann has cited it for several years. this evening, a campaign spokeswoman provided two documents that she said were the sources bachmann relied on when making her comments. the spreadsheets, which contained no information identifying their source, show federal, state and local tax receipts as a percentage of the united states \u2019 gross domestic product over the last several decades. one of the documents shows that federal receipts on individual income taxes represented 5. 8 percent of national gdp in 1950 \u2014 meaning that the total of all individual income taxes paid to the federal government amounted to 5. 8 percent of the value of all goods and services produced within the united states in that year. but correlating figures that encompass the entire economy \u2014 like total income taxes paid and gdp \u2014 to the tax burden and incomes of the \u201c average \u201d family overlooks several complexities. for one, income tax rates vary depending on a taxpayer \u2019 s income and whether they qualify for deductions and other tax breaks. under the progressive income - tax system, moreover, high - income earners pay more in individual income taxes than do \u201c average \u201d income earners. and more significantly, gdp encompasses the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3874511093832357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c0710a-ad9d-4728-a35c-757c5e0912d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.888248"}
{"text": "and whether they qualify for deductions and other tax breaks. under the progressive income - tax system, moreover, high - income earners pay more in individual income taxes than do \u201c average \u201d income earners. and more significantly, gdp encompasses the entire economy \u2014 including corporate profits and investment income \u2014 not just household incomes. if individual income taxes paid were calculated as a percentage of household incomes, the number would naturally be higher than 5. 8 percent, since household incomes are just one part of the total gdp. other themes : after bachmann repeated her call for the repeal of the federal health care law passed in 2010, a young man in the audience asked whether she would preserve the law \u2019 s ban on health insurers denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions. no, she said, because barring insurers from denying such coverage makes coverage for everyone more expensive. \u201c insurance companies know with this preexisting conditions thing that they have to jack up their rates to pay for everyone, \u201d bachmann said. \u201c that \u2019 s also a cost to everyone who \u2019 s in this room. \u201d the man who asked the question, brett livengood of dubuque, said he was disappointed that bachmann didn \u2019 t have a plan to preserve coverage for those with preexisting conditions. her solution seemed to be that the free market would work out that problem, he said. but that \u2019 s how things were before the law was passed, and the market simply excluded coverage for those people or charged them unaffordable rates. on immigration, bachmann suggested the federal government could pass a law barring citizenship to children born in the united states to illegal immigrants. \u201c we \u2019 ve got to end this anchor - baby program, \u201d she said. setting : the bridge view center, ottumwa. crowd : about 60. the candidate \u2019 s day : bachmann addressed a church congregation in fairfield saturday morning before holding the town - hall in ottumwa and was scheduled to hold a second town - hall in oskaloosa later in the afternoon. place in the race : today \u2019 s events continue a three - day swing through southeast iowa, which bachmann hasn \u2019 t visited since before the iowa straw poll. she followed highway 61 through davenport, muscatine and burlington on friday and will address another church congregation in marion tomorrow. reaching out to evangelicals is seen as critical for bachmann, who has fallen sharply in the polls since winning the august straw poll. socially conservative christians are famously enthusiastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4279595612535947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c0710a-ad9d-4728-a35c-757c5e0912d0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.889162"}
{"text": "i believe that, from the perspective of the c + + standard, there is no difference between # include \" xyz. h \" and # include \" xyz. cpp \" if they both contain the same thing. in practice, an ide might create the makefile ( or other build script ) such that \" xyz. cpp \" is compiled even when it should not be, possibly leading to redefinition errors. sqlite ' s amalgamation is an example of an optimisation where the final source code is generated from the various header files and source files such that it becomes one big source file. this might be a better way than trying to develop by including ( non - header ) source files all over the place. but it can. quote : it would be truly amazing of the microsoft compiler if it can do that. i cannot say for sure, but usually when compiling a release, it is a pretty long process and many files are typically re - compiled, and during a debug build, you do not use optimizations. quote : but is that to say every time a cpp file is changed, the whole project needs to be recompiled? since that ' s the only way cross - file inlining can be done? but i think the optimization is done at the linker stage, so perhaps only the linking stage needs to be redone. for one thing, it is considered bad practice to include source files. not that it is really such a bad thing if used like this, but anyway. quote : if that is the case... then what ' s the difference between that and including cpp files? ( and keeping dummy header files for human reference, or include all headers before all cpp ' s? ) secondly, the entire code base is completely re - compiled everytime, even if nothing has changed in those source files. thirdly, i guess there will be complications, such as global variables with internal linkage, and such. probably much more. not sure what you are hinting at? quote : i thought one of the main advantages of using headers is that the project can be incrementally compiled. i think we should not call it \" linking \" when we ' re talking of \" inlining from all of the source code \", because what really happens is that the compiler is doing the work in two or three steps. the first step involves reading and \" understanding \" the source code. the second step involves generating the actual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4570676349982677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f3a7e6a-1591-4c19-b893-45b791782dd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.891705"}
{"text": "build your own simple random numbers liam o \u2019 connor got me thinking about the best way to explain the idea of a pseudo - random number generator to new programmers. this post is my answer. if you already understand them, there won \u2019 t be anything terribly new here. that said, i enjoy clean examples even for easy ideas, so if you do too, then read on! note : the title may have caused some confusion. i \u2019 m not suggesting you use the trivial algorithms provided here for any purpose. indeed, they are intentionally over - simplified to make them more understandable. you should read this as an explanation of the idea of how generating random numbers works, and then use the random number generators offered by your operating system or your programming language, which are far better than what \u2019 s provided here. suppose you \u2019 re writing a puzzle game, and you need to choose a correct answer. or suppose you are writing a role - playing game, and need to decide if the knight \u2019 s attack hits the dragon or deflects off of its scales. or you \u2019 re writing a tetris game, and you need to decide what shape is going to come next. in all three of these situations, what you really want is a random number. random numbers aren \u2019 t the result of any formula or calculation ; they are completely up to chance. well, here \u2019 s the sad truth of the matter : computers can \u2019 t do that. yes, that \u2019 s right. picking random numbers is one of those tasks that confound even the most powerful of computers. why? because computers are calculating machines, and we just said that random numbers aren \u2019 t the result of any calculation! of course, you \u2019 ve probably played games on a computer before that seem to pick numbers at random, so you may not believe me. what you \u2019 re seeing, though, aren \u2019 t really random numbers at all, but rather pseudo - random numbers. pseudo - random numbers are actually the result of a mathematical formula, but one designed to be so complicated that it would be hard to recognize any pattern in its results! writing a pseudo random number generator a lot of smart people actually spend a lot of time on good ways to pick pseudo - random numbers. they try a bunch of different complicated formulas, and try to make sure that patterns don \u2019 t pop up. but we can build a simple one pretty easily to pick pseudo - random numbers from 1 to 10. here it is, in the programming language haskell : random i = 7 *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5216049131336429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.901493"}
{"text": ", and try to make sure that patterns don \u2019 t pop up. but we can build a simple one pretty easily to pick pseudo - random numbers from 1 to 10. here it is, in the programming language haskell : random i = 7 * i ` mod ` 11 since it \u2019 s a function, it needs to have an input. it then multiplies that input by 7, and then finds the remainder when dividing by 11. we \u2019 ll give it the previous number it picked as input, and it will give us back the next one. suppose we start at 1. then we get the following : random 1 - > 7 random 7 - > 5 random 5 - > 2 random 2 - > 3 random 3 - > 10 random 10 - > 4 random 4 - > 6 random 6 - > 9 random 9 - > 8 random 8 - > 1 let \u2019 s look at the range of answers. since the answer is always a remainder when dividing by 11, it \u2019 ll be somewhere between 0 and 10. but it should be pretty easy to convince ourselves that if the number we give as input is between 1 and 10, then 0 isn \u2019 t a possibile answer : if it were, then we \u2019 d have found two numbers, both less than 11, that multiply together to give us a multiple of 11. that \u2019 s impossible because \u2026. 11 is prime. so we \u2019 re guaranteed that this process picks numbers between 1 and 10. it seems to pick them in a non - obvious order with no really obvious patterns, so that \u2019 s good. we appear to have at least a good start on generating random numbers. notice a couple things : - we had to pick somewhere to start. in this case, we started out by giving an input of 1. that \u2019 s called the seed. if you use the same seed, you \u2019 ll always get the exact same numbers back! why? because it \u2019 s really just a complicated math problem, so if you do the same calculation with the same numbers, you \u2019 ll get the same result. - to get the next number, we have to remember something ( in our case, the last answer ) from the previous time. that \u2019 s called the state. the state is important, because it \u2019 s what makes the process give you different answers each time! if you didn \u2019 t remember something from the last time around, then you \u2019 d again be doing the same math problem with the same numbers, so you \u2019 d get the same answer. doing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5463920574570156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.902585"}
{"text": "what makes the process give you different answers each time! if you didn \u2019 t remember something from the last time around, then you \u2019 d again be doing the same math problem with the same numbers, so you \u2019 d get the same answer. doing better by separating state unfortunately, our random number generator has a weakness : you can always predict what \u2019 s coming next, based on what came before. if you write tetris using the random number generator from earlier, your player will soon discover that after a line, they always get an l shape, and so on. what you really want is for your game to occasionally send them a line followed by a t, or even pick two lines in a row from time to time! how do we do this? well, the next answer that \u2019 s coming depends on the state, so our mistake before was to use the previous answer as the state. the solution is to use a state that \u2019 s bigger than the answer. we \u2019 ll still be looking for random numbers from 1 to 10, but let \u2019 s modify the previous random number generator to remember a bigger state. now, since state and answer are different things, our random function will have two results : a new state, and an answer for this number. random i = ( j, ans ) where j = 7 * i ` mod ` 101 ans = ( j - 1 ) ` mod ` 10 + 1 - - just the ones place, but 0 means 10 that says take the input, multiply by 7, and find the remainder mod 101. since 101 is still prime, this will always give answers from 1 to 100. but what we really wanted was a number from 1 to 10, just like the one we had before. that \u2019 s fine : we \u2019 ll just take the ones place ( which is between 0 and 9 ) and treat 0 as 10. the tens place doesn \u2019 t really change the answer at all, but we keep it around to pass back in the next time as state. let \u2019 s see how this works : random 1 - > ( 7, 7 ) random 7 - > ( 49, 9 ) random 49 - > ( 40, 10 ) random 40 - > ( 78, 8 ) random 78 - > ( 41, 1 ) random 41 - > ( 85, 5 ) random 85 - > ( 90, 10 ) random 90 - > ( 24, 4 ) random 24 - > ( 67, 7 ) random 67 - > ( 65, 5 ) random 65 - > (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5312185410467505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.903519"}
{"text": "random 41 - > ( 85, 5 ) random 85 - > ( 90, 10 ) random 90 - > ( 24, 4 ) random 24 - > ( 67, 7 ) random 67 - > ( 65, 5 ) random 65 - > ( 51, 1 ) excellent! now instead of going in a fixed rotation, some numbers are picked several times, and some haven \u2019 t been picked yet at all ( but they will be, if we keep going ), and you can no longer guess what \u2019 s coming next just based on the last number you saw. in this random number generator, the seed was still 1, and the state was a number from 1 to 100. people who are really interested in good random numbers sometimes talk about the period of a pseudo - random number generator. the period is how many numbers it picks before it starts over again and gives you back the same sequence. our first try had a period of 10, which is rather poor. our second try did much better : the period was 100. that \u2019 s still pretty far off, though, from the random number generators in most computers, the period of which can be in the millions or billions. real world pseudo - random number generators our two toy pseudo - random number generators were fun, but you wouldn \u2019 t use them in real programs. that \u2019 s because operating systems and programming languages already have plenty of ways to generate pseudo - random numbers. and those were created by people who probably have more time to think about random numbers than you do! but some of the same ideas come up there. for example, consider this ( specialized ) type signature for the random function in the haskell programming language : random : : stdgen - > ( int, stdgen ) look familiar? stdgen is the state, and choosing a random int gives you back the int, and a new stdgen that you can use to get more pseudo - random numbers! many programming languages, including haskell, also have \u201c global \u201d random number generators that remember their state automatically ( in haskell, that is called randomio ), but under the covers, it all comes down to functions like the ones we \u2019 ve written here \u2026 except a lot more complex. where to get a seed we \u2019 ve still left one question unanswered : where does the seed come from? so far, we \u2019 ve always been using 1 for the seed, but that means that each time the program runs, it will get the same numbers back. so we end up with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5554422323419378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.904566"}
{"text": "question unanswered : where does the seed come from? so far, we \u2019 ve always been using 1 for the seed, but that means that each time the program runs, it will get the same numbers back. so we end up with a similar situation to what we saw before, where players will realize that a game starts with the same sequence of random events each time. to solve this problem, the seed should come from somewhere that won \u2019 t be the same each time. here are two different ways to seed a random number generator. - mostly, pseudo - random number generators are seeded from a clock. imagine if you looked at the second hand on a clock, used it to get a number from 1 to 60, and used that for your seed. then the game would only act the same if it started at the same number of seconds. even better, you could take the number of seconds since some fixed time in the past, so you \u2019 d get an even bigger difference in seeds. ( entirely by coincidence, computers often use the number of seconds since january 1, 1970. ) - you might try to get a good seed from details of the way the user uses your program. for example, you can look at the exact place the user first clicks the mouse, or exactly how much time passes between pressing keys. they will most likely not be exact, and click a few pixels off or type ever so slightly slower, even if they are trying to do exactly the same thing. so, again, you get a program that acts differently each time. this is called using entropy. most of the time, using the computer \u2019 s built - in clock is okay. but suppose you \u2019 re making up a code word. it would be very bad if someone could guess your code word just by knowing when you picked it! ( they would also need to know how your computer or programming language picks random numbers, but that \u2019 s not normally kept secret ; they can probably find that out pretty easily. ) computer security and privacy often depends on picking unpredictable random numbers \u2014 ones that people snooping on you won \u2019 t be able to guess. in that case, it \u2019 s important that you use some kind of entropy, and not just the clock. in fact, when security is at stake, you can use entropy to modify the state as well, to make sure things don \u2019 t get too predictable. most operating systems have special ways of getting \u201c secure \u201d random numbers that handle this for you. another example of entropy : if you play", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5276965875744655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.905554"}
{"text": ", you can use entropy to modify the state as well, to make sure things don \u2019 t get too predictable. most operating systems have special ways of getting \u201c secure \u201d random numbers that handle this for you. another example of entropy : if you play the game dragon warrior for the nintendo, but use an emulator instead of a real nintendo, then you can save a snapshot of your game before you fight a monster, memorize what the monsters are going to do, and figure out exactly the right way to respond. when you load the game from the snapshot and try again, as long as you do the same things, the monster will respond in exactly the same way! that \u2019 s because the snapshot saves the state of the random number generator, so when you go back and load from the snapshot, the computer picks the same random numbers. so if a fight against a monster is going well but you make a disastrous move at the end, you can load your snapshot and repeat the exact same fight up to that point. the same trick doesn \u2019 t work in dragon warrior 2 ( or later ones ), though! why not? because the company that makes the game started using entropy in their sequel. so now little things like exactly how long you wait between pressing buttons will change the game. since you can \u2019 t possibly time everything exactly the same down to hundredths or thousandths of a second, the task is hopeless, and you have to just take your chances and trust to luck. so as you can see, random numbers can become a very tricky topic. but ultimately it \u2019 s all just a complicated formula, a seed, and a state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5950109633138496, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:072e90a7-3e97-43ff-8d9b-0e6fef14a575>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.906191"}
{"text": "| name, symbol, number | | krypton, kr, 36 | chemical series | | noble gases | | group, period, block | | 18, 4, p | | appearance | | colorless | | atomic mass | | 83. 798 ( 2 ) g / mol | | electron configuration | | [ ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p6 | | electrons per shell | | 2, 8, 18, 8 | | density | | ( 0 \u00b0c, 101. 325 kpa ) | | melting point | | 115. 79 k | ( - 157. 36 \u00b0c, - 251. 25 \u00b0f ) | boiling point | | 119. 93 k | ( - 153. 22 \u00b0c, - 243. 8 \u00b0f ) | critical point | | 209. 41 k, 5. 50 mpa | | heat of fusion | | 1. 64 kj \u00b7 mol\u22121 | | heat of vaporization | | 9. 08 kj \u00b7 mol\u22121 | | heat capacity | | ( 25 \u00b0c ) 20. 786 j \u00b7 mol\u22121 \u00b7 k\u22121 | | crystal structure | | cubic face centered | | electronegativity | | 3. 00 ( pauling scale ) | | ionization energies | | 1st : 1350. 8 kj \u00b7 mol\u22121 | | 2nd : 2350. 4 kj \u00b7 mol\u22121 | | 3rd : 3565 kj \u00b7 mol\u22121 | | atomic radius ( calc. ) | | 88 pm | | covalent radius | | 110 pm | | van der waals radius | | 202 pm | | thermal conductivity | | ( 300 k ) 9. 43 mw \u00b7 m\u22121 \u00b7 k\u22121 | | speed of sound | | ( gas, 23 \u00b0c ) 220 m / s | | speed of sound | | ( liquid ) 1120 m / s | | cas registry number | | 7439 - 90 - 9 | krypton ( ipa : / \u02c8kr\u026apt\u0259n / or / \u02c8kr\u026aptan / ) is a chemical element with the symbol kr and atomic number 36. a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionating liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. krypton is inert for most practical purposes but it is known to form compounds with fluorine. krypton can also form clathrates with water when atoms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5738874457474423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd2b7efe-0dbd-42a5-b50d-781bb9434163>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.910346"}
{"text": "air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. krypton is inert for most practical purposes but it is known to form compounds with fluorine. krypton can also form clathrates with water when atoms of it are trapped in a lattice of the water molecules. notable characteristics edit krypton, a noble gas due to its very low chemical reactivity, is characterized by a brilliant green and orange spectral signature. it is one of the products of uranium fission. solidified krypton is white and crystalline with a face - centered cubic crystal structure which is a common property of all \" rare gases \". in 1960 an international agreement defined the metre in terms of light emitted from a krypton isotope. this agreement replaced the longstanding standard metre located in paris which was a metal bar made of a platinum - iridium alloy ( the bar was originally estimated to be one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth ' s polar circumference ). but only 23 years later, the krypton - based standard was replaced itself by the speed of light \u2014 the most reliable constant in the universe. in october 1983 the bureau international des poids et mesures ( international bureau of weights and measures ) defined the metre as the distance that light travels in a vacuum during 1 / 299, 792, 458 s. like the other noble gases, krypton is widely considered to be chemically inert. following the first successful synthesis of xenon compounds in 1962, synthesis of krypton difluoride was reported in 1963. other fluorides and a salt of a krypton oxoacid have also been found. arkr + and krh + molecule - ions have been investigated and there is evidence for krxe or krxe +. there are 32 known isotopes of krypton. naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable and one slightly radioactive isotope. krypton ' s spectral signature is easily produced with some very sharp lines. 81kr is the product of atmospheric reactions with the other naturally occurring isotopes of krypton. it is radioactive with a half - life of 250, 000 years. like xenon, krypton is highly volatile when it is near surface waters and 81kr has therefore been used for dating old ( 50, 000 - 800, 000 year ) groundwater. 85kr is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half - life of 10. 76 years, that is produced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5892387486232729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd2b7efe-0dbd-42a5-b50d-781bb9434163>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.911320"}
{"text": "is near surface waters and 81kr has therefore been used for dating old ( 50, 000 - 800, 000 year ) groundwater. 85kr is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half - life of 10. 76 years, that is produced by fission of uranium and plutonium. sources have included nuclear bomb testing, nuclear reactors, and the release of 85kr during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. a strong gradient exists between the northern and southern hemispheres where concentrations at the north pole are approximately 30 % higher than the south pole due to the fact that most 85kr is produced in the northern hemisphere, and north - south atmospheric mixing is relatively slow. krypton fluoride laser edit - for more details on this topic, see krypton fluoride laser. the compound will decompose once the energy supply stops. during the decomposition process, the excess energy stored in the excited state complex will be emitted in the form of strong ultraviolet laser radiation. - los alamos national laboratory - krypton - usgs periodic table - krypton - \" chemical elements : from carbon to krypton \" by : david newton & lawrence w. baker - \" krypton 85 : a review of the literature and an analysis of radiation hazards \" by : william p. kirk | this page uses content from wikipedia. the original article was at krypton. the list of authors can be seen in the page history. as with chemistry, the text of wikipedia is available under the gnu free documentation license. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5442378592076982, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd2b7efe-0dbd-42a5-b50d-781bb9434163>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.911910"}
{"text": "lent is a period of penance in preparation for triduum ( maundy thurs. through easter sun ). the faithful are encouraged to increase their works of mercy and decrease their self - indulgence. it begins on ash wednesday, which is 40 days ( minus sundays ) before the triduum. so called because it invokes the ancient practice of covering oneself in ashes when in morning. often it is accompanied by, \" thou art dust and to dust thou shalt return. \" as a side note : the ashes are generally from ( at least in part ), the palms of the previous palm sunday. well, \" mardi gras \" means \" fat tuesday \" in french, so there ' s that. fats and fatty foods are often given up for lent ( at one point abstaining from all meat was a requirement ), but fat will go rancid if it is left out for all of lent. so, instead of letting it go to waste, it would be used for cooking. often this would mean that there would be a rich supper immediately before ash wednesday. it is called, \" carnevale \" because that, originally, was \" carne vale, \" which means, roughly, \" without meat. \" i believe the relationship with \" fat tuesday \" would be obvious ( for more ways of saying the same thing, look up shrove tuesday ). unfortunately, with the rise of secularism, this tradition became bloated and corrupt, and eventually lead to the depravities which can be seen in new orleans. we all know what easter is... i hope. it is the teutonic name for an ancient pagan festival, brought to mean the celebration of the resurrection of christ, apparently because the german speakers were too lazy to use the word pasch, which is what it is called in basically every other language on earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46839432696840655, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc4afcd2-eac6-4ebd-b3bf-ea3b228093ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.914838"}
{"text": "recently, swine flu was the lead article on all major financial media across the globe as markets opened in sequence from asia to europe to north america. invariably, the articles were dire with presumptions that the disease would at best delay economic recovery and at worst send economies worldwide into a tailspin. along with the lead articles were tangents that pork prices would collapse and sales of surgical masks would skyrocket. i do not recommend kissing sick mexican pigs, but the near hysterical media sensationalism with unwarranted presumptions deserves some mention : the disease is not transmitted by eating pork. the centers for disease control says that viruses are so small that they flow easily through surgical masks. and, there is no direct correlation between pandemics ( or epidemics ), real or threatened, and stock pricing. sometimes, stock prices even go up. for example, during the big one ( spanish flu of 1918 estimated to have killed 50 million people ) the dow gained more than 15 percent. the public needs to be informed, but it would be nice to place events in a mature, factual framework. we don ' t know how many people threw out their pork chops, donned a mask or prepared for imminent financial armageddon. we do know the president in a fatherly manner told the public to stay calm and wash their hands, the vice president stated he is frightened to fly on commercial airplanes in fear of contracting the disease, and the pork producers had the name changed from swine flu to h1n1 virus. to the chagrin of some in the sensationalized media, the dow industrial average and s & p 500 ( usual institutional benchmark ) have advanced seven of the past eight weeks. for the month of april, the s & p gained 9. 4 percent, its best monthly performance in nine years. combine march and april, the s & p had its best two - month period ( + 18. 7 percent ) since 1975. since the march 9 lows, the dow has gained approximately 25 percent ; the s & p 500 gained approximately 95 percent. early stages of the advance were of a magnitude not seen since the 1930s. there is no way to comprehend the current condition without full recognition that the amount of stimulus measures ( additional money supply already created with more likely ) is the most massive in history. the money has to go somewhere. worth notation, the advance of 1938 ( to which the advance of march lows is similar ) occurred when rules were imposed against manipulative short selling.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46452362872226544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:194b8abb-ad10-44e9-9998-d9b080f19e9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.921317"}
{"text": "created with more likely ) is the most massive in history. the money has to go somewhere. worth notation, the advance of 1938 ( to which the advance of march lows is similar ) occurred when rules were imposed against manipulative short selling. this time, the advance ignited on the same day, leadership in both the house and senate announced their recognition of the existence and effects of manipulative short - selling practices. they also threatened legislation if the securities and exchange commission continued to favor short selling by both changing and failing to enforce trading rules designed to thwart manipulative short - selling practices. it is rare for abusive trading practices to gain such publicity. many high profile people and entities are being featured, but praise is deserved for congressman gary ackerman, d - n. y., for his tenacious efforts in initiating momentum against corrupt practices. no matter what the sec does or does not do, the massive additional money supply created by historical stimulus actions ( domestic and international ) is not going away. here are some additional \" factoids \" worth pondering courtesy of by the numbers, may 4, 2009, edition : _ the findings of the treasury department ' s \" stress tests \" completed on 19 large u. s. banks were released recently. secretary tim geithner originally announced the tests on feb. 10. the banks were put through financial simulations to determine if they could survive a two - year economic slump that included national unemployment rates above 10 percent and an additional drop in home prices of 25 percent from today. _ since 1950, the highest marginal tax bracket for individuals has ranged from a high of 92 percent ( 1953 ) to a low of 28 percent ( 1990 ). the highest individual marginal tax bracket is 35 percent today. _ finally speaking of pork, the 2010 midterm elections are less than 18 months away. all 435 members of the house of representatives and 34 of the 100 u. s. senators will be up for re - election on nov. 2, 2010. this column is for informational purposes only and should not be used as the primary basis for an investment decision. consult an advisor for your personal situation. james d. hallett, investment advisor representative, offers advisory services through hallett & associates, p. s., a registered investment advisor. registered representative, securities offered through cambridge investment research, a broker / dealer ( member finra / sipc ). cambridge and hallett & associates, p. s., are not affiliated. the sequim gazette is located at 147 w. washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645627080108828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:194b8abb-ad10-44e9-9998-d9b080f19e9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.922372"}
{"text": "the donald e. miller wildlife area is a 16. 5 acre area located on the north bank of the white river, on the west side of muncie. it is a site for nature study and environmental sciences field experiences for students from pre - k through college. the miller area is a remnant of white river bottomland that was isolated when the army corps of engineers straightened the river channel and constructed a leveein the late 1940s. this preserve contains a diversity of plants, animals, and habitat types, all located within a small area that is easily accessible to the university and muncie communities. an oxbow pond, created when the old river channel was isolated by the levee, is located within the preserve. the pond is shallow, has high organic matter level, and due to extensive duckweed in the growing season, has low oxygen levels. turtles and amphibians inhabit the pond area, as well as a few fish species that are tolerant of the conditions. a mature bottomland forest of predominantly sycamore and hackberry trees occupies a relatively flat river terrace east of the pond. the transitional status of the woods along a topographic moisture gradient, and the presence of the oxbow pond, creates a diverse habitat conducive to the presence of a large number of bird species. over the last three decades, the rich understory has given way to two invasive exotic plant species, bush honeysuckle and garlic mustard. due to its proximity to the ball state university campus and easy access to the property, it has remained an important destination for nrem classes and researches interested in birds. there are no public programs and visit is by permission only. copyright \u00a9 2013 ball state university 2000 w. university ave. muncie, in 47306 800 - 382 - 8540 and 765 - 289 - 1241", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44312444391451894, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc64009a-7a11-4e56-830c-331979b9c7be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.924275"}
{"text": "researchers have recently been trying to discover if pretending has implications for child development. when we see kids at play we are reminded that children live in a far more wondrous, whimsical world than the rest of us. a pile of wooden blocks is a vast city, and some sticks the inhabitants. indeed, often about the time babies begin to walk and talk, they also begin to pretend - - giving a stuffed animal a sip from their cup or covering up a doll for sleep. there are definite indications that having a good imagination translates into more creativity as an adult but is it possible to connect pretend play and the ability to get along socially in the world? researchers are specifically looking at whether pretend play facilitates the development of children \u2019 s theory of mind - the ability to understand that others have thoughts and feelings all their own. \" it ' s been a big focus of research recently and some of the work is really fascinating, \" says developmental psychologist alison gopnik, phd, of the university of california at berkeley. \" the only downside is, no one has an answer yet. \" there are studies being done examining how well and at what stage children distinguish reality from fantasy and theories are being developed about the role of imagination and pretend play in child development. for now, the questions are mainly academic, but some day the answers could lead to a better grasp of how imaginative play influences how well children get on in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5135389357821714, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fa712c1-490b-440f-84e5-f9d2152810bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.925814"}
{"text": "you can lower your risk of heart attack by making modifications to your lifestyle. if you have already had a heart attack, or have several risk factors for heart disease that put you at high risk, your doctor may recommend certain medications to lower your risk of first or recurrent heart attack. smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries. in addition, nicotine contained in cigarette smoke makes your heart work harder. it narrows blood vessels and subsequently increases your heart rate and blood pressure. also remember that secondhand smoking is detrimental to your health. make sure you ' re not exposed to cigarette smoke. when you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease drops significantly within the first year. a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables will help lower cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body weight \u2014 three heart attack risk factors. the american heart association ( aha ) also recommends that you add fish, which contains omega - 3 fatty acids, to your diet at least twice per week, and talk to your doctor about whether you should take omega - 3 supplements. if you are interested in eating healthier, your doctor can give you a referral to a registered dietician. she can create a meal plan that is right for you, ensuring that you get all of the nutrients that your body needs. follow your doctor \u2019 s recommendations for physical activity. after a heart attack, he or she will likely refer you to a cardiac rehabilitation program, which will help you establish a life - long exercise plan and monitor your initial program. choose exercises that you enjoy and that you will make a regular part of your day. strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthy weight. for most people, this could include walking briskly or participating in another aerobic activity for at least 30 minutes per day. follow the dietary and exercise plan recommended by your doctor. being overweight or obese is associated with a higher risk of heart attack, and losing weight lowers that risk. to lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. to maintain a healthy weight, eat an equal number of calories than you expend. one indicator of a healthy weight is body mass index. bmi of 25 and above is associated with high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart disease. if your healthcare provider has prescribed medications for your heart condition, take them exactly as directed and report side effects to your healthcare provider. do not skip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45203818907565685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a464536-d3ff-46de-8808-36928b6b1d02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.930265"}
{"text": "above is associated with high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart disease. if your healthcare provider has prescribed medications for your heart condition, take them exactly as directed and report side effects to your healthcare provider. do not skip pills or stop taking them without consulting your healthcare provider. ask your doctor whether taking a daily aspirin is right for you. if you are at high risk of heart attack or have had a heart attack, aspirin may help prevent a future heart attack. since aspirin therapy is not without risk, be sure to consult a health professional before taking an aspirin a day. if you had an angioplasty your doctor may prescribe other anticlotting drugs, like clopidogrel ( plavix ), in addition to aspirin. if you have had a heart attack, your doctor will consider prescribing certain classes of medication to reduce your risk of another heart attack. your doctor will take into account your personal health history to determine if there are any reasons you should not take these medications. beta blockers, which lower your blood pressure and heart rate, are generally prescribed for at least a year after a heart attack. people with high cholesterol will be placed on cholesterol lowering medications, like statins. also, if you had a heart attack that significantly decreased your heart \u2019 s pumping capacity you may be given an ace inhibitor. heavy drinking is associated with increased risk of heart attack. moderate drinking may lower the risk of heart attack. moderate drinking is one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. one drink equals 12 ounces of beer or 4 ounces of wine or 1 ounce of 100 - proof spirits. in addition, alcohol may interfere with your medications. make sure to discuss your alcohol intake with your healthcare provider. when to contact your doctor - if you experience any chest pain or discomfort, call 911 for emergency medical assistance - if you become short of breath - if you have pain in your arms, back, neck, jaw or stomach - if you develop new symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, lightheadedness, or dizziness - if any of the medications ordered cause side effects - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 91 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4167802028352671, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a464536-d3ff-46de-8808-36928b6b1d02>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.931249"}
{"text": "biol subject gateway as an integrated part of sciverse, sciverse scopus is the world ' s largest abstract and citation database of peer - reviewed literature and quality web sources with smart tools to track, analyze, and visualize research. sciencedirect covers many scientific disciplines including biology, chemistry, and environmental science. pubmed includes over 15 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950 ' s. these citations are from medline and additional life science journals. pubmed includes links to many sites providing full text articles, medical and scientific textbooks and other related sources. pubmed also links to other services developed by the national center for biotechnology information ( ncbi ). biomed central publishes over 200 peer - reviewed open access journals. indexes journals in a variety of subjects, including biology, chemistry, and environmental science. many full - text articles are available. agricola ( agricultural online access ) serves as the catalog and index to the collections of the national agricultural library. the records describe publications and resources encompassing all aspects of agriculture and allied disciplines, including animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, farming and farming systems, agricultural economics, extension and education, food and human nutrition, and earth and environmental sciences. provides fulltext access to core scholarly journals in the arts and sciences this collection of electronic books covers topics related to environmental science, including environmental chemistry, ecology, environmental toxicology, forestry, sustainability, and more. greenr ( global reference on the environment, energy, and natural resources ) is a database that offers content on the development of emerging green technologies and discusses issues on the environment, sustainability and more. reference qh540. 4. e515 2008 this is a free, fully searchable collection of articles written by scholars, professionals, educators, and other experts. the articles are written in non - technical language and will be useful to students, educators, scholars, professionals, as well as to the general public. reference qh360. 2. o83 2002 reference qr9. e53 2000 reference ql7. g7813 2003 reference qr358. e53 1999 this two volume encyclopedia describes the most famous scientific concepts, principles, laws, and theories in astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, and physics. this encyclopedia considers both the professional ethics of science and technology, and the social, ethical, and political issues raised by science and technology. this encyclopedia covers a wealth of topics on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5096654472599408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06b66e52-989e-4a8b-8494-792b3b8069b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.936159"}
{"text": "when spraying pesticides, don ' t let others get your drift. \" it is bad enough when your drift damages your crops, your lawn or your garden. but when the damage is to your neighbor ' s field or flowerbeds, then you ' ve got a real problem, \" says erdal ozkan, an ohio state university extension agricultural engineer. spray drift is one of the more serious problems pesticide applicators have to deal with. three - fourths of the agriculture - related complaints investigated by the ohio department of agriculture in 2003 involved drift. \" this shows the seriousness of the problem, \" ozkan says. \" drift will be even a bigger problem in the future since there is an increase in acreage of genetically modified crops and use of non - selective herbicides for weed control. even a small amount of these non - selective herbicides can cause serious damage on the crop nearby that is not genetically modified. \" drift is the movement of a pesticide through air, during or after application, to a site other than the intended site of application. it not only wastes expensive pesticides and damages non - target crops nearby, but also poses a serious health risk to people living in areas where drift is occurring. \" eliminating drift completely is impossible, \" ozkan says. \" however, it can be reduced to a minimum if chemicals are applied with good judgment and proper selection and operation of application equipment. \" major factors influencing drift include spray characteristics, equipment / application techniques, weather conditions and operator skill and care. \" conscientious sprayer operators rarely get into drift problems. they understand the factors that influence drift and do everything possible to avoid them, \" ozkan said. spraying under excessive wind conditions is the most common factor affecting drift. \" the best thing to do is not to spray under windy conditions. if you don ' t already have one, get yourself a reliable wind speed meter as soon as possible. only then can you find out how high the wind speed is, \" ozkan says. after wind speed, spray droplet size is the most important factor affecting drift. research has shown that there is a rapid decrease in the drift potential of droplets whose diameters are greater than approximately 200 microns \u2013 or about twice the thickness of human hair. \" if operators of sprayers pay attention to wind direction and velocity, and have knowledge of droplet sizes produced by different nozzles, drift can be minimized, \" ozkan says. \" the ideal situation is to spray droplets that are all the same size", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4863701793133389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2baa416a-e6aa-4bde-bda2-7e39a26129d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.943184"}
{"text": "of sprayers pay attention to wind direction and velocity, and have knowledge of droplet sizes produced by different nozzles, drift can be minimized, \" ozkan says. \" the ideal situation is to spray droplets that are all the same size, and larger than 200 microns. unfortunately with the nozzles we use today, this is not on option. they produce droplets varying from just a few microns to more than 1, 000 microns. the goal is to choose and operate nozzles that produce relatively fewer of the drift - prone droplets. \" using low - drift nozzles is one of the many options available to growers to reduce drift. following are other drift - reduction strategies to keep drift under control : - use nozzles that produce coarser droplets when applying pesticides on targets that do not require small, uniformly distributed droplets, such as systemic products, preplant soil incorporated applications and fertilizer applications. - keep spray volume up and use nozzles with larger orifices. - follow recent changes in equipment and technology, such as shields and air - assisted and electrostatic sprayers that are developed for drift reduction in mind. - keep the boom closer to the spray target. nozzles with a wider spray angle will allow you to do that. - keep spray pressure down and make sure pressure gauges are accurate. - follow label recommendations to avoid drift with highly volatile pesticides. - if you are not using low - drift nozzles, try adding drift retardant adjuvants into your spray mixture. - avoid spraying on extremely hot, dry and windy days, especially if sensitive vegetation is nearby. try spraying during mornings and late afternoons. although it may not be practical, from the drift reduction perspective, the best time to spray is at night. - avoid spraying near sensitive crops that are downwind. leave a buffer strip of 50 - 100 feet, and spray the strip later when the wind shifts. \" good judgment can mean the difference between an efficient, economical application, or one that results in drift, damaging non - target crops and creating environmental pollution, \" ozkan says. \" the goal of a conscientious pesticide applicator should be to eliminate off - target movement of pesticides, no matter how small it may be. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4703943727236407, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2baa416a-e6aa-4bde-bda2-7e39a26129d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.945147"}
{"text": "rms titanic \u2013 third class or steerage passengers aboard the ill - fated liner. last photo taken of the rms titanic \u2013 sailing away from queenstown, ireland. the majority of the 700 - plus steerage passengers on the rms titanic were emigrants. only 25 percent of the titanic \u2019 s third - class passengers survived, and of that 25 percent, only a fraction were men. by contrast, about 97 percent of first - class women survived the sinking of the titanic. newspapers sensationalized the titanic sinking with fabricated stories \u2026 the term steerage originally referred to the part of the ship below - decks where the steering apparatus was located. however, over time, the term came to refer to the part of a passenger ship below - decks where third - class passengers were housed. third class ticket \u2013 rms titanic on the titanic, third - class passengers shared common bathrooms, ate in dining facilities with other third - class passengers, and slept in cabins four to a room. by the standards of the day, the accommodations on the titanic for third - class passengers were excellent. in fact, the titanic provided nicer living conditions than many of the steerage passengers were accustomed to at home. it was said that the titanic \u2019 s third - class accommodations resembled other steamships \u2019 second - class accommodations : \u2022 third - class cabins on the titanic had running water and electricity. \u2022 steerage passengers were provided with meals, which were a wonderful perk ; most steamships that carried steerage passengers at the time required them to bring their own food. \u2022 passengers could clean up in their cabins in a washbasin. however, only two bathtubs served all 700 - plus third - class men and women. \u2022 bunk beds in third class had mattresses, pillows, and blankets, but no sheets or pillowcases. this fact wasn \u2019 t a problem because most third - class passengers, who were leaving their native lands forever to start over in america, had all their belongings with them, including their sheets and pillowcases. for these passengers, anything that the ship provided was a bonus that made the voyage more pleasant. titanic \u2019 s third - class dining room \u2026 third - class passengers ate three meals a day in two common dining rooms called the dining saloons. these rooms were located on f deck between the second and third funnels, exactly two decks below the first - class dining room. third - class passengers did not get individual tables ; they ate on rows of tables lined up next to each other. combined, the two third - class dining saloons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41847920367433944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e8ee5a-6a8b-4e33-9ec9-8e4ae5fa5dee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.976912"}
{"text": "second and third funnels, exactly two decks below the first - class dining room. third - class passengers did not get individual tables ; they ate on rows of tables lined up next to each other. combined, the two third - class dining saloons could hold only around 475 people, so diners were served in two seatings. titanic \u2019 s third - class entertainment options ( general room left ) the titanic provided the general room, where steerage passengers could sit, read, play cards, and otherwise pass the time. steerage passengers weren \u2019 t allowed into the areas of the ship boasting other entertainments, like the gymnasium or the pool, but they could have their own parties and dances. the party scene in james cameron \u2019 s 1997 movie titanic offers a perfect example of the spontaneous gatherings in third class, complete with fiddle players and plenty of beer. interestingly, all the sitting surfaces in the general room were made of wood. ( lice can \u2019 t find a home on slatted benches the way they can in fabric and upholstered surfaces. ) third - class men also had access to a smoking room complete with spittoons. the rms titanic was build in belfast as the second in a trio of sister - ships for the white star line, to operate the lucrative transatlantic run between southampton and new york ( via cherbourg in france and queenstown in ireland ). the rms titanic was the largest ship in the world at the time, eclipsing her 1 - year - old sister ship rms olympic by just over 1, 000 - tons. ( the cause of the weight gain between the two sisters had been extending one of the 1st class restaurants, enclosing the front half of the a - deck promenade, adding two larger suites with their own private verandas in 1st class on b - deck, adding a parisian cafe for 1st class passengers and making various adjustments to the 1st class bathrooms, such as installing extra marble baths and cigar holders next to the sinks. ) had she remained afloat, however, the titanic would only have held the honor until may 1913, when a 52, 000 - ton german liner, ss imperator, was launched into service for the hamburg - amerika line. third class passengers on deck \u2013 they provided strong revenue for the white star liner \u2026 although white star realized that enormous sums of money could be made from providing the most luxurious 1st class accommodation onboard its flagships, as with all the transatlantic companies, a huge percentage of their profits would came from the booming immigrant trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4009644709917792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e8ee5a-6a8b-4e33-9ec9-8e4ae5fa5dee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.981589"}
{"text": "the white star liner \u2026 although white star realized that enormous sums of money could be made from providing the most luxurious 1st class accommodation onboard its flagships, as with all the transatlantic companies, a huge percentage of their profits would came from the booming immigrant trade between europe and america, with most of the immigrants traveling in 3rd class \u2013 sometimes known as \u201c steerage. \u201d europe was already over - populated by 1912, particularly in its cities, and it was a place that had not altered much since the congress of vienna. to many it seemed that to triumph and become a man of enormous wealth when one was not born into it was the exception in belle epoque europe, not the rule. but america, on the other hand, was a vast continent, under - populated, new in comparison to the \u201c old countries \u201d and brimming with opportunities \u2013 either real or imagined. so, like the olympic, the titanic was designed to capitalize on the surge in transatlantic migration with room for 1, 134 3rd - class passengers. unlike the slightly melodramatic view of impoverished but inexplicably cheery 3rd class passengers offered in james cameron \u2019 s titanic, the olympic and titanic \u2019 s steerage accommodation was both of a higher standard and therefore a higher cost than most other 3rd class cabins on smaller ships or upon white star \u2019 s german rivals. ( the cheapest 3rd class ticket cost as much as 3 - 4 weeks \u2019 wages for a skilled labourer. ) the result was that the white star line \u2019 s 3rd class clientele was usually upper working - class or lower middle class. a typical passenger would have been the likes of frank dean, who had purchased 3rd class tickets for himself, his wife and their two young children, when he decided to emigrate to join relatives in kansas, where he could open a tobacco shop, much like he had in london. the theory behind providing higher levels of comfort for its 3rd class passengers was, predictably, a commercial one for the white star line. whilst many shipping companies showed no real interest in making provision for genuine comfort for its steerage passengers, since they were emigrating and were therefore unlikely to be \u201c return \u201d customers, white star line knew that many immigrants were later joined by their family and friends from the homeland and so by making sure their journey to the united states was as enjoyable as possible, white star line hoped they would recommend travelling on the olympic or titanic to their acquaintances, thus increasing the company \u2019 s future profits. captain smith with officers aboard the rms titanic \u2026 third", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4224514197244641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e8ee5a-6a8b-4e33-9ec9-8e4ae5fa5dee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.984006"}
{"text": "making sure their journey to the united states was as enjoyable as possible, white star line hoped they would recommend travelling on the olympic or titanic to their acquaintances, thus increasing the company \u2019 s future profits. captain smith with officers aboard the rms titanic \u2026 third class passengers onboard the titanic had access to a smoking room ( male only ), two dining rooms ( above, divided in two by one of the ship \u2019 s bulkheads ) and a general room, which functioned as a cross between a lounge and a nursery, although in the evening it became the recreational area. ( it is there in the movie titanic that jack and rose dance at the ceilidh \u2013 although in reality, 1st class passengers were no more allowed to wander down to 3rd class than 3rd class were free to walk about 1st class. ) cabins in 3rd class consisted of bunk beds for between 4 and 6 people, with a sink at the far end of the room and some small wardrobe space. an excellent reconstruction is pictured left from the titanic museum in branson, missouri. private toilets in the ship \u2019 s cabins were unheard of and not even available in 2nd class and so large, clean, public toilets similar to what we might find in restaurants were provided, along with showers and baths. food onboard the ship was simple but plentiful. the dinner served to 3rd class passengers on sunday april 14th, destined to be the ship \u2019 s last day afloat, consisted of rice soup, fresh bread, biscuits, and roast beef with gravy, sweet corn, and boiled potatoes, followed by plum pudding, sweet sauce and fruit. at the time of her maiden voyage, which began on wednesday, april 10th 1912 in southampton and after a collection of irish passengers on the following day, the titanic set out for new york with 708 3rd class passengers. three days later, twenty minutes before midnight, the ship was involved in a side - on collision with an iceberg, which opened 300ft of the 882ft liner to the sea beneath the waterline. two hours and forty minutes later, the ship disappeared beneath the waves with the loss of approximately 1, 500 lives. as everybody knows, the percentage of 3rd class passengers saved, compared to those in 1st and 2nd class was appalling \u2013 of the 462 men in steerage, 75 survived ; 76 of the 165 women escaped, along with only 27 of the 76 children. the enormously high percentage of 3rd - class casualties led to the myth that they had been deliberately detained below deck until 1st - and 2nd - class", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40583917910119083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e8ee5a-6a8b-4e33-9ec9-8e4ae5fa5dee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.985617"}
{"text": "far short of the proportion of the first and second class, but this is accounted for by the greater reluctance of the third - class passengers to leave the ship, by their unwillingness to part with their baggage, by the difficulty in getting them up from their quarters, which were at the extreme ends of the ship, and by other similar causes. \u201d when news of the titanic disaster broke in belfast, i can vividly remember my great - grandfather telling me when i was younger that in the protestant working - class areas of the city, he could see grown men who worked in the harland & wolff shipyards, standing in the street crying at the loss of the \u201c great ship. \u201d he could still remember the song they sang to commemorate the loss and, at the distance of eighty years, the pride he took in his family having worked on the titanic and her sisters was palpable. the titanic \u2019 s sister ship, olympic, continued in service for the white star line for the next twenty years, continuing to turn great profits and eventually being joined in the 1920s by two new running mates for the transatlantic run \u2013 the 56, 000 - ton majestic and the 34, 000 - ton homeric. on most of her sailings between 1911 and 1934, when the great depression began to strangle the luxury liner trade, the olympic regularly sailed with most of the cabins \u2013 in all three of her classes \u2013 booked.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41050691017030494, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e8ee5a-6a8b-4e33-9ec9-8e4ae5fa5dee>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.987811"}
{"text": "tuesday, august 10, 2010 survival of the fittest or altruistic suicide? the answer is that suicide at the cellular level doesn \u2019 t kill the whole organism. such self destruction serves a range of purposes, from guiding development to keeping cancer at bay. in short, cell death in a multicellular organism can be a good thing. but if cell suicide in multicellular organisms passes the evolutionary test, what about recent findings of suicide in unicellular organisms? new genome data from the great barrier reef demosponge ( amphimedon queenslandica ) reveals high levels of unexpected complexity, for this lowly sponge has an impressive complement of genes. as one evolutionist put it, \u201c this flies in the face of what we think of early metazoan evolution. \u201d another evolutionist asked perhaps an even more telling question. \u201c what i want to know now, \u201d he asked, \u201c is what were all these genes doing prior to the advent of sponge? \u201d that \u2019 s a good question because some of those genes are for programmed suicide. what this sponge genome apparently tells us is that programmed cell death would have to have arisen in single - cell organisms. suicide at the cellular level did kill the whole organism \u2014 and that doesn \u2019 t make evolutionary sense. with evolution what we must believe is that programmed cell death did not arise in multicellular species, but in unicellular species. in other words, an intricate, highly complex, set of tools and signals somehow arose and, rather than leading to enhanced survival as evolution calls for, they led to destruction. evolutionists will need yet another one of their just - so stories to rationalize this.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5169523683770557, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:480013de-4e7e-401e-8513-f40f95e08725>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:47.995636"}
{"text": "\u201c hell, \u201d wrote jean - paul sartre in his play no exit, \u201c is other people \u201d. but satan, in milton \u2019 s paradise lost, utters this anguished cry : \u201c which way i flie is hell ; my self am hell. \u201d he goes on : \u201c the mind is its own place, and in itself / can make a heav \u2019 n of hell, a hell of heav \u2019 n. \u201d both quotes are drawn from the recent christmas edition of the economist ; this is my favourite end of the year read, containing as it does an eclectic collection of long articles on a variety of subjects. one such piece, \u2018 into everlasting fire \u2019, examines the evolution of the concept of hell across time and in different faiths. i remember reading dante \u2019 s divine comedy in my late teens. the classic work contains probably the most gruesome and vivid description of hell in literature. the section titled \u2018 the inferno \u2019 gives a detailed account of the nine circles of hell, ranging from the outer circle for unbaptised babies to the innermost one where satan is frozen up till his neck. there was no concept of hell in early judaism, and it only made an appearance due to hellenic influence. but even then the jewish gehenna is more of a purgatory where souls are cleansed ; whatever their deeds in life, they don \u2019 t stay in this waiting room for more than 12 months. in medieval christianity, the vatican authorised the sale of \u2018 indulgences \u2019 that helped to offset the buyer \u2019 s sins after he died. this device raised a lot of money for the church, but was subject to much abuse as the rich used it as a licence to sin. in fact, this was one of the major aberrations that martin luther wanted to cleanse christianity of. having read of this practice at university, i was delighted to learn recently that it is still possible to buy indulgences online. in a sense, this is not unlike our custom of asking the local mosque to send a group of students to recite from the holy book. we hope that after a relative \u2019 s death, this will help the dear departed to clear up some of his or her sins. we have all seen these young aspiring clerics racing through the sacred verses at funerals. note also the similarity between the jewish gehenna and our jahannum. the latter, of course, is quite detailed in its description of everlasting torments, while in the new testament", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006162138184519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f4c45d3-2def-4230-943c-9493ea78aea1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.006328"}
{"text": "per cent go to hell after they die? it would certainly make for overcrowding \u2026 incidentally, out of the 59 per cent who declared they subscribed to a faith, many thousands put down jedi knights in the religion column. if they go over to the dark side in this life, will they be condemned to serve the evil sith lord forever? some fundamentalist christians in the united states run \u2018 hell houses \u2019 to introduce teenagers to the tortures of the damned. these contain sights and sounds from an imaginary hell intended to scare the young into believing in the real thing, thereby \u2014 in theory at least \u2014 bringing them closer to the faith. at one famous buddhist temple i have visited in sri lanka, images of demons and the damned are painted on the walls. this, again, is intended to frighten those of feeble belief into accepting the gospel without questioning it. the location of hell differs from faith to faith. the general consensus is that it is deep underground, near the hottest part of the earth \u2019 s core. some speculate that as the sun generates the most intense heat known to us, that \u2019 s where hell is. for the greeks, underground rivers like the styx provided the entrance to hell. but wherever it is, it \u2019 s not a very pleasant place. reward and punishment are woven into the fabric of most religions : be good and go to heaven ; sin, and it \u2019 s off to hell you go. in this manichean view, there is little room for morality and ethics for their own sake. our maker clearly views us as too weak and fallible to do good simply because it \u2019 s the right thing. and while many around the world have discarded the notion of a literal hell, others believe in hellfire and brimstone. my personal vision of hell is being locked up with crowds of shoppers in a mall in dubai for all eternity. the writer is the author of fatal faultlines : pakistan, islam and the west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4475260899167683, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f4c45d3-2def-4230-943c-9493ea78aea1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.008298"}
{"text": "bat whatever the correct explanations i * * * *, * \u00ab \u00b0 facte stand out la any survey ofiyrijtoday. one is th. hostility to the french mandate which i. a ^ n stronger than it was in 1919. at that tl. e the pro -? reneh minority was vigorous and oat - spoken. in the spribgpfp * * j except far a few office holders of dubious character who are subsidised by high salaries, the syrians seemed almost unanimously opposed to any dealings, official or otherwise, with the french. the pro - french minority had alaost completely disappeared. in 1919, for example, the maronites were so dewotedly in sympathy with thecji ' rench that they were scarcely courteous to the british and americans. in 1922 the maronite patriarch sad his associates stated to americans that they regretted deeply the grave mistake they had made in asking for the french. syrian opposition to the french mandate is intensified by the assurance given in the mandate resolutions adopted by the allies on january 30th, 1919, that \" the wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory power \u2022 \u2022 according to the syrians their wishes have been considered only in the sense that they have bean completely frustrated. the second outstanding fact is the persistence of syrian nationalisa and thorough - going opposition to colonization by any power. there are three planks in their present notionalist platform. the first j is the unity of syria including palestine and the trans - jordan districts now under british nandate. this is urged for economic even more than for political reasons. the separation of palestine and trana - jordania, sndsthe areas north and east of syria as now constituted, with the easterns barriers that have been erected on these frontiers, is, it is said, disastrous to the industriss asd commerce of damascus, aleppo. offi\u2122vxs1 tmh - y be protected by copyri9ht law reproduced or distributed without the specific \" ssz? ra ^ t h\u00b0over lns \u00ab t \u00bb \u00ab on archives, stanford, ca 94305 - 6010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4516839185104118, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e87e002e-b9d7-4086-9791-d355a88075e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.010494"}
{"text": "remember how you felt after your last trip to the mexican restaurant? if your first thought is of an upset stomach, consider taking digestive enzymes. because your body ' s enzyme production drops off after you hit age 30, foods high in fat and carbohydrates become more difficult to digest \u2014 potentially leaving you with bloating, constipation, or diarrhea. taking enzyme supplements regularly ( or eating enzyme - rich foods like pineapple ) helps break down foods so that nutrients can be absorbed. they can also help ease symptoms of lactose or gluten intolerance. never take enzymes, though, if you have open stomach ulcers \u2014 the results can be painful. when buying supplements for digestion, look for plant - based products that combine several enzymes \u2014 they are more likely to work across the gastrointestinal tracts ' broad range of ph levels. and be sure to take the pills with food ; try them with two meals a day for at least three months ; after that, you may be able to go with your gut and cut back. | cellulase | | \u2192 cellulose from plant foods | | lactase | | \u2192 lactose in dairy | | phytase | | \u2192 grains and legumes | | protease ( bromelain ) | | \u2192 protein | | sucrase and maltase | | \u2192 complex sugars |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41178460699908626, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16c90356-5a67-41a1-a988-f56aa4eee69d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.011885"}
{"text": "you can use the foil method to multiply out binomials of the form. foil stands for first - outer - inner - last. first means multiply the first terms ; outer means multiply ; inner gives the term ; and finally last gives the term the wolfram demonstrations project embed interactive demonstration more details \u00bb download demonstration as cdf \u00bb download author code \u00bb more by author squaring a binomial binomial theorem ( step - by - step ) eric w. weisstein ed pegg jr location of complex roots of a real quadratic parameters for plotting a quartic thomas mueller and r. w. d. nickalls the structure of the real roots of a quintic polynomial the number of distinct real roots of a real polynomial multiplying a monomial and a linear polynomial high school algebra i high school mathematics browse all topics related curriculum standards common core state standards for mathematics the # 1 tool for creating demonstrations and anything technical. explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine. the web ' s most extensive course assistant apps \u00bb an app for every course \u2014 right in the palm of your hand. wolfram blog \u00bb read our views on math, science, and technology. computable document format \u00bb the format that makes demonstrations ( and any information ) easy to share and interact with. stem initiative \u00bb programs & resources for educators, schools & students. join the initiative for modernizing note : your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific demonstration for which you give feedback. \u00a9 2013 wolfram demonstrations project & contributors | note : to run this demonstration you need mathematica 7 + or the free mathematica player 7ex download or upgrade to mathematica player 7ex i already have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5521556108243528, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85c1cd0c-9c5e-40da-a713-367ba4c78b17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.017754"}
{"text": "you should always externalize resources such as images and strings from your application code, so that you can maintain them independently. externalizing your resources also allows you to provide alternative resources that support specific device configurations such as different languages or screen sizes, which becomes increasingly important as more android - powered devices become available with different configurations. in order to provide compatibility with different configurations, you must organize resources in your res / directory, using various sub - directories that group resources by type and for any type of resource, you can specify default and multiple alternative resources for your application : - default resources are those that should be used regardless of the device configuration or when there are no alternative resources that match the current configuration. - alternative resources are those that you ' ve designed for use with a specific configuration. to specify that a group of resources are for a specific configuration, append an appropriate configuration qualifier to the directory name. for example, while your default ui layout is saved in the res / layout / directory, you might specify a different layout to be used when the screen is in landscape orientation, by saving it in the directory. android automatically applies the appropriate resources by matching the device ' s current configuration to your resource directory names. figure 1 illustrates how the system applies the same layout for two different devices when there are no alternative resources available. figure 2 shows the same application when it adds an alternative layout resource for larger screens. the following documents provide a complete guide to how you can organize your application resources, specify alternative resources, access them in your application, and more : - providing resources - what kinds of resources you can provide in your app, where to save them, and how to create alternative resources for specific device configurations. - accessing resources - how to use the resources you ' ve provided, either by referencing them from your application code or from other xml resources. - handling runtime changes - how to manage configuration changes that occur while your activity is running. - a bottom - up guide to localizing your application using alternative resources. while this is just one specific use of alternative resources, it is very important in order to reach more users. - resource types - a reference of various resource types you can provide, describing their xml elements, attributes, and syntax. for example, this reference shows you how to create a resource for application menus, drawables, animations, and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46303475424767326, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:393c5454-aa47-4d5a-9009-34999bb3ff39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.022214"}
{"text": "date of award : master of science ( ms ) terry a. messmer columbian sharp - tailed grouse ( tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus : hereafter sharp - tailed grouse ) populations have been declining. these declines have been attributed to a number of factors, including habitat loss due to agriculture, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing by livestock, and the loss to fire. to gather information about their status in northern utah, i radio - marked sharp - tailed grouse in 2003 ( n = 15 ) and 2004 ( n = 20 ) in two research areas. the study areas were located on the south end of cache county and in eastern box elder county. in the cache study area, i monitored 7 males and 1 female in 2003, and 6 males and 3 females in 2004. in the box elder study area, i monitored 6 males in 2003 and 6 males and 5 females in 2004. i then located the radio - marked sharp - tailed grouse using telemetry and collected visual obstruction readings ( vor ) and vegetation data on each flush site and on a randomly selected paired point. i completed an unsupervised classification of the two study areas to determine if habitats were used more than would be expected based on availability. i then used a paired point linear regression to determine if vegetation parameters were correlated with sharp - tailed grouse on the landscape. sagebrush in the box elder county study area and forbs in the cache county study area were significantly correlated with habitat use by sharp - tailed grouse. the vor readings were higher at the flush sites than at the paired points. the unsupervised classification showed that in box elder county, sagebrush was used in greater proportion than is available, while in the cache county study area there were no habitat types that were used in greater proportion than was available on the landscape. i collected information on nest sites, nest success, broods, and mortality of these 2 populations. nest success was 75 % combined over the 2 - year study, and mortality was 72 % for both populations over the 2 years. seasonal habitat use and distance travelled were determined using global positioning system points collected at every flush point. the distance traveled ranged from 0. 9 km to 14. 7 km, with the longest distance being travelled in the winter. greer, ron d., \" ecology and seasonal habitat use patterns of columbian sharp - tailed grouse in northern utah \" ( 2010 ). all graduate theses and dissertations. paper 611. copyright for this work is retained by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48440027343222025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df881be7-40ff-40b0-a401-68792846a7b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.026386"}
{"text": "coal in the ferron sandstone member of the mancos shale of cretaceous age has traditionally been mined by underground techniques in the emery coal field in the southern end of castle valley in east - central utah. however, approximately 99 million tons are recoverable by surface mining. ground water in the ferron is the sole source of supply for the town of emery, but the aquifer is essentially untapped outside the emery area. the ferron sandstone member crops out along the eastern edge of castle valley and generally dips 2 \" to 10 \" to the northwest beneath the surface. sandstones in the ferron are enclosed between relatively impermeable shale in the tununk and blue gate members of the mancos shale. along the outcrop, the ferron ranges in thickness from about 80 feet in the northern part of castle valley to 850 feet in the southern part. the ferron also generally thickens in the subsurface downdip from the outcrop. records from wells and test holes indicate that the full thickness of the ferron is saturated with water in most areas downdip from the outcrop area. tests in the emery area indicate that transmissivity of the ferron sandstone aquifer ranges from about 200 to 700 feet squared per day where the ferron is fully saturated. aquifer transmissivity is greatest near the paradise valley - - joes valley fault system where permeability has been increased by fracturing. storage coefficient ranges from about 10 ^ - 6 to 10 ^ - 3 where the ferron sandstone aquifer is confined and probably averages 5 x 10 ^ - 2 where in is unconfined. lines, gregory c. ; morrissey, daniel j. ; ryer, thomas a. ; fuller, richard h. ; and u. s. geological survey, \" hydrology of the ferron sandstone aquifer and effects of proposed surface - coal mining in castle valley, utah \" ( 1981 ). all u. s. government documents ( utah regional depository ). paper 567.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47887686340113506, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf364a1a-ba06-449e-831a-95ff23b63689>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.029738"}
{"text": "the dakota house, jamestown, n. d. | title | | the dakota house, jamestown, n. d. | | date of original | | 1878? | | creator | | haynes, f. jay ( frank jay ), 1853 - 1921 | | creator role | | photographer | | description | | a three story wooden building with two chimneys on the roof, and the sign \" dakota house, \" on the front. there are a few people on the second floor balcony over the main first floor entrance. other people stand outside the main entrance, and three men sit upon horses. there is a sidewalk and some small trees in wooden supports in the foreground. three windows at the very left on the second floor are circled marking the rooms that were occupied by e. p. wells and his family when they arrived in jamestown, n. d. | | general subject | | city & town life | business & industry | personal name | | wells, edward p. ( edward payson ), 1846 - 1936 | | organization name | | dakota house ( jamestown, n. d. ) | stutsman county ( n. d. ) | item number | | st285 | | format of original | | stereographs | | dimensions of original | | 10 x 18 cm. | | transcription | | \" no. 3 the dakato ( dakota ) house. rooms occupied by wells family on arrival in jamestown. ( shown circled ) arrived in 1879 \" - - printed on sheet of paper underneath stereograph. | \" f. jay haynes, fargo, d. t., official photographer northern pacific railway \" - - printed on front of stereograph. \" room occupied by wells family on arrival in jamestown \" - - handwritten on front of stereograph, along with three windows circled in pen. | biography / history | | edward payson wells was born november 9, 1847 at troy, wisconsin, the son of rev. milton and melissa ( smith ) wells. on march 8, 1871 he married nellie m. johnson, the daughter of joseph s. and ann ( jewett ) johnson of minneapolis. they had four children. in 1872 mr. wells moved to milwaukee. in april 1878, mr. wells moved to jamestown, dakota territory and founded the land company, wells - dickey company. the next year he began to publish the northwestern land journal. that same year his family moved to jamestown and he built the first permanent house in jamestown. in 1881 at its founding, he became president of the james river valley national bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3505265553415867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ef700f5-0ecc-4f1a-8e5d-129b558806eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.033758"}
{"text": "the prehistoric cave paintings of chauvet in southeastern france show the work of deft hands : hundreds of animals appear in lifelike posesstanding, stalking, running, or roaming in packson surfaces specially scraped to make the sketches stand out. many archaeologists assumed that such sophistication required thousands of years of cultural development and artistic experimentation. yet a new, improved dating analysis suggests that the chauvet paintings were made between 32, 000 and 29, 000 years ago, placing them among the most ancient artworks known. | well - rendered animals in france ' s chauvet cave show an early period of artistic development. | photograph courtesy of helene valladas / jean clottes archaeologist helene valladas of the national center for scientific research in gif - sur - yvette used a precision form of carbon dating to analyze the animal drawings and various charcoal remains in the cave. her results confirm that the chauvet cave paintings are 10, 000 to 15, 000 years older than those at lascaux, even though the art in the two locations is similarly fine. the finding implies that prehistoric art did not evolve steadily from crude beginnings to complex representations, as was previously thought, but \" in spurts, with lots of apogees and lots of declines, \" says archaeologist jean clottes, who is in charge of the research at chauvet. if so, there may be earlier cycles of artistic development as yet unknown. \" i would be very surprised if much older art was not discovered in the next few years, not only in europe but mostly in asia, australia, and africa. the big problem is one of preservation and dating, \" says clottes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626629251206059, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b61dade-5c45-44dd-bd00-1c3f93c8441d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.036395"}
{"text": "in this essay, the individualist anarchist writer charles johnson offers an analysis of the concrete mechanisms of capitalism, and of how the revolutionary potential of free economic relationships is diverted and deformed when markets are constrained to labor under bosses, monopoly and government. johnson revisits, and updates, benjamin tucker \u2019 s classic \u201c four monopolies \u201d analysis of state capitalism, arguing that the case for tucker \u2019 s free - market anticapitalism is stronger than ever, as we take into account not only the growth and retrenchment of the land monopoly, money monopoly, patent monopoly, and protectionist monopoly, but also the metastatic spread of state - capitalist monopolies into agribusiness, infrastructure, utilities, health care, and regulatory protectionism. for most of the twentieth century, american libertarians saw themselves, and were seen as, defenders of \u201c capitalism. \u201d until nearly the end of the 20th century, anticapitalist anarchism was sidelined in political debate, and most simply ceased to be treat it as a live option ; meanwhile, most american libertarians, and nearly all of their opponents, seemed to agree that opposing state control of the economy meant defending business against the attacks of \u201c big government. \u201d the purpose and effect of laissez faire was simply to unleash existing forms of commerce from political restraints, and to produce something which would look, more or less, like business as usual, only more so : bigger, faster, stronger, and no longer held back by government from pushing the corporate business model to the hilt. this was almost a complete reversal from the attitude of traditional libertarians like benjamin tucker, an attitude which we might call \u2018 free - market anti - capitalism. \u2019 tucker was one of the best - known defenders of free markets in nineteenth - century america... yet he repeatedly described his views as a form of \u201c anarchistic socialism. \u201d... what could \u201c socialism \u201d mean for a radical, free - market individualist like tucker? certainly not government control of industry. rather, what tucker was pointing out was his opposition to actually - existing capitalist business practices, and his support for workers \u2019 control over the conditions of their own labor \u2013 the control denied by the four monopolies and the artificial inequalities of wealth and bargaining power they fostered. for tucker, then, a libertarian politics meant an attack on economic privilege \u2013 by removing the political privileges that propped it up, and dismantling monopolies by exposing them to competition from below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5272187849602014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c618948f-ac6c-461d-a353-b89b9b2255ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.038904"}
{"text": "[ date prev ] [ date next ] [ thread prev ] [ thread next ] [ date index ] [ thread index ] [ subject index ] [ author index ] re : the permo - triassic extinction killed the dinosaurs, according to fox news what an excellent example of sloppy journalism. the sad thing is that the paper could have made a very interesting news story in the right hands. the authors found exceptionally high concentrations of nano - scale silica dust in the end - permian coals, which they suggest combines with organic pollutants from the coal to cause elevated rates of lung cancer. they think the acidic fallout from the siberian traps eruptions accelerated erosion to produce the silica dust, which washed into the peat bogs. by the way, read that first sentence carefully, and you discover that plants were walking the earth along with the dinosaurs 250 million years ago. maybe give it to your students and say \" spot the errors. \" at 9 : 32 am - 0500 1 / 8 / 10, thomas r. holtz, jr. wrote : > \" the tremendous volcanic eruption thought to be responsible for earth ' s > largest mass extinction - which killed more than 70 percent of plants and > dinosaurs walking the planet 250 million years ago - is still taking lives > well, to be fair, 0 of the dinosaur individuals present in the latest > permian survived into the earliest triassic. of course, 0 of the human > individuals present in the latest permian survived into the earliest > but it gets... er... better (? ) : > \" scientists investigating the high incidence of lung cancer in china ' s xuan > wei county in yunnan province conclude that the problem lies with the coal > residents use to heat their homes. that coal was formed by the same > 250 - million - year - old giant volcanic eruption - termed a supervolcano - that > was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. the high silica content > of that coal is interacting with volatile organic matter in the soil to > cause the unusually high rates of lung cancer. \" > coal. formed by a basaltic eruption. > ( okay, in the paper itself, it states that the coal formed at the p / tr > boundary, but not that it was produced by volcanic action as such. the > particular coal seam seems to be comparable to the z coal in the hell > thomas r. holtz, jr. > email : firstname. lastname @ example. org phone : 301 - 405 - 4084 >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4989844224377308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c38a9aa-d0c0-4113-a0cc-88674c6dd2b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.042089"}
{"text": "- fda approves novartis drug for high blood pressure treatment - adherence among chronic disease patients can lead to big savings - new cardiovascular risk calculator now available online - pfizer forms licensing agreement with seattle genetics - walgreens puts its money where its mouth is with world aids day campaign chicago \u2014 in a study involving more than 16, 000 u. s. children and adolescents, there has been a decrease in average total cholesterol levels over the past two decades, although almost 1 - in - 10 subjects had elevated total cholesterol in the 2007 - 2010 period, according to a study published in the aug. 8 issue of the journal of the american medical association. \" the process of [ hardening of the arteries ] begins during childhood and is associated with \u2026 high concentrations of low - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ldl - c ), non - high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( non - hdl - c ), and triglycerides, and low concentrations of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ), \" according to background information in the article. \" for more than 20 years, primary prevention of coronary heart disease has included strategies intended to improve overall serum lipid concentrations among youths. \" researchers found that among youths ages 6 to 19 years between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, there was a decrease in average total cholesterol from 165 mg / dl to 160 mg / dl. between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, there also was a decrease in prevalence among youths ages 6 to 19 years of elevated total cholesterol from 11. 3 % to 8. 1 %. in 2007 - 2010, 22 % of youths had either a low hdl - c level or high non - hdl - c, which was lower than the 27. 2 % in 1988 - 1994. \" between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, a favorable trend in serum lipid concentrations was observed among youths in the united states but adverse lipid profiles continue to be observed among youths, \" noted brian kit of the centers for disease control and prevention and lead researcher. \" for example, in 2007 - 2010, slightly more than 20 % of children aged 9 to 11 years had either a low hdl - c or high non - hdl - c concentration, which, according to the most recent cardiovascular health guidelines for children and adolescents, indicates a need for additional clinical evaluation. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4601344098681326, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd40f6f4-8d4d-4f41-832a-bc9f2ee347d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.046631"}
{"text": "economic growth in china has led to significant increases in fossil fuel consumption \u00a9 stock. xchng ( frederic dupont, patator ) per capita co2 emissions in china reach eu levels global emissions of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) \u2013 the main cause of global warming \u2013 increased by 3 % last year. in china, the world \u2019 s most populous country, average emissions of co2 increased by 9 % to 7. 2 tonnes per capita, bringing china within the range of 6 to 19 tonnes per capita emissions of the major industrialised countries. in the european union, co2 emissions dropped by 3 % to 7. 5 tonnes per capita. the united states remain one of the largest emitters of co2, with 17. 3 tonnes per capita, despite a decline due to the recession in 2008 - 2009, high oil prices and an increased share of natural gas. according to the annual report \u2018 trends in global co2 emissions \u2019, released today by the jrc and the netherlands environmental assessment agency ( pbl ), the top emitters contributing to the global 34 billion tonnes of co2 in 2011 are : china ( 29 % ), the united states ( 16 % ), the european union ( 11 % ), india ( 6 % ), the russian federation ( 5 % ) and japan ( 4 % ). with 3 %, the 2011 increase in global co2 emissions is above the past decade ' s average annual increase of 2. 7 %. an estimated cumulative global total of 420 billion tonnes of co2 has been emitted between 2000 and 2011 due to human activities, including deforestation. scientific literature suggests that limiting the rise in average global temperature to 2\u00b0c above pre - industrial levels \u2013 the target internationally adopted in un climate negotiations \u2013 is possible only if cumulative co2 emissions in the period 2000 \u2013 2050 do not exceed 1 000 to 1 500 billion tonnes. if the current global trend of increasing co2 emissions continues, cumulative emissions will surpass this limit within the next two decades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45076614222447653, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dbd7929-f5e4-4e00-8ee1-ac82d4729d56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.048490"}
{"text": "although some may consider the practice old school, electrical taping is a valuable skill you shouldn ' t let slip away with all of the new products and electrical insulation kits currently on the market, the use of conventional electrical tapes has gone down. as a result, electricians today may not possess the taping skills that once were such an important part of their predecessors ' work. nevertheless, there is still good reason to master this craft \u2014 especially for those times when repairs are needed quickly and other products are simply not available. according to steve anderson, a national joint apprenticeship and training committee ( njatc ) director, the njatc believes strongly in the importance of splice and termination taping skills for electricians and linemen. \u201c taping is the first thing covered in our cable splice training course, and we spend a lot of time in this area, \u201d anderson says. anderson points out that repair situations can arise in the field where a splicer does not have access to a particular kit for the job. however, knowing how to make proper use of tape can save the day, getting the customer back online quickly. \u201c it ' s far more economical to complete a job on the spot with tape than to go in search of a kit, \u201d anderson maintains. the primary tapes used in electrical applications are vinyl, rubber, mastic, and varnished cambric. these products have been used in electrical work for many years, are code approved, and conform to key industry standards, including ul 520, astm d1000, and csa 22. 2. the table below lists the primary uses for each of these types of tape. the function of moisture - sealing tapes such as vinyl, rubber, and mastic products is to exclude moisture from the insulation assembly and provide electrical insulation. one of these tapes \u2014 or alternately a mastic pad \u2014 generally forms the second layer of the insulation assembly. rubber, mastic, and filler tapes are also used to pad the underlying surface by covering sharp edges. rubber tapes are generally non - adhesive, and are either equipped with a liner or are linerless. stretched and overlapped layers will fuse or bond together to form an effective electrical insulation and moisture barrier. for low - voltage ( 1000v or less ) applications, rubber tapes should be stretched during wrapping so that tape width is reduced to approximately 75 %. for high - and medium - voltage applications \u2014 where the electrical stresses are high ( e. g. connector areas, lug areas, and cable shield cut - back areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39570151541137816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea518d7f-b0be-4512-994b-d18136658195>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.057557"}
{"text": "should be stretched during wrapping so that tape width is reduced to approximately 75 %. for high - and medium - voltage applications \u2014 where the electrical stresses are high ( e. g. connector areas, lug areas, and cable shield cut - back areas ) \u2014 tape should be stretched just short of its breaking point. vinyl tape forms the final outer layer and serves several important functions in addition to electrical insulation, including abrasion protection, corrosion resistance, uv resistance, and protection from chemicals including alkalis and acids. conformable vinyl tape is tougher than the softer, stickier surfaces of rubber, mastic, and putty tapes it protects. several grades of vinyl electrical tape are available \u2014 all of which differ in conformability, ease of unwinding, resistance of the adhesive to heat and cold, and loosening ( flagging ). while general - use vinyl tapes are appropriate for bundling, wire pulling, and other ancillary tasks, premium - grade vinyl tape is the best choice for permanent insulation work as it handles the broadest range of environmental factors and functions, such as cold weather. you should use a minimum of two half - lapped layers of vinyl tape to insulate and jacket low - voltage components. a half - lap ( see figure above ) consists of overlaying each turn by one - half the width of the tape. the general rule of thumb calls for a tape thickness of 1. 5 times the thickness of existing wire or cable insulation. in every case, tension on the tape should be sufficient to conform the tape evenly to the surface. a slight reduction in tension is encouraged for the final wrap. trim the tape end and allow it to return to shape before pressing down with the thumb to avoid lifting or flagging. when properly applied, quality tapes can serve as valuable standby resources for jobs such as insulating motor lead connections, inline splices, and split bolt and bus bar connections. let ' s take a look at some guidelines for each. motor lead insulation. in the case of low - voltage motor lead connections, the tape insulating process consists of connecting feeder cables to motor leads and arranging the conductors for easy wrapping. you should begin by wrapping two layers of varnished cambric tape, which is available with or without adhesive. for the adhesive type, apply with the adhesive side out for clean re - entry. follow up this first step by wrapping four half - lapped layers of rubber insulating tape over the cambric tape, which creates a moisture barrier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44710985952806254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea518d7f-b0be-4512-994b-d18136658195>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.059637"}
{"text": ". for the adhesive type, apply with the adhesive side out for clean re - entry. follow up this first step by wrapping four half - lapped layers of rubber insulating tape over the cambric tape, which creates a moisture barrier and provides the primary insulation in the connection. finally, over - wrap the assembly with a minimum of two half - lapped layers of vinyl electrical tape. this should extend approximately two tape widths beyond the ends of the rubber tape. stretch this tape as you wrap it so you get good conformance to the underlying structure. this also helps complete the moisture seal. inline splice insulation. you can protect a low - voltage inline splice in a similar manner by wrapping the installed connector with four half - lapped layers of rubber mastic tape or rubber splicing tape, and then over - wrapping it with two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl electrical tape. split bolt connection. protection of a split bolt connection begins with installing the connector and wrapping it with two layers of varnished cambric tape. next, wrap the splice with four half - lapped layers of rubber or rubber mastic tape. complete the job by over - wrapping with at least two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl electrical tape. bus bar. a common method of insulating a bus bar connection is to first wrap it with two layers of varnished cambric. the subsequent steps consist of four half - lapped layers of rubber or rubber mastic followed by two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl tape. electrical tapes are versatile, suited to a multitude of tasks, and when installed properly provide a long - term, effective insulation. according to anderson, both the njatc headquarters and local training efforts are strongly supported by industry suppliers, which provide sample products and assist with course development and hands - on instruction. in addition, manufacturers of electrical - grade tapes are generally willing to provide technical support and instruction on proper taping techniques. \u201c there are many kits and products available to electricians today that simplify their work and help increase productivity, \u201d anderson says. \u201c the properties of electrical tapes have also been steadily improved over the years. these proven products can be adapted to many important electrical insulation tasks, and they continue to be valuable assets for our industry. for that reason, we continue to stress the importance of taping skills and strong product and application knowledge. \u201d goodman is a technical service engineer and brown is a technical service senior engineer with 3m in austin, texas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40462078286559133, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea518d7f-b0be-4512-994b-d18136658195>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.060968"}
{"text": "the distribution of wealth : a theory of wages, interest and profits the place of distribution within the traditional divisions of economics we have undertaken to solve a test problem of distribution \u2014 to ascertain whether the division of the social income into wages, interest and profits is, in principle, honest. we have seen that this compels us to enter the realm of production, in order to find whether these incomes are earned. is each of them specifically created by the agent that gets it? if it is, the entire science of distribution is nothing more than a science of the process of specific production. in any case, the relation of the wealth - creating process to the wealth - dividing process needs a most searching examination. the terms, production, distribution, exchange and consumption, have been used to designate four divisions of economic science. these, however, are not distinct divisions ; for one of them includes two of the others. the production of wealth, as it is carried on by an organized society, is a process that embraces within itself both exchange and distribution. this fact makes it necessary completely to rearrange economic theory, for purposes of study, and to divide it according to a new principle. the old landmarks of the science will not entirely disappear, for it will still be necessary to speak of production, distribution, etc., as processes that are going on, and that can be defined and understood. as divisions of the science, however, they will vanish ; for the demarcations that have been made between them correspond to nothing in actual life. they are forced distinctions, made for the sake of resolving into smaller areas a field that is too large to be dealt with as a whole. as we throw them away, the economic field takes on an entirely new appearance, and it will soon be seen that this is its true and natural appearance. this field will still, however, have its divisions ; and it is a striking fact that the study which shows how hopelessly blended are exchange, distribution and production has also the effect of revealing three divisions of economics that are natural and clear. we attain the true divisions, in fact, by perceiving why we may not use the old ones. production is the bringing of commodities into existence ; and in any state except a primitive one it is accomplished by a division of labor. the producer is a specialist, selling one article, or a part of an article, and buying what he needs with the proceeds. only society in its entirety is an all - around creator of goods. this is equivalent to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5810343035949311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.080964"}
{"text": "by a division of labor. the producer is a specialist, selling one article, or a part of an article, and buying what he needs with the proceeds. only society in its entirety is an all - around creator of goods. this is equivalent to saying that social production is now accomplished by means of exchanges. the passing of goods from man to man enables all society to make all goods ; and the two expressions, \" division of labor, \" on the one hand, and \" exchange, \" on the other, merely describe in different ways the organized process of creating wealth, as contrasted with the method of isolated and independent production. where a thing stays in one man ' s hands until it is finished and in use, production is not yet socialized. * 3 society in its entirety is the one producer of wealth. exchange is, then, the socializing element in production. it is a characteristic part of the comprehensive process. the relation of man to nature in the productive operation remains unchanged, however much society may be organized. the earth still gives matter, and man transforms it. the making of a steel tool in a modern shop is, in this respect, akin to the fashioning of a stone hatchet by a prehistoric man. what is new in social production is the relation of man to man. interdependence has supplanted independence : a great organization has taken the place of a mass of unconnected producers. specializing and exchanging have made this difference. production by society as a whole, moreover, involves a fixing of values. if we part with our own products, something must decide how much we are to get in return for them. the ratios of exchange that a market establishes have, not unnaturally, been treated in that division of the science which is customarily entitled exchange. is that, however, the proper place for them? there is a kind of distribution that does not fix the rates of wages and interest, but determines how much one industry, as a whole, including its laborers, its capitalists and its entrepreneurs, shall get, as compared with other industries. it determines whether one whole branch of business shall be more prosperous than another. this is an intermediate part of the general distributing operation. and it is accomplished by means of prices. when wheat, for example, is high in price, the farming industry is well paid, as compared with others ; and when wheat is cheap, that industry is ill paid. if what we have in mind is the so - called \" market price \" of an article,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.546560287350164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.082211"}
{"text": "example, is high in price, the farming industry is well paid, as compared with others ; and when wheat is cheap, that industry is ill paid. if what we have in mind is the so - called \" market price \" of an article, \u2014 the immediate price of any given supply of an article, \u2014 this kind of value governs what we may call group distribution. if steel, for example, sells at a high rate, a large income goes to the group that produces it. this income distributes itself somewhere in the group ; but how much of it laborers get, and how much capitalists and employers get, is a question that we do not now raise. this is determined by an ultimate distribution taking place within the groups. group distribution is a preliminary division of the social income, and it deals with branches of industry in their entirety. the terms of this primary division of the social income depend on the prices of different kinds of goods. farmers want wheat to be dear, as miners want ore to be dear, etc. prices, then, fix the incomes of these groups. the great income of all society \u2014 that which is to be distributed \u2014 really consists of concrete articles, all for some use, most of them are goods for consumption ; and they serve to stock retailers ' shops, while waiting for purchasers. in some way this promiscuous stock of consumers ' goods gets divided into shares, of which every man, whether he be a laborer or a capitalist, gets a part. there is no way in which the fixing of the terms of this division can be begun and completed after the goods are finished and exposed for sale. if, before the stock of goods was ready to be taken by consumers, nothing had been done to decide how much each laborer and each a capitalist might have, the distribution would have to be made according to some arbitrary rule and by some officer of the state. the terms of the division that is actually made, however, are fixed as the production of the goods goes on : the goods are really apportioned in the making. the creation of such a general stock of commodities for use is a great synthesis, which goes on in a systematic way. one group of producers makes the article a, another group makes b, another c, etc. as a is sold, the sum that is paid for it is apportioned among the entire group that makes it ; and as b is sold, the returns from this sale are divided, in the same way, among all who have helped to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.579655471174779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.083262"}
{"text": ". as a is sold, the sum that is paid for it is apportioned among the entire group that makes it ; and as b is sold, the returns from this sale are divided, in the same way, among all who have helped to make this article. the prices of completed articles thus fix the incomes of groups in their entirety, these sub - groups are, in an equally exact way, divided into sub - groups. thus it takes farmers, wool merchants, manufacturers, dyers, cloth merchants and tailors to make a coat. each of these classes constitutes a sub - group ; and each gets a share of the returns of the general group \u2014 a share in every case dependent on prices. if wool is dear, farmers thrive ; and if the difference between the price of wool and the price of cloth is large, manufacturers thrive. it is market values that fix the incomes of sub - groups, as well as those of groups. neither of those price - adjusting operations, however, directly fixes wages and interest. this is the final and critical part of distribution. it takes place within the sub - groups, and it constitutes the third and final division that has to be made. the portions of income that fall to farmers, manufacturers, etc., as such, have to be further subdivided ; for a share must be paid to every laborer and to every capitalist. this last division is not made, however, as the mere general divisions are made, by a mere sale of finished goods : finer and more difficult adjustments are involved. we need now to have clearly in mind the systematic way in which the division of the grand stock of usable goods proceeds, the manner in which it follows the stages of production and the part that the fixing of exchange values has in it. this distribution goes on in three distinct stages. there are to be made a division, a subdivision and a final subdivision of the social income. the first division fixes the income of industrial groups ; the second fixes that of sub - groups, and the final division adjusts wages and interest within each of the innumerable sub - groups in the system. the shares of the groups and those of the sub - groups depend entirely on the prices of goods, and therefore the fixing of market values results in the adjustment of the terms of group distribution, thus, let a ' ' ' represent some one completed product, any bread ; and let a represent raw material, the standing wheat of which it is mode. a ' may then represent the wheat as threshed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5596574480276906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.084395"}
{"text": "the terms of group distribution, thus, let a ' ' ' represent some one completed product, any bread ; and let a represent raw material, the standing wheat of which it is mode. a ' may then represent the wheat as threshed and conveyed to the elevator of a milling company, a ' ' ' may represent it as it is ground into flour, and a ' ' ' may represent it baked into loaves. in like manner b, b ', etc., represent another commodity \u2014 say, woollen clothing \u2014 in its several stages of advancement, and the series of c ' s represent still another commodity. all the a ' s constitute the product of one general group ; and the price of a ' ' ' fixes the size of its entire group income. the prices of b ' ' ' and c ' ' ' likewise fix the general incomes of the two groups that make them. similarly, the difference between the price of a ' ' and that of a ' ' ' fixes the income of the sub - group that transforms the one article into the other. in this case the difference is the gross income of the baking industry. in the same way, the difference between the price of a ' and that of a ' ' determines the income of the flouring industry, etc. the income of each sub - group in the whole series, then, depends directly on prices. a philosophy that goes behind such market prices, however, brings us to what are called \" natural \" or \" normal \" prices. these are the values, expressed in terms of money, to which, in the long run, market values tend to conform. these normal values are also in another way, phenomena of distribution ; for a certain force that operates within the sphere of group distribution establishes the normal standards to which market values tend to conform. we have just seen that market prices fix the incomes of the different groups, as such, and so control distribution in its early stages. we have now to see that a deeper force, and one that also acts in distribution, controls normal prices. market prices are the cause of group distribution ; normal prices are the effect of a certain phenomenon of distribution. the adjustment of natural or normal prices is a part of the distributive process. the movements that make prices \" natural \" are, in fact, efforts on the part of different men to get their natural shares of income. prices are at their natural level when labor and capital in one industry produce as much and get as much as they do in any other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5848815502260625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.086558"}
{"text": "prices \" natural \" are, in fact, efforts on the part of different men to get their natural shares of income. prices are at their natural level when labor and capital in one industry produce as much and get as much as they do in any other. normal prices mean equalized wages and equalized interest. if the prices of wheat, wool, iron, lumber, etc., were such that no laborer and no capitalist could acquire an enlarged producing power by leaving the industry that creates one of these commodities, and betaking himself to one that makes another, the price of each of the commodities would be normal. the familiar definition of natural price is : that which conforms to the cost of production. the economist has been in the habit of putting himself, in imagination, in the business man ' s position, and of considering the money that he pays out in producing an article as the cost and what he gets by selling the article as the return. the tendency of competition, according to this conception, is to bring the price down to the point at which the return equals the cost. this is, however, an individualistic and limited view of the law of normal prices. it presents that law as it appears to a man who is performing his one particular part of the social operation of creating wealth. the broad view, on the other hand, presents the law as it appears to a student who has all society within the range of his vision. it is, indeed, true that the normal price of each article is its cost. the cause of this, however, is not local in the industry ; it is not anything that takes place within the one group that makes the commodity. the influence that brings, let us say, cotton cloth to a natural price is one that works throughout the productive system. a broadly social tendency it is, in fact, that makes any one price normal. the traditional statement of the law of normal price is not incorrect ; but it is misleading, because it is partial and inadequate. it presents things from an entrepreneur ' s point of view, instead of from a social point of view. it will be seen, when we make a fuller study of this subject, that a condition in which all things sell for the amount of money that they have cost \u2014 including interest and wages of management, as elements of cost \u2014 is a state in which the gross gains of the different industrial groups are brought to pro rata equality, that is, to a condition in which the returns of all groups yield the same amounts per unit of capital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5802139843288672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.087630"}
{"text": "of management, as elements of cost \u2014 is a state in which the gross gains of the different industrial groups are brought to pro rata equality, that is, to a condition in which the returns of all groups yield the same amounts per unit of capital and also the same amounts per unit of labor. cost prices, then, are those that give equalized earnings. it is comparative gains, and not the gains of any one group, that test prices, and determine whether they are normal. thus, the present price of wheat is such as to afford a larger product per unit of capital than is afforded in some other industries ; it is above the natural standard, and would be so even if wages and interest were locally so high that entrepreneurs got nothing above cost of production. if the result of this should be should be to draw men and capital from other occupations to the raising of this cereal, the operation would end by reducing to nothing the excess of gains that is now secured in this occupation. prices would then be normal, provided that no other causes had meanwhile noted to disturb the equality of the earning power of labor and capital in the group system. it is because the prices then realized would afford to the different industrial groups equalized returns, that the prices themselves are to be called normal. the term really signifies that group distribution is in a natural state. equal products everywhere per unit of labor and equal products per unit of capital \u2014 this is the condition that affords natural prices of goods. incidentally, this condition gives what have been defined as cost prices. when, therefore, men have no further inducement to move from one group to another, \u2014 that is, when group distribution is natural, \u2014 prices are natural. this requires that labor and capital shall be so apportioned among the various industries that there is neither overproduction of one article nor underproduction of another. society must, in short, so direct its productive energies as to make different goods in the right quantities. the production of each specific article must be normal in amount, in order that the prices of it may be normal. the influence that brings production to this natural state is the effort of laborers and capitalists to seize any special gain that maybe offered to them, by moving to any group in which the price of the product is high. this is clearly an operation in group distribution. thus an influence that originates in distribution brings about a state of social production in which exchange values are normal. where, then, within the four traditional divisions of economic science should the study of exchange value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668395954932363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.088721"}
{"text": "high. this is clearly an operation in group distribution. thus an influence that originates in distribution brings about a state of social production in which exchange values are normal. where, then, within the four traditional divisions of economic science should the study of exchange value be located? the phenomenon itself is directly connected with exchange : the proximate cause of it is a state of production ; the ultimate influence that controls it is an action of the forces of distribution. it is clear that the study of market value falls within the science of distribution. on the surface it is current market prices that control the distribution which takes place among different groups or specific industries. these prices, however, are transient, and they fluctuate about certain more permanent standards. the tendency of group distribution to become normal \u2014 that is, to bring wages and interest to an approximate equality in different industries \u2014 draws prices toward the normal standard. what, then, is left to be treated under the title, exchange? only the actual passing of goods from hand to hand. this process results in ranging men in distinct groups, each of which has its part to play in the process of social production. exchange fixes the form of organization of industrial society. back of each finished article that the shops offer to us there is ranged a series of specialized producers, each of whom has taken his turn in putting a touch upon it. intricate, indeed, is the organization of society for productive purposes ; but the principles that give shape to it are simple. they are the subjects of the theory of exchange, which is the theory of the organization of industrial society. when we examine the system of groups of which society is composed, we shall perceive the full meaning of this statement. for the present, be it noted that exchanges divide and subdivide industry : they range its forces in groups and sub - groups, the functions of which are determined by natural law. it is, further, clear that all this disposing of the agents of production \u2014 this putting of some labor and capital here, and other labor and capital there \u2014 is a phenomenon of social production, a part of the social productive organization. it is a certain marshalling of the productive forces, placing them where they will do the most good. production, in fact, embraces every economic operation except consumption. exchange is merely the typical feature of production, as carried on by groups. under this head we shall describe the group system of industry. we have seen that an influence which acts in distribution fixes the sizes of the groups and the amount of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5969528430964544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.089795"}
{"text": "consumption. exchange is merely the typical feature of production, as carried on by groups. under this head we shall describe the group system of industry. we have seen that an influence which acts in distribution fixes the sizes of the groups and the amount of goods that each shall create. in the way that we have just noted, it guards against the production of too much of one commodity and too little of another. this is also a part of the all - embracing process of social production. there is another and an even more important kind of distribution that falls within production. the distribution which connects itself with values, and the study of which gives a science of value, is that which takes place between different industries in their entirety. thus, a high price for wheat makes the raising of that cereal a well - paid occupation, and puts a large sum into the possession of the group of laborers, capitalists and entrepreneurs who jointly raise it. how much of this large return goes to laborers? hew much goes to capitalists? how much remains in the hands of entrepreneurs? these, as we noted, are questions involving distribution of another kind. within each industry there is this final division to be made. after the returns of each sub - group, taken as a whole, have been determined, this lump sum is to be apportioned among different claimants within it ; and this is the final process in the distributing of the social income. in the final division that takes place within the sub - groups \u2014 the division that separates the gross earnings of each of them into wages, interest and profits \u2014 a law of production rules. so far as natural laws are unperverted, labor tends to get, as its share, what it separately produces ; and capital does the same. the laborer who has helped a farmer to raise wheat naturally gets the value of that part of the wheat crop which is separately due to his labor. this statement requires proof, and will receive it : but it must stand for the present, as a thesis to be established by a later study. what is now clear is that, if it should be established, the whole of distribution as well as the whole of exchange, would be included within the organized process of producing wealth. unravel the web of the social product, tracing each thread to its source, and you will have solved the problem of distribution. this is an analytical study. it traces backward, step by step, the synthesis by which, through the putting together of many different things, the great social dividend of usable goods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5752390160170517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.090924"}
{"text": "to its source, and you will have solved the problem of distribution. this is an analytical study. it traces backward, step by step, the synthesis by which, through the putting together of many different things, the great social dividend of usable goods is created. it first traces to each group its share in the creating of the grand total ; then it traces the part of this that each sub - group has contributed : : and finally it attributes to labor and capital their several shares in the creating of the sub - group product. we may, then, gather into the comprehensive science of production all the economic processes that go on in an organized or social way. there is, then, it appears, no separating of the processes that traditional theories have treated as distinct divisions of the science. here, for example, working in a shoe shop, is a man who gets two dollars a day. let us set before ourselves the problem of accounting for the amount of his wages. he is a part of a sub - group ; and we have first to account for the way in which society has thrown itself into the systematic shape of groups and sub - groups, which exchange products with each other. we discuss the theory of exchange, in the narrow and accurate sense of the term, when we account for this group arrangement which is brought about for the sake of carrying on production in an organized way. in treating exchange, therefore, we are entering on the treatment of production. what the man gets is a part of what his sub - group gets ; and this is fixed by the law of group distribution \u2014 the law of market value. market value, however, depends on the relative quantities of the different articles that are produced ; and this is saying that it depends on comparative group production. we are, then, still within the more general science of production when we thus try to trace to its causes the income of the sub - group from which the shoemaker ' s wages are taken. when we have discovered the influences that act on the sub - group ' s income, we must see why the shoemaker ' s share of that income is two dollars a day. this will take us into a further study of specific production. we shall have to find out, first, whether the man ' s pay tends to equal what he separately produces ; and, secondly, what fixes the amount that he is able to produce. this is the study of distribution in its final stage, but it is also a study of production. we have, then, studied in part each of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5524356389879468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.091976"}
{"text": "separately produces ; and, secondly, what fixes the amount that he is able to produce. this is the study of distribution in its final stage, but it is also a study of production. we have, then, studied in part each of the four traditional subjects except consumption, in investigating the causes of the two dollar wage for the shoemaker ' s labor ; and yet we have been, all the while, within the subject of social production. consumption alone remains an individualistic process. we produce our food cooperatively, but we eat it each one for himself. society makes our clothing, builds our houses, etc. ; but when we get our clothes, we wear them without assistance ; and we dwell under our roofs in the same independent way. society, however, reacts on our natures, and changes and multiplies our wants. a desire to associate with others, while consumption is going on, may even give a kind of collectivity to the process by which some products are used. thus, we enjoy dining together ; and we listen to music and addresses in assemblies, getting a part of our pleasure from the presence of others ; but there is no cooperation in the consumption of goods that resembles what takes place in the production of them. there is no obvious group system, and no cooperation of agents such as labor and capital. it is to the sensibilities of individuals that products address themselves ; and therefore consumption is the individualistic part of social economy. if we look, then, at the relations of man to man, we find that production and consumption are not on the same plane. one is a collective operation : it is nothing, if not organized. the other is an individualistic operation : it consists in the using by each man of what society, by its intricate system of production, has made for him. in an accurate sense, the one process is a part of social economy and the other is not. if we look at the relations of man to nature, we find that production and consumption are entirely coordinate, \u2014 that one of them is the reversal of the other. man acts on nature in the one case, and nature acts on man in the other. cultivate the earth till it gives you food, and you have produced a kind of wealth by acting on nature ; but the food restores your wasted tissues and your lost energy by acting on you. man making wealth and wealth making man constitute the whole economic operation. humanity takes the active and aggressive attitude in the former part of the process, and it takes the passive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5463585157860471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.093291"}
{"text": "but the food restores your wasted tissues and your lost energy by acting on you. man making wealth and wealth making man constitute the whole economic operation. humanity takes the active and aggressive attitude in the former part of the process, and it takes the passive and recipient attitude in the latter part. in the simplest mode of living these two processes are the only ones that take place. a primitive man, living alone, would kill game and eat it ; he would make clothing and wear it ; he would build a hut and live in it : in short, he would act on nature and let nature react on him, and that would constitute the whole of his economy. he would have nothing to do with exchange and distribution. this, indeed, is all that an economic society does, if we consider it only as a unit. it produces its food, its clothing, its shelter and its myriad of articles of comfort and luxury ; and then it uses them. it produces them in an organized way, indeed, and it uses them in an unorganized way. incidental to the making of them are the trading and sharing processes that are termed exchange and distribution ; but production and consumption still exhaust the whole economy : there is no phenomenon of wealth that lies outside of them. these are the facts to be recognized in entering on the study of distribution. in carrying that study to completion we cannot get outside of the field of social production, and we cannot avoid including within our more limited field the subject of exchange. value is the chief subject that has customarily been treated in the division of exchange ; but the theory of value and that of group distribution are one and the same. notes for this chapter an article is not finished, in the economic sense, till the retail merchant has found the customer whose needs it satisfies. the sale of completed articles is thus the terminal act of social production. end of notes return to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5589427893445684, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abef715e-c6a3-4a46-87c2-fc28ccfe289c>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.094136"}
{"text": "today ' s starting point? atlanta. destination? florida. although the family in \" a good man is hard to find \" lives in atlanta, their journey to florida takes them along the relatively new highways of the 1950s, including rural country roads. the following images of georgia highways and rural roads can give you a better idea of highway and country road travel. though these images are from the 1930s and 1940s, the highways and rural roads would have been similar to those described in \" a good man is hard to find. \" at the edsitement - reviewed american memory website ' s farm security administration - office of war information collection, examine the following images ( found by searching keywords : \" georgia highways \" ) : now view the following images ( found by searching \" rural roads georgia \" ) : next turn to the edsitement - reviewed smithsonian institution ' s national museum of american history ' s virtual exhibition america on the move. explore in particular the following sections of the exhibition : you are looking out the window of the sedan when the grandmother points out \" the cute little pickaninny! \" this is an offensive, slang term to describe an african - american child. the grandmother also users other terms that are considered quite offensive to us, even though they were quite common for her generation. consider the following questions, keeping in mind the historical context of o ' connor ' s story, before examining some of the websites listed below : while the grandmother ' s racial views seem outdated and racist to us now, o ' connor ' s story reflects the complex and difficult relationships of the 1950s south. change was afoot not only in terms of race, but also in terms of gender, as roles for and stereotypes of women are evolving at this time as well. go to the edsitement - reviewed american memory project and examine the following images : in her essay \" the catholic novelist in the protestant south, \" flannery o ' connor writes : \" i think it is safe to say that while the south is hardly christ - centered, it is most certainly christ - haunted. \" let ' s continue our journey through the \" christ - haunted \" south. the plot of \" a good man is hard to find \" ultimately is about being saved, literally and figuratively, along a rural southern road. let ' s explore images of \" christ - haunted \" georgia from the era between the depression and wwii. visit the edsitement - reviewed library of congress american memory ' s \" america from the great depression to wwii \" collection and browse these images :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4889321192054892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c851da1b-2cb2-43bb-a672-c83b7d785659>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.097723"}
{"text": "an afghan resistance fighter on christmas eve, 1979, soviet antonov transport planes began landing at the airport in kabul, capital of afghanistan, disgorging tanks and trucks and thousands of troops. meanwhile, mi - 6 and mi - 8 helicopters ferried in several thousand elite commandos, some of whom, led by colonel boyarinov, head of the kgb ' s department 8 ( special ops ), stormed the presidential palace. president hafizullah amin was entertaining a young lady in a sitting room ; both amin and his guest were gunned down. within hours the entire city was under soviet control. the radio station, airport, and other key locations had been secured. four motorized infantry and armored divisions crossed the afghan - soviet border, negotiating the hindu - kush, a formidable range of mountains that for centuries had been a barrier to invasion from the north - - until the soviets built the salang highway through it. in a matter of days all the major afghan towns had been seized by the soviet invaders. barbak karmal was installed as the new president, and the ussr quickly executed numerous trade and economic agreements with the puppet government. the kgb revamped the afghan secret police, renamed the khad, which promptly embarked on a bloody reign of terror in which torture and mass executions became commonplace. by early 1980 nearly 30, 000 people had been killed in the poli charki concentration camp alone - - many of them doctors, teachers, diplomats and other members of the educated elite. soviet troops and units of the afghan army committed untold atrocities in the years to come in order to cement their control over a rebellious populace. the result : by 1986 over four million afghans had fled the country, an almost unprecendented mass exodus. ( one study shows that since there were 10 million displaced persons worldwide, this meant that nearly one out of every two refugees on the planet at that time was an afghan. ) by mid - decade, only 10 million people remained in afghanistan, a nation of 15 million back in 1978. russian imperialism in that region had a long history. in the 19th century, czarist russia competed with its chief rival, great britain, for control of the area, a rivalry historians have described as the great game. the british sought to protect their rich indian empire. the czars wanted to expand their empire to the shores of the indian ocean. after world war ii the task of curtailing russian expansionism fell to the united states. in the early decades of the cold war, the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727360205320842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.110778"}
{"text": "rich indian empire. the czars wanted to expand their empire to the shores of the indian ocean. after world war ii the task of curtailing russian expansionism fell to the united states. in the early decades of the cold war, the u. s. and the ussr competed for afghanistan ' s favor with economic aid and development. \" the russians built an airport for kabul, the americans one for kandahar, \" wrote journalist anthony paul. \" the russians raised a massive grain elevator in kabul, the americans filled it with wheat. the russians built the 66 - mile salang highway through the hindu kush, the americans countered with aid for the national airline. \" but in the sixties and seventies, while the u. s. was bogged down in the vietnam quagmire, the soviets gained the upper hand. they trained young afghan officers - - training that incorporated indoctrination in marxist - leninist tenets. the ussr supported the communist people ' s democratic party ( pdp ) in afghanistan, and backed the april 1978 coup that ousted the neutral government of mahammed daoud, which was replaced by a pdp government headed first by mohammad taraki and then hafizullah amin. but afghan mullahs ( religious leaders ) declared a jihad ( holy war ) against the pro - soviet regime. the mujahedin resistance to communist control grew ever stronger. when it appeared that amin would lose control of afghanistan, the soviets launched the invasion - - though of course they claimed an invitation had been extended by the karrmal puppet government they installed. the mujahedin proved to be redoubtable guerrilla fighters while the afghan regular army, weakened by several purges and riddled with pro - mujahedin factions, became a liability for the ussr, which had to commit more and more military assets to the struggle. in just 15 months the soviet occupation force had grown to 85, 000. ( in a few years that number would increase to 120, 000. ) arrayed against them were as many as 500, 000 holy warriors. the mujahedin were poorly armed and segmented into rival factions. and yet the russians could never legitimately claim to control more than half the country. the carter administration responded to the invasion with a grain embargo and a boycott of the upcoming summer olympics in moscow. the president complained that soviet leader leonid brezhnev had deceived him, but pundits suggested that the administration had deceived itself into believing that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.466494059520035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.111790"}
{"text": "a grain embargo and a boycott of the upcoming summer olympics in moscow. the president complained that soviet leader leonid brezhnev had deceived him, but pundits suggested that the administration had deceived itself into believing that the kremlin was committed to the \" peaceful coexistence \" premise of detente. the u. s. had turned a blind eye to russian adventurism in africa and the mideast that resulted in pro - soviet regimes in angola, ethiopia and south yemen. carter had challenged the presence of a soviet combat brigade in cuba - - and then backed down. he had initially urged cuts in defense spending in spite of an unprecedented military buildup by the ussr, while curtailing military and economic aid to friendly countries threatened by soviet - backed marxist insurgencies. experts feared that the afghanistan invasion was just the first step in a soviet campaign to control the approaches to the oil - rich persian gulf, with an eye to executing a stranglehold on oil exports essential to western industry. ( in addition, moscow predicted that by the mid - eighties its own oil production would be insufficient to meets its demands as well as those of its eastern block satellites. ) members of saudi arabia ' s royal family were not alone in their conviction that the next target of the soviets after afghanistan was iran. although the cia and the pentagon believed that the afghan resistance would eventually be crushed by the soviet military, the reagan administration was far more active in support of the mujahedin than the carter team had been. cia director william casey took the lead. ( the state department lagged behind in its enthusiasm for the afghan cause ; though the courage of the mujahedin was admired, said one diplomat, it was \" like being a fan of the cleveland indians - - why get your hopes up? \" ) casey and the cia became active in providing logistical and economic support to pakistan, which struggled to provide for 3. 5 million afghan refugees. while the cia did not usually get involved in humanitarian efforts, casey ' s theory was that the afghan men would not fight the soviets unless they knew their families were being provided for. the british ( afghan aid uk ) and the french ( medicin sans frontier ) helped with food, medicine, shelter - - and intelligence links for the resistance. but by 1988, 90 percent of the funding for all foreign aid groups was being provided by the u. s., funneled through the united nations or the united states agency for international development. the u. s. was also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47311451184506875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.112793"}
{"text": "for the resistance. but by 1988, 90 percent of the funding for all foreign aid groups was being provided by the u. s., funneled through the united nations or the united states agency for international development. the u. s. was also engaged in providing weapons to the mujahedin. in 1980 - 81 the cia purchased soviet weapons from the egyptians - - some $ 50 million worth - - and funneled them to the resistance groups with pakistan ' s cooperation. this armament proved to be of poor quality, so the cia found new sources. by 1985 the agency was supplying the mujahedin via three conduits : arms purchased on the international market with saudi funds were flown into islamanad, pakistan ; more weapons were airlifted in from china ; contributions from egypt, britain and israel arrived by sea at the port of karachi. moving 65, 000 tons of war materiel annually, the cia operation became, according to peter schweizer, \" one of the most extensive and sophisticated covert operations in history. \" it was also the largest covert war in american history, costing $ 100 million a year. thanks in large part to the efforts of casey, heavier weapons, including 122 - mm rocket launchers and sam - 7 ( surface - to - air ) missiles went into the pipeline, while the cia supplied spy satellite images to assist the mujahedin in their campaigns. the cia encouraged the resistance to focus their efforts on northern provinces, in particular to target the oil and gas facilies as well as copper, iron and gold mines the russians were exploiting, extracting those resources and transporting them to the soviet union while paying ridiculously low prices - - or nothing at all - - for them. the cia also tried to pave the way for increased cooperation between the rival resistance groups. the agency trained thousands of holy warriors. the american goal was summarized by one pakistani official who pointed out that the soviets had \" kept the vietcong supplied with hardware to kill... americans. so the united states would now do the same for the mujahedin so they could kill soviets. this view was prevalent among cia officials, particularly william casey. \" by early 1983, estimates placed soviet casualties in afghanistan at between 12, 000 and 15, 000. in time the kremlin began to contemplate dividing afghanistan, annexing the northern half. casey proposed turning the situation to the west ' s advantage by stirring up ethnic dissent in the heavily - islamic southern republics of the ussr. the cia purchased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48823727636215214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.113800"}
{"text": "in time the kremlin began to contemplate dividing afghanistan, annexing the northern half. casey proposed turning the situation to the west ' s advantage by stirring up ethnic dissent in the heavily - islamic southern republics of the ussr. the cia purchased several hundred rubber zodiak boats to transfer propaganda and mujahedin raiders across the amu river into uzbekistan. meanwhile, cia - trained resistance fighters conducted bombings and ambushed soviet leaders in kabul. the national security agency recast its electronic eavesdropping assets to concentrate on afghanistan. a kh - 11 spy satellite was redirected out of standard orbit to gather more intel on soviet activities, which included night assaults against mujahedin strongholds by elite spesnatz commandos. the freedom fighters were supplied with advanced burst communicators which enhanced coordination of resistance operations while making their communications virtually undetectable by the enemy. despite a soviet offensive that year, 1985 saw the mujahedin achieve some stunning victories. commander ahmad shah massoud, the lion of the panjshir valley, seized heavily defended peshgohor. mujahedin raids forced the soviets to abandon kandahar airfield. a major pipeline moving afghan natural gas to the ussr was repeatedly sabotaged. limpet mines supplied by british military intelligence ( mi6 ) were used to send soviet transport barges to the bottom of the amu river. and in 1986 the reagan administration provided the afghan resistance with stingers, the best surface - to - air missiles in the world. \" when we start knocking $ 20 million planes out of the sky, \" casey assured his aides, \" the kremlin will get nervous. \" soviet pilots surely did - - the mujahedin became so skilled in the use of the stingers that russian airmen sometimes refused to fly combat missions. the cia - mujahedin operation designed to encourage anti - soviet nationalism in the ussr ' s central asian republics met with success, too. on 8 february 1988, mikhail gorbachev announced that soviet forces would be withdrawn from afghanistan. an aggressive american policy and the daring of defiant afghan freedom fighters had turned the tide. afghanistan had become the soviet union ' s vietnam - - and the ten - year debacle contributed in no small measure to the collapse of the ussr. atrocities in afghanistan \" there are no human rights in afghanistan. \" this was the conclusion of a team from the u. s. helsinki watch committee that interviewed more than 100 afghan refugees in september 1984. \" they tied them up and piled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4941166412768703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.114798"}
{"text": "the ussr. atrocities in afghanistan \" there are no human rights in afghanistan. \" this was the conclusion of a team from the u. s. helsinki watch committee that interviewed more than 100 afghan refugees in september 1984. \" they tied them up and piled them like wood, \" said a doctor who saw the soviets punish an entire village after afghan troops defected. \" then they poured gasoline over them and burned them alive. they were old and young, men, women and children. forty people were killed. \" a resistance leader spoke of two old, blind men who stayed behind when a village was abandoned. \" the russians tied dynamite to their backs and blew them up. \" another described how russians held a child over a fire while questioning afghan villagers about the mujahedin. in 1985, soviet troops encircled five villages in northern afghanistan, entered every house, and killed 600 civilians, including women and children, before putting the houses to the torch. such atrocities were commonplace, and the devastation wrought by the soviets resulted in near - famine conditions in many provinces ; infant mortality caused by malnutrition reached 85 percent in the panjsher valley in 1985. soviet tanks rolling into afghanistan \" agony in afghanistan \" jean - francois revel & rosanne klass, national review ( 4 october 1985 ) \" the real stakes in afghanistan \" william e. griffith, reader ' s digest ( june 1980 ) \" report from afghanistan : will we hear their cry? \" anthony paul, reader ' s digest ( april 1981 ) afghanistan : soviet vietnam vladislav tamarov ( san francisco : mercury house, 1992 ) among the afghans arthur bonner ( durham, nc : duke university press, 1987 ) caught in the crossfire jan goodwin ( new york : e. p. dutton, 1987 ) holy war, unholy victory : eyewitness to the cia ' s secret war in afghanistan kurt lohbeck ( washington dc : regnery gateway, 1993 ) turmoil and triumph : my years as secretary of state george p. shultz ( new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1993 ) victory : the reagan administration ' s secret strategy that hastened the collapse of the soviet union peter schweizer ( new york : atlantic monthly press, 1984 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4547691841672162, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4530862d-1614-442f-a11c-5e683de9f694>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.115840"}
{"text": "the selection of works from the suna and inan k\u0131rac orientalist painting collection included in the \u201c istanbul : the city of dreams \u201d exhibition thus emerge as outstanding visual documents that feature, largely though the perspective of western artists, a view of the ottoman world stretching from the 17th to the early 20th century. organized under three major headings, the exhibition expands from life in the household and private domains to urban space and into more general views of istanbul. consequently, as the city is reflected on the canvasses of european artists in its entirety through its topography, architecture, people, traditions, and ways of life, such a revival allows us partake in the \u201c eastern journey \u201d of these travellers and rediscover in their company - and through their eyes - istanbul and the ottoman world of unrivalled wonders. daily life of the interior a significant majority of the city \u2019 s scenes from daily life is comprised of domestic life and the women who shape the home interior. women often constituted one of the fundamental themes of orientalist painting. the infatuation with accessing the harem, namely the private living space of the eastern woman, was almost tantamount to penetrating the mysteries of the east. the failure to see this intimate domain at their will naturally caused hundreds of western men, including travellers, writers, painters, and poets, to fantasize about the eastern woman and to conjure up glimpses of an imaginary life. since western artists could not freely access the muslim household, they often selected their models from non - muslim families for their paintings of the household interior where women were present", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4659816259355487, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c09505e0-96b7-4937-a9bb-0dba09f66baa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.118603"}
{"text": "the surface inspector and the texture browser are the tools you will be using when texuring your maps. to use the texture browser, simply press t. to bring up the surface inspector for a surface, select a brush or surface and press s. with the controls above you can either fit a texture to fit on a brush, or use axial to apply it 1 : 1. the buttons on top row are used for brushes, the ones on the bottom row for patches. use the cap button for endcaps. here you can change how the texture is aligned on the brush or surface selected. you can shift ( scroll ) the texture, stretch ( zoom ) it, or simply rotate it. the value in the step boxes control how much each value is incremented as the little arrow buttons are pressed. this is the folder list. here you see all found texture folders listed, double - click a folder name and you will be able to see the contents of the folder to the right. in the texture list, all textures ) in the current texture folder are listed. note that the border can be either green or none. white means the texture is a shader means the texture is used in the current map, and both green means the texture is a shader and currently in use.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45297073628271395, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0111dbac-e3b1-4483-bfb3-face1bc4ecad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.121398"}
{"text": "| elections in california | | part of a series on | | lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) california proposition 6 was an initiative on the california state ballot on november 7, 1978, and was more commonly known as the briggs initiative. sponsored by john briggs, a conservative state legislator from orange county, the failed initiative would have banned gays and lesbians, and possibly anyone who supported gay rights, from working in california ' s public schools. the briggs initiative was the first failure in a movement that started with the successful campaign headed by anita bryant and her organization save our children in dade county, florida, to repeal a local gay rights ordinance. openly gay san francisco native and politician harvey milk was instrumental in fighting the measure, and opposition from a variety of public figures from california governor ronald reagan to president jimmy carter helped to defeat it. public opinion swung fairly quickly from general support of proposition 6 to what became overwhelming opposition. singer and florida citrus commission spokesperson anita bryant received national news coverage for her successful efforts to repeal a dade county, florida, ordinance preventing discrimination based on sexual orientation. this success sparked additional efforts to repeal legislation that added sexual orientation or preference as a protected group to anti - discrimination statutes and codes. in a step beyond repeal of anti - discrimination measures, oklahoma and arkansas banned gays and lesbians from teaching in public schools. the idea for the briggs initiative was formed during the success of the repeal of the dade county anti - discrimination language. the initiative provided that a public school teacher, teacher ' s aide, administrator, or counselor could be fired if the employee was found to have engaged in either ( 1 ) \" public homosexual activity, \" which the initiative defined as an act of homosexual sex which was \" not discreet and not practiced in private, whether or not such act, at the time of its commission, constituted a crime, \" or ( 2 ) \" public homosexual conduct, \" which the initiative defined as \" the advocating, soliciting, imposing, encouraging or promoting of private or public homosexual activity directed at, or likely to come to the attention of, schoolchildren and / or other employees. \" the employee would be terminated if the school board, after a hearing, determined by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee had engaged in \" public homosexual activity \" or \" public homosexual conduct \" and \" that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the employee unfit for service. \" the factors that the board would consider in the determination of \" unfitness for service \" would \" include, but not be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43118239102387823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b74225c-3fc3-44f7-bda1-34682540175d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.131319"}
{"text": "activity \" or \" public homosexual conduct \" and \" that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the employee unfit for service. \" the factors that the board would consider in the determination of \" unfitness for service \" would \" include, but not be limited to : ( 1 ) the likelihood that the activity or conduct may adversely affect students or other employees ; ( 2 ) the proximity or remoteness in time or location of the conduct to the employee ' s responsibilities ; ( 3 ) the extenuating or aggravating circumstances which, in the judgment of the board, must be examined in weighing the evidence ; and ( 4 ) whether the conduct included acts, words or deeds, of a continuing or comprehensive nature which would tend to encourage, promote or dispose schoolchildren toward private or public homosexual activity or private or public homosexual conduct. \" the initiative further provided that a person could not be hired as a public school teacher, teacher ' s aide, administrator, or counselor if the person had \" engaged in public homosexual activity or public homosexual conduct should the board determine that said activity or conduct render [ ed ] the person unfit for service. \" a coalition of activists including sally gearhart gwen craig, bill kraus, openly gay san francisco supervisor harvey milk, teacher ( later president of san francisco board of supervisors ) tom ammiano, and hank wilson mobilized under the slogan \" come out! come out! wherever you are! \" to defeat the initiative. in what became the no on 6 campaign, gay men and lesbians went door to door in their cities and towns across the state to talk about the harm the initiative would cause. gay men and lesbians came out to their families and their neighbors and their co - workers, spoke in their churches and community centers, sent letters to their local editors, and otherwise revealed to the general population that gay people really were \" everywhere \" and included people they already knew and cared about. in the beginning of september, the ballot measure was ahead in public - opinion polls, with about 61 % of voters supporting it while 31 % opposed it. the movement against it initially succeeded little in shifting public opinion, even though major organizations and ecclesiastical groups opposed it. by the end of the month, however, the balance of the polls shifted to 45 % in favor of the initiative, 43 % opposed, and 12 % undecided. some gay republicans also became organized against the initiative on a grassroots level. the most prominent of these, the log cabin republicans, was founded in 1977 in california, as a rallying point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4736962256912072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b74225c-3fc3-44f7-bda1-34682540175d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.133558"}
{"text": "initiative, 43 % opposed, and 12 % undecided. some gay republicans also became organized against the initiative on a grassroots level. the most prominent of these, the log cabin republicans, was founded in 1977 in california, as a rallying point for republicans opposed to the briggs initiative. the log cabin club then lobbied republican officials to oppose the measure. the former state governor ( and later us president ) ronald reagan moved to publicly oppose the measure. reagan issued an informal letter of opposition to the initiative, answered reporters ' questions about the initiative by saying he was against, and, a week before the election, wrote an editorial in the los angeles herald - examiner opposing it. the timing of reagan ' s opposition is significant because he was then preparing to run for president, a race in which he would need the support of conservatives and moderates who were very uncomfortable with homosexual teachers. as reagan biographer lou cannon puts it, reagan was \u201c well aware that there were those who wanted him to duck the issue \u201d but nevertheless \u201c chose to state his convictions. \u201d extensive excerpts from his informal statement were reprinted in the san francisco chronicle of september 24, 1978. reagan ' s november 1 editorial stated, in part, \u201c whatever else it is, homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles. prevailing scientific opinion is that an individual ' s sexuality is determined at a very early age and that a child ' s teachers do not really influence this. \u201d while polls initially had showed support for the initiative leading by a large margin, it was defeated by a landslide following opposition by the lgbt community and prominent conservatives, moderates, and liberals alike. the initiative was defeated on november 7, 1978 and lost even in briggs \u2019 own orange county, a conservative stronghold. | invalid or blank votes | | 339, 797 | | 4. 7 % | see also - ruth shack - proposition 8 - section 28 - national gay task force v. board of education, a court decision that partially struck down a law identical to the briggs initiative. - stockton - san joaquin county public library. \" ballot propositions june 1978 \u2013 june 1998 \". stockton - san joaquin county public library. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - rimmerman, craig ( november, 2001 ). \" from identity to politics : the lesbian and gay movements in the united states \". temple university press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - lipkin, arthur ( december, 2000 ). \" understanding homosexuality, changing schools \". westview press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4803428544074221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b74225c-3fc3-44f7-bda1-34682540175d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.136499"}
{"text": "lesbian and gay movements in the united states \". temple university press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - lipkin, arthur ( december, 2000 ). \" understanding homosexuality, changing schools \". westview press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - shilts, randy ( 1988 ). \" the mayor of castro street : the life and times of harvey milk \". st. martin ' s griffin. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - for the full text of the initiative, see pages and 29 and 41 of the california voters ' pamphlet prepared by the secretary of state of california for the november 7, 1978 general election. retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14. - id. at 29, 41. - id. at 41. - id. at 29. - miller, rachael ; rose, rebecca ; kaushall, justin neville ; and labounty, aimee ( 2007 ). \" guide to the sally miller gearhart papers \". finding aid. northwest digital archive. retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09. - milk memorial march brings out hundreds - mckinley, jesse ( november 1, 2008 ). \" back to the ramparts in california \". nyt. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07. - reagan, levay ( 1997 ). \" city of friends : a portrait of the gay and lesbian community in america \" ( in simon ). mit press. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08. - reagan, ronald ( 1978 - 11 - 01 ). \" editorial : two ill - advised california trends \". los angeles herald - examiner. p. a19. - back to briggs : latest no on 8 ad with sen. diane feinstein brings back memories of another referendum - perfect enemies : the religious right, the gay movement, and the politics of the 1990s - secretary of state ( 1978 ). statement of vote. state of california. - jones, cleve, with dawson, jeff ( 2000 ). stitching a revolution : the making of an activist. isbn 0062516426 - milk, harvey ( 2012 ). the harvey milk interviews : in his own words, vince emery productions. isbn 978 - 0 - 9725898 - 8 - 8 ( includes transcripts from three debates between harvey milk and john briggs, and an interview with milk about the briggs initiative. ) - shilts, randy ( 1982 ). the mayor of castro street : the life and times of harvey milk, st. martin ' s press. isbn 0 - 312 - 52330 - 0 - california ballot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4207046982032583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b74225c-3fc3-44f7-bda1-34682540175d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.137623"}
{"text": "| a statue of maitreya buddha in budai form in emei, hsinchu, taiwan | | alternative chinese name | | literal meaning | | laughing buddha | | vietnamese alphabet | | bo \u0111ai | budai or pu - tai ( chinese : ; pinyin : budai ), or hotei in japanese, bo \u0111ai in vietnamese, is a chinese folkloric deity. his name means \" cloth sack, \" and comes from the bag that he is conventionally depicted as carrying. he is usually identified with ( or as an incarnation of ) maitreya, so much so that the budai image is one of the main forms in which maitreya is depicted in east asia. he is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in chinese, the laughing buddha ( chinese : ). many westerners confuse budai with gautama buddha. budai is traditionally depicted as an obese, bald man wearing a robe and wearing or otherwise carrying prayer beads. he carries his few possessions in a cloth sack, being poor but content. he is often depicted entertaining or being followed by adoring children. his figure appears throughout chinese culture as a representation of contentment. his image graces many temples, restaurants, amulets, and businesses. according to chinese history, budai was an eccentric chan monk ( chinese : ; pinyin : chan ) who lived in china during the later liang dynasty ( 907 \u2013 923 ce ). he was a native of fenghua, and his buddhist name was qieci ( chinese : ; pinyin : qieci ; literally \" promise this \" ). he was considered a man of good and loving character. the term buddha means \" one who is awake \", connoting one who has awakened into enlightenment. over the history of buddhism, there have been several notable figures who would come to be remembered as, and referred to as, buddhas. later followers of the chan school would come to teach that all beings possess buddha nature within them, and are already enlightened, but have yet to realize it. this teaching would continue into zen. budai is often conflated with ( or simply replaces ) the historical buddha, siddhartha gautama, in spite of the distinct visual differences in how each has been depicted. in india, nepal, and throughout southeast asia, gautama ( who lived during the 6th century bce ) is commonly depicted as being tall and slender in appearance. in contrast, in china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589900253916799, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff9c1b34-780b-4953-b6e9-dfa4e10ab049>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.143997"}
{"text": "of the distinct visual differences in how each has been depicted. in india, nepal, and throughout southeast asia, gautama ( who lived during the 6th century bce ) is commonly depicted as being tall and slender in appearance. in contrast, in china and those areas to which chinese cultural influence spread, the depiction of budai ( who lived during the 10th century ce ) is consistently short and round. traditions that revere budai budai in folklore is admired for his happiness, plenitude, and wisdom of contentment. one belief popular in folklore maintains that rubbing his belly brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. maitreya, the true maitreya has billions of incarnations. often he is shown to people at the time ; other times they do not recognize him. the primary story that concerns budai in zen ( chan ) is a short koan. in it, budai is said to travel giving candy to poor children, only asking a penny from zen monks or lay practitioners he meets. one day a monk walks up to him and asks, \" what is the meaning of zen? \" budai drops his bag. \" how does one realize zen? \" he continues. budai then takes up his bag and continues on his way. i kuan tao statues of budai form a central part of i kuan tao shrines, where he is usually referred to by the sanskrit name maitreya. according to i kuan tao, he represents many teachings, including contentment, generosity, wisdom and open kindheartedness. he is predicted to succeed gautama buddha as the next buddha, and helps people realize the essence within, which connects with all beings. conflation with other religious figures angida arhat angida was one of the original eighteen arhats of buddhism. according to legend, angida was a talented indian snake catcher whose aim was to catch venomous snakes to prevent them from biting passers - by. angida would also remove the snake ' s venomous fangs and release them. due to his kindness, he was able to attain bodhi. in chinese art, angida is sometimes portrayed as budai, being rotund, laughing, and carrying a bag. in nepali, he is also called hasne buddha ( \" laughing buddha \" ). phra sangkajai / phra sangkachai in thailand, budai is sometimes confused with another similar monk widely respected in thailand, phra sangkajai or sangkachai ( thai : ). ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46947882977385524, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff9c1b34-780b-4953-b6e9-dfa4e10ab049>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.144941"}
{"text": "buddha \" ). phra sangkajai / phra sangkachai in thailand, budai is sometimes confused with another similar monk widely respected in thailand, phra sangkajai or sangkachai ( thai : ). phra sangkajai, a thai rendering of maha kaccana or mahakaccayanathera ( thai : ), was a buddhist arhat ( in sanskrit ) or arahant ( in pali ) during the time of the lord buddha. lord buddha praised phra sangkadchai for his excellence in explaining sophisticated dharma ( or dhamma ) in an easily and correctly understandable manner. phra sangkajai ( maha kaccana ) also composed the madhupinadika sutra ( madhupindika sutta mn 18 ). one tale of the thai folklore relates that he was so handsome that once even a man wanted him for a wife. to avoid a similar situation, phra sangkadchai decided to transform himself into a fat monk. another tale says he was so attractive that angels and men often compared him with the buddha. he considered this inappropriate, so disguised himself in an unpleasantly fat body. although both budai and phra sangkajai may be found in both thai and chinese temples, phra sangkajai is found more often in thai temples, and budai in chinese temples. two points to distinguish them from one another are : - phra sangkajai has a trace of hair on his head ( looking similar to the buddha ' s ) while budai is clearly bald. - phra sangkajai wears the robes in theravadin buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. budai wears the robes in chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered. - cook, francis dojun. how to raise an ox. wisdom publications. pp. 166 note 76. isbn 9780861713172. - \" the laughing buddha \". about. com. retrieved april 20, 2013. - mark schumacher. \" hotei god of contentment & happiness \". onmarkproductions. com. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26. - \" hotei, pu - tai, maitreya, all known as the laughing buddha \". newsfinder. org. 2002 - 06 - 16. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26. - \" the laughing buddha \". religionfacts. com. retrieved 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42548584340580187, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff9c1b34-780b-4953-b6e9-dfa4e10ab049>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.145819"}
{"text": "| elevation | | 758 ft ( 231 m ) | | area | | 0. 55 sq mi ( 1 km2 ) | | - land | | 0. 55 sq mi ( 1 km2 ) | | - water | | 0. 00 sq mi ( 0 km2 ) | | density | | 1, 829. 4 / sq mi ( 706 / km2 ) | | - summer ( dst ) | | cdt ( utc - 5 ) | | wikimedia commons : colfax, illinois | colfax is located at ( 40. 566290, - 88. 615304 ). according to the 2010 census, the village has a total area of 0. 55 square miles ( 1. 4 km2 ), all land. colfax was laid out on march 22 1880 by james e. wood ( 22 october 1818 \u2013 october 1908 ). anderson was born in indiana and had come to mclean county about 1855 as state missionary for the christian church. he stayed and became a farmer, a banker, and a lifelong promoter of colfax. to locals, anderson was affectionately known as \u201c uncle billy. \u201d the northeastern townships of the county were among the last to be served by railroads. after many false starts the clinton, bloomington, and northwestern railroad began making its way westward from kankakee, illinois. it was aided by contributions in cash and land for the right - of - way by many local farmers. cropsey, anchor, and cooksville were all laid out at the same time as colfax. the first train arrived in colfax on 4 july 1880. for two years the track extended only from kankakee to colfax and a turntable was installed to send the trains back eastwards. eventually the tracks ware completed to bloomington. the railroad soon became part of the illinois central system. colfax is one of several communities in the united states named for grant ' s vice president schuyler colfax. others include colfax, california ; colfax, indiana ; colfax, louisiana ; colfax, north carolina and colfax, washington. original design and early growth the original town of colfax was a rectangle on the north side of the tracks. there were twelve blocks, each with eight or sixteen small lots, and an additional four blocks, each with a single larger lot, were located along the western edge of the original town., for a total of one hundred lots. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.377283726696774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c7e3468-c95a-4c1d-8463-6a932d57deb3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.155489"}
{"text": "the tracks. there were twelve blocks, each with eight or sixteen small lots, and an additional four blocks, each with a single larger lot, were located along the western edge of the original town., for a total of one hundred lots. these faced a widened area of railroad land, which ran the full length of the original town. no other public spaces were designated, but main street, which ran parallel to the tracks and one block to the north, was wider than the other streets. the depot was on the north side of the tracks and the early elevator, lumber yard and stock yard were on the south side. william rinker erected the first store, which sold groceries. another grocery store, wilson and santee, followed. the third store was a somewhat larger two - story structure built by d. a. green, who had moved his operation into colfax from potosi near the mclean county \u2013 livingston county border ; green sold groceries, dry goods and drugs. first coal mines in 1886 a company was formed to open the first of two coal mines at colfax. the first to be opened was the shaft just west of town. frank seymour and sons were paid fourteen dollars a foot to sink the shaft. they encountered problems with water, with cave ins and were soon slowed by the need to blast their way through limestone layers before reaching the coal seems. the railroad was unable to bring in sufficient shoring for the shaft and additional timber had to be hauled in by wagon. at 140 feet ( 43 m ) they struck a narrow vein of coal, but excavators had to go down to 392 feet ( 119 m ) before finding a productive 5 - foot - thick ( 1. 7 m ) seam of coal. miners were brought in, and the first coal was taken in june 1888. financial troubles and rapid changes of ownership soon followed. 1\u20442 the organization of a company to open a second shaft, this one east of town, shaft began in december 1891, but it was june 1894 before digging could begin. problems with the mines the east shaft encountered great difficulties with water and with layers of quicksand. after many delays and extensive pumping, coal was found in 1895, but trouble with financing delayed production for two years. the 200 miners who flooded into colfax encountered an acute shortage of housing, which was not solved until a large number of small miner \u2019 s cottages could be built : a few of these may still be found in colfax. financial troubles quickly mounted in may 1892 the east shaft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40482980414629677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c7e3468-c95a-4c1d-8463-6a932d57deb3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.156545"}
{"text": ", 0. 20 % from other races, and 0. 20 % from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 1. 42 % of the population. there were 395 households out of which 28. 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55. 7 % were married couples living together, 6. 3 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 35. 7 % were non - families. 32. 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 39 and the average family size was 3. 06. in the village the population was spread out with 25. 3 % under the age of 18, 6. 5 % from 18 to 24, 27. 0 % from 25 to 44, 18. 3 % from 45 to 64, and 23. 0 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 40 years. for every 100 females there were 93. 5 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83. 4 males. the median income for a household in the village was $ 41, 544, and the median income for a family was $ 50, 500. males had a median income of $ 31, 875 versus $ 23, 438 for females. the per capita income for the village was $ 17, 993. about 0. 8 % of families and 3. 1 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 2 % of those under age 18 and 5. 6 % of those age 65 or over. - \" us gazetteer files : 2010, 2000, and 1990 \". united states census bureau. 2011 - 02 - 12. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23. - \" 2010 census u. s. gazetteer files for places \u2013 illinois \". united states census. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13. - historical encyclopedia of illinois and history of mclean county illinois. ( chicago : munsell ; 1908 ) p. 902. some sources give james e. wood as co - founder of the town ; see edward callery, place names of illinois ( champaign : university of illinois press, 2008 ) p. 76. - transactions of the mclean county historical society ( volume 1 ; bloomington, 1900 ) p. 505. - gilbert m. johnson, colfax illinois and its coal mines ( normal : illinois state normal university, 1954 ) pp. 2 - 9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4066219260964503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c7e3468-c95a-4c1d-8463-6a932d57deb3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.158927"}
{"text": "francois - andre danican philidor portrait from l \u2019 analyze des echecs. london, second edition, 1777. | full name | | francois - andre danican philidor | | born | | september 7, 1726 | died | | august 31, 1795 francois - andre danican philidor ( september 7, 1726 \u2013 august 31, 1795 ), often referred to as andre danican philidor during his lifetime, was a french composer and chess player. he contributed to the early development of the opera comique. he was also regarded as the best chess player of his age ; his book analyse du jeu des echecs was considered a standard chess manual for at least a century, and a well - known chess opening and a checkmate method are both named after him. musical family francois - andre danican philidor came from a well - known musical family, which included : - jean danican philidor ( c. 1620 \u2013 79 ), andre danican philidor ' s grandfather, was a musician at the grande ecurie ( literally, the great stable ; figuratively, the military band ) in paris. the original name of his family was danican ( d ' anican ) and was of scottish origin ( duncan ). philidor was a later addition to the family name. jean danican philidor was given the nickname of philidor by louis xiii because his oboe playing reminded the king of an italian virtuoso oboist coming from siena named filidori. - michel danican ( died c. 1659 ), andre danican philidor ' s great - uncle, was a renowned oboist and, together with jean hotteterre, coinvented the oboe by modifying the shawm so that the bore was narrower and the reed near could be held near the end by the player ' s lips. - andre danican philidor ( c. 1647 \u2013 1730 ), francois - andre danican philidor ' s father, was also known as philidor l ' aine ( philidor the elder ). he was an oboist and crumhorn player. he was a member of the grande ecurie military band and later performed at the court, at the royal chapel, in the employ of louis xiv. - jacques danican philidor ( 1657 \u2013 1708 ) was the younger brother of andre danican philidor ( philidor the elder ) and, being a musician", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4147496101124996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.176388"}
{"text": "court, at the royal chapel, in the employ of louis xiv. - jacques danican philidor ( 1657 \u2013 1708 ) was the younger brother of andre danican philidor ( philidor the elder ) and, being a musician, too, was logically known as philidor le cadet ( philidor the younger ). - pierre danican philidor ( 1681 \u2013 1731 ), also a musician, was the son of jacques danican philidor. - anne danican philidor ( 1681 \u2013 1728 ) was francois - andre danican philidor ' s oldest brother. anne danican philidor is best remembered today for having founded the concert spirituel, an important series of public concerts held in the palace of the tuileries from 1725 to 1791. francois - andre danican philidor was born to his father \u2019 s second wife, elizabeth le roy, whom he wed in 1719 when she was 19 years old and he 72. when francois - andre was born, his father was 79 years old ; he died 4 years later and left his son fatherless. music career philidor joined the royal choir of louis xv in 1732 at the age of six, and made his first attempt at the composition of a song at the age of 11. it was said that louis xv wanted to listen to the choir almost every day, and the singers, while waiting for the king to arrive, played chess to relieve their boredom ; this may have sparked philidor ' s interest in chess. from around 1740 he lived and worked in paris as a performer, teacher and music copyist. he was the teacher of the bohemian composer and pianist ludwig wenzel lachnith. during this time he met diderot, who calls him ' philidor le subtil ' in le neveu de rameau. he spent much of the period 1745 \u2013 54 in london after a concert tour of the netherlands collapsed, and moved in the same circles as dr johnson and dr burney. he returned to the french capital in 1754, although his music was found by some to be too italianate ( as a result of his travels ). however he scored several triumphs at the fair theatres, starting with blaise le savetier in 1759. his three most successful works were le sorcier ( 1764 ), tom jones ( after henry fielding, 1765 ), and ernelinde ( 1767 ). for a time philidor was among the leading opera composers in france, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38743466859394915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.177498"}
{"text": ". his three most successful works were le sorcier ( 1764 ), tom jones ( after henry fielding, 1765 ), and ernelinde ( 1767 ). for a time philidor was among the leading opera composers in france, and during his musical career produced over 20 operas comiques and two tragedies - lyriques. he also wrote secular cantatas and motets. chess career philidor started playing regularly around 1740 at the chess mecca of france, the cafe de la regence. it was also there that he famously played with a friend from ' new england ', mr. benjamin franklin. the best player in france at the time, legall de kermeur, taught him. at first, legall could give philidor rook odds, a handicap in which the stronger player starts without one of his rooks, but in only three years, philidor was his equal, and then surpassed him. philidor visited england in 1747 and decisively beat the syrian phillip stamma in a match + 8 = 1 \u22121, despite the fact philidor let stamma have white in every game, and scored all draws as wins for stamma. the same year, philidor played many games with another strong player, sir abraham janssen, who was then the best player in england, and with the exception of m. de legalle, probably the best player philidor ever encountered. he could win on an average one game in four off philidor, at even terms ; and philidor himself declared that he could only give to janssen the pawn for the move. in 1754, philidor returned to france, after nine years of absence spent mostly in holland and england. he was now a much stronger player, having successfully played with opponents of the calibre of philip stamma and abraham janssen, but, as g. allen reports in the life of philidor, it was not until his match with de legal in 1755 that he can be considered the strongest player in the world. when philidor left paris, in 1745, although he had for some time been playing even games with m. de legal... he had not ceased to recognize his old master as still his master and superior. but nine years of practice, with a great variety of players, had authorized him to look for neither superior nor equal ; and when, in 1755, a match was arranged between the pupil and his master, who was still at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40657757094877445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.178521"}
{"text": "his master and superior. but nine years of practice, with a great variety of players, had authorized him to look for neither superior nor equal ; and when, in 1755, a match was arranged between the pupil and his master, who was still at the height of his strength, the result placed the crown firmly and indisputably upon the head of philidor. in 1771 and 1773 philidor made brief stays in london to play at the salopian coffee - house, charing cross and at the st james chess club. in 1774 the parloe ' s chess club, on st james street, in london, was created and philidor obtained a remuneration as a chess master every year, for a regular season from february to june. philidor stayed faithful to this agreement until the end of his life and he was replaced by verdoni only after his death. it is rightly in this place philidor encountered mr. george atwood, famous mathematician and physician, lecturer at cambridge university. in an article of j. j. o ' connor and e. f. robertson, devoted to george atwood, there is the following passage : atwood was a renowned amateur chess - player and among other opponents played games against the famous french player philidor, who was regarded as the unofficial world champion. h e bird records : of the players who encountered philidor, sir abraham janssens, who died in 1775, seems to have been the best, mr. george atwood, a mathematician, one of pitt ' s secretaries came next, he was of a class which we should call third or two grades of odds below philidor, a high standard of excellence to which but few amateurs attain. one of most interesting features of atwood as a chess player is that he recorded and preserved some of his games, an unusual practice at that time. these records have survived, among them the last games that philidor played which were against atwood at parsloe ' s club in london on 20 june 1795. in england, philidor astounded his peers by playing three blindfold chess games simultaneously in the chess club of st. james street in london on 9 may 1783. philidor let all three opponents play white, and gave up a pawn for the third player. some affidavits were signed, because those persons who were involved doubted that future generations would believe that such a feat was possible. today, three simultaneous blindfold games would be fairly unremark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4907983821378509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.179788"}
{"text": "and gave up a pawn for the third player. some affidavits were signed, because those persons who were involved doubted that future generations would believe that such a feat was possible. today, three simultaneous blindfold games would be fairly unremarkable among many chess masters. even when he was in his late years, when he was 67 years old ( 1793 ), he played and won two blindfold games simultaneously in london. philidor, both in england and france, was largely recognized in each of his fields and got a lot of admirers, protectors and also friends, like were the french philosophers voltaire, rousseau and the famous english actor david garrick ( 1717 \u2013 1779 ). in december 1792, however, when he was age 65, philidor had to definitively leave france for england. he was fleeing the french revolution ( 1789 \u2013 1799 ), because his name figured on the revolutionary banishment list, established by the convention nationale. this was not probably due to his ideas ( indeed it seems philidor was rather reserved about his opinions apart from music and chess ), but very likely in view of the traditional attachment of his family to the king ' s family service. andrew soltis writes that philidor \" was the best player in the world for 50 years. in fact, he was probably about 200 rating points better than anyone else yet alive \u2014 set apart by the mysteries of the game he had solved. \" 500 years ago chess was different from today. pawns didn ' t cost as much as they do today. the best players started games with the gambits. pawns were only a small price to : open a file or diagonal ; create an immediate attack on an opponent ' s king. it was the italian style of chess. all positions of the king ' s gambit were very popular... the best chess player of his day was francois andre danican - philidor... his published chess strategy stood for a hundred years without significant addition or modification. he preached the value of a strong pawn center, an understanding of the relative value of the pieces, and correct pawn formations... in the same web - article, alterman also noticed, analyzing the game count bruehl \u2013 philidor, f, 0 \u2013 1, london 1783, that philidor understood very well modern concepts like : power of passed pawns ; bad and good pieces ; space advantage ; open files ; pawn structure ; importance of center. l ' analyse du jeu des", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46033331090884944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.180806"}
{"text": "0 \u2013 1, london 1783, that philidor understood very well modern concepts like : power of passed pawns ; bad and good pieces ; space advantage ; open files ; pawn structure ; importance of center. l ' analyse du jeu des echecs | this section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. | in 1749, philidor published his famous book analyse du jeu des echecs. he printed a second edition in 1777, and a third edition in 1790. the book was such an advance in chess knowledge that by 1871, it had gone through about 70 editions, and had been translated into english, german, russian and italian. in it, philidor analyzed nine different types of game openings. most of the openings of philidor are designed to strengthen and establish a strong defensive center using pawns. he is the first one to realize the new role of the pawn in the chess game ; and his most famous advice was the saying \" the pawns are the soul of chess. \" more precisely philidor said : mon but principal est de me rendre recommandable par une nouveaute dont personne ne s ' est avise, ou peut - etre n ' a ete capable ; c ' est celle de bien jouer les pions ; ils sont l ' ame des echecs : ce sont eux - memes qui forment uniquement l ' attaque et la defense et de leur bon ou mauvais arrangement depend entierement le gain ou la perte de la partie. translation : my main purpose is to make myself commendable by a novelty of which no one was aware or perhaps was capable [ of discovering ] ; this is to play the pawns well ; they are the soul of chess : it is they which uniquely determine the attack and the defence, and on their good or bad arrangement depends entirely the winning or losing of the game. it was said that the reason why philidor emphasized the pawns in the chess game was related to the political background during the eighteenth century of france, and that he regarded pawns as the \" third rank \" on the chess board ( citizens were regarded as the third rank of the society before the french revolution started in 1789 ). he also included analysis of certain positions of rook and bishop versus rook, such analysis being still current theory even today. he is most famous for showing an important drawing technique with a rook and pawn versus rook endgame,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5371269379809953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.181813"}
{"text": "french revolution started in 1789 ). he also included analysis of certain positions of rook and bishop versus rook, such analysis being still current theory even today. he is most famous for showing an important drawing technique with a rook and pawn versus rook endgame, in a position known as the philidor position. the philidor defense ( 1. e4 e5 2. nf3 d6 ) is named for him. philidor \u2019 s book was the very first ( 1 ) that gave detailed annotations on how to play the middlegame, ( 2 ) that presented chess strategy as a whole, and ( 3 ) that presented the concepts of the blockade, prophylaxis, positional sacrifice, and mobility of the pawn formation. early critics of the analyse du jeu des echecs include those of the modenese school ( ercole del rio, lolli or ponziani ), who in contrast to the french, advocated a free piece play, gambit openings and tactical complications ; they also found some of the variations reported in the analyse to be unsound ( in particular those related with f7 \u2013 f5 push in the philidor defence 1. e4 e5 2. nf3 d6 3. d4 f5?! ). some of philidor ' s disciples - - bernard, carlier, leger, and verdoni, who met at the cafe de la regence under the name of societe des amateurs \u2014 also criticized his work. in their book, traite des amateurs, they expressed many criticisms and comments on his earlier printed book, arguing that the variations reported in philidor ' s analyse are more instructive than correct. nevertheless, the games of the traite can be regarded, together of those of philidor, as typical examples of the understanding of chess during the enlightenment, and the societe des amateurs was much closer to philidor than to the modenese school. notable chess games - captain smith vs francois andre philidor, london, england 1790, bishop ' s opening : berlin defense ( c24 ), 0 \u2013 1 good sample of philidor ' s ideas about pawns ; plus a nice mating combination at the end - francois andre philidor vs nn, unknown 1749, bishop ' s opening : boi variation ( c23 ), 1 \u2013 0 this game \u2014 possibly a composition by philidor \u2014 demonstrates the value of passed pawns final years philidor was stranded in england", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5045217329590266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.182809"}
{"text": "vs nn, unknown 1749, bishop ' s opening : boi variation ( c23 ), 1 \u2013 0 this game \u2014 possibly a composition by philidor \u2014 demonstrates the value of passed pawns final years philidor was stranded in england when the french revolution occurred. because of many of his social connections mentioned above, the revolutionary government put him on the banned list. he died on august 31, 1795, in london and was buried in st james, piccadilly. a few days later, his relatives succeeded in getting his name removed from the list. chess topics named after him philidor ' s name is used for three well - known chess topics : - the philidor defence, an opening he advocated ; - philidor ' s legacy, a type of smothered mate ( in fact invented centuries before philidor ) ; - philidor ' s position, an endgame position. battez philidor! a one - act opera - comique with music by amedee dutacq and libretto by abraham dreyfus entitled battez philidor! ( beat philidor! ) was premiered on 13 november 1882 at the opera - comique. set in 1777, a poor musician is required to beat philidor at chess before he can win the hand of his sweetheart. although philidor agrees to lose the match to help out, by distraction he nonetheless wins the game, although all turns out well for the lovers in the end. battez philidor! also features philidor ' s sometime collaborator a a h poinsinet. - rushton j. francois - andre danican philidor. in : the new grove dictionary of opera. macmillan, london and new york, 1997. - h. j. r. murray, a history of chess, oxford university press, 1913, p. 862. isbn 0 - 19 - 827403 - 3. - the saturday magazine, volumes 18 \u2013 19 ( 1841 ) page 238 - the chess player ' s chronicle ( 1879 ) page 50 - g. allen and t. von der lasa, the life of philidor, musician and chess - player, philadelphia 1865, page 51 - h. e. bird, chess history and reminiscences ( london, 1882 ) - andrew soltis, \" tools of the trade... \", chess life, july 1995, p. 14. - the oxford companion to chess \u2013 david hooper and kenneth whyld", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46590666811027576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.185418"}
{"text": "history and reminiscences ( london, 1882 ) - andrew soltis, \" tools of the trade... \", chess life, july 1995, p. 14. - the oxford companion to chess \u2013 david hooper and kenneth whyld ( 1992 ) p. 265 - murray, p. 863. - this quote first appears on pages xiii \u2013 xiv of the preface of philidor ' s le jeu des echecs, 1792 edition. - david hooper and kenneth whyld, the oxford companion to chess, oxford university press ; 2nd edition ( november 21, 1996 ) - soubies a, malherbe c. histoire de l ' opera comique \u2014 la seconde salle favart 1840 \u2013 1887. flammarion, paris, 1893. - world chess champions by edward g. winter, editor. 1981 isbn 0 - 08 - 024117 - 4 - life of philidor : musician and chess - player by george allen, tassilo von heydebrand und der lasa ; da capo press ; 1971. isbn 0 - 306 - 70075 - 1 - the world ' s great chess games by reuben fine ; dover ; 1983. isbn 0 - 486 - 24512 - 8 - the batsford encyclopedia of chess by nathan divinsky ; 1990. isbn 0 - 7134 - 6214 - 0 | wikisource has original text related to this article : | | wikimedia commons has media related to : francois - andre danican philidor | - francois - andre danican philidor player profile and games at chessgames. com - philidor at res musica ( french ) - free scores by francois - andre danican philidor at the international music score library project - philidor at mjae. com ( french ) - analyse du jeu des echecs ( 1777 edition, london ) at google books. ( french ) - analysis of the game of chess ( 1790 english edition, london ) at google books.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4589435443522417, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1e899c3-6a78-4065-b2ea-6811e96e4dc4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.186211"}
{"text": "| count / earl | a prince regent, or prince - regent, is a prince who rules a monarchy as regent instead of a monarch, e. g., as a result of the sovereign ' s incapacity ( minority or illness ) or absence ( remoteness, such as exile or long voyage, or simply no incumbent ). while the term itself can have the generic meaning and refer to any prince who fills the role of regent, historically it has mainly been used to describe a small number of individual princes who were regents. prince regent in the united kingdom in the english language the title prince regent is most commonly associated with george iv, who held the style hrh the prince regent during the incapacity, by dint of mental illness, of his father, george iii ( see regent for other regents ). regent ' s park and regent street in london are named after him. this period is known as the british regency, or just the regency. the title was conferred by the regency act on february 5, 1811. subject to certain limitations for a period, the prince regent was able to exercise the full powers of the king. the precedent of the regency crisis of 1788 ( from which george iii recovered before it was necessary to appoint a regent ) was followed. the prince of wales continued as regent until his father ' s death in 1820, when he became george iv. prince regent in germany in germany, the title prinzregent ( literally prince regent ) is most commonly associated with prince luitpold of bavaria, who served as regent for two of his nephews, king ludwig ii of bavaria, who was declared mentally incompetent in 1886, and king otto of bavaria ( who had been declared insane in 1875 ) from 1886 until 1912. the years of luitpold ' s regency were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in bavaria, where they are known after the regencies as the prinzregentenjahre or the prinzregentenzeit. numerous streets in bavarian cities and towns are called prinzregentenstra\u00dfe. many institutions are named in luitpold ' s honour, e. g., the prinzregententheater in munich. prinzregententorte is a multi - layered cake with chocolate butter cream named in luitpold ' s honour. at luitpold ' s death in 1912, his son prince ludwig succeeded as prince regent. ludwig held the title for less than a year, since the bavarian legislature decided to recognise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48154243282758524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9624bb4-a0f0-44b1-bf05-5fa3124eaa88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.191474"}
{"text": "chocolate butter cream named in luitpold ' s honour. at luitpold ' s death in 1912, his son prince ludwig succeeded as prince regent. ludwig held the title for less than a year, since the bavarian legislature decided to recognise him as king. prince regent in belgium - the first head of state of belgium after it seceded from the dutch monarchy in 1831 was a regent ( but not a prince in his own right ), baron erasme louis surlet de chokier, before the new nation, which had chosen to become a parliamentary monarchy, had its first king sworn in to the constitution. - prince charles of belgium served as prince regent of belgium from 1944 to 1950 during the german captivity and then exile to switzerland of his elder brother, king leopold iii of belgium. prince regent in bulgaria prince kiril of bulgaria was appointed head of a regency council by the bulgarian parliament following the death of his brother, tsar boris on 28 august 1943, to act as head of state until the late tsar ' s son, simeon ii of bulgaria, became 18. on 5 september 1944 the soviet union declared war on the kingdom of bulgaria and on the 8th - soviet armies crossed the romanian border and occupied the country. on 1 february 1945 the prince regent kyril, and the two other former regents - professor bogdan filov and general nikola mihov, as well as a range of former cabinet ministers, royal advisors and 67 mps were executed. prince lieutenant in luxembourg the heir to the grand duke of luxembourg may be titled prince - lieutenant ( ' prince deputy ' ) during a period in which the incumbent remains formally on the grand ducal throne, but ( progressively, most ) functions of the crown are performed by the ' monarch apprentice ', as prince jean ( still alive ) did 4 may 1961 - 12 november 1964 in the last years of his mother charlotte ' s reign ( she lived until 1985 ), and jean ' s own son prince henri 3 march 1998 - 7 october 2000 until his father abdicated and he succeeded. king or queen regent it has also been known throughout history that when a king is unable to reign or is out of the country for long periods of time, sometimes the consort will step up and will temporarily do the duties of a prince regent. sometimes they are unofficially known as regents themselves. in the kingdom of swaziland, queen mothers have temporarily stepped in when the sovereign was either a minor or unable to reign for other reasons. other notable princes regent - more prince - regents ( often without such specific title ) are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144869736902663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9624bb4-a0f0-44b1-bf05-5fa3124eaa88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.192525"}
{"text": "as regents themselves. in the kingdom of swaziland, queen mothers have temporarily stepped in when the sovereign was either a minor or unable to reign for other reasons. other notable princes regent - more prince - regents ( often without such specific title ) are to be found in regent. - crown prince frederick of denmark served as regent from 1784 to 1808 for his father, king christian vii of denmark, who was insane. - prince william of prussia served as regent from 1858 to 1861 for his older brother king frederick william iv of prussia, who had become mentally unfit to rule. - prince charles, count of flanders, served as regent from 1944 to 1950 for his older brother king leopold iii of belgium, whose position had come under scrutiny after the second world war and his marriage to lilian baels. - prince dorgon of the qing dynasty served as regent for his nephew, emperor shunzhi, from 1643 to 1650, because the latter was only six at the time of his ascension. dorgon was instrumental in moving manchu forces into beijing in 1644, proclaiming the qing dynasty to be the legitimate successor to the ming dynasty. in qing dynasty historical records, dorgon was the first to be referred to as shezhengwang \u653f \u738b ( the prince regent ). - zaifeng, prince chun during the qing dynasty served as regent from 1908 to 1911 for his young son puyi, the xuantong emperor. apart from dorgon, zaifeng was the only person in chinese history who was specifically referred to as prince regent. - prince paul of yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941, known in serbian as \u045a\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0459\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043d\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a ( english : his royal highness the prince regent ) - john, prince of brazil ( 1767 \u2013 1826 ) served as regent of portugal for his mother queen maria i, who had become mentally unfit to rule, from 1799 to 1816. his regency was associated with the famous transfer of the portuguese court to brazil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4294259468498046, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9624bb4-a0f0-44b1-bf05-5fa3124eaa88>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.193451"}
{"text": "swat ( princely state ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2012 ) | | state of swat | | province of the mughal empire ( 1802 \u2013 1858 ) princely state of the british raj ( 1858 \u2013 1947 ) princely state of pakistan ( 1947 \u2013 1955 ) | wali of swat | | his highness sultan faghal ( first ) | | his highness miangul jahan zeb, wali of swat ( last ) | | historical era | | mughal empire ( 1802 \u2013 1858 ) indian british empire ( 22 february 1858 - 1947 ) princely state of pakistan ( 1947 - 1955 ) part of west pakistan ( 1955 - 1969 ) khyber - pakhtunkhwa ( 1970 - present ) dividing between the swat, buner and shangla | | - | | merged into west pakistan | | 14 october 1955 | | currency | | rupee, pakistan rupee ( after 1947 ) | this article is part of the series the yousufzai state of swat ( urdu : \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062a ) was a province of the mughal empire ruled by local rulers known as the akhunds, then until 1947 a princely state of the british indian empire, which was dissolved in 1947, when the akhwand acceded to pakistan. the state lay to the north of the modern khyber - pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan and continued within its 1947 borders until 1969, when it was dissolved. the area it covered is now divided between the present - day states of swat, buner and shangla. | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( october 2012 ) | - see also history of swat the swat region has been inhabited for more than two thousand years and was known in ancient times as udyana. the location of swat made it an important stopping point for many invaders, including alexander the great and sultan mahmud of ghazni. the second century bce saw swat forming part of the buddhist civilisation of gandhara. swat was a center of hinayana buddhism and of the mahayana school that developed from it. the chinese pilgrim fa - hsien, who visited the valley around 403 ce, mentions 500 monasteries. after him, sun yun ( 519 ce ), hsuan - tsang ( 630 ce ), and wu - kung ( 752 ce ) visited swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit - trees and the respect in which buddhism was held. the kushan dynasty ruled for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4022380320554524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b7cfde9-e935-49bc-a507-372968e2468c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.199665"}
{"text": "wu - kung ( 752 ce ) visited swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit - trees and the respect in which buddhism was held. the kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries until it was overrun by the white huns in the 5th century ce and the glory of the gandhara era came to an end. hsuan - tsang recorded the decline of buddhism. according to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. the monks still quoted from the scriptures but no longer understood them. there were grapes in abundance but cultivation of the fields was sparse. from the 8th century ce onwards, muslim arabs started to exert pressure from the west in the most eastern - iranian lands where the hindu shahi dynasty still ruled. at the beginning of the 8th century, the gabari royal tajik tribe advanced through laghmanat, ningarhar, and dir to invade swat, defeating the bhudists and the hindus. this war was headed by sultan pakhal gabari and later on by sultan behram gabari, both jahangirian sultans. rulers of kuner pich and cousin of rulers of balkh and kashmir. later some dilazak encroached on the area and settled among the gabaris, who in 1519 and 1520 were ousted in their turn by the yusufzais backed by the mughal badshah zahiruddin muhammad baber, the fierce super power. it is a historical paradox that the yusufzais were ousted from kabul by mirza ullegh beg, the uncle of baber, and killed 600 malak of yusufzai, whereas the gabaris warmly welcomed yousofzai refugees and settled them within gabari sultanate areas of bajour, dir and swat. the yusofzais forgot the generosity of the gabaris and encroached on their state with the plotted help of zahiruddin muhammad babar. and thus, in 1519 they demolished the gabar - kot fortress in bajour killed the sultans including sultan mir haider ali gabari. further advanced into swat, forcing the last gabari ruler, sultan awais gabari manglaware fort, to retire to upper dir. he established his rule in upper dir, chitral wakhan, badakhshan and other petty states of the upper oxus. the modern area of swat was ruled sporadically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3862102416059989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b7cfde9-e935-49bc-a507-372968e2468c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.200575"}
{"text": "##yasunddin abdullah khan | | sultan owais jahangeeri | | 1849 - 11 may 1857 | | sayyid akbar shah | | 11 may 1857 - 1863 | | sayyid mubarak shah sahib | | 1863 \u2013 1915 | | state in abeyance | | 1915 - september 1917 | | sayyid abdul - jabbar khan | | september 1917 - 12 december 1949 | | miangul golshahzada abdul - wadud badshah sahib | | 12 december 1949 - 28 july 1969 | | miangul abdul - haqq jahan zeb | | 28 july 1969 | | ( civil administration ) | | miangul abdul - haqq jahan zeb | | 1987 to date | | ( civil administration ) | | miangul aurangzeb | see also - ben cahoon, worldstatesmen. org. \" pakistan princely states \". retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03. further reading - the last wali of swat : an autobiography as told by fredrik barth ( asian portraits ), by fredrik barth - sack, john ( 2000 ). report from practically nowhere. isbn 0 - 595 - 08918 - 6. - sultan - i - rome, swat state, 1915 \u2013 1969, from genesis to merger : an analysis of political, administrative, socio - political, and economic development, karachi : oxford university press ( 2008 ), isbn 0 - 19 - 547113 - x - sultan - i - rome. forestry in the princely state of swat and kalam ( north - west pakistan ) : a historical perspective on norms and practices, nccr ip6 working paper no. 6. zurich : department of geography, university of zurich ( 2005 ) - government of khyber pakhtunkhwa - royalark website on general and dynastic history - details on the ruling family of swat - daily times : nwfp religious background - geographic journal article on swat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42564771236392807, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b7cfde9-e935-49bc-a507-372968e2468c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.202445"}
{"text": "hurricane irene of 2011 now rated history ' s 6th most damaging hurricane new damage estimates released last month by noaa now place the damage from 2011 ' s hurricane irene at $ 15. 8 billion, making the storm the 6th costliest hurricane and 10th costliest weather - related disaster in u. s. history. irene hit north carolina on august 27, 2011, as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds, and made landfalls the next day in new jersey and new york city as a tropical storm. most of the damage from irene occurred because of the tremendous fresh water flooding the storm ' s rains brought to much of new england. irene is now rated as the most expensive category 1 hurricane to hit the u. s. the previous record was held by hurricane agnes of 1972, whose floods did $ 11. 8 billion in damage in the northeast. noaa also announced that the name irene had been retired from the list of active hurricane names. irene was the only named retired in 2011, and was the 76th name to be retired since 1954. the name irene was replaced with irma, which is next scheduled be used in 2017. figure 1. true - color modis image of hurricane irene over north carolina taken at 11 : 35 am edt august 27, 2011. at the time, irene was a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds. image credit : nasa. at last month ' s 30th conference on hurricanes and tropical meteorology of the american meteorological society, paul ruscher of florida state university explained how irene ' s storm surge came within 8 inches of flooding new york city ' s subway system, which would have caused devastating damage. at the current global rate of sea level rise of 3. 1 mm / year, a repeat of irene 65 years from now would be capable of flooding the subway system, if no action is taken. since sea level rise is expected to accelerate as the planet warms in coming decades, an irene - type storm surge would likely be capable of flooding the nyc subway system much sooner than that. to read more about new york city ' s vulnerability, see andrew freedman ' s analysis at climate central, climate change could cripple new york \u2019 s transportation, or my november 2011 blog post, hurricane irene : new york city dodges a potential storm surge mega - disaster.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3814237562969309, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db87577d-b044-4a77-89b1-842c860329f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.204755"}
{"text": "to our enota readers august 1, 2012 one of the many vegetables growing in our organic garden this year is the jalapeno pepper. the jalapeno is a vegetable \u2014 or, more properly, a fruit \u2014 that can be grown either in a simple garden or in the home. besides this, jalapenos can be used for a variety of recipes and mixtures. like all capsicum peppers, the jalepeno comes naturally from the americas. the jalapeno in particular originates from mexico, and is named after xalapa, veracruz. a mature fruit normally ranges in size from 2 - 3 \u00bd inches and is normally picked while still green. the juice of the jalapeno has long been used as a remedy for cardiovascular problems or even allergies. incidentally, the chipotle is a just ripe jalapeno that has been smoked. jalapenos have a good source of iron, phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin, and magnesium. also, if you \u2019 re looking for a good source of vitamin c, jalapenos can help. 1 cup of sliced jalapenos contain as much as 66 % the daily value of vitamin c, along with 14 % the daily value of vitamin a. jalapenos are also thought to have a beneficial effect in alzheimer \u2019 s disease \u2014 mainly by limiting neuronal damage in the brain. most people automatically assume that jalapenos are very hot. in all actuality, the seeds are the hottest part of the pepper. and if you \u2019 re eating the pepper raw rather than pickled, you \u2019 ll find a little less heat. if you \u2019 re looking for a challenge, the jalapeno is definitely not one of the top peppers. the habenero is better for intense heat or \u2014 if looking for a touch of true fire \u2014 the ghost pepper can feed the flames. so what gives jalapenos their heat? well, the capsaicin flavonoid gives many peppers their characteristic heat, and this is especially true if peppers have been pickled or cooked. also, if you \u2019 re looking to add a little bit of fresh jalapeno to your stir - fry or other dishes, be careful in cooking these peppers on the skillet or grill : the compounds released can be a big irritant to the eyes and lungs if not careful. food chemists believe this is because the capsaicin evaporates and expands. if you \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42852477230735164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70f8bb1a-8b34-4a62-92f2-732d3e637219>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.212037"}
{"text": "in cooking these peppers on the skillet or grill : the compounds released can be a big irritant to the eyes and lungs if not careful. food chemists believe this is because the capsaicin evaporates and expands. if you \u2019 re eating jalapenos and feel the heat is a little too much, eating cold yogurt can help cool you down. don \u2019 t try to drink a lot of water ; this only causes the capsaicin to spread around. the yogurt ( ice cream can also help ) dilutes the capsaicin and helps to keep it from touching the lining of your stomach, which helps in soothing any burning pain. don \u2019 t get any portion of the pepper near your eye. if dealing with the peppers, wash your hands before getting your hands near your eyes or nose. if this does happen, rinse your eyes out thoroughly with cold water to reduce irritation. of course, eating a large amount of spicy foods over a long period of time can cause ulcers. if you are experiencing any pain after eating spicy foods, give your doctor a call and put the spicy adventures on hold until you know the cause. 1 lb. onions \u00bd lb. bell peppers 1 tsp salt, optional \u00bd cup of white vinegar \u00bd lb. jalapeno peppers 1 large can tomatoes, 16 oz. 1 tsp. garlic powder cut stems and remove seeds from jalapeno peppers. chop fine, wear gloves when handling jalapenos. chop all vegetables, including tomatoes, and place in pot with other ingredients. bring to a boil, then simmer about 1 hour, stirring occasionally until onions are soft and sauce is slightly thickened. to get sauce a little hotter, leave in all jalapeno pepper seeds bottle and refrigerate, or may be put in jars and canned. makes about 3 pints. 12 ounces cream cheese, softened 1 ( 8 ounce ) package shredded cheddar cheese 1 tablespoon bacon bits 12 ounces jalapeno peppers, seeded and halved 1 cup milk 1 cup all - purpose flour 1 cup dry bread crumbs 2 quarts of oil for frying in medium bowl, mix the cream cheese, cheddar cheese, and bacon bits. spoon this mixture into the jalapeno pepper halves. put the milk and flour into two separate small bowls. dip the stuffed jalapenos first into the milk then into the flour, making sure they are well coated with each. allow the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36657509841319286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70f8bb1a-8b34-4a62-92f2-732d3e637219>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.213037"}
{"text": "williams, h. paul ( 2009 ) logic and integer programming. international series in operations research & management science. springer, london, uk. isbn 9780387922799 integer programming ( discrete optimization ) is best used for solving problems involving discrete, whole elements. using integer variables, one can model logical requirements, fixed costs, sequencing and scheduling requirements, and many other problem aspects. whether it \u2019 s taught in or graduate programs or in math or computer science programs ; in courses called \" integer programming, \" \" combinatorial optimization, \" \" combinatorial optimization and integer programming \" or simply \" advanced operations management, \" it \u2019 s a part of every or curriculum, and one of its greatest teachers has developed a text that shows how to use logic in integer programming to develop models with much greater precision. paul williams, a leading authority on modeling in integer programming, has written a concise, readable introduction to the science and art of using modeling in logic for integer programming. written for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as academics and practitioners, the book is divided into four chapters that all avoid the typical format of definitions, theorems and proofs and instead introduce concepts and results within the text through examples. references are given at the end of each chapter to the more mathematical papers and texts on the subject, and exercises are included to reinforce and expand on the material in the chapter. chapter 1 gives a basic introduction to logic and its aims, and goes on to explain the propositional and predicate calculus. chapter 2 explains linear programming ( lp ) and integer programming ( ip ) using the machinery of logic ; explains the fundamental structural and mathematical properties of these types of models, along with the main methods of solving ip models ; covers main areas of practical application ; and attempts to distinguish between computationally \u2018 difficult \u2019 and \u2018 easy \u2019 classes of problem. chapter 3 applies logic to the formulation of ip models using the methods explained in chapter 1 and looks at the deeper mathematical concepts involved. chapter 4 then covers the fundamental problem of computational logic : the satisfiability problem, which lies at the heart of the entire book. methods of solving with both logic and ip are given and their connections are described. applications in diverse fields are discussed, and williams shows how ip models can be expressed as satisfiability problems and solved as such. | additional information : | | \u00a9 2009 h. paul williams | | library of congress subject classification : | | z bibliography. library science. information resources > za information resources > za4050 electronic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5938888991019935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:094e303a-7b20-4520-9a3f-37954ec542c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.217145"}
{"text": "sportsmen and their sweaters : knitting patterns as historical sources polley, martin ( 2009 ) sportsmen and their sweaters : knitting patterns as historical sources. in, recording leisure lives : sports, games and pastimes, bolton, uk, 07 apr 2009. full text not available from this repository. old knitting patterns are easy to see as ephemeral, disposable items, artefacts of everyday life that we can see in our memory on our mothers \u2019 laps, but that we don \u2019 t readily picture in an archive. they are produced for a very specific purpose, and are not designed to become historians \u2019 sources. however, cultural historians and historians of everyday life can learn from them, and can use them as windows on to their time of production. using sport - related knitting patterns from winchester school of art \u2019 s knitting reference library as a case study, this paper will look at what historians can get from this type of evidence : both empirical evidence about disposable income, materials, and technology, and household economics, and more subjective, cultural evidence about class, identity, and gender. the paper will build on the call that i made for sports historians to use wider variety of sources in sports history : a practical guide ( palgrave, 2007 ). | item type : | | conference or workshop item ( paper ) | | keywords : | | knitting, sport, clothing, fashion, history | | subjects : | | g geography. anthropology. recreation > gv recreation leisure h social sciences > hn social history and conditions. social problems. social reform d history general and old world > da great britain | divisions : | | university structure - pre august 2011 > school of education > leadership, school improvement and effectiveness | date deposited : | | 15 jul 2009 | | last modified : | | 02 mar 2012 13 : 12 | | contributors : | | polley, martin ( author ) | date : | | 7 april 2009 | | rdf : | | rdf + n - triples, rdf + n3, rdf + xml, browse. | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.517545252588907, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b73a6373-e209-471b-b42c-725b37f07746>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.220408"}
{"text": "| \" zero in on \" = focus on or direction your attention to a particular issue | \" i think we need to zero in on the main causes of water pollution and start solving them one at a time. \" \" leave no stone unturned \" = do everything possible to solve a problem \" things might look bad, but leave no stone unturned in trying to find the answer to our company ' s economic problems. \" more of randall ' s favorite learning resources [ quiz script ] first, name three environmental problems that face our world today, how people can help solve these problems. what image comes to your mind when you think of \" recycling \"? | i. pre - listening exercises [ top ] | helpful tip : recycling is one important way of conserving our world ' s natural resources. talk with you family about what you can do to better recycle your trash. | listen to the conversation by pressing the \" play \" button of the audio type you want to hear, and answer the questions. press the \" final score \" button to check your quiz. | ii. listening exercises [ top ] 2. listen to the conversation again as you read the quiz script. | iii. post - listening exercises [ top ] | what are five specific things individuals can do to protect the environment? what are some reasons why people do not recycle or are careless when they dispose of garbage? are there any unique programs in your city or country that promote recycling and protecting the environment? now, write your opinions on a similar topic at randall ' s esl blog here. randall ' s sites : daily esl | esl blog | ezslang | train your accent | tips for students | hiking in utah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5684322145843195, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3e459-11ff-42f8-8718-1ddb3762b1e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.224048"}
{"text": "concept. the basic idea is that the human mind can keep track of about seven at once, or can differentiate between seven or so different ( but similar ) things. the phrase comes from the title of a 1956 paper by harvard professor george a. miller titled, the magical number seven, plus or minus two : some limits on our capacity for processing information, which begins : my problem is that i have been persecuted by an integer. for seven years this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. this number assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable. the persistence with which this number plagues me is far more than a random accident. there is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it, some pattern governing its appearances. either there really is something unusual about the number or else i am suffering from delusions of persecution. miller goes on to present data from a number of experiments which support the idea ( by arriving at the number seven ). topics of the experiments he reviewed included, \" span of immediate memory \", \" capacity for absolute judgements of the position of a dot on a square \", and ( my favorite ) \" capacity for absolute judgements of saltiness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6343084793352226, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bad0a5b-bfeb-494a-9f8a-d58ba4c75253>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.225493"}
{"text": "usda ' s animal plant health inspection service ( aphis ) confirmed today that asian soybean rust ( phakopsora pachyrhizi ), has been found on soybean leaf samples collected from two louisiana state university ' s research plots near baton rouge, louisiana. aphis officials report they believe the pathogen was carried to the united states during the recent hurricane season. usda will dispatch its soybean rust detection assessment team, composed of scientific experts and regulatory officials, to the site within 24 hours. the assessment team will work closely with louisiana state department of agriculture representatives to assess the situation and conduct surveillance around the detection site to determine the extent of the disease spread. asa president neal bredehoeft, a soybean producer from alma, mo., says, \" potential yield loss from soybean rust starts to diminish as plants begin to reach maturity. at this time of the year, when soybeans in many areas of the united states have already reach full maturity and the crop is ripe, soybean rust will no longer reduce this year ' s crop yields. \" with the case being found in a research farm and having active surveillance, the chances for the disease being widespread are \" very high, \" plant protection and quarantine ( ppq ) deputy administrator ric dunkle says. more should be known once a more thorough assessment of the area is complete. the spores inability to overwinter in many northern regions should benefit disease management. proactive steps now while the harvest for this year is nearing completion, during next yeara\u20ac\u2122s planting season, producers will need to watch for symptoms of the fungus such as small lesions on the lower leaves of the infected plant that increase in size and change from gray to tan or reddish brown on the undersides of the leaves. if soybean rust becomes widespread in u. s. soybean production areas, it could cause large crop and economic losses to soybean growers and associated industries. growers returning from, or hosting visitors from, rust infected soybean production areas should be extremely careful that the disease is not transmitted to their fields. dunkle recommends any producers who still have soybeans in the field to contact their local extension office for testing. dunkle says the entire gulf coast region will be surveyed. growers in areas near the outbreak should survey their fields to inspect for symptoms of soybean rust disease. inspection consists of a thorough visual examination of soybean plants in the field and of other host plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4322519621521359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8ba07b5-cf21-4b8a-9cf4-daf3efad85a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.231396"}
{"text": "entire gulf coast region will be surveyed. growers in areas near the outbreak should survey their fields to inspect for symptoms of soybean rust disease. inspection consists of a thorough visual examination of soybean plants in the field and of other host plants in the vicinity of the fields being surveyed. a 20 - power hand lens will be required to inspect the underside of the lower leaves in the lower crop canopy for uredinial pustules that are powdery, and buff or pale brown in color. as soybean plants mature and set pods, infection may progress rapidly under favorable environmental conditions to cause high rates of infection in the middle and upper leaves of the plant. for more on asa ' s recommendations, click here. learning from others the united states is the last major soybean - producing nation to be affected by this soybean fungus. \" we have learned from the experiences of other countries and are better prepared to handle this situation, \" says american farm bureau federation president bob stallman. \" u. s. soybeans should continue to have a solid standing in export markets, now and in the future, \" stallman adds. \" a number of states have already taken steps to ensure their farmers have access to effective crop protection tools to control soybean rust next year. \" for more information about fungicide approval and economics of the disease, click on the soybean rust menu option on our left navigation bar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42008773859347825, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8ba07b5-cf21-4b8a-9cf4-daf3efad85a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.232184"}
{"text": "the clinton administration knows how to add insult to injury. not only is it committed to an environmental program that will sap the american economy of its vitality, it also refuses to level with the american people about the costs. at the global warming conference in kyoto, japan, the administration promised that the united states would cut emissions of so - called greenhouse gases below the 1990 level by 2012. that \u2019 s a cut of more than one - third of the projected level. the gases, mainly carbon dioxide, are produced by burning fossil fuels : gasoline, coal, natural gas, and heating oil. virtually all economic activity depends on those fuels. yet clinton and gore say the cut - back can be costless or even profitable. the administration \u2019 s position can be faulted on many counts. most basic is that carbon dioxide is a plant nutrient not a pollutant. if you think back to high - school biology, you \u2019 ll recall that plants turn co2, water, and sunlight into food and make oxygen as a byproduct. but some climatologists ( not all ) and some environmentalists believe that the buildup of co2 threatens to overheat the earth \u2019 s atmosphere. the problem with the theory is that the temperature record does not support it. the earth has actually cooled slightly in the recent past. fear of global warming is based on imperfect computer models, not observation. economist thomas gale moore says that global warming would be benign. since co2 is good for crops, agriculture would boom. people tend to live longer in warmer climates. climatologist patrick michaels says that if warming occurs, it would be in the arctic during the polar night. such warming would delay the first frost of winter and lengthen the growing season. so why the attraction to the nightmare version of global warming? it could have something to do with its usefulness in the service of government regulation of the economy. people with a visceral dislike of free markets and individual liberty have been adrift since the worldwide collapse of socialism. they can \u2019 t oppose capitalism on economic or political grounds any longer. so they have turned to environmental grounds. unsupervised free markets, they say, will destroy the earth. the advocates of environmental regulation know, however, that people won \u2019 t go for policies that will make them poor. so they promise that combatting global warming can be done painlessly. president clinton says he will not support a tax on carbon fuels ; new energy - saving technologies, which can be encouraged through tax credits,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4590254879986382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:853f9cb7-bc72-4bed-bd3b-ad7d872bc349>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.238358"}
{"text": "go for policies that will make them poor. so they promise that combatting global warming can be done painlessly. president clinton says he will not support a tax on carbon fuels ; new energy - saving technologies, which can be encouraged through tax credits, will reduce the use of fossil fuels. but that merely demonstrates economic illiteracy. industry already has all the incentive it needs to develop and adopt worthwhile energy - saving technologies. no business wants to use more resources than necessary. cutting costs increases profits. if capitalists are as \u201c greedy \u201d as their critics say, they can be counted on to be miserly with energy. the problem for the preachers of apocalypse is that fossil fuels are the most economical fuels around. no synthetic or \u201c green \u201d form of energy can touch them for efficiency. so unless the government actually restricts their use, there will be no reduction beyond what would have occurred anyway. sooner or later the administration will propose a carbon tax to reach the 30 percent reduction it promised at kyoto. a carbon tax will be costly to everyone. the price of energy will rise dramatically, curtailing production and reducing living standards. the promise of green and rich will fade, and all of us will be poorer. the bright side of this is that the u. s. senate is not likely to ratify the global - warming treaty in its current form. republicans, who duck the basic principles, have taken the more \u201c constructive \u201d line that the treaty is unfair because developing nations are exempt. clinton and gore promise to fix that. if they do, will the republicans cave in? or will they discover that the treaty is built on bad premises and is dangerous to the well - being of every american? let \u2019 s hope it \u2019 s the latter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4482526025495608, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:853f9cb7-bc72-4bed-bd3b-ad7d872bc349>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.239078"}
{"text": "on this day - 9 july 1915 theatre definitions : western front comprises the franco - german - belgian front and any military action in great britain, switzerland, scandinavia and holland. eastern front comprises the german - russian, austro - russian and austro - romanian fronts. southern front comprises the austro - italian and balkan ( including bulgaro - romanian ) fronts, and dardanelles. asiatic and egyptian theatres comprises egypt, tripoli, the sudan, asia minor ( including transcaucasia ), arabia, mesopotamia, syria, persia, afghanistan, turkestan, china, india, etc. naval and overseas operations comprises operations on the seas ( except where carried out in combination with troops on land ) and in colonial and overseas theatres, america, etc. political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. source : chronology of the war ( 1914 - 18, london ; copyright expired ) austrian offensive on zlota lipa repulsed. italians capture malga sarta and costa bella ( trentino ). asiatic and egyptian theatres bomb thrown at sultan of egypt. naval and overseas operations south - west africa conquered ; german troops surrender unconditionally to general botha. attempted torpedo attack on cunarder \" orduna \". anglo - portuguese treaty of commerce ratified at lisbon. lord kitchener appeals for more recruits at guildhall. mr. walter long makes statement on conscription. export of gold prohibited in france.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47528055471054653, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:449d48eb-25b5-4b9a-9b30-dd5cdc0bdb17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.240667"}
{"text": "when it comes to allergies there are many different types that may affect a person. how each person is affected by these allergies may also vary from one person to another. while some allergies may only be a bother during certain seasons others may be present year round. the ones which are triggered by things such as the blooming of certain flowers or trees or various other forms of pollen or mold which are found in the air are typically considered to be seasonal allergies. this is because these allergens are only present during specific seasons. the most commons seasons for dealing with seasonal allergies are spring and fall. one of the most common triggers of seasonal allergies is pollen. this is produced by various different flowers when blooming and can be spread through the air. when the levels of pollen are high it causes a person to manifest the various symptoms of seasonal allergies. various different trees may also present problems for allergy sufferers. some of the most common types of trees that are known to produce allergy symptoms include oak, sycamore, elm, hickory, birch, cypress, walnut and maple. tree and flower pollens are generally considered to be spring time allergens because this is typically when flowers and trees bloom. summer allergies are usually caused by various types of grass pollen. this is because late spring and summer are the times when grass grows the most. there are many different types of grass depending on the area in which you live. grass allergies can be seasonal or year round especially if you come in direct contact such as when lying in the grass. this can often produce serious itching and in some cases hives. fall allergies are generally caused by various types of weeds such as ragweed, sagebrush and tumbleweed. in some areas however trees also produce pollen in the fall as well as in the spring. in order to determine what specific pollens you may be allergic to it is generally necessary to consult with an allergist. this is a health care provider that specializes in treating and identifying various allergies. an allergist can perform various tests to determine what specific things you may be allergic to. once it has been determined what your specific allergies are your doctor will then be better able to determine what will be best to treat these allergies. this is important because in some cases some medications may not be suitable for all types of allergies. while seasonal allergies are often quite bothersome they are generally not life threatening except", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47095385761249425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da1c2ff6-dbd4-4e00-9db4-cc4755ec5408>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.243797"}
{"text": "a team of researchers from universite laval, chu de quebec, and pharmaceutical firm glaxosmithkline ( gsk ) has discovered a way to stimulate the brain \u2019 s natural defense mechanisms in people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. toll - like receptor 4 stimulation with the detoxified ligand monophosphoryl lipid a improves alzheimer \u2019 s disease - related pathology, presented in an early online edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), opens the door to the development of a treatment for alzheimer \u2019 s disease and a vaccine to prevent the illness. one of the main characteristics of alzheimer \u2019 s disease is the production in the brain of a toxic molecule known as amyloid beta. microglial cells, the nervous system \u2019 s defenders, are unable to eliminate this substance, which forms deposits called senile plaques. the team led by dr. serge rivest, professor at universite laval \u2019 s faculty of medicine and researcher at the chu de quebec research center, identified a molecule that stimulates the activity of the brain \u2019 s immune cells. the molecule, known as mpl ( monophosphoryl lipid a ), has been used extensively as a vaccine adjuvant by gsk for many years, and its safety is well established. in mice with alzheimer \u2019 s symptoms, weekly injections of mpl over a twelve - week period eliminated up to 80 % of senile plaques. in addition, tests measuring the mice \u2019 s ability to learn new tasks showed significant improvement in cognitive function over the same period. the researchers see two potential uses for mpl. it could be administered by intramuscular injection to people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease to slow the progression of the illness. it could also be incorporated into a vaccine designed to stimulate the production of antibodies against amyloid beta. \u201c the vaccine could be given to people who already have the disease to stimulate their natural immunity, \u201d said serge rivest. \u201c it could also be administered as a preventive measure to people with risk factors for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. \u201d \u201c when our team started working on alzheimer \u2019 s disease a decade ago, our goal was to develop better treatment for alzheimer \u2019 s patients, \u201d explained professor rivest. \u201c with the discovery announced today, i think we \u2019 re close to our objective. \u201d in addition to rivest, the study \u2019 s co - authors are jean - philippe michaud, antoine lampron, peter theriault, paul prefontaine, mohammed filal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5035670578797328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bb4fab7-da8a-4dd8-8ba2-8ec3f3cc31bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.246333"}
{"text": "a new report published today ( 4 february ) by wwf - uk and the food ethics council examines whether reducing meat consumption, and instead placing greater value on the meat we consume, could potentially be beneficial for people \u2019 s health, the environment, and for producers and consumers. high meat consumption is associated with a number of factors related to important challenges facing the global food system, including climate change, obesity, water scarcity, land use change, global poverty and inequality. yet a simple \u2018 eat less meat \u2019 message is controversial and overly simplistic. producers and primary processors raise legitimate concerns about impacts of reduced meat production on their businesses, and politicians remain wary of industry and public reactions to the message. some have argued that a \u2018 less but better \u2019 approach could be more broadly beneficial. this report is a first step to defining what that message might look like. \u2018 valuing the meat we eat \u2019 suggests that talking about \u2018 less but better \u2019 allows people to consider the many other aspects of meat production and consumption, including animal welfare, biodiversity, farmers \u2019 profitability, taste, waste and broader health issues. it also provides an insight into where the win - wins and trade - offs may be. although only a short study, our report suggests that, with focused discussion and government - led engagement and research, this approach is worth pursuing. one aspect of the \u2018 less but better \u2019 message shone through in the research. this is the recognition that meat should be seen as a valuable, high - quality food and that consumers, retailers, farmers and producers should be encouraged to see it as such. the report \u2019 s key recommendations include : - leadership, through initiatives like the green food project, to explore mechanisms and policies that would support transition to \u2018 less but better \u2019 meat consumption ; - research to assess marketplace barriers to \u2018 less but better \u2019 and mechanisms to overcome these ; - research to better understand the relevance and impact of \u2018 less but better \u2019 meat consumption and production on different socio - economic groups, particularly those on low incomes. mark driscoll, head of corporate stewardship, food and water, at wwf - uk, said : \u201c whilst the term \u2018 better \u2019 is not easy to define, the report demonstrates that society needs to value the food we eat, especially meat, much more than we do. this may ultimately mean paying more to reflect the true social and environmental costs, whilst rewarding producers for looking after the environment. \u201c we know there are good reasons for reducing our meat consumption in the west \u2013 it \u2019 s better for the environment and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43710968031341846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:627baae0-8207-487e-ab3a-1e60afdee081>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.252270"}
{"text": ". this may ultimately mean paying more to reflect the true social and environmental costs, whilst rewarding producers for looking after the environment. \u201c we know there are good reasons for reducing our meat consumption in the west \u2013 it \u2019 s better for the environment and for health, and we eat far more than our fair share. however a simple \u2018 less meat \u2019 message could have unintended consequences for farmers \u2019 livelihoods, rural communities and landscapes and runs the risk of alienating consumers who want to eat meat. some have suggested \u2018 less but better \u2019 meat could be the answer, but no - one has really looked in to what this means. that is what we have done in this report. \u201d dan crossley, executive director of the food ethics council, said : \u201c it \u2019 s time we started recognising that our choices about what we eat have huge impacts \u2013 not just on our own health, but also on other people, animals, the planet and future generations. \u201c we must learn to appreciate our food more \u2013 and critically that includes meat. \u2018 valuing the meat we eat \u2019 sets out to explain what that might look like. we hope that it will trigger much - needed research into how such a transition could happen. \u201d - ends - notes to editors 1. wwf - uk & the food ethics council : prime cuts : valuing the meat we eat ( 4 february 2013 ) : http : / / www. wwf. org. uk / research _ centre /? 6466 2. prime cuts is the final report in the series the livestock dialogues. conducted by wwf - uk and the food ethics council, and funded by the esmee fairburn foundation, the series has engaged with farming groups, consumer groups, producers and retailers to examine issues around the eating of meat : http : / / www. wwf. org. uk / what _ we _ do / changing _ the _ way _ we _ live / food / the _ lives... 3. the food ethics council is a charity that conducts independent research on the ethics of food and farming. our aim is to create a food system that is fair and healthy for people, planet and animals. our thirteen council members are all leaders in their relevant fields, and appointed as individuals. they bring a broad range of expertise to our work, from academic research through to practical knowledge of farming, business and policy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42018228957194714, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:627baae0-8207-487e-ab3a-1e60afdee081>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.253904"}
{"text": "tuesday, december 4, 2012 today in history - tuesday, dec. 4, 2012 today is tuesday, dec. 4, the 339th day of 2012. there are 27 days left in the year. today ' s highlight in history : on dec. 4, 1619, a group of settlers from bristol, england, arrived at berkeley hundred in present - day charles city county, va., where they held a service thanking god for their safe arrival. ( some suggest this was the true first thanksgiving in america, ahead of the pilgrims ' arrival in massachusetts. ) on this date : in 1619, settlers from bristol, england, arrived at berkeley hundred in present - day charles city county, va. in 1783, gen. george washington bade farewell to his continental army officers at fraunces tavern in new york. in 1816, james monroe of virginia was elected the fifth president of the united states. in 1912, medal of honor recipient gregory \" pappy \" boyington, the marine corps pilot who led the \" black sheep squadron \" during world war ii, was born in coeur d ' alene, idaho. in 1918, president woodrow wilson left washington on a trip to france to attend the versailles ( vehr - sy ' ) peace conference. in 1942, u. s. bombers struck the italian mainland for the first time in world war ii. president franklin d. roosevelt ordered the dismantling of the works progress administration, which had been created to provide jobs during the depression. in 1965, the united states launched gemini 7 with air force lt. col. frank borman and navy cmdr. james a. lovell aboard. in 1978, san francisco got its first female mayor as city supervisor dianne feinstein ( fyn ' - styn ) was named to replace the assassinated george moscone ( mahs - koh ' - nee ). in 1984, a five - day hijack drama began as four armed men seized a kuwaiti airliner en route to pakistan and forced it to land in tehran, where the hijackers killed american passenger charles hegna. in 1991, associated press correspondent terry anderson, the longest held of the western hostages in lebanon, was released after nearly seven years in captivity. pan american world airways ceased operations. in 1992, president george h. w. bush ordered american troops to lead a mercy mission to somalia, threatening military action against warlords and gangs who were blocking food for starving millions. in 1996, the mars pathfinder lifted off from cape canaveral and began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.373982240468518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77e91f28-b327-4347-ae3d-f2934bf24075>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.287349"}
{"text": "president george h. w. bush ordered american troops to lead a mercy mission to somalia, threatening military action against warlords and gangs who were blocking food for starving millions. in 1996, the mars pathfinder lifted off from cape canaveral and began speeding toward mars on a 310 million - mile odyssey. ( it arrived on mars in july 1997. ) ten years ago : united airlines lost its bid for $ 1. 8 billion in federal loan guarantees, a major setback to the nation ' s second - largest air carrier in its efforts to avoid bankruptcy. supreme court justices heard arguments on whether federal laws intended to combat organized crime and corruption could be used against anti - abortion demonstrators. ( the court later ruled that such laws were improperly used to punish abortion opponents. ) five years ago : defending his credibility, president george w. bush said iran was dangerous and needed to be squeezed by international pressure despite a u. s. intelligence finding that tehran had halted its nuclear weapons program four years earlier. the intelligence report on iran figured in a democratic debate on national public radio as rivals assailed front - runner hillary rodham clinton for voting in favor of a senate resolution designating iran ' s revolutionary guard a terrorist organization. pimp c ( chad butler ), a rapper with the texas hip - hop group underground kingz, was found dead in a hotel room in los angeles ; he was 33. one year ago : prime minister vladimir putin ' s party hung onto its majority in russia ' s parliamentary election, but faced accusations from opponents of rigging the vote. rafael nadal recovered from a terrible start and beat juan martin del potro of argentina 1 - 6, 6 - 4, 6 - 1, 7 - 6 ( 0 ) to give spain its fifth davis cup title. after going more than two years and 26 tournaments without a victory, tiger woods won the chevron world challenge. former hewlett - packard chairwoman patricia dunn, 58, died in orinda, calif. today ' s birthdays : actress - singer deanna durbin is 91. game show host wink martindale is 79. pop singer freddy cannon is 76. actor - producer max baer jr. is 75. actress gemma jones is 70. rock musician bob mosley ( moby grape ) is 70. singer - musician chris hillman is 68. musician terry woods ( the pogues ) is 65. rock singer southside johnny lyon is 64. actor jeff bridges is 63. rock musician gary rossington ( lynyrd skynyrd ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.416154154587264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77e91f28-b327-4347-ae3d-f2934bf24075>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.288361"}
{"text": "kidney problems can often sideswipe you, hitting when you don \u2019 t expect them, as a result of health problems that don \u2019 t seem related to the kidneys at all. one of the things that can strike in this unexpected way is hemolytic uremic syndrome, or hus. it \u2019 s one of the conditions that is associated with kidney failure from e. coli bacterial infection, but that \u2019 s not the only way it can get its foot in the door. hus produces a low blood cell count, resulting in anemia, and destroys the platelets in the blood that allow clotting. it also damages small blood vessels in the kidneys, and sometimes in the heart or brain as well. when it hits the kidneys, the little filters called glomeruli get clogged with damaged blood cells and platelets, and kidney function is impaired. symptoms to watch for, especially in children, include lower urine output, a loss of energy, and very noticeable pallor. these symptoms will usually follow a bout with bloody diarrhea, often as part of some illness that affected the bowels. toxins in the bowels will somehow move from the intestines into the bloodstream, and that \u2019 s where the damage begins. so while hus is most often associated with e. coli, people need to be watchful after any illness involving diarrhea, especially with blood in it. there \u2019 s one thing that \u2019 s more positive about this form of kidney problem compared to many others : people who suffer from hus and endure some degree of kidney impairment will usually see the kidneys recover. fluid volume control through an iv is very important as a treatment. and in some severe cases, temporary dialysis may be needed while the kidneys regain their health. but most of the time, especially if the person receives medical treatment, the kidneys will recover. hus - induced kidney impairment may portend other problems in the future, however. even those who recover complete function are at a higher risk of kidney problems or high blood pressure in later years. one of the factors in this higher risk is whether other organs were severely affected by the hus as well. there aren \u2019 t many conditions that impair the kidneys that can be said to have a \u201c positive \u201d outlook, with potentially a complete recovery of the kidneys. fortunately, hus is one of them. but as with so many other things involving the kidneys, the key is to watch the symptoms, and get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45205734965025407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8993137-6c0f-44e8-91f5-2d98d9dcc3e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.290940"}
{"text": "dr. daniel hillel and the future of farming this 1971 photo provided by the world food prize foundation shows dr. daniel hillel introducing drip irrigation in japan. hillel, who is credited with developing drip irrigation methods that conserve water while allowing food to be grown in some of the world \u2019 s driest climates, was named the winner of the world food prize. the 2012 world food prize will be awarded to dr. daniel hillel for conceiving and implementing a radically new mode of bringing water to crops in arid and dry land regions \u2013 known as \u201c micro - irrigation. \u201d dr. hillel \u2019 s pioneering scientific work in israel revolutionized food production, first in the middle east, and then in other regions around the world over the past five decades. his work laid the foundation for maximizing efficient water usage in agriculture, increasing crop yields, and minimizing environmental degradation. dr. daniel hillel : inspiring future generations along with his international field and development work, dr. hillel embarked on a career in academia as a researcher and professor at the hebrew university in jerusalem, the university of massachusetts, columbia university and other major research centers worldwide. he has written or edited over 20 books on soil and water science ; his seminal textbooks have been translated into 12 languages. he has published more than 300 scientific papers, research reports, and practical manuals, and authored books for the general public on the vital role of soil and water in healthy agro - ecosystems. dr. hillel has demonstrated the synergistic linkages across food production, water management, and soil science. his achievements have been and will continue to be essential to extending the green revolution and confronting the many global challenges in fighting hunger and poverty into the next century. - demographics : james wolfensohn previous world bank president and daniel silke futurist predict global trends in tracking the future - future predictions : another nobel prize winner debunks gore \u2019 s grave predictions : redefining the post carbon world with optimism! - predictions : food price volatility and supply disruptions are coming in 2011 - announcing tedmed 2009 the future of the healthcare x prize - future predictions : a medical tricorder is in our horizon with a $ 10 million x prize challenge to diagnose patients better than a panel of board certified physicians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4728154899591855, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcb273ac-2dd3-41cf-91c1-051782dce7bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.294197"}
{"text": "gcn lab review device spots, stops advanced malware before it can cripple a network fireeye ' s virtual machines profile an attack and then disrupt it before it strikes a lot of protections are built into most federal and corporate networks these days. between firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, port monitoring and even desktop antivirus, you would think security is pretty air tight. yet major breaches such as the recent hack of the sony playstation network and other high - profile attacks show bad guys can still find ways to get through sophisticated defenses, especially if they are patient and target attacks specifically at an agency or group. the fireeye malware protection system, the gcn product of the month for june, has an unusual approach to these exploits. it uses a unique system of virtual machines that lets malware do whatever it wants, and then shuts it down on the real network. as such, no signatures are needed and even new attacks are caught before any significant damage occurs. advanced persistent threats are a new way of life is china out - gunning u. s. in cyber war? the fireeye is deployed in three components as appliances. there is an e - mail monitor, an internet traffic monitor and a control device that lets those two systems communicate with each other and work together to stop threats. the fireeye team came into the gcn lab to show what happens during a type of attack that most current protections would miss. in this example, we used the same type of technique that was performed in the recent aurora attack, considered an advanced persistent threat that targeted several high - tech firms in 2009 - 2010. in that event, hackers patiently stalked hand - chosen victims for months, gathering data on corporate security before sending e - mail messages and instant messaging notes that appeared to come from friends. in many cases, the attack was tweaked to specifically get around whatever security was in place. most attacks were delivered as a malicious binary file designed to look like a normal. jpg. once the. jpg was in place, it called home and downloaded encrypted packages of malware that were designed to steal data and cripple networks. gears of a virtual machine when a similar program was sent into a network protected by fireeye, the malicious binary began to do its dirty work like it was programmed to do. but it didn \u2019 t know that fireeye had moved it over to a virtual machine and not to an end - user \u2019 s computer. fireeye watched as the program phoned home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5370419780208444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8074793-9985-4e25-8c3b-0a5eebd22176>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.298661"}
{"text": "began to do its dirty work like it was programmed to do. but it didn \u2019 t know that fireeye had moved it over to a virtual machine and not to an end - user \u2019 s computer. fireeye watched as the program phoned home and gathered more malware components from compromised systems. it didn \u2019 t matter that the incoming malware components were encrypted to get around traditional virus scanners, because for the bad programs to activate, they had to un - encrypt themselves. and when they did, fireeye watched the process unfold. after the details of the attack were known, ports and ip addresses were blocked to prevent the malware from working its evil on the actual network. the fireeye e - mail scanner and the internet traffic scanner worked together to stop anything bad from happening. in a sense, fireeye creates a virtual honey pot for malware, lets it do what it wants, but only on the virtual and easily purged machine. then it prevents the same things from hurting the real network. a very detailed report is generated showing exactly who inside the network was targeted, what files were used and how dangerous the threat actually is to overall security. copies of all the malicious files are kept and stored in case administrators or analysts want to further examine them to learn more about the hackers. that data could be used to prevent future attacks, or even prosecute the guilty parties since the hackers \u2019 digital fingerprints will still be all over the captured files. if an attack is delivered by e - mail, fireeye can stop it from ever reaching the network, because the mail can simply be delayed while the virtual machines examine anything suspicious. however, if the attack is delivered in real time, such as through a corrupted web page, one user in the network will likely be infected because code will be executing on their computer at the same time as the virtual machine. calls out for new malware will be blocked, since fireeye monitors both inbound and outbound traffic, but one person will still have the corrupted files sitting on their computer. the good news is that administrators are immediately told exactly who is infected and how they got that way, and the infection is sealed up on that single machine. fireeye also works if someone brings a keydrive with malware into the network directly without first passing through the fireeye scanner. in that case, the malicious activity would be caught because of the outbound traffic that is being scanned, which can also be run through a virtual machine for processing. pricing for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123401780460272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8074793-9985-4e25-8c3b-0a5eebd22176>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.299736"}
{"text": "plants have evolved a number of cold - response genes encoding proteins that induce tolerance to freezing, alter water absorption and initiate many other low temperature induced processes. in the 1 april genes and development, jian - kang zhu and colleagues of the department of plant sciences, university of arizona, shed light on how these genes are regulated. lee et al. report that the protein hos1 negatively regulates cold - response genes in arabidopsis. at low temperatures, hos1 relocalizes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression ; hos1 mutants show an excessive induction of cold - response genes. the hos1 gene was mapped to chromosome ii of arabidopsis and cloned. it encodes a protein of 915 amino acids with a nuclear localization signal and a ring finger. proteins with this motif have been implicated in the breakdown of other proteins by a process that involves ubiquitination. lee et al. speculate that hos1 might regulate the function of cold - response genes by targeting the gene products for degradation. lee h, xiong l, gong z, ishitani m, stevenson b, zhu jk : the arabidopsis hos1 gene negatively regulates cold signal transduction and encodes a ring finger protein that displays cold - regulated nucleo - cytoplasmic partitioning. genes dev 2001, 15. department of plant sciences, university of arizona", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5151934953591786, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3649223e-8026-4378-8234-d8647036ba6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.302598"}
{"text": "how better to counter stalin ' s socialist realism ( above : boris vladmiriski, \" roses for stalin \" 1949 ) than by deploying art by jackson pollock, robert motherwell, willem de kooning and mark rothko? the idea was initially tested in the open in 1947 by the state department, which launched a program called \" advancing american art. \" the centerpiece was a group of 79 avante - garde paintings purchased with $ 49, 000 of government funds. over the next two decades, several exhibitions of abstract expressionism were organized, including one called \" the new american painting, \" which traveled at government expense throughout europe in the late 1950s. other shows included \" modern art in the united states \" and \" masterpieces of the twentieth century. \" cracks in the program formed fairly quickly. critics began attacking the artwork as \u201c un - american \u201d and \u201c subversive. \u201d the paintings were ridiculed in the national media and in congress. president truman, summing up the average american ' s opinion of the work, said, \" if that ' s art, then i ' m a hottentot. \" a congressman complained, \" i am just a dumb american who pays taxes for this kind of trash. \" look magazine ran an article entitled \u201c your money bought these paintings. \u201d the chairman of the house appropriations committee wrote an angry letter to the secretary of state, george c. marshall. facing such criticism, the program then went underground, and the cia devised a new strategy. millions of dollars were channeled through fake foundations and intermediate organizations with names like the congress for cultural freedom, the international organizations division ( iod ), and the propaganda assets inventory, which could influence more than 800 newspapers, magazines and public information organizations. according to former case officer donald jameson, these organizations enlisted sympathetic critics, collectors, curators, and museums \u2014 most notably rockefeller ' s museum of modern art \u2014 and swore them to secrecy. the artists themselves were unaware of the source of the the support. the fact that the us was using covert means to promote the ideals of cultural openness was an irony lost on the planners. as time went by, criticism for the exhibitions mounted, and it became clearer that many of the artists themselves were ex - communists, not exactly the sort of people that the us government wanted to back during the mccarthy era. the paintings that had been purchased by the government were recalled by secretary marshall and sold as scrap. they yielded a sum total of only $ 5, 544. many canvases sold for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4720629713611689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15beaf44-adc3-4c42-aacd-e38f8b6fd1f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.305281"}
{"text": "- if the earth rotated in the opposite sense ( clockwise rather than counterclockwise ), how long would the solar day be? - suppose that the earth \u2019 s pole was perpendicular to its orbit. how would the azimuth of sunrise vary throughout the year? how would the length of day and night vary throughout the year at the equator? at the north and south poles? where you live? - you are an astronaut on the moon. you look up, and see the earth in its full phase and on the meridian. what lunar phase do people on earth observe? what if you saw a first quarter earth? new earth? third quarter earth? draw a picture showing the geometry. - if a planet always keeps the same side towards the sun, how many sidereal days are in a year on that planet? - if on a given day, the night is 24 hours long at the north pole, how long is the night at the south pole? - on what day of the year are the nights longest at the equator? - from the fact that the moon takes 29. 5 days to complete a full cycle of phases, show that it rises an average of 48 minutes later each night. - what is the ratio of the flux hitting the moon during the first quarter phase to the flux hitting the moon near the full phase? - titan and the moon have similar escape velocities. why does titan have an atmosphere, but the moon does not? friday, october 30, 2009 astronomers have confirmed that an exploding star spotted by nasa ' s swift satellite is the most distant cosmic object to be detected by telescopes. in the journal nature, two teams of astronomers report their observations of a gamma - ray burst from a star that died 13. 1 billion light - years away. the massive star died about 630 million years after the big bang. uk astronomer nial tanvir described the observation as \" a step back in cosmic time \". professor tanvir led an international team studying the afterglow of the explosion, using the united kingdom infrared telescope ( ukirt ) in hawaii. swift detects around 100 gamma ray bursts every year he told bbc news that his team was able to observe the afterglow for 10 days, while the gamma ray burst itself lasted around 12 seconds. the event, dubbed grb 090423, is an example of one of the most violent explosions in the universe. it is thought to have been associated with the cataclysmic death of a massive star - triggered by the centre of the star", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483120091676664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbe88d6f-99d3-40e4-ae1c-e659a8cace09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.309408"}
{"text": ", dubbed grb 090423, is an example of one of the most violent explosions in the universe. it is thought to have been associated with the cataclysmic death of a massive star - triggered by the centre of the star collapsing to form a \" stellar - sized \" black hole. \" swift detects something like 100 gamma ray bursts per year, \" said professor tanvir. \" and we follow up on lots of them in the hope that eventually we will get one like this one - something really very distant. \" another team, led by italian astronomer ruben salvaterra studied the afterglow independently with the national galileo telescope in la palma. little red dot he told bbc news : \" this kind of observation is quite difficult, so having two groups have the same result with two different instruments makes this much more robust. \" \" it is not surprising - we expected to see an event this distant eventually, \" said professor salvaterra. \" but to be there when it happens is quite amazing - definitely something to tell the grandchildren. \" a gamma - ray burst recipe models assume grbs arise when giant stars burn out and collapse during collapse, super - fast jets of matter burst out from the stars collisions occur with gas already shed by the dying behemoths the interaction generates the energetic signals detected by swift remnants of the huge stars end their days as black holes the astronomers were able to calculate the vast distance using a phenomenon known as \" red shift \". most of the light from the explosion was absorbed by intergalactic hydrogen gas. as that light travelled towards earth, the expansion of the universe \" stretches \" its wavelength, causing it to become redder. \" the greater that amount of movement [ or stretching ], the greater the distance. \" he said. the image of this gamma ray burst was produced by combining several infrared images. \" so in this case, it ' s the redness of the dot that indicates that it is very distant, \" professor tanvir explained. before this record - breaking event, the furthest object observed from earth was a gamma ray burst 12. 9 billion light - years away. \" this is quite a big step back to the era when the first stars formed in the universe, \" said professor tanvir. \" not too long ago we had no idea where the first galaxies came from, so astronomers think this is a profound moment. \" this is... the last blank bit of the map of the universe - the time between the big bang and the formation of these early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5031979277756582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbe88d6f-99d3-40e4-ae1c-e659a8cace09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.310414"}
{"text": "a first year is a student at hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry who is new to hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. on average, there are around 144 new first years attending hogwarts each academic year. beginning the magical career travelling to hogwarts first years are typically eleven to twelve years of age, and begin the year by boarding the hogwarts express at exactly 11 a. m. from king ' s cross station on which they travel to hogwarts. if they are a wizarding family and live in hogsmeade, they do not need to catch the train. from there, first year students are accompanied by the keeper of keys and grounds, or another suitable teacher if they are absent, to a shady path that leads to a fleet of small boats, which magically sail themselves across the black lake to arrive at a small landing stage near the castle of hogwarts ; next, they await their turn to get sorted into their houses. a teacher takes them to a small room where they await the sorting ceremony. the older students ride up to the castle in carriages pulled by creatures called thestrals, winged horse - like creatures that are invisible to anyone who have not personally witnessed someone ' s death. the welcoming feast just before the welcoming feast begins, there is a sorting ceremony, where the students are sorted into one of four houses ( gryffindor, hufflepuff, ravenclaw, and slytherin ) by the sorting hat. when the sorting hat is placed on your head it looks inside your mind. it looks for qualities that are unique to each of the houses and then places you appropriately. after the sorting, the headmaster says a few words and the welcoming feast begins. after the meals have been eaten, the headmaster says a few more words ; then the headmaster directs the school song at the end of the start - of - term feast if he feels in a particularly festive mood, such as when harry potter came to hogwarts. the headmaster directs the song with his wand. he flicks out a ribbon that floats in the air, creating the words for the students to sing along with, each singing to the tune of their choice. the rest of the staff does not appear to have any delight in this little ritual, but for example, albus dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of : hoggy warty hogwarts teach us something, please, whether we be old and bald", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47681400623087666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.329859"}
{"text": "in this little ritual, but for example, albus dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of : hoggy warty hogwarts teach us something, please, whether we be old and bald or young with scabby knees, our heads could do with filling with some interesting stuff, for now they ' re bare and full of air, dead flies and bits of fluff, so teach us things worth knowing, bring back what we ' ve forgot, just do your best, we ' ll do the rest, and learn until our brains all rot. during the first year in astronomy, students observe the sky with their telescopes, learning the names of the stars and the movements of the planets ; they also learn about the moons of jupiter. charms students learn the levitation charm, the softening spell, the fire charm, and, as the exam requires them to make a pineapple dance across a desk, presumably the dancing charm. defence against the dark arts classes learn about the spell to give people runny noses, the spell to blast people away, and different ways to treat werewolf bites. first years also learn the basic commands one must give their ride ; they learn fundamental tricks and tips for riding. herbology students study various plants and fungi, such as a healing herb and a plant that likes strangling people ; it is in this class that they first learn the fire charm. in history of magic, they learn various names and dates, including a really evil guy, a crazy dude, the warlock ' s convention of 1709, various goblin rebellions, the inventor of the self - stirring cauldron, and the uprise of elfric the eager. transfiguration students made complex notes, and then had to learn the spell to turn a match into a needle, the mouse into snuffbox spell, and the switching spell. lastly, potions students learned the potion to cure boils, and the potion to make people forget things. | second | | defence against the dark arts | | hisory of magic | | herbology | | transfiguration ( unknown ) | | potions | first year restrictions first years cannot go to hogsmeade with the students in the third year or above, and they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being harry potter, who was given a nimbus 2000 in his first year. they also cannot take the classes divination, muggle studies, study of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4730688870617539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.330854"}
{"text": "they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being harry potter, who was given a nimbus 2000 in his first year. they also cannot take the classes divination, muggle studies, study of ancient runes, care of magical creatures and arithmancy until the third yearand up. harry ' s first year ( 1991 ) - professor mcgonagall, who tells them they will soon be sorted into their houses. all hogwarts students live in one of four residences : gryffindor, hufflepuff, ravenclaw, or slytherin. each house has its own team for quidditch. the houses are in a yearlong competition with one another to acquire the most points, which are earned by success in quidditch games, answering questions correctly in class and other things during school which teachers feel they deserve points. points are lost for student infractions. the new students are greeted at the castle door by the sorting ceremony and the welcoming feast as the students enter hogwarts, ghosts appear in the hallway. the students are led to the great hall, where the entire school waits for them. they see a pointy hat on a stool. when the students try on the sorting hat, it announces the house in which they are placed. harry becomes very nervous. he has learned that he does not care for slytherin house, as the students in it ( i. e. draco malfoy ) are unpleasant and voldemort once belonged to slytherin. finally, it ' s harry \u2019 s turn to wear the hat. after a brief mental discussion with the hat in which it tries to suggest slytherin to him, the hat places harry in gryffindor. harry is pleased to find that he is joined in gryffindor with ron and hermione. draco malfoy is placed in slytherin. everyone sits down to a grand feast to begin the year. harry is overwhelmed by the variety of luscious food served. sir nicholas de mimsy - porpington, the resident ghost of gryffindor ( popularly known as \" nearly headless nick \" because of a botched decapitation ), introduces himself to the first - year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. over dessert, the discussion turns to the children \u2019 s upbringings. a student named neville longbottom tells how his family thought he was a muggle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4794906998319338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.331763"}
{"text": "the first - year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. over dessert, the discussion turns to the children \u2019 s upbringings. a student named neville longbottom tells how his family thought he was a muggle ( or later referred as a squib ) until he survived a fall from a window. harry glances around the room and notices a few of the teachers talking to one another. one stares malevolently at harry, who immediately feels a sharp pain in his scar. harry finds out that this man is professor severus snape, the head of slytherin house who teaches potions. after dessert, dumbledore gets up to make his welcome speech. he adds a few warnings about staying away from the forbidden forest and avoiding the third - floor corridor on the right side of the school before sending everyone off to their beds. harry finds life at hogwarts unfamiliar and strange. everyone talks about him, and an adult always seems to be around when he is doing something wrong. harry finds all the classes interesting, with the exception of the history of magic. in the first transfiguration class, only hermione is able to make any progress at turning a match into a needle. harry is relieved to see that others are just as lost as he is. first years lessons / classes during breakfast the first friday, hedwig arrives with a tea invitation from hagrid. later, in his potions class, harry discovers that professor snape hates him, mocking harry as \" our new celebrity \" and then humiliating harry for his ignorance of herbs before teaching the class how to make a boil - cure potion. harry brings ron with him to hagrid \u2019 s shack for tea. harry and ron are disconcerted by hagrid ' s huge and fierce - looking dog, fang, but discover that he is gentle. hagrid tells harry that he is overreacting to snape \u2019 s treatment, asserting that snape would have no reason to hate him. harry happens to notice an article from the wizard newspaper, the daily prophet, detailing a break - in that occurred at gringotts bank in a vault that had been emptied earlier in the day. he realises that it happened on his birthday, the day he and hagrid went to gringotts. furthermore, he remembers that hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. harry leaves hagrid \u2019 s, his mind filled with questions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4631427329772171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.333680"}
{"text": "the day he and hagrid went to gringotts. furthermore, he remembers that hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. harry leaves hagrid \u2019 s, his mind filled with questions. harry is upset by news that the gryffindors will have flying lessons with the slytherins, because he does not want to spend more time with draco malfoy. madam hooch leads the class, gently sending the new fliers off the ground. neville has an accident and breaks his wrist. madam hooch takes him to the hospital wing, telling everyone to stay on the ground while she is away. malfoy notices a remembrall belonging to neville, picks it up, and begins to fly around with it. harry goes after malfoy, who throws the ball in the air. harry catches it spectacularly and lands safely back on ground. just then, professor mcgonagall arrives, reprimanding harry and ordering him to follow her. but instead of punishing him, mcgonagall introduces him to oliver wood, captain of the gryffindor quidditch team, explaining that harry will make an excellent quidditch player. at dinner, harry excitedly tells ron about joining the quidditch team but tells him that oliver wood wants to keep it a secret. malfoy comes over with his cronies vincent crabbe and gregory goyle and teases harry about getting in trouble earlier. the tension grows and malfoy challenges harry to a wizard \u2019 s duel. harry accepts, in spite of hermione \u2019 s attempt to dissuade them from breaking the school rules. as harry and ron sneak out later that night, hermione tries to stop them but gets locked out of the dorm and must tag along. neville also joins them. they arrive at the trophy room, the site of the duel, but malfoy is nowhere to be found. suddenly, they hear argus filch and his cat, mrs. norris, enter the room. they begin to hide and then run away. not sure where they are going, they accidentally end up in the forbidden area on the third floor, staring at a large and scary three - headed dog. the children manage to get back to their dorm safely, though they are terrified. hermione reprimands harry, but stirs his curiosity by pointing out that the dog was standing on a trapdoor. the next morning, harry and ron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44802964495363223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.335534"}
{"text": ". the children manage to get back to their dorm safely, though they are terrified. hermione reprimands harry, but stirs his curiosity by pointing out that the dog was standing on a trapdoor. the next morning, harry and ron are discussing what the dog could be guarding when the mail arrives. harry receives a nimbus 2000, and with a note from professor mcgonagall summoning him to quidditch practice. malfoy tells harry that first - year students are not allowed broomsticks. when he tries to report harry to professor flitwick, flitwick just expresses admiration for harry ] \u2019 s talent. harry later meets oliver wood to learn the basics of quidditch. on halloween, prof. flitwick begins teaching his students how to make things fly. only hermione succeeds ; ron, offended by her air of superiority, makes a nasty comment that hermione overhears. harry notices her running off in tears. harry and ron arrive at the halloween feast, then heard professor quirrell, the teacher of defence against the dark arts, give a terrifying announcement about a twelve - foot troll in the building. as the prefects lead the students back to their dorms, harry realises that hermione doesn ' t know about the troll. they head off to warn her and come upon the troll. unwittingly, they lock it in the girls \u2019 bathroom, only to realise that hermione is trapped in there with the troll. using teamwork and magic, the three of them manage to knock the troll out. professor mcgonagall finds them and begins to scold the boys. hermione interjects that harry and ron were looking for her. she then lies, saying that she went to face the troll herself and that harry and ron had been trying to save her from it. at this point, hermione becomes their friend. the quidditch season begins, and harry is about to play in his first match against slytherin. to prepare, harry borrows a book entitled quidditch through the ages from hermione. professor snape discovers harry, ron, and hermione out with the book one evening and confiscates it from harry on the feeble pretext that library books may not be taken outside. harry \u2019 s suspicions of snape continue to grow. harry notices that snape is limping. going off to retrieve the book from snape, harry overhears snape talking to argus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48374620778857425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.336756"}
{"text": "pretext that library books may not be taken outside. harry \u2019 s suspicions of snape continue to grow. harry notices that snape is limping. going off to retrieve the book from snape, harry overhears snape talking to argus filch about the three - headed dog, which makes harry even more suspicious. the next morning, the quidditch match begins. harry plays the position of seeker, which means he must capture a little object called the golden snitch. he spots it and is flying toward it when the slytherin seeker pushes him out of the way and is penalised. later in the game, harry \u2019 s broom begins moving uncontrollably. hagrid comments that only dark magic could make a broomstick so hard to manage. hermione notices that snape is staring at harry and muttering to himself. as the weasley twins try to rescue their team - mate harry, hermione rushes over to snape, sneaks behind him, and sets his robe on fire. suddenly, the spell on harry \u2019 s broom is broken and harry is once again in control. he starts speeding toward the ground and lands, catching the golden snitch in his mouth. hagrid takes harry back to his hut with hermione and ron, who tells harry that snape was putting a curse on his broomstick. hagrid does not believe this charge, asking why snape would try to kill harry. harry tells hagrid about snape getting injured by the dog in the third - floor corridor. hagrid involuntarily reveals that the three - headed dog, fluffy, is his, and that what the dog is guarding is a secret known only to albus dumbledore and a man named nicolas flamel. christmas is approaching. malfoy teases harry about having to stay at hogwarts for the holiday as he doesn ' t have parents. harry, however, is looking forward to spending christmas away from the dursleys, especially because ron is also staying at hogwarts. the day the before the end of term, hermione tears harry and ron away from a conversation with hagrid to look in the library for more information about nicolas flamel. the librarian catches harry prowling around the restricted - books section of the library and kicks him out. the christmas season on christmas day, harry and ron awaken to presents, though harry \u2019 s are fewer. harry receives a flute from hagrid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5101129295140046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.337669"}
{"text": "librarian catches harry prowling around the restricted - books section of the library and kicks him out. the christmas season on christmas day, harry and ron awaken to presents, though harry \u2019 s are fewer. harry receives a flute from hagrid, a fifty pence coin from the dursleys, some fudge and chocolate frogs from hermione and a knitted sweater from ron ' s mother. he also receives an invisibility cloak accompanied only by an anonymous note telling him that the cloak once belonged to harry \u2019 s father. that night, after a satisfying christmas dinner and after ron has fallen asleep, harry tries on his invisibility cloak. unseen, he is able to go to the library \u2019 s restricted - books section. but one of the books starts screaming when he opens it, so he quickly leaves. he passes argus filch and hides in an old classroom marked with an inscription that includes the word \" erised. \" inside stands an old mirror. harry looks in the mirror and sees many people standing behind him, but when he turns around in the room, he sees no one. suddenly, he recognises that two of the people in the mirror are his dead mother and father. he tries to speak to them, but they can only communicate by waving. harry lingers there a while but eventually returns to his room. the next night, harry brings ron with him to the mirror room. ron doesn ' t see harry \u2019 s parents in the mirror, but instead sees himself holding a quidditch cup. mrs. norris, filch \u2019 s prowling cat, notices them. on the third night, ron is afraid of being caught and does not want to go back, so harry returns alone. there he finds albus dumbledore, who explains to harry that the mirror, which is known as the mirror of erised, displays the deepest desire of whoever looks into it. harry is relieved to find that dumbledore is not angry. however, he warns harry that men have wasted away and been driven mad before the mirror and informs harry that the mirror will be moved to a new location. when harry asks what dumbledore sees in the mirror, the answer is \" socks \". harry finds it hard to forget the image of his parents. quidditch practice continues on, and it is revealed that snape will referee the next match. malfoy performs a leg - locker curse on neville. harry tells him he ' s \" worth twelve of malfoy \". harry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4922895358193036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.338654"}
{"text": "parents. quidditch practice continues on, and it is revealed that snape will referee the next match. malfoy performs a leg - locker curse on neville. harry tells him he ' s \" worth twelve of malfoy \". harry suddenly remembers that he read the name nicolas flamel on a chocolate frog card and the team discover that he was a famous alchemist who is the only known maker of the philosopher ' s stone ; its powers include turning any metal to gold and producing the elixir of life. the gryffindor vs. hufflepuff quidditch match arrives and snape is predictably biased. harry catches the snitch and wins the match. harry follows snape into the forbidden forest, where he meets quirrell and they speak of the philosopher ' s stone. harry comes to believe that snape is trying to figure out a way to the stone. harry, ron and hermione meet with hagrid, who confirms the stone is being kept in hogwarts. hermione charms him into talking about the enchantments used to guard it : fluffy, the three headed dog, is hagrid ' s, along with enchantments from professor sprout, professor flitwick, professor mcgonagall, professor quirrell, and severus snape. after this, harry complains about the high temperature in hagrid ' s hut, only to discover he has a dragon, which he names norbert. draco malfoy discovers the dragon. to solve the problem, they convince hagrid to send the dragon off to ron ' s brother charlie. ron ' s hand is bitten by the dragon, and he is sent off to madam pomfrey. harry and hermione smuggle norbert in a crate up to the tallest tower under harry ' s invisibility cloak and on the way they witness professor mcgonagall hauling malfoy away. they pass the crate off to charlie ' s friends, and head back down the stairs, where they meet up with argus filch, realising too late they had left the cloak behind. filch takes them to mcgonagall ' s office, where they meet neville. minerva mcgonagall, very disappointed, takes fifty points each from the three of them and gives them detention, which they will serve with malfoy. their popularity with the other students suffers because of this. a week or so before exams, harry hears professor quirrell, sounding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4920876362467314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.339572"}
{"text": "disappointed, takes fifty points each from the three of them and gives them detention, which they will serve with malfoy. their popularity with the other students suffers because of this. a week or so before exams, harry hears professor quirrell, sounding as if he was being threatened. he then runs from a classroom ahead, straightening his turban. harry heads to the library to tell ron and hermione. they are convinced snape was threatening quirrell, and means to steal the stone soon. hermione suggests they go to dumbledore. harry refuses, saying there is no proof. harry, hermione, and neville receive notes from professor mcgonagall telling them their detention would begin at eleven that night. argus filch takes them out to the forbidden forest, where hagrid waited, to take them in to do a bit of investigating he needs to do. hagrid shows them unicorn blood, and says they needed to find the unicorn. they split up, with hagrid taking harry and hermione, and neville and malfoy going with fang. hagrid encounters a few centaurs, but gets no useful information from them. hagrid sees red sparks in the air, signalling the other party is in trouble. he runs for them and returns, scolding malfoy for teasing neville. he switches harry and neville, sending harry off with malfoy. they eventually find the dead unicorn, and see something drinking its blood. malfoy screams and runs away with fang, leaving harry, who is saved from the figure by a centaur. the centaur, firenze, tells harry that the unicorn blood can keep you alive but curses you in the process. he also asks harry if he would know anyone who would want to drink the blood, or get the stone, and harry realises that the mysterious figure was voldemort. the philosopher ' s stone - dumbledore : \" harry, do you know why... prof. quirrell couldn ' t bear to have you touch him? it was because of your mother. she sacrificed herself for you. and that kind of act leaves a mark.. no, no. this kind of mark cannot be seen. it lives in your very skin. \" - harry : \" what is it? \" - dumbledore : \" love, harry. love. \" - \u2014 albus dumbledore to harry [ src ] after finishing their exams, harry realises the irony in hagr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4631938970582301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.340614"}
{"text": "skin. \" - harry : \" what is it? \" - dumbledore : \" love, harry. love. \" - \u2014 albus dumbledore to harry [ src ] after finishing their exams, harry realises the irony in hagrid wanting a dragon more than anything else, only to meet a stranger who had one to give him. he, ron and hermione run to ask him about the man who gave norbert to him, and he says he never saw his face, and was dressed in a cloak. hagrid also mentions that they talked about hogwarts and the stranger giving him drinks while getting information out of him. hagrid lets slip how to get past fluffy, which sends harry, ron, and hermione off. they head for dumbledore ' s office, only to see mcgonagall, who tells them he has left for london. mcgonagall insists no one could steal the stone, but they decide to head out that night to try to get it themselves. after cursing neville for refusing to allow them to leave, they head up to the third floor room, finding the door ajar, and a harp on the floor. harry plays the flute hagrid gave him for christmas, and fluffy goes back to sleep. they head down through the trapdoor. they land in professor sprout ' s room, devil ' s snare, which almost smothers them before hermione lights a fire, which drives it off. the next room, professor flitwick ' s, holds a bunch of flying keys and some broomsticks. harry finds one that is different from the others and catches it, unlocking the next door with it. the next room is professor mcgonagall ' s, and has a large chessboard, for a game of wizard ' s chess which ron helps them win, at the cost of him getting knocked out. harry and hermione continue to the next room, professor quirrell ' s, which has an unconscious troll. lastly, they enter professor snape ' s room, and find seven potions in bottles along with a roll of paper giving clues on which one to drink to continue. hermione solves the puzzle, and at harry ' s instruction, drinks the one that will allow her to head back, while harry drinks the one to head into the final room, where he is surprised at who he sees. it is quirrell in the room, not snape. harry, astonished,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4785717298202713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.341574"}
{"text": "instruction, drinks the one that will allow her to head back, while harry drinks the one to head into the final room, where he is surprised at who he sees. it is quirrell in the room, not snape. harry, astonished, hears quirrell tell him that next to snape, no one would expect him to try to steal the stone. harry notices the mirror of erised, and quirrell stops to examine it, saying it was the key to get the stone. to distract him from the mirror, harry questions quirrell, who said that he was serving lord voldemort, and although snape hated harry, he never wanted him dead. quirrell asked for help from his master to get the stone, and a voice tells him to use the boy. harry is told to look into the mirror. he sees his reflection pull the stone out of his pocket and put it back in, and he feels it drop into his own pocket. he lies to quirrell about what he sees, and quirrell takes his turban off to show harry what lies on the back of his head. voldemort demands harry give him the stone, and when harry refuses, he runs, and quirrell seizes him, but the contact with harry ' s skin burns him. harry grabs quirrell ' s face, then his arm, and holds on, with pain in his head building until he feels the arm wrenched away before he blacks out. he woke in the hospital wing with albus dumbledore there, telling him quirrell did not succeed at getting the stone, and indeed the stone has been destroyed. dumbledore explained the reason why quirrell could not touch him was that because harry ' s mother had died to save him, protecting him with her love. hagrid showed up later and gave harry a book of photos of his parents. at the end of term feast, dumbledore awards ron and hermione fifty points, harry sixty points, and neville ten, which allows them to win the house cup. harry, ron and hermione all said their goodbyes before heading home. - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( first appearance ) - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( film ) - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( video game ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( film ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( video game ) - harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46889048384346976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db1dfaa4-5d60-4cd8-9399-0485f7ee4057>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.342471"}
{"text": "it is impossible for the information in dna to have emerged through coincidences and natural processes. the theory of evolution, which accounts for the origin of life in terms of chance, cannot provide a coherent explanation for even the existence of the most basic molecules in the cell. advances in genetic science and the discovery of the nucleic acids, dna and rna, represented still further impasses for the theory. in 1955, research by two scientists, james watson and francis crick, brought to light the dna \u2019 s unbelievably complex structure and design. the molecule known as dna, found in every one of the 100 trillion cells in the human body, contains a flawless structural blueprint for the body as a whole. information regarding all a person \u2019 s characteristics, from external appearance to the structures of the internal organs, is recorded in the dna through a special coding system, via the arrangement of four special molecules that constitute the dna spiral. these molecules, known as nucleotides, are referred to by their initial letters : a, t, g and c. all the structural differences between human beings stem from these letters being arranged differently from one another. the arrangement of these molecules in dna determines a person \u2019 s structure, down to the minutest detail. in addition to features such as height and the color of the eyes, hair and skin, the blueprints concerning the body \u2019 s 206 bones, 600 muscles, 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion cells are all contained in the dna in any single cell. if you were to put down all the information in dna on paper, you would need to a library of 900 volumes of 500 pages each. yet this unimaginable amount of information is coded in the components of the dna known as genes. any error arising in the arrangement of the nucleotides making up a gene will make that gene totally functionless. bear in mind that there are 40, 000 genes in the human body, and it seems absolutely impossible for the millions of nucleotides comprising these genes to have assumed their correct order by chance. a medium protein might include about 300 amino acids. the dna gene controlling this would have about 1, 000 nucleotidase in its chain. since there are four kinds of nucleotidase in a dna chain, one consisting of 1, 000 links could exist in 41000 or 10600. ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 1 followed by 600 zeros! imagine how many universes it would take to accommodate 10600 dna chains!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5801824988899318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85283061-c578-425c-b4ed-1216ae6278a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.346478"}
{"text": "dna chain, one consisting of 1, 000 links could exist in 41000 or 10600. ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 1 followed by 600 zeros! imagine how many universes it would take to accommodate 10600 dna chains! 130 following a small logarithmic calculation, in 41000 is equivalent to a probability of 1 in 10600. that number is 1 followed by 600 zeros. since 1 followed by 11 zeros equals 1 trillion, it is absolutely impossible to conceive of the number represented by 1 and 600 zeros. the impossibility of nucleotides coming together by chance to constitute dna and rna is expressed by the french evolutionist scientist paul auger : we have to sharply distinguish the two stages in the chance formation of complex molecules such as nucleotides by chemical events. the production of nucleotides one by one \u2014 which is possible \u2014 and the combination of these within very special sequences. the second is absolutely impossible. 131 the chances of a protein and nucleic acid ( dna - rna ) forming are far beyond what is estimated. in fact, the odds of a specific protein chain coming about are astronomically small. 132 the theory of evolution has not proven any of the evolutionary formations alleged to have taken place at the molecular level. as science progresses, far from producing answers to these questions, it actually makes those questions more complex and unanswerable, and thus confirms creation by default. however, evolutionists have conditioned themselves to deny creation and are thus left with no alternative than to believe in the impossible. in his book evolution : a theory in crisis, the well - known australian molecular biologist michael denton describes the situation : to the skeptic, the proposition that the genetic programmes of higher organisms, consisting of something close to a thousand million bits of information, equivalent to the sequence of letters in a small library of 1, 000 volumes, containing in encoded form countless thousands of intricate algorithms controlling, specifying, and ordering the growth and development of billions and billions of cells into the form of a complex organism, were composed by a purely random process is simply an affront to reason. but to the darwinist, the idea is accepted without a ripple of doubt \u2014 the paradigm takes precedence! 133 130 frank b. salisbury, \u201c doubts about the modern synthetic theory of evolution. \u201d american biology teacher, september 1971, p. 336. 131 paul auger, de la physique theorique a la biologie, 1970, p. 118. 132 ali demi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5867526342719933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85283061-c578-425c-b4ed-1216ae6278a1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.347561"}
{"text": "blame the advertising man who misnamed it in the 1930s, but athlete ' s foot has nothing to do with athletes. it ' s a fungal infection of the feet. also known as tinea pedis, or \" ringworm of the feet, \" it has nothing to do with worms either. the trichophyton fungus that causes the redness, itching, cracking, and scaling of athlete ' s foot can also infect the scalp, where it causes hair loss and scaly patches ; the body, where it causes round, red, scaly patches that itch ; and the groin, where the so - called \" jock itch \" causes itching and thickening of the skin. so what causes athlete ' s foot? - athlete ' s foot is the most common fungal infection of the skin. it affects more men than women, probably because men typically wear heavy, often airtight shoes, and the fungus loves hot, dark, moist environments. - contrary to popular myth, athlete ' s foot fungus isn ' t just found in locker rooms, although the moist locker - room environment is perfect for fungal growth. in fact, most people harbor the fungus on their skin, but it ' s kept in check by bacteria that also normally live on the skin. - skin that is irritated, weakened, or continuously moist is primed for an athlete ' s foot infection. and certain medications, including antibiotics, corticosteroids, birth control pills, and drugs that suppress immune function, can make you more susceptible. people who are obese and those who have diabetes mellitus or a weakened immune system, such as those with aids, also are at increased risk. although anyone can get athlete ' s foot, teenage and adult males are at the top of the fungus - foot list. most cases of athlete ' s foot cause only bothersome redness, itching, flaking, and scaling on the soles of the feet and between the toes. in severe cases, however, blisters form on the soles of the feet ; fissures, or cracks, that weep fluid can also open between the toes. these fissures can cause a stinging pain and are vulnerable to secondary infection. when the infection involves the toenails, it can cause the nails to become discolored and thick. also, if left untreated, athlete ' s foot can infect other parts of the body. doctors don ' t agree on exactly how athlete ' s foot is spread, but most believe it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4129561617301052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfed4657-06a8-4942-926c-35db9169a864>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.351825"}
{"text": "the nails to become discolored and thick. also, if left untreated, athlete ' s foot can infect other parts of the body. doctors don ' t agree on exactly how athlete ' s foot is spread, but most believe it ' s passed by direct contact with an infected person or with a contaminated surface, such as the floor of a shower stall. but the real determinants of whether or not you ' ll get the infection are how susceptible you are and how dry you keep your feet. if you have contracted athlete ' s foot, don ' t despair. you can try a number of home remedies to give your athlete ' s foot the boot. see the next page to get started. this information is solely for informational purposes. it is not intended to provide medical advice. neither the editors of consumer guide ( r ), publications international, ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. the publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39712984967371057, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfed4657-06a8-4942-926c-35db9169a864>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.352458"}
{"text": "what to expect during radiation therapy for oral cancer external radiation therapy external beam radiation therapy is the most common type of radiation given for oral cancer. radiation from a source outside the body is usually directed at the tumor site. you may also receive radiation to your neck. this type of radiation may come from a machine called a linear accelerator. preparing for your first treatment before you start radiation, you ' ll need a dental exam. if your teeth are in poor condition, the dentist will remove them. if all your teeth need to be removed, your dentist can create dentures for you to wear after the treatment is finished and any swelling has gone down. removing teeth in bad condition helps prevent radiation damage to your jawbone, called osteoradionecrosis. before your first appointment to get radiation, you will have an appointment to learn exactly where on your body the radiation beam needs to be directed, in a process called simulation. the appointment may take up to two hours. here ' s what you can expect to happen during the simulation process : you ' ll lie still on a table while a radiation therapist uses a machine to identify your treatment field, which may also be called your port. the field is the exact area on your body where the radiation will be aimed. you may have more than one treatment field if you have cancer in more than one place. the therapist will mark your skin with tiny dots of colored permanent ink or tattoos. in this way, the therapist can aim the radiation at the same place each time. you may also have imaging scans, such as ct scans, to help doctors know the exact location of your tumor to better determine the treatment area. you may also have a face mask or other body molds made. molds are used to help keep you from moving during the treatments. you can get radiation as an outpatient at a hospital or clinic. that means you don ' t need to stay the night. you ' ll receive a schedule for radiation therapy. the schedule usually is for five days a week for six to seven weeks. spreading out the radiation dose helps protect your healthy tissue. some patients can be treated with newer techniques that are given twice daily on some or all of the treatment days. they receive better tumor control, but may have more side effects. on the days you receive radiation treatment, you ' ll lie on a table while the machine is placed over you. some radiation centers use a face mask to limit your movement while the radiation is being given. you may have to wear a hospital gown. a radiation therapist may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4714839793093518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4961a6-b972-42d5-843d-f61482087057>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.355950"}
{"text": "receive radiation treatment, you ' ll lie on a table while the machine is placed over you. some radiation centers use a face mask to limit your movement while the radiation is being given. you may have to wear a hospital gown. a radiation therapist may place blocks or special shields to protect parts of your body that don ' t need to be exposed to radiation. to protect you, the therapist also lines up the machine exactly with your marked treatment fields, located during the earlier simulation. the experience is much like that of getting an x - ray, only it lasts longer ( about 15 to 30 minutes for the whole process, with about one to five minutes of that spent getting the radiation ). the radiation therapist will leave the room to turn on the machine, but you will be able to talk to the therapist over an intercom. you can ' t feel radiation so it will be painless. you may hear whirring or clicking noises. you will not be radioactive afterward. brachytherapy ( internal radiation therapy ) brachytherapy usually comes from an implant placed in or near the cancerous area. the radiation material may be in flexible tubes called catheters or metal rods. you may need to stay in the hospital for a few days while the treatment is done. and you may need to limit the time that people visit you. you may have pain and nausea as side effects. these should go away when the treatment is done. when doctors remove the implant, your body will no longer be radioactive. in the past, doctors sometimes implanted radioactive pellets that would stay in the body permanently. this treatment is no longer popular for oral cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4830901431603185, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d4961a6-b972-42d5-843d-f61482087057>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.356651"}
{"text": "| rosat home page | | rosat the time variability of x - ray emission can be studied with the hri since each detected photon has its time of arrival recorded by the detector. the accuracy of this time is limited by the electronic resolution of the hri processor which is 61 sec relative to the rosat spacecraft clock. the relative arrival times of photons during a single observation is accurate to this value. the absolute accuracy of the rosat spacecraft clock, and its conversion to ut, is expected to be a few milliseconds. the hri has a processing dead time during which events may not be counted which varies between 0. 36 and 1. 35 msec per event. the variation is discussed in section 188. 8. 131. 52 and depends on the fine position of the event. thus there is a dead time correction that needs to be made for calculating the true event rate from a source. a mean dead time of = 0. 81 msec can be used for this purpose, and the true rate is then given by :, where n is the observed rate. due to the telescope wobble and the small variations in the qe of the hri on spatial scales of a few arc minutes ( see fig. 5. 13 ), the count rate of a source can vary by 5 % between the extremities of a wobble. this can produce a low amplitude source variability on a time scale of approximately 100 - 400 seconds in some sources. as for the pspc, the hri observations are typically interrupted once per orbit, and sometimes as much a three times per orbit. typical continuous viewing times for a source will be about 2000 seconds, with some cases lasting up to 4000 seconds. long term monitoring of sources on time scales of weeks of more will be limited by the solar view constraints of the satellite. this limits source accessibility to about one month every six months for a source in the elliptic plane, with greater access time for sources closer to the ecliptic poles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5308708968889211, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32e7c4e9-4f66-4a50-825f-0e4d7779c26b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.358654"}
{"text": "in a country of nearly 310, 000, 000, the burdens placed on hospitals are both enormous and complex as they attempt to provide first rate health care to an ever - increasing population while adhering to strict and sometimes contradictory regulations from several different sources. to understand the scope of issues a hospital may face on any given day, it is important to become familiar with the building blocks that make up today \u2019 s health care hierarchy. who is responsible for oversight? at the top of the health care pyramid is the nation \u2019 s president, barack obama. underneath the president lies a complex organization of individuals and agencies at both the federal and state level, who make up the gargantuan structure commonly referred to as health care. the president directly oversees the office of the secretary, u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ). the following is the organizational chart for hhs : leading the hhs is the acting secretary, who is responsible for protecting the health of all americans and providing essential human services to those in need. the acting secretary also serves as the assistant secretary for budget, technology, and finance. next, the office of intergovernmental affairs ( iga ) serves the secretary as the primary link between the hhs and state, local, and tribal governments. after the iga is the office of public health and science ( ophs ). the ophs is comprised of 12 core public health offices and the commissioned corps, a uniformed service of more than 6, 000 health professionals who serve at hhs and other federal agencies. the assistant secretary for health ( ash ) oversees the ophs and stands as the primary advisor to the secretary of the hhs on matters involving the nation \u2019 s public health. the surgeon general, head of the office of the surgeon general ( osg ), is responsible for overseeing all ophs operations. thereafter, the agencies below ophs include : - office of the assistant secretary for administration and management ( asam ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for resources and technology ( asrt ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation ( aspe ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for preparedness and response ( aspr ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for legislation ( asl ) ; - office of the assistant secretary for public affairs ( aspa ) ; - office of the general counsel ( ogc ) ; - office of medicare hearings and appeals ( omha ) ; - office for civil rights ( ocr ) ; - office of inspector general ( o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4308435506141332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a71bd16-8c19-4ba6-9b99-5b1377f23668>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.365500"}
{"text": "assistant secretary for public affairs ( aspa ) ; - office of the general counsel ( ogc ) ; - office of medicare hearings and appeals ( omha ) ; - office for civil rights ( ocr ) ; - office of inspector general ( oig ) ; - office of global health affairs ( ogha ) ; - departmental appeals board ( dab ) ; - office of the national coordinator for health information technology ( onc ) ; and - center for faith - based and community initiatives ( cfbci ). the key operating divisions under ophs jurisdiction include : - administration for children and families ( acf ) ; - administration on aging ( aoa ) ; - agency for healthcare research and quality ( ahrq ) ; - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ) ; - centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) ; - centers for medicare & medicaid services ( cms ) ; - food and drug administration ( fda ) ; - health resources and services administration ( hrsa ) ; - indian health service ( ihs ) ; - national institutes of health ( nih ) ; and - substance abuse and mental health services administration ( samhsa ). each of the agencies and divisions under the ophs serves a critical role in the delivery of health care nationwide, though some have a more prominent place in the public spotlight due to the nature of their jurisdiction. for example, one such division is the centers for medicare & medicaid services ( cms ). among its many roles, cms is responsible for overseeing the certification of hospitals so that they can qualify for state and / or federal funding. hospital clinical laboratories must be approved by a division of cms, commonly known as clia ( the clinical laboratory improvement amendments ). covering approximately 200, 000 laboratory programs, clia regulates all laboratory testing ( except research ) performed on humans in the united states. another important agency under hhs is the food and drug administration ( fda ). protecting and promoting public health, the fda consists of nine centers / offices, including : - center for biologics evaluation and research ( cber ) ; - center for devices and radiological health ( cdrh ) ; - center for drug evaluation and research ( cder ) ; - center for food safety and applied nutrition ( cfsan ) ; - center for veterinary medicine ( cvm ) ; - national center for toxicological research ( nctr ) ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of the commissioner ( oc ) ; and - office of regulatory affairs (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44261737407901264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a71bd16-8c19-4ba6-9b99-5b1377f23668>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.367411"}
{"text": "( cfsan ) ; - center for veterinary medicine ( cvm ) ; - national center for toxicological research ( nctr ) ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of the commissioner ( oc ) ; and - office of regulatory affairs ( ora ). though itself a regulatory agency, even within the fda there exist many additional levels of oversight. inside the oc, for example, at least 18 different entities are tasked with implementing the fda \u2019 s mission efficiently and effectively. these programs and offices include : - ethics program ; - good clinical practice program ; - history office ; - office of chief counsel ; - office of combination products ; - office of crisis management ; - office of equal employment opportunity and diversity management ; - office of financial management ; - office of international programs ; - office of the ombudsman ; - office of orphan products development ; - office of pediatric therapeutics ; - office of planning ; - office of policy ; - office of public affairs ; - office of special health issues ; - office of women \u2019 s health ; and - small business program. accreditation and certification due to the sensitive nature of their services, hospitals must exist in a heavily regulated industry. notwithstanding the seemingly endless number of agencies within agencies within hhs, the federal government is only part of the overall health care regulatory equation. accreditation, certification and periodic review come from a variety of both public and private sources, though the goal is generally consistent : develop uniform standards to ensure that hospitals in the united states all operate at an acceptable safety level and deliver quality patient care in an appropriate and effective manner. any one healthcare institution can be subject to accreditation review at any time from entities such as the joint commission, healthcare facilities accreditation program ( hfap, formerly the american osteopathic association ), community health accreditation program, accreditation commission for health care, the compliance team, or healthcare quality association on accreditation ( hqaa ). each program or department is governed by its own set of rules. for example, joint commission surveys hospitals by following more than 276 standards, reviewing 1, 612 elements of performance. hfap does largely the same thing, pursuant to its 1, 100 or more individual standards. focusing on durable medical equipment ( dme ), hqaa has developed its own review process, and \u201c vows to continuously strive to set standards of the highest quality on behalf of the dme industry and business owners. \u201d indeed, hqaa \u201c listen [ s ]... act [ s ]... [ and ] stand [ s ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44431874158121204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a71bd16-8c19-4ba6-9b99-5b1377f23668>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.368443"}
{"text": "\u201c vows to continuously strive to set standards of the highest quality on behalf of the dme industry and business owners. \u201d indeed, hqaa \u201c listen [ s ]... act [ s ]... [ and ] stand [ s ] together and in unison to bring the whole of dme service and provision to the next level. \u201d there are numerous other entities participating in the certification / accreditation process, and virtually every facet of the health care system is governed and reviewed by multiple organizations. take the american hospital association, which designs and administers certification programs to recognize mastery of well - defined bodies of knowledge within health care management disciplines. the certification commission for healthcare information technology is a recognized certification body for electronic health records and their networks. even educational programs, general education or specialty education ( such as podiatric medicine ) must receive proper accreditation in a hospital setting. in addition to the list above, every hospital is subject to special regulations from its own state. health care facilities in california are licensed, regulated, inspected, and / or certified by a number of public and private agencies at both the state and federal level, including the california department of public health ( cdph, previously called the california department of health services ). state and federal agencies have separate jurisdictions, but there is overlap. for example, cdph \u2019 s license and certification division ( \u201c l & c \u201d ) is responsible for ensuring that hospitals comply with state law, but it also cooperates with cms to verify that facilities accepting medicare and medi - cal ( medi - cal is california \u2019 s version of medicaid ) payments meet federal requirements. california \u2019 s office of statewide health planning and development ( oshpd ) regulates hospital construction and administers programs which endeavor to implement the vision of \u201c equitable healthcare accessibility for california. \u201d these two examples serve to emphasize as well as outline the complexities of state regulations that often accompany their federal counterparts. cdph is divided into eight separate programs, including : - office of the director, or state public health officer ; - external affairs ; - policy and programs ; - center for chronic disease and health promotion ; - center for environmental health ; - center for family health ; - center for health care quality ; and - center for infectious disease. like cdph, oshpd is part of california \u2019 s health and human services agency. made up of six separate boards and commissions, oshpd \u2019 s mission is \u201c to promote healthcare accessibility through leadership in analyzing california \u2019 s healthcare infrastructure, promoting a diverse and competent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4812241110904786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a71bd16-8c19-4ba6-9b99-5b1377f23668>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.369459"}
{"text": "symposium takes a look at the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of latinos in the midwest by kelli andresen for iowa now while food, culture, and music are the most visible manifestations of latinos \u2019 presence in the midwest, their influence in the region is more widespread but less known. latino workers have harvested the region \u2019 s crops, manufactured its industrial goods, and processed its livestock. moreover, latino business owners have rejuvenated abandoned downtowns, while students have increased enrollments and diversified schools. the contributions of latinos to the nation \u2019 s heartland are the focus of the latino midwest, the 2012 - 13 university of iowa obermann - international programs humanities symposium. this interdisciplinary conference will examine the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of latinos in light of the demographic changes experienced by midwestern states with growing latino populations. \u201c people often think of latinos as recent immigrants to the midwest, \u201d says omar valerio - jimenez, associate professor of history and symposium co - director, \u201c but latinos have been in the region since the late nineteenth century. the symposium will showcase latinos \u2019 long history in the midwest and highlight their dramatic population growth, increasing political clout, and crucial economic contributions. \u201d the main symposium takes place oct. 11 - 13 and will include panels, lectures, performances, and literary readings. the latino midwest is organized by three faculty members in the ui college of liberal arts and sciences : claire fox, associate professor of english and spanish and portuguese, whose teaching and research interests include the literature and arts of the americas ; valerio - jimenez, who is currently working on a study of latinos in early 20th - century iowa that explores acculturation, labor, and gender relations ; and santiago vaquera - vasquez, assistant professor of spanish and portuguese, a chicano writer, and member of the creative writing section in spanish whose current research focuses on literature and art from the u. s. / mexico borderlands. related events extend beyond the main symposium. all of the events, with the exception of the lila downs concert, are free and open to the public. for a list of related events and more information, visit iowa now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4103380907217567, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f99585c-ae1d-43cd-8b34-70f11f2d336a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.373446"}
{"text": "transboundary unesco biosphere reserve \" mura - drava - danube \" under the auspices of the ramsar cop11, representatives of the governments of austria, croatia, hungary, serbia and slovenia, iucn, icpdr, ramsar secretariat, wetlands international, wwf, other ngos and participants at the conference gathered to celebrate the new achievements on the way to designate the pentalateral unesco biosphere reserve \u201c mura - drava - danube \u201d. wwf \u2019 s introduction to the initiative to conserve the unique natural values of the three rivers mura, drava and the danube, and their floodplains, was followed by statements of the five countries ( austria, croatia, hungary, serbia and slovenia ) highlighting their commitment to achieve the final designation of the area as a biosphere reserve. the efforts made up to date by all parties involved were rewarded by the announcement of the first nomination of a significant part of the area ( 80 %, about 630. 000 ha ) shared by croatia and hungary, as a biosphere reserve. the importance of the initiative for nature conservation but at the same time as a framework for increased cooperation between the countries to commonly address upcoming threats from unsustainable development ( especially navigation ) was emphasized by iucn, icpdr, ramsar and wetlands international representatives. from a global perspective, the \u201c mura \u2013 drava \u2013 danube \u201d transboundary biosphere reserve would also serve as a leading example of international cooperation to save one of the last remaining natural wetland areas in europe. read more here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44468336778931417, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27bb3da3-b1b2-4e0b-97d7-a18299a225c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.375126"}
{"text": "key tools for tackling invasive species 31 may 2011 | news story prevention, eradication and early detection system are key tools for tackling invasive species. this was the conclusion of the conference \u201c the challenge of invasive species and destructive insects \u201d organised on the 24 may 2011 in the european parliament. the event highlighted disastrous consequences of the proliferation of invasive species and shaped the necessary tools for putting an end to this plague. \u201c invasive alien species should be regarded as one of the most important environmental topics in europe. to stop their spread in europe it is critical to act, and to act quickly, \u201d argued mep gaston franco, chair of the conference \u201c the challenge of invasive species and destructive insects \u201d. one out of every ten introduced species becomes invasive due to their ability to compete with indigenous species. this worrying problem has a major impact not only on environment but also on the economy and health. as recalled by pia bucella, director in dg environment, 12 billion euros are lost every year due to invasive alien species while at the global level it amounts to 1. 4 trillion per year. surprisingly, there is no eu comprehensive instrument to tackle this problem. local solutions are therefore implemented such as the ambitious strategy in the city of nice ( france ) to cope with the devastating red palm weevil or the program to stop the invasion of grey squirrels in some parts of the uk. everybody agreed that prevention through communication, education and full involvement of the public combined with eradication and early detection system are powerful tools. piero genovesi from iucn called for an early warning rapid response system enabling to share information globally and rapidly. whatever the solution, both animal welfare and human ethics should be taken into account, according to prof. dirk lips from the kul university. organized by the secretariat of the european parliament intergroup \u201c climate change, biodiversity and sustainable development \u201d, run jointly by the european bureau for conservation and development ( ebcd ) and the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ), the conferencebrought together high level international, european, national and regional experts. for more information, please contact melanie lamaison from ebcd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46119768750971024, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e286e30b-8b8b-46e5-b5e6-e7fb053913d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.378780"}
{"text": "may be of interest to some of my readers. 1. data protection challenge of the future : what is big data? the three v \u2019 s - volume, velocity, and variety \u2013 are the essential characteristics of \u201c big data \u201d. while data protection and privacy laws are still busy catching up with technologies of yesterday, big data is growing at a lightning speed on a daily basis. how can companies deal with the data protection challenges brought about by big data in order to truly benefit from the opportunities introduced by big data? first, one must truly grasp what is big data. we interview jeff jonas, chief scientist at ibm entity analytics, to obtain his perspectives and definition of big data, and his experience handling big data. 2. when did data become big? big data did not become big overnight. what i think happened is data started getting generated faster than organizations could get their hands around it. then one day you simply wake up and feel like you are drowning in data. on that day, data felt big. 3. please explain and elaborate on the characteristics of big data? big data means different things to different people. personally, my favorite definition is : \u201c something magical happens when very large corpuses of data come together. \u201d some example of this can be seen at google, for example google flu trends and google translate. in my own work, i witnessed this first in 2006. in this particular system, the system started getting higher quality predictions and faster as it ingested more data. this is so counter intuitive. the easiest way to explain this though is to consider the familiar process of putting a puzzle together at home. why is it do you think the last few pieces are as easy as the first few \u2013 even though you have more data in front of you then ever before? same thing really that is happening in my systems these days. it \u2019 s rather exciting to tell you the truth. to elaborate briefly on the new physics of big data, i pinpointed the three phenomena of big data physics in my blog entry - big data. new physics \u2013 drawing from my personal experience of 14 years of designing and deploying a number of multi - billion row context accumulating systems : 1. better prediction. simultaneously lower false positives and lower false negatives 2. bad data good. more specifically, natural variability in data including spelling errors, transposition errors, and even professionally fabricated lies \u2013 all helpful. 3. more data faster. less compute effort as the database gets bigger. another definition of big data is related to the ability for organizations to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5926821301568097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f87d6b-0d8b-4a3a-836b-16cfd3af3e2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.386909"}
{"text": ", natural variability in data including spelling errors, transposition errors, and even professionally fabricated lies \u2013 all helpful. 3. more data faster. less compute effort as the database gets bigger. another definition of big data is related to the ability for organizations to harness data sets previously believed to be \u201c too large to handle. \u201d historically, big data means too many rows, too much storage and too much cost for organizations who lack the tools and ability to really handle data of such quantity. today, we are seeing ways to explore and iterate cheaply over big data. 4. when did data become big for you? what is your \u201c big data \u201d processing experience? as previously mentioned, for me, big data is about the magical things that happen when a critical mass is reached. to be honest, big data does not feel big to me unless it is hard to process and make sense of. a few billion rows here and a few billion rows there \u2013 such volumes once seemed a lot of data to me. then helping organizations think about dealing volumes of 100 million or more records a day seemed like a lot. today, when i think about the volumes at google and facebook, i think : \u201c now that really is big data! \u201d my personal interest and primary focus on big data these days is : how to make sense of data in real time, that is fast enough to do something about the transaction while the transaction is still happening. while you swipe that credit card, there is only a few seconds to decide if that is you or maybe someone pretending to be you. if an unauthorized user is inside your network, and data starts getting pumped out, an organization needs sub - second \u201c sense and respond \u201d capabilities. end of day batch processes producing great answers is simply late! 5. what are the technologies currently adopted to process big data? the availability of big data technologies seems to be growing by leaps and bounds and on many fronts. we are seeing a large corporate investments resulting in commercial products \u2013 at ibm two examples would be ibm infosphere streams for big data in motion and ibm infosphere big insights for pattern discovery over data at rest. there are also many big data open source efforts under way for example hadoop, cassandra and lucene. if one were to divide these into types one would find some well suited for streaming analytics and others for batch analytics. some help organizations harness structured data while others are ideal for unstructured data. one thing is for sure \u2013 there are many options, and there will be many more choices to come as big data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5702130608694491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f87d6b-0d8b-4a3a-836b-16cfd3af3e2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.388122"}
{"text": "well suited for streaming analytics and others for batch analytics. some help organizations harness structured data while others are ideal for unstructured data. one thing is for sure \u2013 there are many options, and there will be many more choices to come as big data continues to get investment. 6. how can companies benefit from the use of big data? i \u2019 d like to think consumers benefit too, just to be clear. to illustrate my point, i find it very helpful when google responds to my search with \u201c did you mean _ _ _ _ _ _ \u201d. to pull this very smart stunt, google must remember the typographical errors of the world, and that i do believe would qualify as big data. moreover, i think health care is benefiting from big data, or let \u2019 s hope so. organizations like financial institutions and insurance companies are benefitting from big data also by using these insights to run more efficient operations and mitigate risks. we, you and i, are responsible in part for generating so much big data. these social media platforms we use to speak our mind and stay connected are responsible for massive volumes of data. companies know this and are paying attention. for example, my friend \u2019 s wife complained on twitter about a specific company \u2019 s service. not long thereafter they reached out to her because they too were listening. they fixed the problem and she was as happy as ever. how did the company benefit? they kept a customer. 7. what is the trend of processing big data? i think a lot of big data systems are running as periodic batch processes, for example, once a week or once a month. my suspicion is as these systems begin to generate more and more relevant insight, it will not be long before the users say : \u201c why did i have to wait until the end of the week to learn that? they already left the web site. \u201d ; or, \u201c i already denied their loan when it is now clear i should have granted them that loan. \u201d 8. what are the complications dealing with the privacy implications brought about by big data compare to average sized data? there are lots of privacy complications that come along with big data. consumers, for example, often want to know what data an organization collects and the purpose of the collection. something that further complicates this : i think many consumers would be surprised to know what is computationally possible with big data. for example, where you are going to be next thursday at 5 : 35pm or your three best friends, and which two of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45017516518984485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f87d6b-0d8b-4a3a-836b-16cfd3af3e2c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.389248"}
{"text": "complicates this : i think many consumers would be surprised to know what is computationally possible with big data. for example, where you are going to be next thursday at 5 : 35pm or your three best friends, and which two of them are not on facebook. big data is making it harder to have secrets. to illustrate using lines from my blog entry - using transparency as a mask \u2013 \u2018 unlike two decades ago, humans are now creating huge volumes of extraordinarily useful data as they self - annotate their relationships and yours, their photographs and yours, their thoughts and their thoughts about you \u2026 and more. with more data, comes better understanding and prediction. the convergence of data might reveal your \u201c discreet \u201d rendezvous or the fact you are no longer on speaking terms your best friend. no longer secret is your visit to the porn store and the subsequent change in your home \u2019 s late night energy profile, another telling story about who you are \u2026 again out of the bag, and little you can do about it. pity \u2026 you thought that all of this information was secret. \u2019 9. what are the privacy concerns & threats big data might bring about - to companies and to individuals whose data are contained in ' big data '? my number one recommendation to organizations is \u201c avoid consumer surprise. \u201d 10. how are companies currently applying privacy protection principles before / after big data has been processed? i think there are many best practices being adopted. one of my favorites involves letting consumers opt - in instead of opting them in automatically and then requiring them to opt - out. one new thing i would like to see become a new best practice is : a place on the web site, for example my bank, where i can see a list of third parties whom my bank has shared my data with. i think this transparency would be good and certainly would make consumers more aware. 11. what is \u201c big data \u201d, according to jeff jonas? big data is a pile of data so big - and harnessed so well - that it becomes possible to make substantially better predictions, for example, what web page would be the absolute best web page to place first on your results, just for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5401761065248425, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f87d6b-0d8b-4a3a-836b-16cfd3af3e2c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.390158"}
{"text": "thyroid cancer is cancer of the thyroid gland. this gland makes thyroid hormone, and it is found in the front of the neck. thyroid gland tumors often appear as bumps in the neck, called nodules. in most cases, thyroid nodules are not cancerous. however, those that are cancerous have the potential to spread throughout the body. there are several types of thyroid cancer, including : - papillary carcinoma ( most common type ) \u2014 it usually grows very slowly and often spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. if caught early, this type of thyroid cancer is often curable. - follicular carcinoma ( second most common type ) \u2014 it usually stays in the thyroid gland, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and bones. it does not usually spread to the lymph nodes. if caught early, this type of thyroid cancer is often curable. - anaplastic carcinoma ( rare form of thyroid cancer ) \u2014 it quickly invades the neck and other parts of the body and is often fatal. medullary thyroid carcinoma ( mtc ) \u2014 this cancer develops from cells in the thyroid gland called c - cells. mtc often spreads to the lymph nodes, lungs, or liver before a thyroid nodule has been discovered. there are two types of mtc : - sporadic mtc - familial medullary thyroid carcinoma ( fmtc ) - thyroid lymphoma ( rare type of thyroid cancer ) \u2014 many cases occur in people who have a disease called hashimoto ' s thyroiditis. factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include : - diet low in iodine - history of radiation to the head, neck, or chest, especially in infancy or childhood - family history of thyroid cancer - sex : female - age : 30 and over - exposure to radioactive fallout ( eg, exposed to radiation from nuclear accidents or exposed to nuclear testing area during childhood ) symptoms may include : - a lump in the neck - neck pain ( sometimes going up to the ears ) - difficulty swallowing - difficulty breathing - persistent cough - enlarged lymph glands in the neck the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will also be done. this may include a careful examination of your neck to look for lumps or abnormalities. your doctor may order tests, such as : once thyroid cancer is found, staging tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread. treatment depends on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46405507939781643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc5fc7a8-4526-4a77-87e3-924b348bfb2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.395066"}
{"text": ". this may include a careful examination of your neck to look for lumps or abnormalities. your doctor may order tests, such as : once thyroid cancer is found, staging tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread. treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. examples of treatment options include : - thyroidectomy \u2014 this is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. - radioactive iodine therapy \u2014 this uses large doses of radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland and thyroid cancer without affecting the rest of the body. - external radiation therapy \u2014 this is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. radiation is directed at the tumor from a source outside the body. if you are diagnosed with thyroid cancer, follow your doctor ' s instructions. because the exact cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, finding it early and treating it is the best way to prevent dying from the disease. your doctor may recommend screening tests for you, for example : - have a thyroid exam every three years if you are aged 20 - 39 years old - have a thyroid exam every year if you are aged 40 years or older since exposure to radiation is a major risk factor for thyroid cancer, you should : - avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation. - if you have been exposed to radiation of the head, neck, or chest, have frequent checks for thyroid cancer. - reviewer : igor puzanov, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 31 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4470182431024451, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc5fc7a8-4526-4a77-87e3-924b348bfb2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.395719"}
{"text": "after kids or teens are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the next step is to create a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active. treatment plans for type 2 diabetes are based on each child ' s needs and the suggestions of the diabetes health care team. type 2 diabetes treatment basics the blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in the blood. glucose is the main source of energy for the body ' s cells and is carried to each cell through the bloodstream. the hormone insulin allows the glucose to get into the cells. in type 2 diabetes, the body doesn ' t respond normally to insulin, so glucose is less able to enter the cells. this causes the blood glucose level to rise. treatment goals for kids with diabetes are to control the condition in a way that minimizes symptoms, prevents short - and long - term health problems, and helps them to have normal physical, mental, emotional, and social growth and development. to do this, parents and kids should aim for the goal of keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. it is also important to treat other conditions that can be associated with type 2 diabetes, like obesity, high blood pressure, or abnormal blood lipid ( fat ) levels. in general, kids with type 2 diabetes need to : eat a healthy, balanced diet and follow a meal plan get regular exercise take medications as prescribed monitor blood sugar levels regularly helping kids with type 2 diabetes switch to healthier habits is a key part of treatment. because most kids are overweight when they ' re diagnosed, it ' s important to promote healthy eating and physical activity to prevent further weight gain or to encourage weight loss while making sure they grow and develop properly. weight gain occurs when someone eats more calories, or energy, than is used up through physical activity. the body stores those extra calories as fat. over time, excessive weight gain can lead to obesity and diseases related to obesity like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. kids with type 2 diabetes who are trying to manage their weight still need energy to develop normally. to get it, they ' ll need enough calories to grow without gaining too much fat. the best way is to eat nutritious foods and exercise. many parents worry about what to feed their kids with type 2 diabetes. the key is a balanced, healthy diet. kids with diabetes benefit from the same kind of diet as those without diabetes \u2014 one that includes a variety of nutritious foods that help the body grow and function properly. the three main types of nutrients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4614936386256373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d30ff10-8bca-45bf-8fcb-51c6f268bf12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.406197"}
{"text": ". the key is a balanced, healthy diet. kids with diabetes benefit from the same kind of diet as those without diabetes \u2014 one that includes a variety of nutritious foods that help the body grow and function properly. the three main types of nutrients found in foods are carbohydrates ( carbs ), proteins, and fats, which provide energy in the form of calories. foods containing carbs cause blood sugar levels to go up the most. foods that are mostly protein and / or fat don ' t affect blood sugar levels nearly as much. our bodies need many nutrients \u2014 in different amounts \u2014 to function normally. so when you and the diabetes health care team create a diabetes meal plan to help keep your child ' s blood sugar within the target range, it will include a variety of nutrients. meal plans usually consist of breakfast, lunch, and dinner with small, scheduled between - meal snacks. the plan won ' t restrict your child to eating specific foods, but will guide you in selecting from the basic food groups to achieve a healthy balance. meal plans are based on a child ' s age, activity level, schedule, and food likes and dislikes, and should be flexible enough to accommodate special situations like parties and holidays. the meal plan should make it easier to keep your child ' s blood sugar within his or her goal range. the meal plan also might recommend limiting extra fat and \" empty \" calories ( foods that contain lots of calories but few nutrients ). everyone should limit these foods anyway because eating too much of them can lead to excess weight gain or long - term health problems like heart disease, for which people with diabetes are already at risk. portion control \u2014 even of healthy foods \u2014 is important for kids with type 2 diabetes because they generally weigh more than kids who don ' t have the disease. as you ' re following your child ' s meal plan, be wary of special foods marketed to people with diabetes. sugar - free and fat - free foods are not always calorie - free or even low - calorie foods. a registered dietitian ( rd ) can help you choose and cook healthier foods, read food labels, and learn how much food your child should be eating in a day. the rd also can adjust meal plans depending on how your child is doing regarding meeting weight management goals. if you don ' t have a dietitian on the diabetes health care team, ask your doctor for a referral to see one. getting regular exercise exercise is good for everyone \u2014 adults", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505148651045231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d30ff10-8bca-45bf-8fcb-51c6f268bf12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.407123"}
{"text": "on how your child is doing regarding meeting weight management goals. if you don ' t have a dietitian on the diabetes health care team, ask your doctor for a referral to see one. getting regular exercise exercise is good for everyone \u2014 adults and kids, with or without diabetes. getting regular physical activity is also an important part of diabetes treatment. overweight kids and teens with type 2 diabetes tend to be less active, so exercise is a very important part of the treatment plan. exercise helps improve the body ' s response to insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels. it also helps the body burn more calories, which can reduce excess body fat. and it ' s healthier for growing kids who are overweight to burn more calories through exercise than to severely restrict the food they eat. regular physical activity also can help reduce the risk of other chronic illnesses, like cancer. in addition to all of these benefits, exercise can help kids with diabetes : get and keep their heart, lungs, and blood vessels in good shape feel more normal by doing things that kids without diabetes can do kids don ' t have to be athletic to reap the benefits of physical activity. things like walking the dog, helping around the house, and playing outside with friends are great \u2014 anything that gets them moving regularly can go a long way toward helping control diabetes. to help avoid problems during exercise, kids with type 2 diabetes may need to : have an extra snack prior to activity carry snacks, water, and supplies with them when they exercise check their blood sugar levels before, during, and after exercise make sure their coaches know about their diabetes and what to do if problems occur make sure your child wears a medical identification bracelet ( this should always be worn, but it ' s even more important during exercise, sports, and and fitness activities ). the diabetes health care team will make suggestions to help your child get ready for exercise or join a sport. they ' ll also provide instructions to help you and your child respond to any diabetes problems that could occur during exercise, like hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) or hyperglycemia ( high blood sugar ). taking medications as prescribed sometimes, a combination of diet and exercise are enough to control blood sugar levels in kids with type 2 diabetes. other times, pills that help insulin work better also need to be taken. these pills are not a form of insulin. sometimes pills for diabetes \u2014 even when combined with diet and exercise \u2014 still aren ' t enough to keep blood sugar levels under control,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4308057318868052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d30ff10-8bca-45bf-8fcb-51c6f268bf12>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.408095"}
{"text": "other times, pills that help insulin work better also need to be taken. these pills are not a form of insulin. sometimes pills for diabetes \u2014 even when combined with diet and exercise \u2014 still aren ' t enough to keep blood sugar levels under control, and a child with type 2 diabetes must take insulin. the acids and digestive juices in the stomach and intestines would break down and destroy insulin if it was swallowed, so it can ' t be taken in a pill. the only way to get insulin into the body is with an injection or an insulin pump. there is no - one - size - fits - all insulin schedule \u2014 the types of insulin used and number of daily injections a child needs will depend on the diabetes management plan. usually, kids inject a combination of different types of insulin to handle the sugar that circulates in the blood after eating and between meals. also, you can ' t turn off the action of insulin once it ' s been injected, so insulin doses need to be adjusted to handle the rise in blood sugar that occurs with meals and provide the amounts of insulin the body needs between meals and overnight. eating meals at regular times generally makes this easier. although eating on schedule may work well for younger kids, sticking to a routine can be a challenge for older kids, whose school, sleep, and social schedules might not be as routine. the diabetes health care team can help you work through any problems your child might have with scheduling meals and insulin injections. the promising news about type 2 diabetes is that by following a balanced diet, getting regular physical activity, and achieving a healthy weight, blood sugar levels can improve significantly. in some kids, following the treatment plan for type 2 diabetes can even eliminate the need for medication altogether. treating type 2 diabetes also involves checking blood sugar levels regularly and responding to the results. controlling blood sugar levels helps kids with diabetes feel well, grow and develop normally, and also reduces the risk of long - term diabetes complications. the diabetes treatment plan will recommend how many times a day to check blood sugar levels, which is the only way to monitor the effectiveness of your child ' s day - to - day blood sugar control. the diabetes health care team also will let you know what your child ' s target blood sugar levels are. in general, kids with type 2 diabetes should test their blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter at least twice a day, but might need to test more frequently if they ' re taking insulin, have just been diagnosed, or are having problems with blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4282302670880053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d30ff10-8bca-45bf-8fcb-51c6f268bf12>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.409039"}
{"text": "in general, kids with type 2 diabetes should test their blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter at least twice a day, but might need to test more frequently if they ' re taking insulin, have just been diagnosed, or are having problems with blood sugar control. a blood glucose meter measures the blood sugar level at the moment of testing. another blood sugar test, the glycosylated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin a1c or hba1c ) test, indicates what blood sugar levels have been over the past few months. putting it all together treating and managing diabetes can seem overwhelming at times. but the diabetes health care team is there for you. your child ' s diabetes management plan should be easy to understand, detailed, and written down for easy reference. you also should have the names and phone numbers of the health care team members in case of emergencies or if you have questions about how to take care of your child ' s diabetes. besides the standard diabetes treatments, you also might hear of alternative or complementary treatments, such as herbal remedies and vitamin or mineral supplements. although research continues into their possible benefits, studies thus far haven ' t proved their effectiveness. aside from being potentially ineffective, they could even be dangerous for kids and teens with type 2 diabetes, especially if used to replace medically recommended treatments. talk to the diabetes health care team if you have questions. each day, researchers all over the world are working to find a cure for diabetes, and many treatment advances have made treatment easier and more effective. insulin might soon be available in pill, patch, and spray forms, and scientists continue efforts to improve results of pancreas or islet cell transplants. versions of an artificial pancreas \u2014 a device that senses blood sugar and gives insulin \u2014 also are being tested. these new developments are exciting, but they still need extensive testing \u2014 especially for use in kids \u2014 before they become available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4607845672562674, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d30ff10-8bca-45bf-8fcb-51c6f268bf12>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.409853"}
{"text": "have you ever eaten gluten? no, not glue \u2014 gluten! if you ' ve ever eaten a piece of bread, a slice of pizza, or a bowl of cereal, chances are you have. gluten ( say : gloo - tin ) is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley \u2014 grains that are in many everyday foods. most of us eat food with gluten with no trouble. but for some people, eating gluten can cause a reaction in their bodies. someone who has this problem has celiac ( say : see - lee - ak ) disease. after you eat food, it goes to your stomach, which is part of a group of organs that make up your digestive system. an important part of the digestive system is the small intestine, which is lined with villi ( say : vil - eye ). villi are usually described as microscopic, finger - like projections. weird, huh? fingers in your intestines! but don ' t forget that they ' re microscopic, meaning they are extremely small \u2014 so small you can ' t see them without a microscope. the villi are important because they absorb nutrients into the body. for someone with celiac disease, eating gluten \u2014 in a piece of bread, for instance \u2014 causes an immune system reaction. your immune system ordinarily keeps you from getting sick, but in someone with celiac disease, the body starts damaging and destroying the villi. without villi, the body can ' t absorb vitamins and nutrients from food. without enough nutrients, a kid ' s body has a tough time staying healthy and growing properly. even if the person eats a lot, he or she still might lose weight and might develop anemia ( say : uh - nee - me - uh ) from not absorbing enough iron. no one is sure why celiac disease happens, but it appears to run in families. you have a 5 % to 10 % chance of getting celiac disease if someone in your family has it. it ' s common in people from the northern european countries and the united states. how common? about 1 in every 133 people in the united states has celiac disease. obviously, many people who have celiac disease do not know it. if all these people were diagnosed, celiac disease would be more common than type 1 diabetes. fortunately, awareness is growing about the problem, and there are better ways of testing people for it. signs and symptoms some common symptoms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5334959479013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e5aa41-74ec-4274-ba0c-7518638b3c6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.417144"}
{"text": "not know it. if all these people were diagnosed, celiac disease would be more common than type 1 diabetes. fortunately, awareness is growing about the problem, and there are better ways of testing people for it. signs and symptoms some common symptoms of celiac disease are diarrhea, decreased appetite, stomachache and bloating, poor growth, and weight loss. many kids are diagnosed with it when they ' re between 6 months and 2 years old. it makes sense because, at this time kids are getting their first taste of gluten in foods. for some people, the problems occur gradually and the symptoms may be terrible one week and not as bad the next. because of this, some people aren ' t diagnosed with celiac disease until they ' re older. the problem is chronic, which means that although symptoms may come and go, people who have celiac disease will always have it. someone with celiac disease may feel tired and could be irritable. some also have skin rashes and mouth sores. the problem is sometimes mistaken for other digestive problems called inflammatory bowel disease or lactose intolerance. and in some cases, a kid won ' t have any symptoms and then will all of a sudden start having problems during a time of stress, such as after an injury. someone who has a lot of stomachaches, diarrhea, weight loss, or any of other symptoms of celiac disease should talk to a doctor. it may or may not be celiac disease, but a doctor can help sort this out and will usually order a screening blood test. if the screening tests show a person might have celiac disease, the next stop usually is to see a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive problems. this specialist may decide to take a sample of the small intestine to look at under the microscope. this small sample is called a biopsy. if a biopsy is done, the doctor will give some special medicine to help the person stay comfortable during the procedure. how is it treated? celiac disease is treated by not eating gluten. this can be difficult because gluten is in many foods, but a dietitian can help adjust someone ' s diet to cut out gluten. it is important not to start a gluten - free diet unless you are truly diagnosed with celiac disease. following a gluten - free diet allows the small intestine to heal. but that doesn ' t mean the person can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.429171807691202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e5aa41-74ec-4274-ba0c-7518638b3c6b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.418677"}
{"text": ". it is important not to start a gluten - free diet unless you are truly diagnosed with celiac disease. following a gluten - free diet allows the small intestine to heal. but that doesn ' t mean the person can start eating gluten again. for someone with celiac disease, gluten will always irritate the intestines and, if this happens, the diarrhea, stomachaches, and other problems will return. if you ' re diagnosed with celiac disease, it can be a challenge to learn which foods contain gluten. you may not be able to remember them all, but you can keep a list with you and ask about menu items at restaurants before digging in. before you know it, you ' ll be a pro at knowing which foods are safe and which are not. here ' s a quick quiz : which of these foods contain gluten? if you said all three, you ' re right! pizza was the easiest choice because you know the crust is bread. but did you know that battered foods like fried chicken and even some french fries contain gluten? pasta also contains gluten because it is made from wheat. luckily, you can make or buy gluten - free pizza crust, make fried chicken with a gluten - free batter, and find gluten - free pasta. in fact, nearly all of the foods we eat can be made gluten free. in addition to foods that contain gluten, you ' ll need to watch out for foods that may have been contaminated with gluten. that means a food doesn ' t contain gluten as an ingredient but came into contact with gluten - containing foods. this is most likely to occur at home in your own kitchen \u2014 for instance, wheat bread crumbs in the toaster, the butter, or peanut butter. if you have celiac disease you will need your own toaster and you should also have separate spreads and condiments to avoid this cross - contamination. some foods are contaminated during processing, so your mom or dad can help you by finding certified gluten - free foods. for instance, gluten - free oats are now available for people with celiac disease. the best approach is to read labels, but here are a few foods to steer clear of until you can verify that they are gluten free : packaged rice mixes there ' s also a labeling act that requires the labeling of wheat - free products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4051957027130953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e5aa41-74ec-4274-ba0c-7518638b3c6b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.419721"}
{"text": ". the best approach is to read labels, but here are a few foods to steer clear of until you can verify that they are gluten free : packaged rice mixes there ' s also a labeling act that requires the labeling of wheat - free products. but a \" wheat - free \" food isn ' t necessarily a \" gluten - free \" one because wheat - free products may have barley and rye ( gluten - containing grains ) in them. a diagnosis of celiac disease does not mean giving up all your favorite foods. it just means adapting them to be gluten free. many different gluten - free products, baking mixes, and recipes are available. a support group is a great resource for finding out which recipes and products are best. a support group can help keep you up to date as well. for instance, a few years ago it was recommended that distilled vinegar be completely avoided on a gluten - free diet. now we know that the gluten molecules do not appear in the distillate. huh? what this means is that distilled vinegar is now an ok ingredient. that made a big change in the allowed foods someone with celiac disease could eat. if you ' re part of a support group, you hear of these kinds of changes right away. a support group is also a great place to get to know other kids who have celiac disease and to learn that you ' re not alone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44018630361388345, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e5aa41-74ec-4274-ba0c-7518638b3c6b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.420342"}
{"text": "ah, summer camp. the mosquitoes, the swim races, the friendships, the bug juice, the postcards home. what child wouldn ' t benefit from the fun and structured freedom camps provide? kids with special needs are no exception. but the idea can seem challenging to parents and kids alike \u2014 how can you be sure that your child will get the attention he or she needs? will your child be able to participate fully? what about the other kids? will your child make friends? will they understand your child ' s special needs? the good news is that there are many camp choices for kids with special needs. from highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound. different types of camps when it comes to camps, kids with special needs have as many choices as other kids. the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) requires all camps to make reasonable accommodations ( such as the installation of wheelchair - accessible ramps ) so that kids with special needs can attend. so, camps that previously couldn ' t host kids with special needs might now be on your list of possibilities. inclusionary ( or mainstream ) camps do just what their name implies : they include kids with special needs in their groups of children with regular needs. these camps may have started out serving only a general population of kids, but they ' ve gradually changed as the needs of the families they serve have changed. some camps are designed just for kids with special needs, including kids who have learning or behavioral problems, those with specific chronic illnesses, and kids with mental or physical impairments. many accept kids with a variety of needs, but some only accept kids with specific problems ( such as camps for kids with diabetes, cancer, speech or hearing impairment, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, etc. ). within all of these categories, you ' ll have even more choices to consider regarding length of stay, philosophy, and cost. there are nonprofit and for - profit camps, religious camps, camps run by national organizations, private camps, day camps, camps that run weekend sessions, and sleepover camps that accept kids for the entire summer. the benefits of camp for kids with special needs are often the same as for any child : increased confidence and independence activity and exercise the opportunity to interact with other kids, develop friendships, and build relationships positive role modeling by adults a chance for parents to have a much - needed break independence is an important camp benefit. for example, an overnight mainstream camp can give special - needs kids the chance to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4169305489749837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2239d424-11c2-4f80-82dc-846d20d5e62f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.427445"}
{"text": "interact with other kids, develop friendships, and build relationships positive role modeling by adults a chance for parents to have a much - needed break independence is an important camp benefit. for example, an overnight mainstream camp can give special - needs kids the chance to be without parents, doctors, or physical therapists for a week. they ' ll do more things for themselves and learn how to ask friends to help, which can boost problem - solving and communication skills. also, camp provides the physical benefits of increased activity. many kids with disabilities or chronic illnesses are sedentary and don ' t get to participate in the sports or recreational activities that their peers do. they therefore miss out on the social and health benefits that exercise brings. camp provides a variety of activities such as swimming, wheelchair racing, dancing, tennis, or golf. these give immediate health benefits ( such as improved cardiovascular fitness ) and recreational options that can carry over into adult life. many camps combine learning environments with these physical activities, giving kids with behavioral or learning problems the chance to develop, or catch up on, needed skills during the summer. starting your camp search to find a camp, make lists of the basics you ' re looking for : a list of goals, a list of caretaking priorities, and a list of other considerations ( such as cost ). then consider which type of camp might best suit your child : inclusionary ( or mainstream ) camps camps for kids with a specific special need camps for kids with many different kinds of special needs consider whether your child has ever been away from home, for the weekend or even longer, and what experiences might have helped prepare him or her for camp. this will help you to decide not only the type of camp, but whether your child is ready for a day camp or a sleepover ( residential ) camp. involving kids in the camp search will help to ensure that they get the most out of the camp selected. so, ask your child : what do you want to get out of summer camp? what are your preferences? do you want to go to a coed camp, or just be around kids of the same gender? are there any activities you really want to try? would you be more comfortable going to a camp with kids who do or don ' t have special needs? are you comfortable being away from home? if so, for how long? do you have classmates or friends who have gone to a summer camp? if so, which ones? and did they like it? if it turns out that the idea of camp is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44900930583186044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2239d424-11c2-4f80-82dc-846d20d5e62f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.428414"}
{"text": "comfortable being away from home? if so, for how long? do you have classmates or friends who have gone to a summer camp? if so, which ones? and did they like it? if it turns out that the idea of camp is a bit overwhelming for both you and your child, you might want to try starting small, like weekend sessions at a special - needs camp. whatever type of camp you ' re leaning toward, it ' s important to do your research. many places offer information \u2014 the american camp association ( aca ), for example, has an online listing of special - needs camps broken down by the types of camps, cost, length of stay, state / region, and campers ' ages. the site is also loaded with general and age - appropriate advice for parents of would - be campers. you also can call local chapters of major disability organizations about camps in your area. many organizations publish lists of camps and can connect you with camp directors and former campers. you might have a special - needs camp fair in your area. check the calendar listings in your local newspapers and monthly parenting magazines. many of these are held in january or february, which means that you need to start your camp search early. of course, part of your research will involve figuring out what you can afford. the cost of camps varies widely, with some high - end special - needs camps costing thousands of dollars for multiple - week sessions. you can help fund your child ' s camp experience by applying for scholarships \u2014 experts say to do so from december through march, because the money is gone by april or may. you can contact charitable organizations and fraternal organizations ( such as the lions, kiwanis, and rotary clubs, all of which sponsor special - needs camps ). and depending on your child ' s specific special need, he or she may be eligible for financial aid from your state. other sources of scholarships include religious or ethnic charities. one thing to know : you usually first need to find a camp that can take your child \u2014 most of these organizations send the scholarship money to the camp in the child ' s name, not to the parents directly. so, how do you narrow down your choices and pick the camp that ' s right for your child? some basic and special - needs - specific questions you ' ll need to have answered include : how long are the sessions? what ' s the cost? are scholarships available? is it coed, girls - only, or boys - only? what ' s the age range", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3999122383659053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2239d424-11c2-4f80-82dc-846d20d5e62f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.429356"}
{"text": "- needs - specific questions you ' ll need to have answered include : how long are the sessions? what ' s the cost? are scholarships available? is it coed, girls - only, or boys - only? what ' s the age range of campers? where is it located \u2014 and how far away from your home is it? what ' s the staff - to - camper ratio? how old are most of the counselors? what type of certification do the counselors have? what ' s the turnover rate? do kids and staff come back? what ' s the camp ' s philosophy? does it fit with your goals for your child? what ' s the camp ' s transportation system like? if physical accessibility is an issue, what ' s the layout of the camp? what provisions has the camp made ( or can it make ) for wheelchairs or crutches? if your child needs a special diet, can the camp provide appropriate meals? if not, can you provide food for your child? do staff members have a background working with kids with special needs? do the counselors have first - aid training? what kind of medical staff is available in the infirmary and during what hours? can the staff administer any medications your child needs? if your child has behavior problems, what ' s the training and experience of the available staff to help? and how does the camp staff handle behavioral problems? what ' s the procedure if your child develops a complication related to his or her medical problems? how far is the nearest hospital? if your child needs specialized treatment, is it available at that hospital? although you can get some of this information through phone calls, emails, brochures, and websites, experts recommend visiting the camp. you can talk to the director, visit the site, and get a comprehensive picture of where your child will be. probably the only way to get a true feel for the camp is for you and your child to visit it together. this is especially important if your child is going to a regular ( inclusionary or mainstream ) camp where they haven ' t hosted many children with special needs, because it gives you the opportunity to point out changes they might need to make and to gauge the reaction of the camp ' s staff to your requests. if you can ' t visit a camp, interview the director and some staff members to get a feel for the place. ask them to describe the physical layout and the kinds of activities your child will do. you should also ask to speak with other families whose kids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4007633231636427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2239d424-11c2-4f80-82dc-846d20d5e62f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.430390"}
{"text": "adenoids and tonsils are often talked about together. you can see your tonsils in the back of your throat, but where are your adenoids? for that matter, what are your adenoids? let ' s find out. what are adenoids? the adenoids ( say : add - eh - noids ) are lumpy clusters of spongy tissue that help protect kids from getting sick. they sit in the back of the nasal cavity and are above the roof of the mouth. although you can easily see your tonsils by standing in front of a mirror and opening your mouth wide, you can ' t see your adenoids this way. a doctor has to use a special telescope to get a peek at your adenoids. the doctor can also get an idea of the size of the adenoids by getting an x - ray of your head. like tonsils, adenoids help keep your body healthy by trapping harmful bacteria and viruses that you breathe in or swallow. adenoids also contain cells that make antibodies to help your body fight infections. adenoids do important work as infection fighters for babies and little kids. but they become less important once a kid gets older and the body develops other ways to fight germs. adenoids usually shrink after about age 5, and by the teenage years they often practically disappear. when adenoids swell because adenoids trap germs that enter the body, adenoid tissue sometimes temporarily swells ( gets puffier ) as it tries to fight off an infection. the swelling might go away on its own, but sometimes medical treatment is necessary. adenoids can get so walloped by a bacterial invasion that they become infected themselves. swollen or enlarged adenoids are common. when this happens, the tonsils may also get swollen, too. swollen or infected adenoids can make it tough to breathe and cause these problems : a very stuffy nose, so a kid can breathe only through his or her mouth snoring and trouble getting a good night ' s sleep sore throat and trouble swallowing swollen glands in the neck tell a grownup if you have any of these problems, so he or she can take you to the doctor. at the doctor ' s office, the doctor will ask you how things feel in your ears, nose, and throat, and then take a look at these parts. your doctor will also feel your neck near your jaw. your doctor may use a flexible telescope to look at your adenoids, and might also send you for an x - ray. if it looks your adenoids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45991745119266914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:702be76a-c31c-4f47-a913-25f91cb03bb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.434416"}
{"text": "then take a look at these parts. your doctor will also feel your neck near your jaw. your doctor may use a flexible telescope to look at your adenoids, and might also send you for an x - ray. if it looks your adenoids are infected, the doctor may give you an antibiotic ( a germ - fighting medicine ) to take. when adenoids come out sometimes doctors recommend removing the adenoids if medicine doesn ' t help or if they ' re making a kid sick a lot. this means going into the hospital and having surgery. sometimes, a kid ' s tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time. that ' s called a tonsillectomy ( say : tahn - suh - lek - tuh - me ) and adenoidectomy ( say : add - eh - noid - ek - tuh - me ). both are common surgeries for kids to have. during these surgeries, kids get special medicine that makes them fall asleep and ensures that they don ' t feel any pain while the operation is being done. usually, neither operation requires stitches. the cut areas will heal on their own. it takes a little time, though. after surgery, a kid will have a sore throat and will need to eat soft foods for a while. most kids are feeling back to normal in less than a week. and do they miss their adenoids? not one bit!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4200505816055891, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:702be76a-c31c-4f47-a913-25f91cb03bb5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.434960"}
{"text": "do allergies cause asthma? do allergies cause asthma? the answer to this question is : yes and no. people who have certain kinds of allergies are more likely to have asthma. which kind of allergies? usually, the type of allergies that affect your nose and eyes, causing problems like a runny nose or red, itchy eyes. whatever causes an allergic reaction, such as pollen or dust mites, can also trigger asthma symptoms. but not everyone who has allergies develops asthma. and not all cases of asthma are related to allergies. about 23 million people in the united states have asthma. of these, about 70 % have an allergy to something. many of these people find their asthma symptoms get worse when they ' re exposed to certain allergens ( things that can cause allergic reactions ). common allergens include dust mites, mold, pollen, and animal dander. parents who have allergies or asthma often pass along the tendency to have these conditions to their kids. if you have allergies, your immune system reacts to these allergens as if the allergens were invading the body. to fight the allergen, your immune system produces an antibody called immunoglobulin e ( ige ). when the ige combines with the allergen, a process is set in motion that results in the release of certain substances in the body. one of the substances released is histamine, which causes allergic symptoms that can affect the eyes, nose, throat, skin, gastrointestinal tract, or lungs. when the airways in the lungs are affected, symptoms of asthma ( such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing ) can occur. the body remembers this reaction, so each time the allergen comes into contact with the body, the same thing can happen. because of that, allergies can make it difficult for some people to keep their asthma under control. if you have asthma, it ' s a good idea to look at whether allergies may be triggering your symptoms. talk with your doctor about how to identify possible triggers. your doctor might also recommend a visit to an allergist to help you find out if you ' re allergic to anything. but even if you are allergic to something \u2014 or a whole list of things \u2014 it doesn ' t mean that those allergies are causing your asthma symptoms. it does allow you and your doctor to start investigating the connection, though.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.436595737775518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:210a5f48-11a2-4713-a06e-61cb757b3a27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.437596"}
{"text": "new research reveals that obesity can actually drive you crazy most of us are fully aware that obesity causes all sorts of health problems including diabetes and high blood pressure, but now shocking new research shows that being overweight can actually lead to insanity. a research team consisting of staff from inserm, the french research institute in paris and university college london in england, discovered that people suffering from metabolically abnormal obesity were more at risk for experiencing a rapid decline in mental function than those individuals with a healthy weight. researchers say that the term \u201c metabolically abnormal \u201d is one they use to classify individuals who are taking medication for diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure and lower good cholesterol levels. the study consisted of more than 6, 000 people of all shapes and sizes well into their 50 \u2019 s at the time the study began. their initial bmi and risk factors for disease were then documented prior to undergoing cognitive tests three times a week over the course of the next decade. what researchers found was that out of the 582 obese participants, 350, or roughly 60 percent, could be classified as metabolically abnormal, and those individuals experienced a decline in mental ability that was nearly 23 percent faster than participants with a normal weight. while study experts say more research is needed to look closely at the effects of genetic factors and the duration of a person \u2019 s obesity and metabolic risk factors, they hope that this study will assist in better understanding the link between obesity and cognitive function, such as thinking, reasoning and memory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47068195387025313, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e789b45f-b4ee-4c87-b46b-614f04be918e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.439249"}
{"text": "japanese - style rooms are covered with tatami mats. tatami is made of straw and rush. the filling is made of hard - packed straw, and the smooth facing is made of woven rushes. the long sides of tatami have a cloth edging. tatami is a very good material for floors because it ' s so humid in japan. tatami is derived from a verb tatamu which means to fold or to pile. it shows us that the original tatami was used in different way. the oldest description is seen in kojiki, the oldest history book in japan written in 712. in the heian period ( 794 - 1191 ) it has been used only by high status people. when you see the pictures of \" hyakunin isshu \" ( japanese traditional cards ), you will find emperors or nobles sitting on tatami which was placed on the wooden floor as isolated pieces. in the muromachi period they began to cover the whole floor with tatami. tatami are arranged by the following rules : 1 : the corners of four tatami mats should not meet at one point 2 : there should not be a line that bisects the tatami layout either vertically or horizontally ( a line like this resembles an image of harakiri ) 3 : only one half size tatami should be used per room.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4869944742402222, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:708acaa3-3c10-4704-ae00-5e3144c37cf1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.440481"}
{"text": "superstorm sandy : before, during and beyond tue november 20, 2012 thousands of trees gone, ripped out by sandy originally published on tue november 20, 2012 5 : 14 pm new york city lost almost 10, 000 trees from the winds of superstorm sandy and the nor ' easter that followed. that ' s far more trees lost in the city than in any other storm for which tree damage was recorded. walking through central park, ken chaya peers past a stone arch, observing the damage and uprooting of about 800 trees. he knows more about the park ' s trees than just about anybody else ; he created a map that charts every single one of the roughly 20, 000 trees. \" looking over glen span, i can count 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 \u2014 at least five \u2014 fresh cuts of mature trees, \" he says, also noting the number of tree crews. the city ' s parks and recreation department, which looks out for street trees as well as those in parks, went on alert way before sandy arrived. five days before the storm, the department was already making arrangements with tree crews from around the country. for several years, the department has noticed dramatic changes in weather. bram gunther, chief of forestry, horticulture and natural resources for the department, notes the unprecedented string of natural disasters in the last two years : two tornadoes, a freak storm that took down 500 central park trees, an unusual early winter storm and tropical storm irene. \" when that happened, that really opened our eyes, and it opened our eyes to the power of these storms which we had not experienced directly in new york city, at least since i was a child, \" gunther says. irene took down about 3, 400 trees throughout the city, while sandy claimed three times that amount. many of those trees were old, beloved and as large as 6 feet in diameter. \" the bigger the tree, the more carbon it captures, the more particulate matter it filters, the more storm water it captures, \" gunther says, \" so it ' s a huge number in terms of environmental benefits and what it does for a community. \" a study from the u. s. department of agriculture shows that the city ' s more than 5 million trees remove 42, 000 tons of carbon and about 2, 000 tons of air pollution per year. they also have a whopping monetary value of $ 5. 2 billion. twenty - four hours after the storm, the department sent people walking, riding and bicycling all 33", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41579783393510455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:801e66de-66c5-463f-8ff9-587224a16b66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.444679"}
{"text": "carbon and about 2, 000 tons of air pollution per year. they also have a whopping monetary value of $ 5. 2 billion. twenty - four hours after the storm, the department sent people walking, riding and bicycling all 33, 000 blocks of new york city with handheld computers, reviewing damage and putting in work orders. \" we do every single one to assess and evaluate the damage of the trees and the safety of that particular block, \" explains gunther, who monitored all the computers from his mobile command center. in central park, chaya points to a 75 - year - old black locust. \" its trunk was just yanked out of the ground by the wind, \" he says. nearby, a downed tree has pulled up a huge rock \u2014 a piece of manhattan schist, the 450 - million - year - old bedrock that lies beneath manhattan. chaya says there is only a little layer of soil over the bedrock and trees can ' t sink a deep tap root, so they branch out horizontally. in a storm, many of the trees just topple over. the city is already ahead of schedule in its commitment to plant 1 million trees by 2017. because newly planted trees are small, chaya says, it ' ll be years before the city can truly be what he calls an urban forest. \" our urban forest, it ' s fading, we ' re losing it, \" he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3579009297162496, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:801e66de-66c5-463f-8ff9-587224a16b66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.445196"}
{"text": "midwest energy news : \u201c can airports be green? with solar farm, chicago argues they can. \u201d aviation is a carbon intensive industry, with air travel and transport contributing two percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change. but airports around the world are making significant efforts to reduce their carbon footprints, and chicago o \u2019 hare international airport is among the leaders. in addition to other environmental measures, o \u2019 hare is planning a new solar farm, slated for completion in 2016, that could provide five to 10 percent of the airport \u2019 s electricity needs, according to chicago department of aviation spokesperson karen e. pride. since 2007 chicago has hosted an annual international \u201c airports going green \u201d conference which began as a one - day seminar and \u201c has become more than just a conference \u2013 it \u2019 s a movement, \u201d in pride \u2019 s words. seriously? a solar power project supplying maybe 5 to 10 percent of the airport \u2019 s electricity constitutes going green? how much in carbon emissions are avoided by a solar power project, and at what cost, and how much would be avoided by, for example, some ground control improvements that shaved 1 minute off the time each plane idles before taking off. the article does observe that airports are the source of about 5 percent of the industry \u2019 s carbon emission, so 5 to 10 percent of that amounts to a 0. 25 to 0. 5 percent shift if every airport made a similar investment. and, again, at what cost this small step? the article does also point out that larger potential environmental effects can come from air traffic systems changes, but notes those actions are more the responsibility of the federal government and airlines. but on - the - ground organization, airfield layout, and at least some takeoff and landing matters are dictated by airport management, and making improvements in these areas could reduce airplane emissions on the ground. the article highlights the easy - to - promote idea of solar pv over what are likely to be more effective actions elsewhere. one \u201c feels good \u201d and the other would make people better off. guess one gets the press?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4339224141907686, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a8b1d7e-0273-406b-8e67-0673b3a2b259>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.449071"}
{"text": "shots - health news blog fda approves first drug to prevent preterm births the biggest reason why the united states has higher infant mortality than other developed countries is that american women are more likely to deliver prematurely \u2013 before 37 weeks. and, for unknown reasons, the us rate of preterm delivery has been going up in recent years. that ' s why it ' s a pretty big deal that the food and drug administration has okayed a drug, called 17 - hp, that experts say could make a dent in the preemie problem. not a huge dent, but a significant one. the march of dimes calculates that if all the women eligible to get the newly approved drug actually did, there would be 10, 000 fewer preemies a year \u2013 out of more than half - a - million born that way. \" although that may seem like a small percent, it ' s really a very extraordinary ability to impact on what is really a major public health problem, \" dr. alan fleischman, the march of dimes medical director, told shots. according to the best research, the drug reduces the risk of premature birth by one - third among women who are at high risk because they had a previous preterm birth. the drug is not for women whose prior premature births were of twins or other multiple births, or who are carrying more than one fetus in their current pregnancy. nor is it for women who have other conditions that raise their risk of preterm birth, such as high blood pressure or infection. and even for the 30, 000 or so women who are eligible, 17 - hp, which will be marketed as makena, isn ' t a magic bullet. the study showed that 37 percent of women who got weekly injections of it delivered prematurely, compared to 55 percent of women who got injections of a placebo. interestingly, the drug is not new \u2014 it ' s just taken a long and circuitous route to approval. in 1956, the fda approved 17 - hp for the treatment of certain cancers and other hormonal disorders, under the brand name delalutin. but its manufacturer withdrew it from the market in 2000 \" for reasons unrelated to safety, \" as the fda puts it. in fact, as a federal register posting last year chronicled, there have been questions raised about whether 17 - hp caused birth defects of various kinds. in the 1970s, the fda required warnings on drugs containing progesterone, as 17 - hp does, because of an increased risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4090773444791489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:314ada7c-f3b7-4f1e-8470-2884f3f9633a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.454283"}
{"text": "posting last year chronicled, there have been questions raised about whether 17 - hp caused birth defects of various kinds. in the 1970s, the fda required warnings on drugs containing progesterone, as 17 - hp does, because of an increased risk of birth defects. they later revoked them. the fda is apparently satisfied that 17 - hp is safe, but it ' s requiring its sponsors kv pharmaceuticals and therrx to conduct further studies of women who have taken it and children exposed during pregnancy. everyone in this field is mindful of the long - running tragedy of vaginal and other cancers and male urinary disorders that resulted from the last drug thought to prevent premature birth \u2013 a synthetic estrogen called diethylstilbesterol, or des. in 1971 researchers realized children exposed to des in utero had a higher incidence of vaginal and breast cancers, and males were subsequently found to have urinary - tract problems. fleischman, the march of dimes official, says there ' s no such risk from 17 - hp, partly because it ' s not used before the 16th week of pregnancy, when fetal organs have already formed. \" we have been very aggressively tracking all the data, \" fleischman says, \" and we have no reason to believe that this drug will increase birth defects. \" copyright 2011 national public radio. to see more, visit http : / / www. npr. org /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4291862138348445, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:314ada7c-f3b7-4f1e-8470-2884f3f9633a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.454863"}
{"text": "tue march 5, 2013 study finds climate change to open arctic sea routes by 2050 originally published on tue march 5, 2013 11 : 22 am climate change will make commercial shipping possible from north america to russia or asia over the north pole by the middle of the century, a new study says. two researchers at the university of california ran seven different climate models simulating two classes of vessels to see if they could make a relatively ice - free passage through the arctic ocean. in each case, the sea routes are sufficiently clear after 2049, they say. the study, published monday in the journal pnas by laurence c. smith and scott r. stephenson, found that the sea ice will become thin enough that a \" corridor directly over the north pole \" will open up. \" the shortest great circle route thus becomes feasible, for ships with moderate ice - breaking capability. \" ( a great circle route is the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, such as the earth. ) smith and stephenson conclude that the opening of the new routes \" heightens the urgency for a mandatory international maritime organization regulatory framework to ensure adequate environmental protections, vessel safety standards, and search - and - rescue capability. \" according to the guardian : \" the northern sea route has been shown to save a medium - sized bulk carrier 18 days and 580 tons of bunker fuel on a journey between northern norway and china. shipowners have said it can save them \u20ac180, 000 - \u20ac300, 000 ( $ 235, 000 - $ 390, 000 ) on each voyage. a direct route over the pole could save up to 40 percent more fuel and time. \" arctic sea ice has shrunk to its smallest extent on record in recent years, which has already opened up a seasonal northern route over canada. last year, a solo sailor in a 27 - foot fiberglass sailboat was one of 18 private yachts to make the voyage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48821799261798415, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e160a-255c-4e00-bb7c-ed02df13d757>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.457030"}
{"text": "at a glance why get tested? to determine lithium levels in the blood in order to maintain a therapeutic level or to detect lithium toxicity when to get tested? when beginning treatment with lithium as the dose is adjusted to achieve therapeutic blood levels ; at regular intervals to monitor lithium levels ; as needed to detect low or toxic concentrations a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? this test measures the amount of lithium in the blood. lithium is one of the most well - established and widely - used drugs prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder. bipolar disorder is a mental condition that is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. these periods may be as short as a few days or weeks or may be months or years long. during a depressive episode, those affected may feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and lose interest in daily activities. they may be fatigued but have trouble sleeping, experience weight loss or gain, have difficulty concentrating, and have thoughts of suicide. during a manic episode, those affected may be euphoric, irritable, have high energy and grandiose ideas, use poor judgment, and participate in risky behaviors. sometimes affected people will have mixed episodes with aspects of both mania and depression. bipolar disorder can affect both adults and children. lithium is prescribed to even out the moods of a person with bipolar disorder ; it is often called a \" mood stabilizer \" and is sometimes prescribed for people with depression who are not responding well to other medications. it is a relatively slow - acting drug and it may take several weeks to months for lithium to affect a person ' s mood. dosages of the drug are adjusted until a steady concentration in the blood that is within therapeutic range is reached. the actual amount of drug that it will take to reach this steady state will vary from person to person and may be affected by a person ' s age, general state of health, and other medications that they are taking. lithium levels are monitored on a regular basis because blood levels must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. too little and the medication will not be effective ; too much and symptoms associated with lithium toxicity may develop, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and tremors. extremely high levels can lead to stupor, seizures, and can be fatal. how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49335205602665033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63074de8-ea20-4fda-befd-69f7c6c9e2e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.463292"}
{"text": "stupor, seizures, and can be fatal. how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed. however, timing of the sample collection may affect results. generally, lithium blood levels are performed 12 - 18 hours after the last dose ( also known as a \" trough \" level ). tell the laboratorian who is drawing your blood when you took your last dose so that the results can be interpreted correctly. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. burtis ca, ashwood er and bruns de, eds. 4th ed. st. louis, missouri : elsevier saunders ; 2006, pp 1271 - 1272. harrison ' s principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. kasper d, braunwald e, fauci a, hauser s, longo d, jameson jl, eds. mcgraw - hill, 2005 pg 2557. ( updated march 24, 2009 ) lee d, gupta m. toxicity, lithium from medscape. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 815523 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018817597517751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63074de8-ea20-4fda-befd-69f7c6c9e2e0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.464296"}
{"text": "toxicity, lithium from medscape. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 815523 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed september 2009. ( january 15, 2009 ) medlineplus medical encyclopedia. bipolar disorder. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 000926. htm. accessed september 2009. ( january 4, 2009 ) mayo clinic. bipolar disorder. available online at http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / health / bipolar - disorder / ds00356 through http : / / www. mayoclinic. com. accessed september 2009. national alliance on mental illness. medications, lithium. available online through http : / / www. nami. org. accessed september 2009. ( jan 14, 2009 ) lloyd a. netdoctor : lithium. available online at http : / / www. netdoctor. co. uk / diseases / depression / lithium _ 000290. htm through http : / / www. netdoctor. co. uk. accessed september 2009. sources used in previous reviews thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber ' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pp 1121. spearing, m. updated ( 2006 february 17, updated ). bipolar disorder. nimh [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nimh. nih. gov / publicat / bipolar. cfm # bp6 through http : / / www. nimh. nih. gov. goldberg, j. and citrome, l. ( 2005 february ). latest therapies for bipolar disorder, looking beyond lithium. postgraduate medicine online v 117 ( 2 ) [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / www. postgradmed. com / issues / 2005 / 02 _ 05 / goldberg. htm through http : / / www. postgradmed. com. geddes, j. et. al. ( 2004 february ). long - term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. am j psychiatry 161 : 217 - 222 [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4597705677586177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63074de8-ea20-4fda-befd-69f7c6c9e2e0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.465271"}
{"text": "al. ( 2004 february ). long - term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. am j psychiatry 161 : 217 - 222 [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / ajp. psychiatryonline. org / cgi / content / full / 161 / 2 / 217 through http : / / ajp. psychiatryonline. org. newport, d. j. et. al. ( 2005 november ). lithium placental passage and obstetrical outcome : implications for clinical management during late pregnancy. american journal of psychiatry 162 : 2162 - 2170 [ on - line abstract ]. available online at http : / / ajp. psychiatryonline. org / cgi / content / abstract / 162 / 11 / 2162 through http : / / ajp. psychiatryonline. org. schapiro, n. ( 2005 ). bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. medscape from j pediatr health care. 2005 ; 19 ( 3 ) : 131 - 141 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 504584 _ 1 through http : / / www. medscape. com. menon, l. ( 2005 august, updated ). lithium. national alliance for the mentally ill [ on - line information ]. available online through http : / / www. nami. org. walling, a. ( 2005 january 1 ). evidence - based guidelines for bipolar disorder therapy. american family physician [ on - line journal ]. available online at http : / / www. aafp. org / afp / 20050101 / tips / 19. html through http : / / www. aafp. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48302511990959435, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63074de8-ea20-4fda-befd-69f7c6c9e2e0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.466066"}
{"text": "today is the 145th anniversary of the ending of the american civil war. here \u2019 s the description from answers. com : apr 9, 1865. at 1 : 30 pm general robert e. lee, commander of the army of northern virginia, surrendered to general ulysses s. grant, commander in chief of the union army, ending four years of civil war. the meeting took place in the house of wilmer mclean at the village of appomattox court house, va. confederate soldiers were permitted to keep their horses and go free to their homes, while confederate officers were allowed to retain their swords and sidearms as well. grant wrote the terms of surrender. i thought this might be a good opportunity for another \u201c the best \u2026 \u201d list. you might also be interested in : the best resources about president \u2019 s day ( to explore the resources on abraham lincoln ) here are my choices for the best sites for learning about the american civil war ( and are accessible to english language learners ) : to start - off with, i \u2019 m going to direct you to my united states history classes blog. you can find my entire year \u2019 s curriculum there, though here are links to the lessons specifically about the civil war : in addition to the multiple activities and links in those posts, here are a few more resources : the best civil war photos from life. how stuff works has countless short online videos about the civil war. the history channel has a similar video collection. here are a number of online activities for english language learners that are related to the war. the story of the monitor is an interactive exhibition on the ironclad that fought for the union during the civil war. key parts, but not all, of the interactive provides audio support for the text. there are also excellent images. these are two school - oriented websites with a variety of accessible info on the civil war : slave narratives from the museum of the african diaspora. el civics on the civil war. \u201c the price of freedom : americans at war \u201d is a smithsonian multimedia interactive on each war in united states \u2019 history. videos ( with transcript ), images and text are included. in pictures : faces of us civil war is a slideshow from the bbc. the bbc says : virginia collector tom liljenquist has donated nearly 700 photographs from the us civil war to the library of congress. library curators say the photos are an invaluable depiction of the ordinary men who fought the war. thinkfinity has a number of useful lessons on the civil war. a civil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42826732768966486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c37dd91c-fb8f-45de-aeb5-fd881fae9f6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.474497"}
{"text": "photographs from the us civil war to the library of congress. library curators say the photos are an invaluable depiction of the ordinary men who fought the war. thinkfinity has a number of useful lessons on the civil war. a civil war interactive timeline from the new york times 150 years later : civil war anniversary stirs controversy is an interactive from the associated press the civil war is from mr. nussbaum civil war : 150th anniversary is from the history channel faces of the civil war is a washington post slideshow decisive battles of the civil war is a u. s. news interactive how stuff works has many civil war related videos african - americans and the civil war is a slideshow from npr. faces from the civil war is a slideshow from time magazine. civil war 150 is from the history channel. who am i? is an interactive from the smithsonian. the civil war is from shmoop. the top 10 civil war innovations is a slideshow from discovery. the kids guide to the civil war is a student - created site. the civil war comes from parade magazine. on war : the 150th anniversary of the civil war are photographs from the denver post. here \u2019 s a video from msnbc showing newly discovered photos from the civil war : hundreds of civil war photos unearthed comes from msnbc. 150 years on, 3 - d civil war photos unveiled also comes from msnbc. civil war photography is a slideshow from discovery. of course the civil war was about slavery is from miller - mccune. photo essay : the civil war : between the battles is from the pbs news hour. here are several civil war - related slideshows from life. resources | abraham lincoln and the civil war comes from the new york times learning network. then and now : civil war battlefields is from cnn. blogging history : interpreting civil war - era primary sources is from the new york times learning network. battles and casualties of the civil war is an interactive from the washington post. civil war timeline : fury unleashed is another interactive from the post. five myths about why the south seceded is from the washington post. 3 - d \u2018 motion pictures \u2019 from the civil war is a series of really cool \u201c animated \u201d photos from the civil war. you really should check them out. russel tarr, who has created a ton of great online learning activities, has just unveiled another one \u2014 an interactive simulation of the american civil war. it seems quite engaging, and i \u2019 ll try using it in my u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46387023433582164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c37dd91c-fb8f-45de-aeb5-fd881fae9f6f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.475570"}
{"text": "rare clouded leopard cubs born at nashville zoo back in march, the national zoo ' s conservation and research center announced the birth of two clouded leopard cubs. the cubs ' birth was big news, in part because clouded leopards are severely endangered and in part because the species presents unique problems to those attempting to breed it in captivity. ( male clouded leopards are prone to behavior so aggressive that they often wind up killing their potential mates. females are known for, whether intentionally or accidentally, killing their cubs shortly after they ' re born. ) the national zoo ' s cubs represented the first successful breeding of clouded leopards in any north american zoo in six years. their parents, hannibal and jao chu, were one of two breeding pairs imported from thailand last year. the other breeding pair went to the nashville zoo, where three cubs were born may 30! the cubs - - two males and one female - - are in good health, as are their parents, jing jai and arun. like the national zoo ' s clouded leopard cubs, they are being hand - raised by keepers rather than by their parents. hand - raising the cubs is, in part, for their own protection. it ' s also expected to make things simpler down the line, when the cubs reach maturity and become part of the breeding program designed to save their species from extinction. \" we ' ve learned how to reduce fatal attacks by hand - raising cubs and introducing males to mates at a young age, \" nashville zoo president rick schwartz explained. plans are already underway to introduce the nashville zoo ' s female cub to one of those born at the national zoo ( both of those are males ) when she ' s about 6 months old. - - lindsay barnett photo credit : jim bartoo / associated press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42506753619735294, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc236861-3a4a-4c11-a059-e93b97a6b2ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.477343"}
{"text": "by hilarie meyers, development and communications intern over the past year, numerous positive advancements have been made in the realm of hiv / aids prevention and treatment, such as the development of various microbicides, the empirical success of pre - exposure prophylaxis ( prep ) pills, and even the pope \u2019 s recent statements regarding the role of condoms in hiv prevention efforts. yet, there is still work to be done. in honor of world aids day, which is held annually on december 1st, consider diving into the world of aids activism, if you haven \u2019 t already. click here for a list of ways to contribute to the fight against aids. while an annual day of activism is a great way to get people involved, it \u2019 s even better if people begin to incorporate such activism into their daily lives. my recommendation on where to get started : get tested! the 2010 edition of the unaids report on the global aids epidemic estimates that there are 1. 2 million americans living with hiv / aids, with an estimated 54, 000 new infections in the us alone during the year 2009. women account for one - half of all people living with hiv / aids worldwide and more than a quarter of those in the us. latinas and african american women are particularly affected by hiv / aids. although latinas and african americans make up only 25 % of the us \u2019 s female population, they make up over 80 % of ( or 4 out of 5 ) females living with hiv / aids in the us. according to the henry j. kaiser family foundation, latinas account for 16 % of new hiv infections among women in the us. furthermore, the rate of new hiv infections for latinas is nearly 4 times that of white women. aids is also the fourth - leading cause of death for latinas between the ages of 35 and 44. an individual \u2019 s personal reasons for getting tested may have little to do with whether or not the medical community considers him or her to be \u201c at risk \u201d for hiv infection. while undoubtedly such categories can be useful when designing campaigns or allocating resources, they also can be misleading and stigmatizing. in fact, labeling certain people and behaviors according to their level of \u201c risk \u201d can actually inhibit treatment and prevention efforts, particularly when it comes to testing. in \u201c women and hiv / aids : an overview, \u201d elinor nauen and bonnie goldman explain : women alive [ a los angeles - based nonprofit organization created by, and for, women living with hiv / aids ] found that the concept of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41435171879421495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6ea6da3-897f-499b-a591-e3b8ad8db9a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.481877"}
{"text": ". in \u201c women and hiv / aids : an overview, \u201d elinor nauen and bonnie goldman explain : women alive [ a los angeles - based nonprofit organization created by, and for, women living with hiv / aids ] found that the concept of \u201c sexual risk \u201d tripped up the very people who were supposed to improve women \u2019 s access to hiv testing. the testers refused services to many women because they didn \u2019 t fit into traditional high - risk groups \u2026 when los angeles county looked at the data relating to women, \u2018 they discovered that 40 % to 60 % of african - american women and latinas testing positive did not fit in those risk groups. \u2019 the center for disease control recommends that all adults between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested for hiv \u201c as a routine part of their medical care. \u201d because early diagnosis is a crucial component in both prevention and treatment efforts, testing for hiv needs to be emphasized as a priority for everyone. the well project explains : if you test positive, you can take [ steps ] to prevent passing the virus on to others, including during pregnancy. and while there is no cure yet, many hiv + women are living longer and stronger lives thanks to effective care and treatment. once diagnosed, individuals can take the actions necessary to preserve their own health and well - being, as well as the health and well - being of the people around them. research shows that people who are diagnosed with hiv sooner rather than later have a lower risk of developing aids and thus typically have better health outcomes. however, approximately 27 % of the 1. 2 million americans living with hiv / aids are unaware of their status. women in particular tend to be \u201c late - testers \u201d, and are often only diagnosed after developing symptoms or during pregnancy. despite the overwhelming benefits of hiv testing and early diagnosis, data from the cdc shows that only about 45 % of us adults reported ever being tested for hiv. a number of complex factors influence a person \u2019 s decision to get tested. however, both stigma and fear play a large role in deterring people from hiv testing. as a fact sheet from the latino commission on aids explains, \u201c the stigma that is attached to female sexuality often prevents \u2026 women from accessing reproductive and sexual health services, screening, and information. \u201d as long as hiv is associated with \u201c deviant \u201d and \u201c risky \u201d behaviors, these stigmas will prevent people from getting tested, thereby limiting the effectiveness of treatment and prevention efforts. while individuals may do their part by getting tested, institutions, such as health clinics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44036778205483684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6ea6da3-897f-499b-a591-e3b8ad8db9a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.484367"}
{"text": "this work presents a myth - busting account of how class conflict and economic development, and not only interstate rivalry, led to the emergence of the modern state system. inspired by the groundbreaking historical work of robert brenner, teschke argues that property relations provide the key to unlocking the changing meaning of ' international ' across the medieval, early modern and modern periods. challenging the reification of the treaty of westphalia, teschke shows that international politics remained under the control of dynastic and absolutist political elites that were rooted in feudal property regimes. the book rejects a commonplace of european history : that the treaties of westphalia not only closed the thirty years \u2019 war but also inaugurated a new international order driven by the interaction of territorial sovereign states. benno teschke, through this thorough and incisive critique, argues that this is not the case. domestic \u2018 social property relations \u2019 shaped international relations in continental europe down to 1789 and even beyond. the dynastic monarchies that ruled during this time differed from their medieval predecessors in degree and form of personalization, but not in underlying dynamic. 1648, therefore, is a false caesura in the history of international relations. for real change we must wait until relatively recent times and the development of modern states and true capitalism. in effect, it \u2019 s not until governments are run impersonally, with no function other than the exercise of its monopoly on violence, that modern international relations are born. | the myth of 1648 - benno teschke | | 14. 84 mb |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284826137956855, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b43591d9-1a0c-4b56-b889-b4c5bb47cec0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.487293"}
{"text": "probable repeal of eighteenth amendment on december 5 repeal of the eighteenth amendment will take place, it may now be predicted with virtual certainty, on december 5, nine months and one - half following submission to the states of the twenty - first, or repeal, amendment on february 20, 1933. virginia became on october 3 the 32nd state to vote in unbroken succession for repeal of federal prohibition. florida is expected to take similar action on october 10. on november 7 the voters of six more states \u2014 kentucky, north carolina, ohio, pennsylvania, south carolina, and utah \u2014 will go to the polls to record their verdict on the question, making 39 states in all that will have acted by that date. ratification conventions will be held in four states \u2014 - ohio, pennsylvania, south carolina, and utah \u2014 on december 5. since this formal action will have been taken before that date in all but three of the necessary number of states, one of these four will in all probability be the 36th state to ratify, thus completing the process of taking prohibition out of the constitution. the repeal amendment becomes effective immediately upon ratification. since the authority under which congress legislated against the manufacture, transportation, and sale of liquor in the states will thereby be withdrawn, the regulatory sections of the volstead act will automatically expire so far as they apply in the states, though they may remain in force, pending further congressional action, in the district of columbia, the panama canal zone, and the virgin islands. in alaska and hawaii local prohibition acts will probably still be effective, while prohibition may be, continued by the naval authorities in guam and samoa. puerto rico ' s prohibition law has been repealed, and that territory will be wet. the philippine islands have never been subject to american prohibition laws. while there is a possibility that congress will be summoned to washington in advance of the regular january session, in order to revise taxes and tariffs on wines and liquors, the president has not yet indicated any intention of calling a special session. certain emergency taxes imposed by the national recovery act will, under the terms of that law, be removed on january 1 by reason of previous repeal of the eighteenth amendment, liquor taxes being counted upon to yield an equivalent or greater revenue. since the revised imposts on liquor sales and imports will presumably be higher than those fixed by existing laws, the federal government will lose potential revenue until congress has an opportunity to act upon new rates. the interim period between the prospective date of repeal and the time when a new law can be enacted in the normal course of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4266369223233037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a83d02d0-52d1-4e97-b70f-5ac5998dfacf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.490056"}
{"text": "natural mind and memory boosters - choline and dmae building blocks of acetylcholine. - pyroglutamate, phosphatidylserine, and omega - 3 fats receptor enhancers. - ginkgo ( ginkgo biloba ) and vinpocetine circulation improvers. - acetyl - l - carnitine and glutamine fuel for brain cells. - specific supporting vitamins and minerals. choline : the building block of memory the key brain chemical for memory is acetylcholine. a deficiency in this chemical is probably the single most common cause for declining memory. acetylcholine is derived from the nutrient choline. fish, especially sardines, are rich in it, hence the old wives ' tale of fish being good for the brain. eggs are also a major source of choline, followed by liver, soy beans, peanuts, and other nuts. ever since egg phobia set in, the average intake of choline from the diet has dropped dramatically. from the point of view of memory enhancement, it is certainly worth eating more eggs. but just eating choline - rich foods won ' t do it. you also need vitamins b5 ( pantothenic acid ), b1, b12, and c to form acetylcholine in your body. supplementing choline has some truly remarkable effects. recent research at duke university medical center demonstrated that giving choline to pregnant female rats created the equivalent of \" superbrains \" in the offspring. the researchers fed pregnant rats choline halfway through their pregnancy. the infant rats of mothers who received choline had vastly superior brains with more neuronal connections and, consequently, improved learning ability and better memory recall, all of which persisted into old age. this research showed that giving choline helps restructure the brain for improved performance. based on this and numerous other studies that support the brain - enhancing properties of choline, and the fact that choline has no known toxicity, supplementing with choline during pregnancy is likely to enhance an infant ' s brain development. high doses of choline has also been proven to boost memory in adults. for example, florence safford of florida international university gave forty - one people, ages fifty to eighty, 500 mg doses of choline every day for five weeks. the subjects reported having only half the number of incidents of memory lapses such as forgetting names or losing things as before. if you combine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4751645427458997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd5f8e8-9940-4024-ba2c-7903fb8c8122>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.494343"}
{"text": "gave forty - one people, ages fifty to eighty, 500 mg doses of choline every day for five weeks. the subjects reported having only half the number of incidents of memory lapses such as forgetting names or losing things as before. if you combine choline with other smart nutrients, such as pyroglutamate, you can achieve the same memory - boosting effect at lower doses. in addition to making the memory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, choline is also a vital raw material for building nerve cells and receptor sites for neurotransmitters. according to massachusetts institute of technology ' s dr. richard wurtman, piracetam and other nootropic drugs that stimulate the release of acetylcholine should always be taken with choline. otherwise, if choline levels are depleted, your body will divert the choline needed to build vital nerve cells into the production of more acetylcholine. some forms of choline cross more easily from the blood into the brain, referred to as \" crossing the blood - brain barrier. \" these forms include phosphatidyl choline and a precursor for choline called dmae ( short for dimethylaminoethanol ), which we ' ll investigate below. phosphatidyl choline, or pc for short, is also found in lecithin, a supplement widely available in granules or capsules. pure choline imparts a fishy smell, so you may prefer to use lecithin or pc. a form of choline called citicholine has been used as a precursor to acetylcholine. it also boosts levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. it has even been used to treat victims of head injuries and strokes, since it protects brain cells from ischemia ( decreased blood flow ). it has also been shown to improve memory and learning in the elderly. recently a more potent form of choline, derived from soy lecithin, has become available in the united states. alpha - gpc ( l - alpha - glyceryl - phosphorylcholine, or choline alfoscerate ) has a long history of use in europe. research on more than 3, 000 patients and volunteers has shown alpha - gpc to be more effective than citicholine, and with very few side effects ( fifteen reported cases of diarrhea, dizziness, ins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46864375514221235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd5f8e8-9940-4024-ba2c-7903fb8c8122>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.495226"}
{"text": "of use in europe. research on more than 3, 000 patients and volunteers has shown alpha - gpc to be more effective than citicholine, and with very few side effects ( fifteen reported cases of diarrhea, dizziness, insomnia, or restlessness that resolved when the product was stopped ). besides possessing all the positive effects of citicholine, alpha - gpc has also been shown to enhance the release of human growth hormone, the master antiaging hormone. research with athletes has shown that it improves coordination, balance, and endurance. a limiting factor in its use has been its unavailability. however, we have discovered a source, which is listed in the resources. their web site carries further product information ( www. futurefoods. com ). the recommended dose is 500 - 1, 500 mg daily. more on : alternative health care from natural highs : supplements, nutrition, and mind / body techniques to help you feel good by hyla cass and patrick holford. copyright \u00a9 hyla cass, m. d., and patrick holford. used by arrangement with avery, a member of penguin group ( usa ) inc. to order this book visit www. penguin. com. get a 15 % discount with the coupon code fenparent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4505047845590464, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cd5f8e8-9940-4024-ba2c-7903fb8c8122>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.495832"}
{"text": "curiosity is on its 37th martian day, and it ' s almost ready to head out on its first scientific expedition. the 2, 000 - pound wonder - rover is about to complete its ( or \" her, \" if you ' re fond of spacecraft ) final day of checkouts. scientists have been testing many of the instruments and components of the rover and updating software. curiosity has performed \" almost flawlessly \" in all aspects, jennifer trosper, curiosity ' s mission manager, said at a news briefing wednesday hosted by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. \" starting on friday evening, the plan is to drive, drive, drive, \" trosper said. the rover will stop when curiosity finds a rock that scientists deem appropriate for conducting contact science observations. but first, on wednesday, the rover will point a camera at the sun to capture the transit of the martian moon phobos. mission specialists also revealed a few more fun facts about the rover : \u2022 what ' s up with the holes in the wheels? \" that \u2019 s morse code for ' jpl, ' and it makes that imprint on the ground, \" said joy crisp, a deputy project scientist with the mission. but that ' s for more than vanity : nasa scientists know what the exact spacing between those marks should be, so if there ' s wheel slippage, the distance between the marks will be different. \u2022 curiosity has a 1909 penny on board that the mahli camera recently photographed for the purposes of calibration. abraham lincoln was first featured on the american one - cent coin in 1909. grains of martian sand are visible on the penny. \u2022 mars rover scientists are living on mars time ; a day on mars is about 40 minutes longer than on earth. but by the rover ' s 90th day on mars, the transition back to seven - day earth time can begin, trosper said. they ' ll probably still need to cover all hours except from midnight to 5 a. m. ; shifts will need to be adjusted accordingly, depending on when the data come down, trosper said. \" probably a few months after that, we ' ll get to the point where we don ' t have to adjust the shifts every day, because we ' ll get much more efficient in our ability to build the commands and look at the data and do the assessment. \" curiosity will be headed for glenelg, a site that has three types of terrain, including layered bedrock. this could be a good place for curiosity to drill. then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42070988384247565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c496fd1d-96be-4127-b236-c283440a5489>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.498543"}
{"text": "buckingham palace is the official london residence of the british monarch. located in the city of westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. it has been a rallying point for the british people at times of national rejoicing and crisis. originally known as buckingham house, the building which forms the core of today ' s palace was a large townhouse built for the duke of buckingham in 1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. the palace of westminster, also known as the houses of parliament or westminster palace, is the seat of the two houses of the parliament of the united kingdom \u2014 the house of lords and the house of commons. it lies on the north bank of the river thames in the heart of the london borough of the city of westminster, close to the historic westminster abbey and the government buildings of whitehall and downing street. her majesty ' s royal palace and fortress, more commonly known as the tower of london ( and historically as the tower ), is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central london, england, on the north bank of the river thames. it is located within the london borough of tower hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the city of london by the open space known as tower hill. it is the oldest building used by the british government. hampton court palace is a royal palace in the london borough of richmond upon thames in south west london ; it has not been lived in by the british royal family since the 18th century. the palace is located 11. 7 miles ( 18. 8 km ) south west of charing cross and upstream of central london on the river thames. it was originally built for cardinal wolsey, a favourite of king henry viii, circa 1514 ; in 1529, as wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the king, who enlarged it. woodstock palace was a royal residence in the english town of woodstock, oxfordshire. the title of \" palace \" was first used to refer to it during the twelfth century, when it was favoured by king henry i of england. in about 1120, he created a zoo in the grounds. his grandson, henry ii was also fond of woodstock, and spent time here with his mistress, rosamund clifford. the savoy palace was considered the grandest nobleman ' s residence of medieval london, until it was destroyed in the peasants ' revolt of 1381. it fronted strand, on the site of the present savoy theatre and the savoy hotel that memorialise its name. in its area the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4536109015942524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebf5a30-5897-4c8c-b816-872db6a5b034>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.507938"}
{"text": "the grandest nobleman ' s residence of medieval london, until it was destroyed in the peasants ' revolt of 1381. it fronted strand, on the site of the present savoy theatre and the savoy hotel that memorialise its name. in its area the rule of law was different from the rest of london. richmond is a suburban town in southwest london, england and part of the london borough of richmond upon thames. it is located 8. 2 miles ( 13. 2 km ) west - southwest of charing cross and is one of thirty five major centres identified in the london plan. the formation and naming of the town is due to the building of richmond palace in the 16th century and the development of richmond as a london suburb began with the opening of the railway station in 1846. marlborough house is a mansion in westminster, london, in pall mall just east of st james ' s palace. it was built for sarah churchill, duchess of marlborough, the favourite and confidante of queen anne. the duchess wanted her new house to be \" strong, plain and convenient \". christopher wren, both father and son, designed a brick building with rusticated stone quoins that was completed in 1711. for over a century it served as the london residence of the dukes of marlborough. the palace of beaulieu also known as new hall was located in essex, england, north of chelmsford. the estate on which it was built - the manor of walhfare in boreham - was granted to the canons of waltham abbey in 1062. charter s 1036 after various changes of possession it was granted by the crown to the earl of ormond in 1491. by this time it had a house called new hall. in 1516 new hall was sold by thomas boleyn to henry viii of england for \u00a31, 000 ( \u00a342, 000 in today ' s money ). walmer castle was built by henry viii in 1539 \u2013 1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from catholic france and spain. it was part of his programme to create a chain of coastal defences along england ' s coast known as the device forts or as henrician castles. it was one of three forts constructed to defend the downs, an area of safe anchorage protected by the goodwin sands, in kent, south east england. the other forts were at deal and sandown. the palace of whitehall was the main residence of the english monarchs in london from 1530 until 1698 when all except inigo jones ' s 1622 banqueting house was destroyed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4395231740851994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebf5a30-5897-4c8c-b816-872db6a5b034>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.508943"}
{"text": "kent, south east england. the other forts were at deal and sandown. the palace of whitehall was the main residence of the english monarchs in london from 1530 until 1698 when all except inigo jones ' s 1622 banqueting house was destroyed by fire. before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in europe, with over 1, 500 rooms, overtaking the vatican and versailles. the queen ' s house, greenwich, is a former royal residence built between 1614 - 1617 in greenwich, then a few miles downriver from london, and now a district of the city. its architect was inigo jones, for whom it was a crucial early commission, for anne of denmark, the queen of king james i of england. it was altered and completed by jones, in a second campaign about 1635 for henrietta maria, queen of king charles i. the palace of placentia was an english royal palace built by humphrey, duke of gloucester in 1447, in greenwich, on the banks of the river thames, downstream from london. the palace was demolished in the seventeenth century and replaced with the greenwich hospital in the late seventeenth century. st. james ' s palace is one of london ' s oldest palaces. it is situated in pall mall, just north of st. james ' s park. although no sovereign has resided there for almost two centuries, it has remained the official residence of the sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the uk. for this reason it gives its name to the royal court. clarence house is a royal home in london, situated on the mall. it is attached to st. james ' s palace and shares the palace ' s garden. for nearly 50 years, from 1953 to 2002, it was home to queen elizabeth, the queen mother, but is now the official residence of the prince of wales, the duchess of cornwall, and the princes william and harry. it is open to visitors for approximately two months each summer. the house was built between 1825 and 1827 to a design by john nash. kensington palace is a royal residence set in kensington gardens in the royal borough of kensington and chelsea in london, england. it has been a residence of the british royal family since the 17th century. today it is the official residence of the duke and duchess of gloucester ; the duke and duchess of kent ; and prince and princess michael of kent. kensington palace is also used on an unofficial basis by prince harry, as well as his cousin zara phillips. this is a list of residences occupied by the british royal family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.39487774527338737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebf5a30-5897-4c8c-b816-872db6a5b034>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.509984"}
{"text": "; the duke and duchess of kent ; and prince and princess michael of kent. kensington palace is also used on an unofficial basis by prince harry, as well as his cousin zara phillips. this is a list of residences occupied by the british royal family, noting the seasons of the year they are traditionally occupied. members of the british royal family inhabit a range of residences around the united kingdom. some are royal palaces, owned by the state and held in trust by the monarch ; others are privately owned. balmoral castle and sandringham house have been inherited as private property for several generations. other royal palaces are no longer residences. bridewell palace, london, originally a residence of henry viii, later became a poorhouse and prison. its name has come to be synonymous with police stations and detention facilities in england and ireland. it was built on the site of the medieval st bride ' s inn at a cost of \u00a339, 000 for henry viii, who lived there between 1515 \u2013 1523. standing on the banks of the river fleet, it was named after a nearby well dedicated to st bride. sandringham house is a country house on 20, 000 acres ( 8, 100 ha ) of land near the village of sandringham in norfolk, england. the house is privately owned by the british royal family and is located on the royal sandringham estate, which lies within the norfolk coast area of outstanding natural beauty. claremont is an 18th - century palladian mansion situated less than a mile south of esher in surrey, england. the buildings are now occupied by claremont fan court school, and its landscaped gardens are owned and managed by the national trust. kew palace is a british royal palace in kew gardens, kew on the banks of the thames up river from london. there have been at least four palaces at kew, and three have been known as kew palace, the first building may not have been known as kew as no records survive other than the words of another courtier. one survives and is open to visitors. it is cared for by an independent charity, historic royal palaces, which receives no funding from the government or the crown. carlton house was a mansion in london, best known as the town residence of the prince regent for several decades from 1783. it faced the south side of pall mall, and its gardens abutted st. james ' s park in the st james ' s district of london.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40680872862155104, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebf5a30-5897-4c8c-b816-872db6a5b034>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.510892"}
{"text": "microrover mission milestones rover telecom lessons learned what is sojourner doing now? what happened to the rover telecom system on sol 1 & 2? how do the radio modem telecom protocols work? how does the lander telecom system communicate with earth? how far is the communications range of the rover? what is the communications delay between earth and mars? why are the rover batteries not rechargeable? how long can the rover keep functioning on mars? can i get schematics and engineering drawings of the microrover? where can i download rover and lander images? does the lander or rover have a microphone for recording sounds? will the rover be coming back to earth? will the rover collect soil samples? what kind of computer is in the rover and lander? where can i get a pair of 3d glasses? to get to the live from mars frequently asked questions site click here. this site has dozens of answers to faq ' s about mars and mars missions. also, to hear the daily report on the mars pathfinder mission from north america call 1 - 800 - 391 - 6654 and press 3. other mission reports are also available at that number. for those of you who like trivia and factoids, here is a table listing some of the sojourner microrover ' s accomplishments. yes, there is some relative uncertainty in a few of these values. in particular, the odometry values have some statistical error due to gyro drift, accelerometer noise and rover driver heading and position corrections. when the lander problems began, the rover was at a rock named chimp, where it had performed an apxs measurement on sol 81 and 82. chimp is about 9. 3 meters radially from the center of the lander. the drive back to the lander could have taken several different paths. one possibility is that the rover drove in an arcing turn toward the lander as shown here. note, the forward ramp is inside the 3 meter stayout zone. in another possibility, the rover would have executed a left turn and made a beeline to the lander. this path would have possibly taken it between the rocks named hassock and wedge. however, the rover uses its hazard avoidance to drive around rocks, so if it encountered any nearer rocks, particularly ender, first it would have tried to drive to either side of them depending on its assessment of the hazards. if it got past those obstacles ( located about 4. 5 meters from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4372439952010775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.530516"}
{"text": "drive around rocks, so if it encountered any nearer rocks, particularly ender, first it would have tried to drive to either side of them depending on its assessment of the hazards. if it got past those obstacles ( located about 4. 5 meters from the lander ) without any severe driving ( articulation ) errors it could have arrived at the lander in the vicinity of either the forward ramp or near torres rock. if it made it to the 3 meter virtual wall, it would have stopped and then tried to drive around the wall like any other hazard. but since it ' s onboard software won ' t let it go beyond the 3 meters, the rover will begin to drive around the lander following an arcing circular path. since the rover has inherent drift in its gyros and somewhat noisy accelerometers, its autonomous driving may incur heading errors. depending on how long the rover is driving, the accumulated heading errors may cause it to spiral toward or away from the lander, possibly getting it into trouble. in it ' s driving around the lander, sojourner could have accidently driven up onto a rock and received a traverse error that would have stopped it. if that has happened then the rover will be parked in that one spot, never to move again on her own. without any hard data, these scenarios are mere speculation based on how we know the rover operates. in reality we just don ' t know and may never know where sojourner is and what she ' s doing right now. sol 1 rover telecom scenario : the rover woke up via lander reed relay at 06 : 59 : 13 tlst as expected and immediately produced erroneous level 2 health check telemetry caused by a known + 12v regulator ( a / d converter ) problem not related to the radio modem. the first level 2 health check data was unusable and a subsequent commanded level 3 health check ( cmd 1034 ) was performed ( 291 bytes ) at 07 : 35 tlst. telemetry from the rover health check indicated that the telecom system was working nominally with a modem operating temperature of - 4. 0 degree c. at approximately 7 : 40 tlst the lander lga downlink session had ended. it was noticed from 7 : 38 to 9 : 21 tlst that the lmre ( lander mounted rover equipment ) link quality, which is a measure of how well it is receiving good data frames ( 1 complete frame = 6 byte ack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43941810295566297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.531479"}
{"text": "was noticed from 7 : 38 to 9 : 21 tlst that the lmre ( lander mounted rover equipment ) link quality, which is a measure of how well it is receiving good data frames ( 1 complete frame = 6 byte ack + 250 bytes of data ) from the rover, dropped to 44 % and continued to degrade to 14 %. after that point no more good data was received from the rover for the remainder of the sequence. a large number of garbled frames ( ones containing crc errors ), however, continued to be received by the lmre modem which indicated that the rover modem was still transmitting, and had not completely failed. during this period when rover communications degraded, the lander switched from the low gain antenna to the high gain antenna after doing a sun - search with the imp camera. also, the lander + y petal was elevated to 45\u00b0, an air - bag retraction sequence was run, and the petal was returned to a horizontal position. all during this time the rover was in the stowed configuration on the petal with its antenna down. lastly, it was decided not to deploy both rover ramps that day and wait until sol 2 to perform the rover release, standup and egress down the rear ramp. sol 1 considerations : the following have been considered and discounted as communications problems : the following are the most likely contributors to the communication degradation problem : the protocol at the data - link layer used on the uhf link between sojourner and the pathfinder lander is of the acknowledge / negative - acknowledge ( ack / nak ) type. there is no forward error correction channel coding whatsoever. the response of ack or nak is dictated by a cyclic redundancy character ( crc ) check computed over the contents of each transmission frame. a frame generating a nak can be retried up to three times before the software errors - out and skips to the next frame in the transmission queue. ack / nak protocols are very simple to implement and permit confidence in the fidelity of the data transfer when signaled by the ack confirmation, but they are extremely fragile data - link layer implementations : that is, the throughput of the link can collapse catastrophically for small incremental changes in the bit error rate ( ber ) of the physical layer. click on this graph to see how quickly the probability of receiving different size data frames can change with just a small change in ber performance. the maximum frame size used on the uhf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5078254652129055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.533855"}
{"text": "in the bit error rate ( ber ) of the physical layer. click on this graph to see how quickly the probability of receiving different size data frames can change with just a small change in ber performance. the maximum frame size used on the uhf link between the sojourner rover and the pathfinder lander is 256 bytes, and examination of the graph shows a rapid collapse of communications throughput for bit error rates exceeding approximately 10 - 4. note also that short frames ( those of length less than 256 bytes ) can get through with high probability even when those of maximal length are likely to fail. it was this phenomenon that was frequently observed on sol 1 and 2 : short frames got across ; fully stuffed frames did not. clearly the communications problem was not one of hardware failure or even of hardware intermittency, it was mainly an increase in bit error rate that was coupled with an extremely unforgiving data - link layer protocol. sol 2 rover telecom scenario : during the night of sol 1 the lander experienced a software reset which, it was concluded, did not affect the quality of the lander to rover uhf link. also, it has been concluded that switching between both lmre modem dc - dc converters had no corrective effect. it is likely that because of configuration differences with the location of the hga and imp that scattering / multipath conditions at the beginning of sol 2 had changed. the changes may have made the communications environment favorable enough to allow reception to occur. the rover woke up nominally via alarm clock on sol 2 at 07 : 01 : 53 tlst with no a / d problems. the small packet size command sequences for sol 2 were received normally by the rover. this indicated that the rover was able to receive data without any problems and it then began transmitting data to the lander. its first level 2 health check showed that its modem temperature was at - 30c, much colder than the day before because no modem heating was performed. the rover was still stowed on the petal with its antenna down. data was apparently buffered on the rover overnight when comm with the lander was lost. a total of 31, 491 bytes of sequence data were received. this coincides with the amount of eeprom available for buffering data ( 32k ). all indications are that the rover continued to perform runout or commanded sequence but had no place to buffer the additional data. the rover unstow ( cmd 2520 ) command executed nominally at 11 : 47 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5335116989749292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.535110"}
{"text": "sojourner telecommunications subsystem. these radio modems use the standard rts / cts handshake method, similar to modems used in personal computers. the standard interface on these radios is rs232, however, the rs232 converter chip on the digital board has been replaced with jumpers so that 0 - 5 v ttl levels could be used with the rover and lander computers. the radios are hardwired for 9600 bps asynchronous communication with 8 data bits and 1 stop bit. the atmospheric pressure on mars is between 6 and 10 torr ( units of torr are mm hg @ 0c and 1 torr = 1. 33x10 - 3 bar ), compared to 735. 56 torr ( at sea level ) for atmospheric pressure on earth. here are two equations that are frequently used to calculate sound levels. the first equation is for acoustic pressure levels and is equal to 20 log10 ( p / pref ) in decibels, where p is the pressure in the medium and is a function of the density of that medium, and pref = 2x10 - 10 bar is the equilibrium pressure. the equation for sound intensity levels is 10 log10 ( i / i0 ) also in decibels, where i0 = 10 - 16 watt per square centimeter. pref and i0 are reference pressure and intensity values which both correspond to near absolute silence ( no pressure changes ). both equations are logarithmic and this is convenient because the sensitivity of the human ear is roughly logarithmic. one thing to note is that on earth, the pressure changes that create sounds are very small compared to the overall atmospheric pressure. here are the a - weighted rms ( root - mean - square ) pressure levels of a few common sounds : even the thin atmosphere on mars supports the propagation of sound waves. but because of the lower pressure, the same sounds would have to be more intense ( displace more atmosphere ) for a typical microphone or human ear to hear them at the same level as here on earth. for instance, given the same distance between the sound source and destination ( say 10 feet ), the reduction of pressure by a factor of 10 would reduce the sound pressure level by 20 db. the reduction of pressure by a factor of 100 would reduce the sound pressure level by 40 db. the pressure on mars ( at ground level ) is approximately 100 times less than the atmospheric pressure on earth ( at sea level ). using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4868893103819426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.539085"}
{"text": "by 20 db. the reduction of pressure by a factor of 100 would reduce the sound pressure level by 40 db. the pressure on mars ( at ground level ) is approximately 100 times less than the atmospheric pressure on earth ( at sea level ). using the same reference pressure level of 2x10 - 10 bar, here are the equivalent martian sound levels for the same common sounds on earth : as you can see, for the same given distance, the sound of an electric table saw on mars would be perceived as loud as a normal conversation here on earth. the design of a dynamic microphone or some sort of acoustic sensor to function in the harsh martian environment could definitely be accomplished, as could the design of an audio frequency amplifier with 40 db more sensitivity to the lower sound levels. so it is entirely possible to measure and record sound on mars, but the scientific return is probably not high enough to justify flying the extra equipment weight. the lander computer on the other hand has much more computing horsepower. its 32 - bit risc cpu and architecture is the derviative of a commercially available ibm 6000 computer. it executes at about 20 mips. the lander also does not have a hard disk, but has a rather large 128 mb of dram where data and images can be buffered for transmission back to earth. like the rover, it also uses radiation hardened components on its computer board.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4990484808701355, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84b0624a-e771-4439-a952-a443544635b3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.539822"}
{"text": "how to build a better bike lane ( and get more people out on bikes ) martha roskowski has been a bicycle advocate in the united states for some 20 years. it hasn \u2019 t always been easy. these days, though, things are starting to feel different. \" in the past few years, we have seen a sea change, \" says roskowski, who is heading up a two - year effort called the green lane project ( glp ) for the national advocacy group bikes belong. \" top city officials are now seeing bicycling as a really practical, rational part of the mobility picture. \" in other words, it \u2019 s not just a bunch of \" bike nuts \" who see the benefits of building better bike lanes. urban transportation officials, facing growing populations, automobile congestion, and strained transit systems, are increasingly looking to bicycles as part of an overall solution. \" cities are really leading this, even when the feds aren \u2019 t, \" says roskowski. the glp aims to foster this evolving mindset by helping six target cities to adopt high - quality bicycle infrastructure \u2013 bike lanes where people can ride with at least some protection from car traffic in the form of bollards, parked cars, raised pavement, or other separation. often they are painted \u2013 that \u2019 s right \u2013 green. glp is educating city officials through travel and the exchange of information with peers around the world ; identifying obstacles to implementation of better bike infrastructure ; and gathering data to quantify the effect such lanes have on riding patterns and demographics. it will make its findings available to the general public as the project progresses. protected, separated bike lanes on urban streets are not an entirely new phenomenon in the united states. one of the oldest can be found in new york city on ocean parkway, where a dedicated bicycle facility was opened in 1894 in a ceremony attended by the members of some 60 \" wheelman clubs. \" but for the most part, such lanes are an innovation in the u. s., regarded with some skepticism by some longtime urban cyclists as well as the general public. by partnering with officials in austin, san francisco, portland, oregon, chicago, memphis, and washington, d. c. \u2013 new york is serving as an advising city - - the glp hopes to educate municipal planners and engineers, increase the visibility of such lanes, and make them part of a mainstream approach to designing urban streets. the idea, says roskowski, is to get cities to start building bike networks that provide a comfortable place to ride not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42109441077064624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8153b39-54ff-4040-9f9a-67882dfe8b93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.547340"}
{"text": "municipal planners and engineers, increase the visibility of such lanes, and make them part of a mainstream approach to designing urban streets. the idea, says roskowski, is to get cities to start building bike networks that provide a comfortable place to ride not just for what she calls \" the 1 percent \" \u2013 the fearless, physically fit, expert bike handlers who are willing to jockey for space with cars, trucks, and pedestrians. green lanes are meant to serve a more cautious group, people who might want to ride to work, to socialize, or to do errands, but who are intimidated by pedaling through hectic urban traffic. the glp was envisioned as a relatively low - cost way to support cities that already \u201c get it \u201d to build more protected bike lanes, learn best practices from around the world, and quantify their progress. city transportation officials have traveled to the netherlands, for instance, where the network of protected lanes is vast and people of all ages \u2013 8 to 80 is the goal \u2013 are able to ride with a full expectation of comfort and safety. market street, san francisco. image courtesy of mark dreger seeing that ideal in practice can be a little daunting, says roskowski. she recalls how chicago \u2019 s transportation commissioner, gabe klein, reacted to his dutch experience, at first feeling euphoric when he saw how great city biking can be, then plunging into depression when he remembered how many obstacles there are to bike networks in the u. s., and finally stabilizing somewhere in between. most participants are feeling energized by the challenge, says roskowski. as part of the two - year program, the glp is gathering data on how many new lanes are built in each city and how many people are out riding them. \u201c i just went to give a talk in san francisco and they wanted to know how their city is measuring up, \" says roskowski. \" who is making the most progress? there is a real sense of competitiveness. they all want to be the best. \" so far, new york added 11. 3 miles of new green lanes in 2012, with chicago installing 9. 4 and san francisco logging 5. 5. that may have put s. f. in third place by one measure, but roskowski reassured the bay area officials that they were doing great when you looked at their total roadway miles compared to the other cities. opening up bicycling to a larger population, roskowski says, will mean a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4231860370774684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8153b39-54ff-4040-9f9a-67882dfe8b93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.548230"}
{"text": "one measure, but roskowski reassured the bay area officials that they were doing great when you looked at their total roadway miles compared to the other cities. opening up bicycling to a larger population, roskowski says, will mean a culture shift away from the often contentious identity politics that have characterized bicycle advocacy and policy for a generation. this isn \u2019 t about messengers and lycra - clad road riders anymore, says roskowski. \" it \u2019 s not that those cultures are going to go away, \" she says. \" but how do you speed this progression from \u2018 cyclist \u2019 being a weird subset of the population to having riding a bike being something you just do to get around? \" roskowski admits that \" green lanes \" as they exist in the u. s. today are imperfect and incomplete. but she says that they represent an important step in the evolution of american streets as a place for all users. one dutch official, she says, looked at a picture of an american green lane and told her, \" that \u2019 s what amsterdam looked like in the 1970s. \" * maybe the biggest change, roskowski says, is psychological. now, when they look at streets, city planners in the u. s. are increasingly seeing something new, and the public is beginning to see it, too. \" we \u2019 re getting away from the assumption, \u2018 that \u2019 s car space and can \u2019 t be used for anything else, \" she says. \" it \u2019 s space for people \u2013 in cars, on bikes, on transit, and on foot. it \u2019 s public space. \" * correction : an earlier version of this story misstated the decade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4081286945221239, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8153b39-54ff-4040-9f9a-67882dfe8b93>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.548824"}
{"text": "new research shows that dolphins can stay awake for at least 15 days in a row without experiencing fatigue, or other negative side effects. to put this in perspective, human research subjects have been able to stay awake for only eight to 10 days, and all experienced progressive deterioration in concentration, motivation, perception and other mental processes as the period of sleep deprivation increased. dolphins can stay awake for this long because they sleep with only half of their brain at a time. this process, called unihemispheric sleep, was thought to have evolved as a way to allow dolphins to continue breathing at the surface while resting. brian branstetter from the national marine mammal foundation and colleagues studied two bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ), one male and one female, and found that they could use echolocation with \u201c near - perfect accuracy \u201d for up to 15 days. both dolphins showed no signs of fatigue for five days, and the female continued other tasks for 10 additional days. \u201c these majestic beasts are true unwavering sentinels of the sea. the demands of ocean life on air breathing dolphins have led to incredible capabilities, one of which is the ability to continuously, perhaps indefinitely, maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation \u201d said branstetter. the research was published in the journal plos one on october 17 : dolphins can maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation for 15 days without interruption or cognitive impairment. copyright \u00a9 2012 by marine science today, a publication of marine science today llc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3986024461245752, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0f556e0-26a3-4dcc-a0ed-23efa46bb223>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.552857"}
{"text": "the sky ' s the limit for 3d printing. two students at the university of virginia 3d - printed and assembled a plane. when it successfully took off, their unmanned plane became just the third 3d - printed drone to ever fly. 3d printing is a revolutionary technology, which some speculate could have an impact similar to that of the personal computer. in fact, new potential applications for 3d printers seem to be appearing every week. steven easter and jonathan turman, two third - year engineering students at university of virginia for the mitre corporation, a federally funded research and development center, designed and assembled the plane this summer. the result of their work is a 6. 5 - foot wingspan drone, entirely built with 3d - printed parts. the students proved that 3d printing can bring manufacturing cost down and still deliver a quality product. \" to make a plastic turbofan engine to scale five years ago would have taken two years, at a cost of about $ 250, 000, \" david sheffler, a u. va. engineering school alumnus and 20 - year veteran of the aerospace industry who helped the two students, told uvatoday. \" but with 3d printing, we designed and built it in four months for about $ 2, 000. \" what do you think of this exciting project? tell us your thoughts in the comments below. image courtesy of university of virginia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47529654435840846, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35a2e525-f430-496e-96e8-008a1de914d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.554205"}
{"text": "search loci : convergence : the reader may here observe the force of numbers, which can be successfully applied, even to those things, which one would imagine are subject to no rules. there are very few things which we know, which are not capable of being reduc ' d to a mathematical reasoning ; and when they cannot it ' s a sign our knowledge of them is very small and confus ' d ; and when a mathematical reasoning can be had it ' s as great a folly to make use of any other, as to grope for a thing in the dark, when you have a candle standing by you. of the laws of chance ( 1692 ) georg cantor at the dawn of point - set topology a first course in point - set topology can be challenging for the student because of the abstract level of the material. in an attempt to mitigate this problem, we use the history of point - set topology to obtain natural motivation for the study of some key concepts. in this article, we study an 1872 paper by georg cantor. we will look at the problem cantor was attempting to solve and see how the now familiar concepts of a point - set and derived set are natural answers to his question. we emphasize ways to utilize cantor ' s methods in order to introduce point - set topology to students. in his introduction to his book introduction to phenomenology, msgr. robert sokolowski writes as a philosopher, msgr. sokolowski is accustomed to the traditional methods of teaching philosophy to undergraduates \u2013 start with plato, aristotle and the other ancients, continue with developments through the scholastic and enlightenment eras, and then show how modern philosophy builds upon all that has gone before. he must be puzzled, then, by the lack of attention to the historical development of ideas that generally attends to the teaching of mathematics. he perceives that something important is missing, and he is correct. in recent years, interest has grown considerably in developing an historical approach to the teaching of mathematics. victor katz has edited an anthology of articles giving different perspectives on the development of mathematics in general from an historical point of view. some authors, such as klyve, stemkoski, and tou, focus on one particular historical figure \u2013 in their case, euler \u2013 important to the development of mathematics. there is also interest in the historical development of certain areas of mathematics commonly included in the undergraduate curriculum. brian hopkins has written a textbook introducing discrete mathematics from an historical point of view ; david bressoud has written two textbooks that present", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6122413618708575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1133c1bd-455a-4f42-be03-ecffa85e1482>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.560063"}
{"text": "development of mathematics. there is also interest in the historical development of certain areas of mathematics commonly included in the undergraduate curriculum. brian hopkins has written a textbook introducing discrete mathematics from an historical point of view ; david bressoud has written two textbooks that present analysis from an historical perspective (, ) ; and adam parker has compiled an original sources bibliography for ordinary differential equations instructors that contains many of the original papers in odes. this is the first paper in a planned series that will outline ways to introduce point - set topology concepts motivated by their place in history. to borrow a phrase from david bressoud, it is an \" attempt to let history inform pedagogy \" [ 2, p. vii ]. a growing collection of the historic papers that are important to the development of point - set topology may be found on the author ' s web site. this paper focuses on the seminal work of georg cantor ( 1845 - 1918 ), a german mathematician well - known for his contributions to the foundations of set theory, but whose contributions to point - set topology are not very well known. cantor \u2019 s works are collected in. for complete biographical information, see dauben \u2019 s definitive work. table of contents scoville, nicholas, \" georg cantor at the dawn of point - set topology, \" loci ( march 2012 ), doi : 10. 4169 / loci003861", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5706087067662972, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1133c1bd-455a-4f42-be03-ecffa85e1482>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.560678"}
{"text": "unitary method problem date : 02 / 01 / 99 at 19 : 13 : 36 from : tamara subject : a unitary method problem runts come in a carton. there are 8 packages in one carton. there are 3 boxes in each package. if there are 170 runts in one box, how many runts are there in 6 cartons? date : 03 / 01 / 99 at 17 : 48 : 36 from : doctor swiss subject : re : a unitary method problem this can be a difficult question to take in all at once. the best way to approach it is to break it down into steps. the first step is to notice how runts, boxes, packages, and cartons are related. it might help to draw a diagram, like this one : 170 runts / box - - > 3 boxes / package - - > 8 packages / carton - - > 6 cartons just so you know, by runt / box, we mean runts in a box. now you can see how everything is related, and you can also see the steps that you have to take. now to find out the number of runts in 6 cartons, it would help us to see how many packages are in 6 cartons. why? well, once we know the number of packages in 6 cartons, we can find out the number of boxes in 6 cartons, and finally the number of runts in 6 cartons. so now we are trying to find the number of packages in 6 cartons. we know the number of packages on 1 carton is 8. what if we had 2 cartons? then we would have 8 cartons from the first package and 8 from the second, for a total of 8 + 8 = 16. note that this is also 8 * 2 = 16 cartons. try this for 3 cartons. i hope you can see the jump and figure out that there are 8 * 6 packages in 6 cartons. you can repeat this process to find that there are 3 * 8 * 6 boxes in 6 cartons. you need one more step to find the number of runts in 6 cartons. it turns out that this problem is just one big multiplication problem. please write back if you need more help or have any more questions. good luck, - doctors swiss, teeple, and stacey, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm \u00a9 1994 - 2013 the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5582851161440041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62fdfc79-523b-416e-907b-66a7613df15b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.563030"}
{"text": "tanzanian health care facilities offer all basic services, but shortage of commodities and poor infection control are major challenges dar es salaam, tanzania. more than 70 percent of all health facilities in tanzania offer a full range of basic health services. curative care for sick children is almost universally available, and three in four services provide antenatal care and childbirth. at the same time, lack of running water and shortage of some types of medicines compromise the quality of care offered to children and adults. these problems are found nationwide, in both governmental and non - governmental facilities, and in all types of facilities, according to a new survey conducted by the national bureau of statistics and the ministry of health and social welfare. while many critical gaps exist, the new study shows important strengths in tanzania \u2019 s health care system. more than 70 percent of all health facilities in tanzania offer a full range of basic health services, including child care, family planning, and treatment for infectious diseases. curative care for sick children and for sexually transmitted infections is almost universally available in tanzanian health facilities. most hospitals and three - fourths of health centres offer 24 - hour delivery services for pregnant women. antenatal care ( anc ) services are available in 4 out of 5 facilities, including almost all government facilities. and, nearly 60 percent of health facilities offer the full range of client comfort amenities : a protected waiting area ; a basic level of cleanliness ; and a functioning client latrine. hiv services are available throughout tanzania. about one in four health care facilities have an hiv counseling and testing system, and one in eight provides prevention of mother - to - child transmission services. antiretroviral treatment is far less available, however, nationwide, however, only 4 percent of all health facilities prescribe antiretroviral therapy. problems with infrastructure and infection control plague tanzanian health care services. only 33 percent of health care facilities in tanzania, including half of all hospitals, have running water. other items needed for infection control are also in short supply : one - third of facilities do not have soap ; only half of facilities have latex gloves ; and less than one - third has adequate systems for disposing of needles and infectious waste. these conditions endanger both staff and patients. stock outs of medicines and poor storage systems also affect patient care. while more than 90 percent of health facilities say they offer immunization services, only 74 percent had vaccines available at the time of the survey. among these facilities, less than half have the necessary equipment for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41725870186120184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f13605a-cb21-474a-a7b2-afc9facb291e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.569196"}
{"text": "and poor storage systems also affect patient care. while more than 90 percent of health facilities say they offer immunization services, only 74 percent had vaccines available at the time of the survey. among these facilities, less than half have the necessary equipment for correct temperature monitoring, and about a third do not maintain the cold chain at all. improper storage destroys the effectiveness of some vaccines, making them useless for disease prevention. medicines to cure tuberculosis ( tb ) are available in only 60 percent of facilities following the national dots strategy ( directly observed treatment short - course ). patients who do not take their tb drugs regularly run the risk of developing drug resistant and hard - to - cure strains of tb. insufficient counseling, not lack of drugs, is a problem in some services. for example, most facilities providing antenatal care had the antimalarial medicine for intermittent preventive treatment ( ipt ) for pregnant women. however, less than one third of pregnant women were given the first ipt dose in the facility under the supervision of a provider, and less than 10 percent were advised to get the second dose. similarly, only half of pregnant women were given a voucher for insecticide treated bed nets ( itn ) and told about the importance of using itns regularly. other critical issues were neglected in antenatal care ( anc ) services. during more than 1, 000 observed counseling sessions in anc clinics, providers described the risk symptoms of pregnancy in only one - fourth of sessions and discussed nutrition in less than 20 percent. the 2006 tanzania service provision assessment survey ( tspa ) was carried out by the national bureau of statistics and the ministry of health and social welfare of the united republic of tanzania. macro international inc. provided technical assistance through the worldwide measure dhs project. the tspa collected data from a nationally representative sample of 611 health facilities in tanzania, covering all levels of facilities, from dispensaries to hospitals. funding for technical assistance was provided by the united states agency for international development ( usaid ) through the president \u2019 s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ). local costs of the survey were financed entirely by the pooled fund of the poverty eradication division ( ped ) in the ministry of planning, economy and empowerment. additional information about the 2006 tspa may be obtained from the macro international inc. at 301 - 572 - 0931 or email @ example. com. you may also contact the headquarters of the national bureau of statistics, kivukoni front, p. o. box 79", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4632872512155608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f13605a-cb21-474a-a7b2-afc9facb291e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.570186"}
{"text": "seasonal affective disorder sorry no news is found... your search criteria may have been too narrow. you can quickly re - sort the news in different ways by clicking on the tabs at the top of this page. seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), also known as winter depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues, or seasonal depression, is a mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer, spring or autumn year after year. in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm - iv ), sad is not a unique mood disorder, but is \" a specifier of major depression \". although experts were initially skeptical, this condition is now recognized as a common disorder, with its prevalence in the u. s. ranging from 1. 4 percent in florida to 9. 7 percent in new hampshire. the u. s. national library of medicine notes that \" some people experience a serious mood change when the seasons change. they may sleep too much, have little energy, and may also feel depressed. though symptoms can be severe, they usually clear up. \" the condition in the summer is often referred to as reverse seasonal affective disorder, and can also include heightened anxiety. sad was formally described and named in 1984 by norman e. rosenthal and colleagues at the national institute of mental health. there are many different treatments for classic hormones ( winter - based ) seasonal affective disorder, including light therapy with sunlight or bright lights, antidepressant medication, cognitive - behavioral therapy, ionized - air administration, and carefully timed supplementation of the hormone melatonin. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. latest spotlight news you ' re standing near an airport luggage carousel and your bag emerges on the conveyor belt, prompting you to spring into action. how does your brain make the shift from passively waiting to taking action when... 26 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | widely available in pharmacies and health stores, phosphatidylserine is a natural food supplement produced from beef, oysters, and soy. proven to improve cognition and slow memory loss, it ' s a popular treatment for older... 50 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 native peoples in regions where cameras are uncommon sometimes react with caution when their picture is taken. the fear that something must have been stolen from them to create the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044171284181259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:799927b0-fd27-4712-ac9d-343f01aa2918>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.573767"}
{"text": "50 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 native peoples in regions where cameras are uncommon sometimes react with caution when their picture is taken. the fear that something must have been stolen from them to create the photo... 1 hour ago | 3. 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | australian scientists have charted the path of insulin action in cells in precise detail like never before. this provides a comprehensive blueprint for understanding what goes wrong in diabetes. 1 hour ago | 4. 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | researchers at emory university have identified a protein that stimulates a pair of \" orphan receptors \" found in the brain, solving a long - standing biological puzzle and possibly leading to future treatments for neurological... 1 hour ago | not rated yet | 0 | the level of immunity to the recently circulating h7n9 influenza virus in an urban and rural population in vietnam is very low, according to the first population level study to examine human immunity to the virus, which was... 1 hour ago | not rated yet | 0 | in a striking, unexpected discovery, researchers at albert einstein college of medicine of yeshiva university have determined that vitamin c kills drug - resistant tuberculosis ( tb ) bacteria in laboratory culture. the finding... 1 hour ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | in a remote fishing community in venezuela, a lone fisherman sits on a cliff overlooking the southern caribbean sea. this man \u2013 \u2013 the lookout \u2013 \u2013 is responsible for directing his comrades on the water,... 3 hours ago | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | over the past few decades, scientists have developed many devices that can reopen clogged arteries, including angioplasty balloons and metallic stents. while generally effective, each of these treatments... 5 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5038110803426827, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:799927b0-fd27-4712-ac9d-343f01aa2918>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.574612"}
{"text": "your doctor will take a detailed history from you and observers to help determine if you have epilepsy. the history may include questions about : - your past medical history - family medical history - any and all medications you take - how were you feeling before the seizure? - how old were you at the onset of the condition? - was there any warning? - what did the seizure look like, or what were you told it looked like? - were there any symptoms after the seizure? - how long did the seizure last? - how many seizures have you had before? - after the seizure, did paralysis, twitches, confusion, slowed responsiveness, urine incontinence, or tongue biting occur? your doctor may perform a physical exam. special attention will be given to your nervous system. tests will be taken to see if you might have epilepsy, and if so, what type of seizures you have. tests may include : you may need to have your brain activity tested. this can be done with : - electroencephalogram ( eeg ) \u2014 best results are achieved when this test is performed within 24 hours of a seizure. many times repetitive or continuous eeg monitoring may be needed. - magnetoencephalogram ( meg ) - you may need to have brain scans. these can be done with : - you may need to have your blood tested. blood tests check for possible causes of the seizures, including : you may need to have your bodily fluids tested. this can be done with urine tests. - urine tests - lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap you may need to have your motor abilities, behavior and intellectual capacity tested. this can be done with : - developmental tests - neurological tests - behavioral tests - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42789572798381775, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eecb657a-fee8-4f1f-b531-6db00327cbc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.576402"}
{"text": "to help reduce your risk of developing hypertension, follow these guidelines : - if you are overweight, lose weight. - avoid heavy alcohol use. - if you smoke, quit. - eat a heart - healthy diet. - exercise regularly. - manage stress. - monitor use of pain relievers. - consider taking folic acid. losing as little as 10 pounds can help decrease your heart \u2019 s workload and lower your blood pressure. follow the dietary and exercise plans recommended by your doctor. to lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. to maintain a healthy weight, balance the number of calories you consume with the number you expend. try to keep your body mass index ( bmi ) below 25. drinking too much alcohol increases blood pressure and can lead to other heart problems. moderate alcohol intake, however, is not associated with high blood pressure. moderate alcohol intake is two drinks or fewer per day for men and one drink or fewer per day for women. talk to your doctor if you need help reducing your alcohol intake, or quitting drinking entirely. smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries and may contribute to elevated blood pressure readings. a diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, while rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables will help lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight \u2014 all of which leads to a healthier heart. follow the meal plan recommended by your doctor, or ask for a referral to a registered dietitian. a clinical study, called dietary approaches to stop hypertension, has found that certain healthful eating patterns can reduce blood pressure. this is called the dash diet. findings from the second phase of the dash study indicate that cutting salt intake is another effective way to lower blood pressure. choose exercises you enjoy and will make a regular part of your day. strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthful weight. for many people, this includes walking or participating in another aerobic activity for 30 minutes per day. exercise also can help you manage stress. check with your doctor before starting any exercise program. although stress does not cause hypertension, hormones released by your body when you are under stress can increase your blood pressure. take time out to relax, exercise, and practice relaxation techniques. taking pain relievers ( eg, ibuprofen ) more often than once per week has been linked to the development of high blood pressure in women. if possible, limiting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4249083914778835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e864807-d21d-4999-8758-e975dc2b050e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.579453"}
{"text": "as the more accessible methods for micro energy ( microwatt - hour to watt - hour ) harvesting and storage become commercialized, the research community will focus on extremes in efficiency and cost breakthroughs and exploration of entirely new methods and applications. make no mistake ; there is plenty of exciting new ground to be covered! we will in this session profile the space of current and anticipated micro energy harvesting needs and approaches suitable for sensing, computing, and communications. the berkeley sensor & actuator center will conduct this afternoon - through - evening conference and reception at the leeds certified green david brower center on the edge of the beautiful uc berkeley campus on wednesday march 9th. applications drivers : energy consumption in communicating sensor networks will radical reductions in power requirements of wireless radios and integrated sensors and processors make energy \u201c harvesting \u201d ubiquitous, or unnecessary? application requirements, hardware trends, and protocol efficiency will be discussed in the context of energy harvesting solutions. advanced sensing technology for harsh environments present and future research directions for harsh environment telemetry will be discussed in this presentation. using the application of sensors in geothermal power plants as a focus, a comprehensive research program will be described for the development of sensors, telemetry, energy harvesting, materials, packaging and bonding. aluminum nitride and silicon carbide material technologies ( as well as other related material technologies ) will be described. energy harvesting and sensing for the power grid bsac work on energy harvesting and wireless sensors for the smart grid will be discussed. the current situation of sparse deployment of expensive sensors for even basic electrical parameters and without ability to quickly locate faults, and with no way of predicting future faults will be addressed by these technologies. as renewable but rapidly fluctuating wind and solar power sources are connected, the sensing and actuation situation will become critical. small, hermetically sealed, meso - scale and mems - based lightweight sensors and scavengers with the goal of increase in the granularity of sensing and the controllability of our power grids. some of these devices involve piezo - magnetic harvesting, mems - on - glass manufacture and packaging, and scavengers that draw the small amount of energy they need from the power lines themselves. they will include new methods for extending the usable life of piezoelectric members. cost effective and efficient microphotovoltaics solar energy presents a viable candidate for fossil fuel replacement. in this regard, developing technologies for $ 1 / w installed pv system is needed. the choice of materials and cell architecture, the cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5628370096030264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f8d1471-a399-474c-8d92-8809bcb7cc82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.585322"}
{"text": "members. cost effective and efficient microphotovoltaics solar energy presents a viable candidate for fossil fuel replacement. in this regard, developing technologies for $ 1 / w installed pv system is needed. the choice of materials and cell architecture, the cost and abundance of the raw materials, the component manufacturing costs, the cell design and framework, the capital cost, and the installation costs are all important contributing factors to the final cost. although there is considerable current focus on the absorber materials and the required deposition processes, the rest of the cell, including transparent conductors, texturing, optical coatings, etc., and reliability are equally important. all of these are fundamentally materials related problems and progress requires an interdisciplinary approach drawing on materials science, chemistry, applied physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, however, significant challenges exist in developing efficient and low cost systems that are scalable to small formats and small capacities ( micropower ) as well as to commercial scale ( kilowatts to megawatts ). micro energy storage micro energy storage is indispensable for energy harvester systems. energy generation from various resources is required to be stored and released when the power is needed. two systems are commonly known in the macroscale systems : battery and supercapacitors. this talk will provide efforts in micro energy storage systems including high power density supercapacitors with high energy storage capability and nanostructure - based micro batteries. biologically - inspired scavenging technologies recent developments focusing on two very different bio - inspired energy harvesting microsystems will be discussed. the first, in collaboration with cfd corporation, is a miniaturized electrochemical system for harvesting energy from an insect \u2019 s reactions with the sugar trehalose. the system is being designed to produce 100 \u2032 s of uw \u2019 s in a compact footprint, suitable for powering instrumentation on a cyborg insect. a similar system is being studied for mammalian implants. the second topic will briefly discuss developments in the scavenging of power from evaporation and low pressure head flows, including our work on microscale boundary - layer turbines ( so - called tesla turbines ), a topic which has applications beyond scavenging. panel and mixing reception the topics are certain to generate interest if not some controversy among the audience and speakers. an extended reception and mixing event will allow continuation of the discussions and renewal of prior and establishment of new connections among practitioners, students, and investors of impacted applications. agenda and registration can be found here : http : / / bsac. berkeley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5611137289759652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f8d1471-a399-474c-8d92-8809bcb7cc82>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.586441"}
{"text": "a tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus alnus. the wood is used by turners, etc. ; the bark by dyers and tanners. in the u. s. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. this wood is very durable in water and not so durable in dry conditions. historically it was used a lot in pumps, piles and sluices. durable wood native to northern europe which polishes to a flesh - colour, knotty finish. it is an easy wood to turn, and was used in the 18th and 19th centuries for country furniture, occasionally for the turned members of windsor chairs. hard, strong wood that seasons easily, works well, is easily stained to imitate walnut and mahogany. it has a maple - like figure leppa al alnus ( alnus glutinosa ) orangey brown, turns and finishes well. a druid sacred tree. a whistle made of alder is the basis for the old superstition of whistling up the wind. wood of any of various alder trees ; resistant to underwater rot ; used for bridges etc north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit ; bark is used in tanning and dyeing and the rot - resistant wood a tree or a shrub, depending on which part of the world it ' s growing in a hard strong wood resembling maple, easily stained to imitate darker woods. alnus katsuratree cercidiphyllum a deciduous shrub or tree of the birch family, with toothed leaves, growing in a cool climate any shrub or small tree of the genus alumnus, of the oak family. a wood sometimes used in making chairs of common variety ; it grows in england on swampy ground and is of orange yellow colour. the bark is used for dyeing. strong hard, wood similar to maple, readily accepts stains imitating darker woods. any of several species of large rough shrubs belonging to the genus alnus. two of the most common of north woods shrubs are green alder ( alnus crispa ) and speckled alder ( alnus incana ). from the old english alor, aler. wadop in the ojibwe. alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants ( alnus ) belonging to the birch family ( family betulaceae ). the genus comprises about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and in the new world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4970146389638249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7697ac96-71d5-4019-aee5-1ce5e1b18258>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.588781"}
{"text": "to the untrained ear, monkeys of a certain species may all sound the same, but japanese researchers have found that, like human beings, they actually have an accent depending on where they live. the finding, the first of its kind, will appear in the december edition of a german scientific journal, ethology, to be published on december 5, the primate researchers said on tuesday. \u201c differences between chattering by monkeys are like dialects of human beings, \u201d said nobuo masataka, professor of ethology at kyoto university \u2019 s primate research institute. the research team analysed voice tones of two groups of the same species of primates, the japanese yakushima macaque \u2014 also known as macaca fuscata yakui \u2014 between 1990 and 2000. one group was formed by 23 monkeys living on the southern japanese island of yakushima, and the other group comprised 30 descendants from the same tribe moved from the island to mount ohira, central japan, in 1956. the result showed that the island group had a tone about 110 hertz higher on average than the one taken to central japan. monkeys on yakushima island have an accent with a higher tone because tall trees on the island tend to block their voices, masataka said. \u201c on the other hand, monkeys on mount ohira do not have to gibber with a high tone as trees there are low, \u201d he said. \u201c each group adopted their own accent depending upon their environment. \u201d this suggests differences in voice tones are not caused by genes, masataka said, adding the results \u201c may lead to a clue to the origin of human language \u201d. \u2014 sapa - afp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4179234212550058, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e3262b3-caff-4003-aa01-074966e946a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.591214"}
{"text": "after participating in this activity, students will be able to : - describe the difference between herbivores, carnivores, and producers. - answer questions about the interdependence of herbivores, carnivores, and producers as members of a food chain. - answer questions about how pollution affects food chains. all living organisms depend on one another for food. by reviewing the relationships of organisms that feed on one another, students begin to see how all organisms \u2014 including humans \u2014 are linked. if students understand the relationships in a simple food chain, they will better understand the importance and sensitivity of these connections, and why changes to one part of the food chain almost always impact another. a food chain is a simplified way to show the relationship of organisms that feed on each other. it \u2019 s helpful to classify animals in a simple food chain by what they eat, or where they get their energy. green plants, called producers, form the basis of the aquatic food chain. they get their energy from the sun and make their own food through photosynthesis. in the great lakes, producers can be microscopic phytoplankton ( plant plankton ), algae, aquatic plants like elodea, or plants like cattails that emerge from the water \u2019 s surface. herbivores, such as ducks, small fish, and many species of zooplankton ( animal plankton ), eat plants. carnivores ( meat eaters ) eat other animals and can be small ( i. e, frog ) or large ( i. e, lake trout ). omnivores are animals ( including humans ) that eat both plants and animals. each is an important part of the food chain. in reality, food chains overlap at many points \u2014 because animals often feed on multiple species \u2014 forming complex food webs. food web diagrams depict all feeding interactions among species in real communities. these complex diagrams often appear as intricate spider webs connecting the species. see : unit 1, lesson 2 this lesson demonstrates that changes in one part of a food chain or web may affect other parts, resulting in impacts on carnivores, herbivores, and eventually on producers. an example of this might be the harmful effects of pollution. the point that should be made is that when something disrupts a food web, humans should try to understand and minimize the disturbance. students should also come to recognize that humans, too, are part of this complex web of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039676799837307, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1baaba0-3e9a-4eb0-b405-df100ad85365>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.593650"}
{"text": "it ' s normal for some female monarchs to develop eggs in the winter along the gulf coast, south atlantic coast and california coast even in locations where there is no milkweed. these females desperately want to find milkweed to lay their eggs on. intentionally depriving them of milkweed ( via cutting the milkweed down to the ground ) will cause them alot of stress and they will end up dying without breeding. providing these females with milkweed ( any kind of milkweed ) will give their offspring a chance to survive and contribute to the growth of future generations of monarchs. paradoxically, some of the same people who think its cruel for commercial butterfly breeders to ship monarchs to the northern states in the early spring because there is no milkweed for them that early in the year, think its beneficial for home gardeners along the gulf coast to cut tropical milkweed to the ground in the late fall and winter even though the consequences are just as cruel : the females will frantically look for milkweed and die without breeding. another irony is that far from harming the migratory instincts of the monarchs, the monarch migrations in australia and new zealand are actually 100 % dependent on a evergreen tropical milkweed ( asclepias fruticosa ) because that ' s the only kind of milkweed that grows at temperate zone latitudes in those countries. so monarch conservationists in those countries would never dream of cutting tropical milkweed down to the ground in the late fall and winter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41632210482373594, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cfa320e-a9c8-4f2e-bda0-09616f6e988c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.595080"}
{"text": "a few months ago i read about a very simple but fun probability puzzle. someone tells you : try to solve it yourself. john baez mentions that you would think or he would think that the information about tuesday is irrelevant because the days of the week are independent of the sex and we only care about the latter. \u201c i have two children. at least one is a boy born on a tuesday. [ and if it were not the case, i would have told you. ] what is the probability i have two boys? \u201d so you would think that there are 4 equally represented groups of 2 - kid families, namely boy - boy, boy - girl, girl - boy, and girl - girl families where the two hyphenated words refer to the younger and older kid, respectively. only the girl - girl families are eliminated, and 1 of the remaining 3 groups is a two - boy family, so the conditional probability is 1 / 3. however, that ' s a wrong result. the information about the tuesday actually does matter. here ' s why : in all families with exactly 2 children, one may label the children as the \" younger \" and \" older \" one, even if the difference is just in seconds. each kid may be born on any day and have any sex, so there are 14 equally likely possibilities for each child. the two children are independent ( forget that the phenomenon of twins tends to increase the same - day pairs ), so there are 14 x 14 possibilities for two kids. each of these 14 x 14 possibilities is equally likely. so 1 / 196 of the world ' s families with exactly 2 kids fits each condition. among the 196 types of the families, how many of them contain at least one tuesday son? well, in 14 of them, the younger kid is a tuesday son ( the older one may be anything chosen from the 14 possibilities ). in 14 other of them ( the younger can be anything ), the older one is a tuesday son. however, i have counted the families with two tuesday sons twice. so there are 14 + 14 - 1 = 27 possibilities among the 196 for which the condition \" at least one kid is a tuesday son \" is satisfied. this is the assumption which is a part of the calculation of the conditional probability. we need the other part, too. among these 27 / 196 of the families, 13 / 196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is p = 13 / 27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424101874951797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41a2762-3903-4c42-a292-d7c0d70bff3d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.603488"}
{"text": "need the other part, too. among these 27 / 196 of the families, 13 / 196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is p = 13 / 27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition. note that it is just slightly less than 1 / 2 = 13. 5 / 27 i. e. much more than 1 / 3. i had to highlight the result because almost no one reads the full article and almost no one notices that the right results is neither 1 / 3 nor 1 / 2. indeed, the large difference of the right result from 1 / 3 appears because one de facto identifies one of the sons by mentioning that it is the kid from tuesday. if you assumed there were infinitely many days in a week and you would take any family with at least one tuesday kid, the \" tuesday \" information would identify this kid completely ( two tuesday kids would be infinitesimally unlikely ), and the question what is the probability of 2 sons would be reduced to the question what is the probability that the other, equally specific kid - the non - tuesday kid - is male - which is of course 1 / 2. i will discuss this \" identification \" and reasons why the result is close to 1 / 2 at the very end. indistinguishable kids ' bound states with kids that would satisfy the bose or fermi statistics, the counting would be different but equally straightforward. instead of 14 x 14 = 196 possibilities, one has 14 x 15 / 2 = 105 for bosons ( the symmetric triangle ) and 14 x 13 / 2 = 91 ( the antisymmetric triangle ) for fermions. among the 105 or 91 options, how many of them contain at least one tuesday son? well, in these two cases, we can ' t say which of them is older and younger : they ' re identical. so if there is at least 1 tuesday son, the number of states with at least 1 tuesday son is 14 for the bosons - we can just create the other particle into the 1 - particle state - or 13 for the fermions - we can also add the second creation operator, but with another tuesday son, the state will vanish because of pauli ' s exclusion principle. among these 14 or 13 states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two - son states, respectively. so the odds are 7 / 14 = 1 / 2 for the bosons and 6 / 13 for the fermions. note that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6564483815895399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41a2762-3903-4c42-a292-d7c0d70bff3d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.604495"}
{"text": "states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two - son states, respectively. so the odds are 7 / 14 = 1 / 2 for the bosons and 6 / 13 for the fermions. note that the bosons literally saturate the 1 / 2 bound while the fermions are just slightly below it. why not one third? finally, i want to comment on \" why the information about tuesday matters \". if we sum up the probabilities for the problems where the son is born on sunday, monday... and up to saturday, shouldn ' t we get the same result? and by symmetry, the result must be equal for all 7 days, so doesn ' t each term have to be 1 / 3? the answer is that we can ' t add the probabilities in this way because the \" at least one monday son \" etc. are assumptions, not propositions conditioned by these assumptions, and they ' re not disjoint. at any rate, the calculation is nonlinear because the conditional probabilities have the probability of the assumption in the denominator rather than the numerator, so you can ' t simply add the possibilities in any way. the word term in the previous paragraph is therefore incorrect. how and why 1 / 3 gets enhanced to nearly 1 / 2 if you were only told that \" one of the kids is a boy \", the mixed families would be overrepresented over the two - boy families by the 2 - to - 1 ratio because boy - girl and girl - boy families are as likely as boy - boy families ; again, the kids notation is younger - older. however, if you ' re told that \" one of the kids is a tuesday boy \", this overrepresentation almost disappears. why? because 1 / 7 of the boy - girl and girl - boy families have a tuesday boy. but ( approximately ) 2 / 7 of the boy - boy families have at least one tuesday boy because each of these two boys has a chance to be born on tuesday. in this way, the boy - boy families ( nearly ) compensate the factor of two by which they were underrepresented relatively to the mixed families. bonus : this puzzle and crackpot sean carroll ' s misunderstanding of logic this logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what ' s wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. some people - those who say that the information about tuesday doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6325235865983478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41a2762-3903-4c42-a292-d7c0d70bff3d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.605499"}
{"text": "carroll ' s misunderstanding of logic this logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what ' s wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. some people - those who say that the information about tuesday doesn ' t matter and who typically end up with the result 1 / 3 - think that prob ( cond, any _ day ) = prob ( cond, monday ) +... + prob ( cond, sunday ) where \" cond \" is an extra condition. so if we make a statement about a specific object and if this statement doesn ' t prefer any day of the week, then adding the information about \" its \" day of the week doesn ' t matter. it only reduces the probability by a factor of 7 if the probability is day - blind. that ' s right for \" conclusions \" or \" outcomes \". however, the error that these people are making is that they think that this \" additive \" counting of the probabilities also holds for the probabilities of assumptions, i. e. probabilities of conditions in the conditional probability. but no such a linearity exists over there. conditions ( and initial states ) don ' t follow the same maths as the outcomes ( and final states )! there is no condition - outcome or past - future symmetry in mathematical logic! that ' s why it matters for the probabilities whether the information about tuesday is specified even though there is nothing special about tuesday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5865774175947287, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41a2762-3903-4c42-a292-d7c0d70bff3d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.606095"}
{"text": "stop saying this is a nation of immigrants! by roxanne dunbar - ortiz a nation of immigrants : this is a convenient myth developed as a response to the 1960s movements against colonialism, neocolonialism, and white supremacy. the ruling class and its brain trust offered multiculturalism, diversity, and affirmative action in response to demands for decolonization, justice, reparations, social equality, an end of imperialism, and the rewriting of history - - not to be \" inclusive \" - - but to be accurate. what emerged to replace the liberal melting pot idea and the nationalist triumphal interpretation of the \" greatest country on earth and in history, \" was the \" nation of immigrants \" story. by the 1980s, the \" waves of immigrants \" story even included the indigenous peoples who were so brutally displaced and murdered by settlers and armies, accepting the flawed \" bering straits \" theory of indigenous immigration some 12, 000 years ago. even at that time, the date was known to be wrong, there was evidence of indigenous presence in the americas as far back as 50, 000 years ago, and probably much longer, and entrance by many means across the pacific and the atlantic - - perhaps, as vine deloria jr. put it, footsteps by indigenous americans to other continents will one day be acknowledged. but, the new official history texts claimed, the indigenous peoples were the \" first immigrants. \" they were followed, it was said, by immigrants from england and africans, then by irish, and then by chinese, eastern and southern europeans, russians, japanese, and mexicans. there were some objections from african americans to referring to enslaved africans hauled across the ocean in chains as \" immigrants, \" but that has not deterred the \" nation of immigrants \" chorus. misrepresenting the process of european colonization of north america, making everyone an immigrant, serves to preserve the \" official story \" of a mostly benign and benevolent usa, and to mask the fact that the pre - us independence settlers, were, well, settlers, colonial setters, just as they were in africa and india, or the spanish in central and south america. the united states was founded as a settler state, and an imperialistic one from its inception ( \" manifest destiny, \" of course ). the settlers were english, welsh, scots, scots - irish, and german, not including the huge number of africans who were not settlers. another group of europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants : the poor, indentured, convicted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47656007802843087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e0b2022-f322-4028-ae56-009a3118dd1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.614164"}
{"text": "were english, welsh, scots, scots - irish, and german, not including the huge number of africans who were not settlers. another group of europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants : the poor, indentured, convicted, criminalized, kidnapped from the working class ( vagabonds and unemployed artificers ), as peter linebaugh puts it, many of who opted to join indigenous communities. only beginning in the 1840s, with the influx of millions of irish catholics pushed out of ireland by british policies, did what might be called \" immigration \" begin. the irish were discriminated against cheap labor, not settlers. they were followed by the influx of other workers from scandinavia, eastern and southern europe, always more irish, plus chinese and japanese, although asian immigration was soon barred. immigration laws were not even enacted until 1875 when the us supreme court declared the regulation of immigration a federal responsibility. the immigration service was established in 1891. buried beneath the tons of propaganda - - from the landing of the english \" pilgrims \" ( fanatic protestant christian evangelicals ) to james fennimore cooper ' s phenomenally popular \" last of the mohicans \" claiming \" natural rights \" to not only the indigenous peoples territories but also to the territories claimed by other european powers - - is the fact that the founding of the united states was a division of the anglo empire, with the us becoming a parallel empire to great britain. from day one, as was specified in the northwest ordinance that preceded the us constitution, the new republic for empire ( as jefferson called the us ) envisioned the future shape of what is now the lower 48 states of the us. they drew up rough maps, specifying the first territory to conquer as the \" northwest territory, \" ergo the title of the ordinance. that territory was the ohio valley and the great lakes region, which was filled with indigenous farming communities. once the conquest of the \" northwest territory \" was accomplished through a combination of genocidal military campaigns and bringing in european settlers from the east, and the indigenous peoples moved south and north for protection into other indigenous territories, the republic for empire annexed spanish florida where runaway enslaved africans and remnants of the indigenous communities that had escaped the ohio carnage fought back during three major wars ( seminole wars ) over two decades. in 1828, president andrew jackson ( who had been a general leading the seminole wars ) pushed through the indian removal act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the southeast, from georgia to the mississippi river, to transfer to oklahoma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4274600467126618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e0b2022-f322-4028-ae56-009a3118dd1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.615311"}
{"text": ") over two decades. in 1828, president andrew jackson ( who had been a general leading the seminole wars ) pushed through the indian removal act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the southeast, from georgia to the mississippi river, to transfer to oklahoma territory that had been gained through the \" louisiana purchase \" from france. anglo settlers with enslaved africans seized the indigenous agricultural lands for plantation agriculture in the southern region. many moved on into the mexican province of texas - - then came the us military invasion of mexico in 1846, seizing mexico city and forcing mexico to give up its northern half through the 1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo. california, arizona, new mexico, colorado, utah, texas were then opened to \" legal \" anglo settlement, also legalizing those who had already settled illegally, and in texas by force. the indigenous and the poor mexican communities in the seized territory, such as the apache, navajo, and comanche, resisted colonization, as they had resisted the spanish empire, often by force of arms, for the next 40 years. the small class of hispanic elites welcomed and collaborated with us occupation. are \" immigrants \" the appropriate designation for the indigenous peoples of north america? no. are \" immigrants \" the appropriate designation for enslaved africans? no. are \" immigrants \" the appropriate designation for the original european settlers? no. are \" immigrants \" the appropriate designation for mexicans who migrate for work to the united states? no. they are migrant workers crossing a border created by us military force. many crossing that border now are also from central america, from the small countries that were ravaged by us military intervention in the 1980s and who also have the right to make demands on the united states. so, let ' s stop saying \" this is a nation of immigrants. \" roxanne dunbar - ortiz is a long - time activist, university professor, and writer. in addition to numerous scholarly books and articles, she has written three historical memoirs, red dirt : growing up okie ( verso, 1997 ), outlaw woman : memoir of the war years, 1960 \u2013 1975 ( city lights, 2002 ), and blood on the border : a memoir of the contra war ( south end press, 2005 ) about the 1980s contra war against the sandinistas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43661797859727364, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e0b2022-f322-4028-ae56-009a3118dd1f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.617658"}
{"text": "mathematician and physicist ; b. at perugia, italy, 1577 ; d. at rome, 1644. he was destined by his parents for the service of the church and entered the order of st. benedict, at monte cassino. there he became abbot, and in 1640 he was transferred to the abbey of san benedetto aloysio. he was specially interested in the mathematical sciences and their application to hydraulics. galileo, his teacher, and toricelli, one of his pupils, speak very highly of his scientific attainments, and both of them frequently asked his advice. in 1623 urban viii invited him to rome and later appointed him chief mathematician to the pope and public professor of mathematics in the university of rome. in 1625 he was sent with monsignore corsini to study the disorders occasioned by the waters of the romagna, and to propose a remedy. here he completed his important work on the \" mensuration of running water \", in which he developed the important relations, that the speed of a current varies inversely as the area of its cross section, and that the discharge from a vessel depends on the depth of the tap below the free surface of the water. he was often consulted in other provinces of italy in connexion with drainage, water - supply, prevention of floods, and the like. his chief work is \" della misura dell ' acqua corrente \" ( rome, 1628 ; 3rd ed., 1660 ), translated into english by salusbury ( london, 1661 ), and into french by saporta ( 1664 ), reprinted ( bologna, 1823 ) in cardinali ' s collection \" d ' autori italiani che trattano del moto dell ' acqua \". another work is \" risposta alle oppositioni del sig. lodvico, & c., contro al trattato del sig. galileo, delle cose che stanno sopra acqua \" ( bologna, 1655 ). according to poggendorf, the invention of the helioscope is ascribed to him. salusbury, math. collections and translations ( london, 1661 ) ; la grande encycl., s. v. apa citation. ( 1908 ). benedetto castelli. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03408d. htm mla citation. \" benedetto castelli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4796271624942622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27cab94f-569e-4379-bfce-de02e7254a9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.622056"}
{"text": "by mark kinver science and environment reporter, bbc news the populations of the world ' s common birds are declining as a result of continued habitat loss, a global assessment has warned. the survey by birdlife international found that 45 % of europe ' s common birds had seen numbers fall, as had more than 80 % of australia ' s wading species. the study ' s authors said governments were failing to fund their promises to halt biodiversity loss by 2010. the findings will be presented at the group ' s world conference in argentina. the state of the world ' s birds 2008 report, the first update since 2004, found that common species - ones considered to be familiar in people ' s everyday lives - were declining in all parts of the world. in europe, an analysis of 124 species over a 26 - year period revealed that 56 species had declined in 20 countries. farmland birds were worst affected, with the number of european turtle - doves ( streptopelia turtur ) falling by 79 %. in africa, birds of prey were experiencing \" widespread decline \" outside of protected areas. while in asia, 62 % of the continent ' s migratory water bird species were \" declining or already extinct \". \" for decades, people have been focusing their efforts on threatened birds, \" explained lead editor ali stattersfield, birdlife international ' s head of science. \" but alongside this, we have been working to try to get a better understanding of what is going on in the countryside as a whole. \" by consolidating data from various surveys, the team of researchers were able to identify trends affecting species around the world. \" it tells us that environmental degradation is having a huge impact - not just for birds, but for biodiversity as well, \" she told bbc news. while well - known reasons, such as land - use changes and the intensive farming, were causes, ms stattersfield said that it was difficult to point the finger of blame at just one activity. \" the reasons are very complex, \" she explained. \" for example, there have been reported declines of migratory species - particularly those on long - distance migrations between europe and africa. \" it is not just about understanding what is happening at breeding grounds, but also what is happening at the birds ' wintering sites. \" she said the findings highlighted the need to tackle conservation in a number of different ways. \" it is not enough to be looking at individual species or individual sites ; we need to be looking at some of the policies and practices that affect our wider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41326234682202984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f989c0-8fdf-4b9b-88c7-3308c8965da8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.628454"}
{"text": ". \" she said the findings highlighted the need to tackle conservation in a number of different ways. \" it is not enough to be looking at individual species or individual sites ; we need to be looking at some of the policies and practices that affect our wider landscapes. \" the global assessment also showed that rare birds were also continuing to be at risk. one - in - eight of the world ' s birds - 1, 226 species - was listed as being threatened. of these, 190 faced an imminent risk of extinction. the white - rumped vulture, a once common sight in india, has seen its population crash by 99. 9 % in recent years. an anti - inflammatory drug for cattle, called diclofenac, has been blamed for poisoning the birds, which eat the carcasses of the dead livestock. \" that has been a really shocking story, \" ms stattersfield said. the world is failing in its 2010 pledge to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biodiversity dr mike rand, birdlife international ' s ceo \" four years ago, we were not even sure what was responsible for the dramatic declines. it happened so suddenly, people were not prepared for it. \" since then, the basis for the decline is well understood and measures are being taken to remove diclofenac from veterinary use in india. \" however, it is still available for sale and there still needs to be a lot more work to communicate the problem at a local level. \" but it demonstrates that we can get to the bottom of the reasons behind declines. \" the plight of albatrosses becoming entangled in long - line fishing tackle has also been the subject of sustained campaigning, attracting high - profile supporters such as prince charles and yachtswoman dame ellen macarthur. about 100, 000 of the slow - breeding birds are estimated to drown each year as a result of being caught on the lines ' fish hooks. but fisheries in a growing number of regions are now introducing measures to minimise the risk to albatrosses. ms stattersfield said these examples showed that concerted effort could investigate and identify what was adversely affecting bird populations. but she quickly added that prevention was always better than finding a cure. \" we don ' t want to have to react to problems that come about from bad practice. \" what we are trying to do with this report is to be as clear as possible about what are the underlying causes, and then present a range of conservation measures that can preserve birds and biodiversity. \" birdlife international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38692113467812794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f989c0-8fdf-4b9b-88c7-3308c8965da8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.629474"}
{"text": "despite their collective efficiency and order, beehives are often plagued by scourges that would rival a medieval city. varroa mites, deformed wing virus, and intestinal fungi are just a few of the worst. now researchers have identified a new enemy that ought to strike fear in the hearts of honey bees : a tiny fly that lays its eggs in the bee abdomen, giving rise to maggots that wiggle out near the victim ' s head. so far, the infection rate does not appear to be high enough to cause problems for hives, but experts are casting a wary eye on the fly. \" it ' s certainly worth a lot more attention, \" says dennis vanengelsdorp of the university of maryland, college park. the parasitism was discovered by accident. in 2008, john hafernik, an entomologist at san francisco state university in california, was looking for insects to feed to praying mantises he had collected for a class. he scooped up some dead honey bees that were lying under a light outside his building on campus and left several of the corpses in a vial on his desk. about a week later, hafernik noticed maggots in the vial. \" i knew there was something strange going on, \" he recalls. after the maggots matured into flies, entomologist brian brown from the natural history museum of los angeles county in california identified the insects as apocephalus borealis, a kind of scuttle fly. the flies are native to north america and were known to parasitize bumble bees, but they had not been seen afflicting honey bees. when hafernik and his students collected more dead bees under the light outside the building, they found that the vast majority had been parasitized by the scuttle fly. in a clear plastic box in the lab, they observed the flies chasing live honey bees and laying eggs in them. after a week, up to a dozen larvae squirmed out near the bee ' s head. in the wild, as the larvae grow inside them, infected bees abandon the hive at night, head for bright lights, and then die stumbling on the ground. the problem was not unique to the campus ; the researchers found fly - parasitized bees in three out of four honey bee hives sampled in the san francisco bay area, they report online today in plos one. the good news is that when hafernik ' s group examined a hive that had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.407508118621997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3b1b38c-5c83-4b55-ba48-24971aa87ed5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.634584"}
{"text": "fly - parasitized bees in three out of four honey bee hives sampled in the san francisco bay area, they report online today in plos one. the good news is that when hafernik ' s group examined a hive that had been set up near the entomology building a few years ago, only about 5 % to 15 % of the forager bees were infected \u2014 not a level that would threaten the hive. for individual bees, of course, being parasitized is bad news. \" it ' s a death sentence, \" hafernik says. \" we don ' t find bees that are surviving. \" in addition, the flies appear to be able to transmit deformed wing virus, which is fatal, and the deadly fungus nosema ceranae, which causes bee diarrhea. it ' s not clear when or how the fly might have jumped from bumble bees to honey bees. because the fly is present across the continent, the next step is to figure out where it is parasitizing honey bees. dna analysis of commercial hive samples suggests that the flies are present in south dakota and the central valley of california. ( honey bees are trucked between these two locations. ) the distribution of the flies in europe or asia is unknown. \" extensive surveys are now needed on the distribution of the flies in the global honey bee population, \" says bee pathologist elke genersch of the institute for bee research in hohen neuendorf, germany, who was not involved in the study. the parasites conceivably might play a role in colony collapse disorder ( ccd ), the sudden abandonment that has been resulting in the loss of 7 % of hives a year in the united states. \" anything that further stresses the bee population and increases bee losses can contribute to ccd, \" says eric mussen of the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the study. but given the infection rate observed in the san francisco state university hive, the parasite \" does not appear to be a dominant factor, \" he says. the situation could change if the flies are able to reproduce within bee hives and thus easily parasitize many bees, genersch says. \" such a high host density might allow the fly population to explode. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4232197073461578, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3b1b38c-5c83-4b55-ba48-24971aa87ed5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.635554"}
{"text": "will the earth stop rotating? date : 1999 - 2000 will the earth stop rotating? yes, but not for a long long long time. ( if i remember correctly, it is currently slowing down by about half a second per century. ) as the earth rotates it gets stretched and squeezed by tidal forces. the energy required to do this work comes from the earth ' s rotation. the simple answer to this is no. it is believed that the earth ' s day will be twice as long as it is now, in about 5 thousand million years time, but there is too much momentum in the earth to stop it from rotating. by the way, at the moment the earth is rotating its fastest since the late 1920s, having lost approximately 0. 63 milliseconds per day in the last 12 months ( to june 28, 2001 ) against atomic time, based on preliminary international earth rotation service data ; compared with 3. 13 milliseconds per day in 1972, and 3. 89 milliseconds per day in 1912. the earth gained on atomic time in 1929 by 0. 35 ms / day. because of tidal friction.... yes it will. in fact, it is slowing as we ride on it now. actually, it will not stop, but rather the period of rotation will equal its period of revolution. i do not have the number at hand, but i seem to recall that each ( solar ) year is. 00024 seconds slower than the year one century earlier. the number may not be correct, but the concept is. in the same way that the moon has rotates around the earth, the earth will eventually rotate around the sun... if the sun does not supernova first! there is a small tidal drag on the earth caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun which have a small effect on the earth ' s rotation, but the effect, while measurable, is exceedingly small. on the other hand, the reason the moon always presents the same face to the earth it is believed was caused by tidal drag of the earth on the moon, which is much greater because the mass of the moon is so much smaller than that of click here to return to the astronomy archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4422193366958082, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04155edf-d0d0-4ea6-b914-a10ba3c95a22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.637696"}
{"text": "potsdam \u2013 clarkson university ' s egon matijevic, the victor k. lamer professor of colloid and surface science, and evgeny katz, the milton kerker chair in colloid science, are listed in the h - index of living scientists. the h - index attempts to measure both the scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of a scientist. the index is based on the set of the scientist ' s most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people ' s publications. at ranking # 218, matijevic, with an h of 69, has published 69 papers ( among total 575 papers ), which have each received at least 69 citations. at ranking # 380, katz, with an h of 60, has published 60 papers ( among more than 300 papers ), which have each received at least 60 citations. it should be noted that this listed of the most - cited chemists totals only 587 worldwide with the two clarkson ' s professors among them. the index was suggested by physicist jorge e. hirsch as a tool for determining quality of scientific publications of a person and is sometimes called the hirsch index or hirsch number. the purpose of this index is similar to the popular impact factor, which is used to rank the quality of scientific journals, but it is applied to a person. the definition of the h - index and the explanations of its importance can be found at http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / h - index. the latest list, compiled by henry schaefer of the university of georgia, together with colleague amy peterson, was updated in november 2010 and can be found at http : / / www. rsc. org / chemistryworld / news / 2007 / april / 23040701. asp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5592700199317058, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b516f10-5fba-48e2-becb-5f22679422f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.639430"}
{"text": "formatting marks in a word document. imagine that you have typed a few paragraphs. the paragraphs seem very far apart, and the second paragraph starts farther to the right than the first paragraph. you can see what ' s going on in your document by looking at the formatting marks that word automatically inserts as you type. these marks are always in documents, but they are invisible to you until you display them. for example, a dot appears every time you press the spacebar, such as between words. one dot is one space ; two dots are two spaces, and so on. normally there should be one space between each word. word inserts a paragraph mark ( ) each time you press enter to start a new paragraph. in the picture, there are two paragraph marks between the two paragraphs, which means that enter was pressed twice. this creates extra space between paragraphs. one arrow ( ) appears each time tab is pressed. in the picture there is one arrow before the first paragraph and two arrows before the second paragraph, so tab was pressed twice in the second paragraph. to see formatting marks, go to the ribbon, at the top of the window. on the home tab, in the paragraph group, click the show / hide button ( ). click the button again to hide formatting marks. note : these marks are just for show. they won ' t be on printed pages, even when you see them on the screen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4607941542388281, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19ad7cec-3621-445b-88be-076ef3743391>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.642048"}
{"text": "from ohio history central the progressive movement was a widespread reform effort to cure the many social and political ills in america after the advent of the industrial revolution. during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the united states of america underwent tremendous change. one of the principal changes was the shift from a predominantly agricultural economy to a much more industrialized one. this change also brought stark social changes to the united states. now millions of americans relied on other people - - business owners - - for their livelihood. oftentimes, the employers reinvested profits back into the company, rather than paying workers a fair wage. these business owners also had tremendous power within the federal government. many americans believed that the business owners had undue influence over the government and that the employers had no desire to relinquish any power to middle and working - class americans. by the 1890s, a group of reformers, known as the progressives, emerged to combat some of the ill effects of these changes. most progressives came from middle - class backgrounds. many of them were college educated. progressives generally believed that industrialization was good for the united states, but they also contended that human greed had overcome industrialization ' s more positive effects. they hoped to instill in americans moral values based upon protestant religious beliefs. the progressives wanted employers to treat their workers as the bosses wanted to be treated. they also hoped that, if working conditions improved, americans would not engage in immoral activities, like drinking and gambling, to forget the difficulties that they faced. progressives sought better pay, safer working conditions, shorter hours, and increased benefits for workers. believing that only education would allow americans to lead successful lives, progressives opposed child labor, wanting children to attend school rather than working in mines and factories. they supported prohibition and succeeded in enacting a ban on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol with the eighteenth amendment to the united states constitution in 1919. progressives also sought to reclaim government from the business owners and corrupt politicians partly by supporting the direct election by the people of united states senators. the progressives succeeded in attaining this reform with the adoption of the seventeenth amendment to the united states constitution in 1913. other reforms included initiative, which allowed voters to pass legislation on their own, referendum, which allowed voters to repeal laws that they did not support, and recall, which allowed voters to remove elected officials from office. many progressives supported women ' s suffrage, helping women secure the right to vote through the adoption of the nineteenth amendment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4618066822435669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9660ef2-5da1-41fd-903e-62e73e7d71ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.645698"}
{"text": "referendum, which allowed voters to repeal laws that they did not support, and recall, which allowed voters to remove elected officials from office. many progressives supported women ' s suffrage, helping women secure the right to vote through the adoption of the nineteenth amendment to the united states constitution in 1919. progressives also battled against city bosses, including cincinnati, ohio ' s george cox, by hiring city managers. while progressives enacted numerous positive reforms, some of their goals were questionable. they did seek to make the united states government more democratic and to protect american workers, but they also sought to force their social and political beliefs on others. progressives opposed immigration and enacted several immigration restrictions during the 1920s. progressives also tried to force immigrants to adopt progressive moral beliefs. one way they tried to accomplish this was through settlement houses. settlement houses existed in most major cities during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. they were places where immigrants could go to receive free food, clothing, job training, and educational classes. while all of these items greatly helped immigrants, progressives also used the settlement houses to convince immigrants to adopt \" american \" or progressive beliefs, causing the foreigners to forsake their own culture. during the 1920s, many progressives also joined the ku klux klan, a self - proclaimed religious group that was to enforce morality - - based on progressive beliefs - - on other people. due to such the progressives ' participation in prohibition, the ku klux klan, and immigration restrictions, many americans stopped supporting the progressive movement. while aspects of its beliefs remain today, as a functioning and clearly identifiable group, the progressive movement began to weaken by the late 1920s and the early 1930s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047514214200822, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9660ef2-5da1-41fd-903e-62e73e7d71ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.647225"}
{"text": "what is opec? opec is an acronym for organization of the petroleum exporting countries. opec was formed in 1960 in baghdad, iraq with five founding member countries. currently opec is a cartel composed of 11 oil producing countries. current member countries include : algeria, indonesia, iran, iraq, kuwait, libya, nigeria, qatar, saudi arabia, united arab emirates, and venezuela. opec ' s stated purpose is said to serve three main functions : - help stabilize world oil prices - ensure oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on production - ensure a stable supply of crude oil for consumer use. opec has a current goal of $ 27 us per barrel of oil. how much crude oil do the opec countries produce? collectively these countries hold approximately 77 % of known world crude oil reserves. in terms of daily crude oil production opec countries currently produce about 41 % ( 24. 2 million barrels per day ) of the world ' s crude oil. the oil exported by the opec countries accounts for 55 % of all oil traded internationally. opec countries also represent about 15 % of total world natural gas production. how does opec set oil prices? opec does not \" set \" oil prices. opec manipulates the free market price of crude oil by setting caps on the oil production of its member countries. twice each year, ministers from each opec country meet in vienna, austria to review the status of the international oil market and to forecast the future oil demands in order to agree upon an appropriate crude oil production level.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44893979183569077, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59656bb5-8c00-49fc-a789-775c1d020d7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.648842"}
{"text": "exposure to violent video games. a failure to take medication to treat mental illness or a development disorder. access to assault weapons. and is it time to profile white males? these issues and questions have been raised in the aftermath of one of the worst mass shootings in modern american history. a week ago, 20 - year - old adam lanza went on a shooting rampage, killing 20 children and 6 adults at sandy hook elementary school in newtown, conn., where he lived with his mother, nancy, whom he also killed. he pumped several bullets in her head before heading out of the door and turning the gun on himself at the school after the shootings. while it \u2019 s difficult to know lanza \u2019 s mental state and what steps his mother took to seek treatment for him, experts are weighing in based on what they know from news reports of interviews with neighbors and people in the community who say he was in need of mental health treatment. \u201c most children who play violent video games do not commit crimes or violent acts, \u201d jeff gardere, a clinical psychologist and assistant professor of behavioral medicine at touro college of osteopathic medicine, told newsone. \u201c but some youth can be at risk for violence if there is mental illness and an oversaturation of violent video gaming, according to some studies. there have been studies showing a link between violent gaming and acting out because these kids become desensitized. the answer is about parents finding the proper balance and not allowing the child to isolate. \u201d law enforcement authorities are still trying to piece together what led to the horrific crime in which lanza, known as withdrawn and anti - social, used high - powered weapons obtained from his mother. she reportedly took him to shooting ranges and the three weapons, including a bushmaster rifle, used in the attack were all legal. the shooting prompted president barack obama to appoint vice president joe biden to push to strengthen gun laws. lanza was reportedly isolated and spent hours in a windowless basement den, playing violent video games, which has caused speculation about the desensitization to violence. and some reports have emerged that nancy lanza was preparing to commit her son to a psychiatric facility for treatment of asperger \u2019 s syndrome, a form of autism, and unspecified mental health issues. experts say she took the right steps, but his problems reportedly went on for a while. mental health experts suggest that parents seek help immediately if a teen or young adult shows signs of trouble, including antisocial behavior, chronic defiance, harms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45221564721832197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86a7ee5f-0dbf-4ccd-8d23-06f05bbbd795>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.651984"}
{"text": "by joe cochrane a 19th - century warehouse that lies off the main square of jakarta ' s dutch batavia quarter once held supplies for the needs of traders, seamen, colonial civil servants and foreign adventurers. today, inside the terra - cotta colored building, giant trees stretch more than 20 meters into the air through a caved - in roof. what were once wooden floors in the 400 - square - meter dwelling are now uneven hills of dirt and debris that has fallen into the gutted - out structure for more than half a century. the shop house ' s owner is ella ubaidi, leader of a local conservation group. she bought the building several years ago and has plans to restore it to its former glory. but ms. ubaidi, an indonesian who has a dutch grandmother, says she won ' t act until a comprehensive revitalization program for the batavia quarter gets underway. also known as \" kota tua \" or the old town, batavia is an 87 - hectare neighborhood of centuries - old colonial buildings that are abandoned and steadily decaying into ruins. \" twenty - five years ago, amsterdam was crumbling. so a dutch company bought the [ old ] buildings, developed them and rented them out, \" ms. ubaidi says. \" we need that model here. \" the first dutch sailing fleet arrived in jakarta in 1607, and in the ensuing decades the dutch built a trading post in the city. during its economic peak in the 1650s, batavia was where the dutch east india company, or vereenigde oost - indische compagnie, ran its spice trade of cloves, pepper and nutmeg and administered one of europe ' s most - envied colonial possessions. surrounded by batavia ' s high walls that kept out hostile local tribes and invading central javanese armies, traders, merchants, bankers, civil servants, engineers, soldiers, plantation operators and tax collectors worked here through the 17th and into the 18th centuries. around the main square, known as taman fatahillah, there were packed warehouses, busy trading houses, dutch administrative offices, a church, and ale houses that served warm beer amid the tropical heat. batavia was in decline in the mid - 1700s and by the 1770s was nearly a ghost town. the city had become overcrowded, its rivers packed with garbage, and diseases such as dysentery and dengue fever were rife. by the 20th century, it was a shadow of its former self. today, central jakarta lies several miles inland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35009833785136324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eb1845f-171f-46c2-a195-833d20b72495>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.657045"}
{"text": "had become overcrowded, its rivers packed with garbage, and diseases such as dysentery and dengue fever were rife. by the 20th century, it was a shadow of its former self. today, central jakarta lies several miles inland, surrounded by high - rise office buildings and outlandish upscale shopping malls, while the capital ' s main port lies eight kilometers to the east of the old dutch quarter. the fact that batavia lies in an area where demand for commercial property is low may have saved it from the wrecking ball, unlike colonial asian buildings in hong kong, singapore, hanoi and shanghai. in today ' s batavia, there are preserved buildings with original stain - glass windows, and arched bridges over dutch - built canals and waterways. but aside from one restaurant and a few museums \u2014 a karaoke bar and pool hall recently closed \u2014 the area is neglected. jakarta gov. fauzi bowo, who as a boy played in batavia ' s dusty streets, is trying to become the first city leader since the 1970s to make economic use of its past. in 2008, his office drafted a new revitalization master plan for batavia \u2014 the ninth since 1991. taman fatahillah square and its surrounding area were closed to traffic, and jackhammers tore up the old pavement. new cobblestones, a new drainage system and ground lighting were installed at a cost of $ 5 million. the square buzzes with life during daylight hours, hosting weekend music concerts, cultural exhibits and historic walking and bicycle tours. foreign and local tourists roll off of buses to walk through the dungeons of the old city hall, which was built in 1710 and is now a museum. the square is also a favorite spot for young couples to do pre - wedding photo shoots. cafe batavia, which opened in 1993 inside a 19th - century restored warehouse, has become a must for new jakarta expatriates and foreign visitors. but beyond the main square, nearly all of the 59 colonial - era buildings surrounding it remain empty and unused. some are occupied by squatters while others are literally falling apart, like the jasindo building, built in 1912, which in march saw two - thirds of its roof collapse. when the sun goes down, affluent city residents scurry home, and squatters, beggars and garbage scavengers come out and occupy the streets and the main square. \" the city did what they could do, but it didn ' t bring any change because there is no economic activity, \" ms. u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41284636073175035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eb1845f-171f-46c2-a195-833d20b72495>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.658084"}
{"text": "using openmp - the book and examples use this forum to discuss the book : using openmp - portable shared memory parallel programming by barbara chapman, gabriele jost and ruud van der pashttp : / / mitpress. mit. edu / catalog / item / default. asp? ttype = 2 & tid = 11387 the sources are available as a free download under the bsd license. each source comes with a copy of the license. please do not remove this. you are encouraged to try out these examples and perhaps use them as a starting point to better understand and perhaps further explore openmp. each source file constitutes a full working program. other than a compiler and run time environment to support openmp, nothing else is needed. with the exception of one example, there are no source code comments. not only are these examples very straightforward, they are also discussed in the above mentioned book. as a courtesy, each source directory has a make file called \" makefile \". this file can be used to build and run the examples in the specific directory. before you do so, you need to activate the appropriate include line in file makefile. there are include files for several compilers and unix based operating systems ( linux, solaris and mac os to precise ). these files have been put together on a best effort basis. the user ' s guide that is bundled with the examples explains this in more detail. please post your feedback about the book and / or these examples to this forum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.539308259167009, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdc62d61-188b-4a3a-9317-ec4f7188eca6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.661096"}
{"text": "- proton transfer networks and the mechanism of long range proton transfer in proteins ( 2010 ) - the main energy providing reaction systems in living cells, for example the photosynthesis or the respiratory chain, are based on long range proton transfer ( lrpt ) reactions. even since these lrpt reactions have been heavily investigated in the last decades, the mechanism of these reactions is still not completely understood. the reaction kinetics of the lrpt are under heavy discussion and it is not clear, whether the reorientation of the hydrogen bond network ( hbn ) or the electrostatic barrier for the charge transfer is rate limiting. the main purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamics of chemical reactions inside of proteins, focused on long range proton transfer reactions. electron transfer reactions, rotations of water molecules or conformational changes of the protein are also considered. the developed sequential dynamical monte carlo ( sdmc ) method is applicable to almost all kinds of chemical reactions. for all proton transfer reactions, the hbn of a protein plays a major role. protons are transferred along such hydrogen bonds. therefore, knowledge about the hydrogen bond network of a protein is crucial for the simulation of lrpt systems. the hbn can be calculated from the protein structure and the rotational state of the amino acid side chains. the reaction rate can be calculated from the electrostatic energies of the participating proton donor and acceptor groups. these two criteria are combined for the decision if a proton transfer between two molecules is possible and how fast this transfer would happen. while the calculation of electrostatic energies of protonatable amino acid side chains or relevant cofactors in proteins ( among them also water molecules ) is already solved - implemented in various programs - the remaining tasks - calculating the hydrogen bond network followed by calculating the reaction rates - were solved during this work. before the hydrogen bond network and the electrostatic energies could be calculated, the lack of water positions in many available crystallographically resolved protein structures made it necessary to develop an algorithm to detect internal cavities in proteins and fill these cavities with water molecules. the derived water positions could be included in the electrostatic calculations as well as in the calculation of the hbn. the simulation of the lrpt in gramicidin a ( ga ) compared to experimental data of the proton transfer in this polypeptide showed the possibilities of the simulation of the lrpt by the sdmc algorithm. the promising results encouraged us to investigate the mechanism of the lrpt, especially, if the re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5795352093882262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbeab5a9-e536-47d2-b7fd-955b6995c01d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.664413"}
{"text": "to experimental data of the proton transfer in this polypeptide showed the possibilities of the simulation of the lrpt by the sdmc algorithm. the promising results encouraged us to investigate the mechanism of the lrpt, especially, if the reorientation of the hbn or the electrostatic energy barrier of the charge transfer is rate limiting for the lrpt. the results indicate, that both effects influence the lrpt and none of them is exclusively responsible for the lrpt rate. further analysis of the hydrogen bond network topology showed that graph algorithms can be used to analyze these networks. hydrogen bond networks can be clustered into regions which are close connected to each other. on the other hand, residues connecting two or more of these densely connected regions might play an important role for proton transfer pathways since a loss of such residues cuts a proton transfer pathway. a comparison of an analysis of the hbn topology of the photosynthetic reaction center with mutation studies of the same system showed, that residues identified as important for proton transfer by the mutation studies are identified as connection points between clusters by the network analysis. the developed algorithms together with the introduction of a new method for the simulation of the lrpt process ( sdmc ) improved the picture of the proton transfer processes in proteins. starting from the protein structure, the developed algorithms cover all steps from the detection of protein cavities, the placement of water molecules in these cavities, the calculation and analysis of the hydrogen bond network, the simulation of the lrpt and the investigation of the reaction kinetics. the analysis of the hbn by graph theoretical methods gives further insight into the hbn topology and identifies residues important for proton transfer pathways and therefore important for the protein activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5766982936295522, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbeab5a9-e536-47d2-b7fd-955b6995c01d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.665898"}
{"text": "an analysis of the classic arctic outbreak event of late december 2008 - early january 2009 by christian m. cassell stratospheric role | the 2008 - 2009 winter was characterized by colder than normal temperatures and above normal snowfall for each month from october through march. while there was no one significant snow event that overshadowed any other this past winter, a bitterly cold arctic outbreak that persisted for more than two weeks brought the coldest temperatures in a decade to the anchorage area, and grabbed headlines around the world for extreme cold in interior parts of the state. this analysis will show how the outbreak developed and how it was able to persist for a prolonged period of time. * - indicates a record low value for that particular date. 1. summary of temperatures and records from the outbreak the following chart is a breakdown of temperatures and extremes at anchorage during the two week arctic outbreak. * * - indicates tying or setting of the lowest temperature of this decade ( 2000 - 2009 ). though it is arbitrary as to when the outbreak began and ended based on the numbers, the temperature at anchorage dropped below zero degrees during the evening hours of december 29th, and remained below zero until january 8th except for a one - hour period during the afternoon of january 5th when the temperature managed to make it to 0. 4 degrees briefly during the mid afternoon hours. this represented the longest streak of sub - zero days since 30 january. 5 february 1999. additionally, the eleven - day streak ( 29 dec. 8 jan ) with the minimum temperature falling to - 10 degrees or lower from the official reporting station at the national weather service office on sand lake road was the longest such streak since 17 - 29 december 1961. therefore, while there were no record low minimum temperature values set at the official temperature station in anchorage, the duration of the cold in terms of minimum temperatures at or below - 10 degrees was the longest such stretch in 47 years. go to next page stratospheric role |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46364818545914144, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9aae393d-86f4-4331-b269-7344c5e77b24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.669601"}
{"text": "the machinery of criminal justice university of pennsylvania law school january 1, 2012 the machinery of criminal justice, s. bibas, oxford university press, 2012 u of penn law school, public law research paper no. 12 - 16 two centuries ago, the american criminal justice system was run primarily by laymen. jury trials passed moral judgment on crimes, vindicated victims and innocent defendants, and denounced the guilty. but over the last two centuries, lawyers have taken over the process, silencing victims and defendants and, in many cases, substituting a plea - bargaining system for the voice of the jury. the public sees little of how this assembly - line justice works, and victims and defendants have largely lost their day in court. as a result, victims rarely hear defendants express remorse and apologize, and defendants rarely receive forgiveness. this lawyerized machinery has purchased efficient, speedy processing of many cases at the price of sacrificing softer values, such as reforming defendants and healing wounded victims and relationships. in other words, the u. s. legal system has bought quantity at the price of quality, without recognizing either the trade - off or the great gulf separating lawyers ' and laymen ' s incentives, interests, values, and powers. in the machinery of criminal justice, author stephanos bibas surveys these developments over the last two centuries, considers what we have lost in our quest for efficient punishment, and suggests ways to include victims, defendants, and the public once again. these ideas range from requiring convicts to work or serve in the military, to moving power from prosecutors to restorative sentencing juries. bibas argues that doing so might cost more, but it would better serve criminal procedure ' s interests in denouncing crime, vindicating victims, reforming wrongdoers, and healing the relationships torn by crime. the introduction to the book is attached. number of pages in pdf file : 20 keywords : criminal law and procedure, american criminal justice system, sentencing, plea bargain, guilty plea, negotiation, settlement, dispute resolution, right to trial, jury, efficiency, fifth amendment, sixth amendment, constitutional law, fairness, procedural justiceaccepted paper series date posted : february 25, 2012 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo5 in 0. 609 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46927520509112436, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a0c2cae-78d3-453c-be58-9a362ac0d161>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.673075"}
{"text": "the history and tradition of patna go back to the earliest dawn of civilization. the original name of patna was pataliputra or patalipattan and its history makes a start from the century 600 b. c. the name patna has undergone many changes at its earliest stages like pataligram, kusumpur, patliputra, azimabad etc., ultimately terminating to the present one. chandragupta maurya made it his capital in the 4th century a. d. thereafter the city lost its importance until sherkhan suri rose into power in the early 16th century a. d. another version that comes to focus is that there existed a village named pattan or patthan, which later turned into patna. it has been said that pataliputra was founded by ajatashatru. patna, therefore, has become inextricably bound up with the ancient pataliputra. the ancient village was named \u2018 patali \u2019 and the word \u2018 pattan \u2019 was added to it. greek history mentions \u2018 palibothra \u2019 which perhaps is pataliputra itself. ajatashatru had to adopt certain security measures in order to protect patna from the repeated lichchavi invasions. he had got a natural riverine fort protected by three rivers. ajatashatru \u2019 s son had moved his capital from rajagriha to pataliputra and this status was maintained during the reign of the mauryas and the guptas. ashoka the great, administered his empire from here. chandragupta maurya and samudragupta, valliant warriors, they took pataliputra as their capital. it was from here chahandragupta sent forth his army to fight the greeks of the western frontier and chandragupta vikramaditya repelled the shakas and the huns from here. it was there that the greek ambassador megasthenes stayed during the reign of chandragupta maurya. the famous traveler fa - hien in the 3rd century and hiuen - tsang in the 7th century inspected the city. many noted scholars like kautilya stayed here and works like \u2018 arthashastra \u2019 were written from this place. this city was the fountainhead of the spring of knowledge and wisdom in ancient times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37934806662546283, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:041ab45a-c6f0-41a9-b149-cf589c747e04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.675331"}
{"text": "re : plant - based fats question posted tuesday, march 5, 2013 at 9 : 18 am it depends on your goals - weight loss? disease prevention? cancer survival? general health and well being? here ' s our general advice with high - fat plant foods : a low - fat diet is not a no - fat diet. there are traces of natural oils in vegetables, beans, and fruits, and these fats are important for health. some people add additional sources of healthful omega - 3 ( \u201c good \u201d ) fats, such as walnuts, flaxseeds or flax oil, or soy products. and some researchers have found health benefits to having a small serving of nuts each day, despite the fact that nuts are very fatty. the idea is that nuts are heart - healthy and may even prevent arrhythmias \u2014 disorders of the heartbeat. pcrm \u2019 s advice is to be cautious with these foods. they can easily impart enough fat to bring your weight loss to a halt. rather than using nuts and seeds as snack foods ( where it is so easy to go overboard ), use them as condiments or in sauces, limiting them to about an ounce or so ( about one modest handful ) each day. susan levin, ms, rd pcrm director of nutrition education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.439470407380238, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1074449-0b9d-47bf-bc09-773fc9f5219b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.677491"}
{"text": "although it \u2019 s what many people on the kenai peninsula associate it with, memorial day weekend isn \u2019 t just about fishing and barbecues. it \u2019 s a time to remember those who have died in battle for this country. originally called decoration day, the holiday was first widely observed on may 30, 1868, to commemorate the sacrifices of civil war soldiers by proclamation of general john a. logan of the grand army of the republic, an organization of former sailors and soldiers. in 1966, the federal government, under the direction of president lyndon johnson, declared waterloo, n. y., the official birthplace of memorial day. they chose waterloo \u2014 which had first celebrated the day on may 5, 1866 \u2014 because the town made memorial day an annual, communitywide event, during which businesses closed and residents decorated the graves of soldiers with flowers and flags. today, memorial day is celebrated at arlington national cemetery with a ceremony in which a small american flag is placed on each grave. also, it is customary for the president or vice president to give a speech honoring the contributions of the dead and lay a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier. communities across the country, including those on the kenai peninsula, take part in annual events to commemorate the day. memorial day observances, will be held in kenaiand soldotna this year. in kenai, the avenue of flags begins at 10 : 30 a. m. at the kenai city cemetery and a memorial service will take place at leif hansen memorial park at 1 p. m. in soldotna, a memorial is planned for 1 p. m. at the soldotna community memorial park on west redoubt. our fallen soldiers have fought for so much throughout the years, and their dedication has given us the freedoms we enjoy today. we encourage you to take a moment to remember them and the reason for this holiday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37065024845704064, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9783a10-0424-4a68-bf65-e872bcbb67ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.679417"}
{"text": "indian peranakans : the chitty melaka the melaka chitty community, also known as the malacca straits - born hindus or indian peranakans has been in malacca, malaysia since the reign of the malacca sultanate in the early 15th. century. years before parameswara the founder of malacca in 1401 became the first sultan, hindu traders had already come to malacca. trading between the west and east had long been established before then. due to the distance and weather conditions, traders had to make several stops along their trading route the straits of malacca and malacca was seen as the best location. it was exactly the ideal choice for these traders as it was stragically located and food supplies were easily available. as malacca gained its popularity, more and more traders including the hindus from the corromandel coast, southern india thronged its port. inter - marriages between the hindu traders and the malays, chinese, javanese and bataks were then unavoidable. through the process of assimilation, these traders had gradually adapted themselves to a new lifestyle. thus the term ' melaka chitty ' was born. as staunch believers of the hindu faith, the melaka chitty community still uphold their religious ceremonies and beliefs but with a unique blend. in malacca, one can easily notice this unique community in kampung chitty, gajah berang which is situated about 2. 5 kilometres from the city centre. it consists of a few castes namely ; pandaram, pillay, neiker, raja, pathair, chitty and padaichi. they strongly resemble the malays and baba nyonyas the malacca straits - born chinese in terms of clothing, spoken language, food and appearance. no doubt they are inarticulate in tamil but they still maintain their hindu names and customs. as of material importance, need to assert that the melaka chitty community is different than the other hindus, especially the chettiars the hindu money - lenders, in many ways. they had lost all forms of relation with their descendants in india a long time ago. today, they pledge their loyalty to the ruler of malaysia. most of them are wage earners and lead a simple life. some have ventured into other types of occupations. a handful of them are living in other parts of the country and some can be found in singapore too. during festive seasons, most of them would return to kampung chitty and they will have lots to talk about. \" please don ' t confuse us with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3659880933863951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b5c1ef9-0ba1-4a5d-944c-fde8cadc49b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.689680"}
{"text": "living in other parts of the country and some can be found in singapore too. during festive seasons, most of them would return to kampung chitty and they will have lots to talk about. \" please don ' t confuse us with the chettiars. they are moneylenders and we are the traders who came here in the 14th century like the babas & nonyas. \" so pleads chitty village elder v. ramasamy pillai. \" after all these years, more than 600 years to be precise, malaysians are still unable to differentiate between chittys and chettiars, \" he says smiling and shaking his head. history books and ramasamy, 83, will tell you that the chittys are actually indian traders who came to the malacca in the early 1400s from the southern part of india, namely kalinga in the corromendal coast, during the days of the spice trade. many married local malay women like the chinese peranakans & adopted the cultures and languages of the region while retaining their own religion \u2013 hinduism. seafaring chitty traders went on to become farmers and settled down in many parts of malacca, eventually moving to kampung tujung in gajah behrang. you will notice from the below picture that the indian peranakan wedding ceremonies and styles of dressing abd wedding garments are very similar to that of the chinese peranakans. also notice the \" ranjang kemanten \" in the background on the picture of the right to that of a peranakan chinese \" ranjang kemanten \". it is in kampung tujung where many of the chittys now live. there are 19 homes amidst three temples and a newly constructed museum that awaits its official opening. when many of the chittys married and settled in malacca, they didn ' t keep in touch with their families in india, thus making it virtually impossible for their predecessors to trace relatives in kalinga. while their indian relatives might be a permanently closed chapter, the chittys in malacca are a fascinating group. daily but more so on weekends, scores of visitors come to chitty village. \" most chittys look like indians while others have fair skin like the chinese peranakans and have made bahasa malaysia their official language. many here only speak tamil haltingly as baba malay is the language spoken by the community, \" says k. nadarajan raja, who is secretary of the cultural society of chitty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41445057600277957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b5c1ef9-0ba1-4a5d-944c-fde8cadc49b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.690672"}
{"text": ". the below photo shows you how similar the indians peranakans are to the chinese peranakans. indian chitty peranakan cuisine chitty cuisine, a blend of malay local influences, nonya and the indian art of blending spices, is little - known. there is no chitty restaurant, not even in malacca, and hence their food can only be sampled in the community ' s enclave in kampung tujuh gajah berang. \" the chittys ' most famous food is nasi lemak. we serve it as offerings during prayers, ' ' says g. meenachi, 70. unlike the other indian groups who usually offer rice with vegetarian dishes during prayers, the chittys serve nasi lemak or plain rice with a variety of fish and meat accompaniments. \" chitty nasi lemak is usually steamed. first, we steam the rice for about 20 minutes before it is left to cool. in the meantime, we will boil thick and thin coconut milk separately over a low fire. the pandanus leaf is boiled with the coconut milk so that it ' ll be fragrant. \" stir the coconut milk into the steamed rice. leave the rice for a few hours or until all the coconut milk has been absorbed by the rice. then steam the rice again for 10 - 15 minutes, ' ' meenachi ' s daughter, amuthavathi, narrates the painstaking preparation of nasi lemak, as taught by her mother. a good nasi lemak must be fragrant, and the grains fluffy and separate, and must even have a shiny sheen. the secret to getting the shiny sheen, says chitty s. kathai, is by adding on some lemon juice to the rice during the steaming process. unlike the northerners, ginger is not added to their nasi lemak. \" nasi lemak is only cooked in a rice cooker when there are unexpected guests. we call this nasi lemak terkejut ( surprise nasi lemak ). ' ' offerings to ancestors a chinese peranakan trsdition such as rice accompanied by 13 dishes are served by the chittys to honour their ancestors. traditional chitty cooks such as meenachi suffer no shortcuts or half measures in their kitchen, holding firm to elaborate details that give their food a delicious edge. when she makes chillied fried fish, she wraps the fish with turmeric leaf which lends the dish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44031815688895487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b5c1ef9-0ba1-4a5d-944c-fde8cadc49b5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.692635"}
{"text": "meenachi suffer no shortcuts or half measures in their kitchen, holding firm to elaborate details that give their food a delicious edge. when she makes chillied fried fish, she wraps the fish with turmeric leaf which lends the dish a subtle aroma. for pulut tekan ( glutinous rice cake steamed with coconut milk ), meenachi uses leaf only from the pisang batu or pisang nipah tree... \" leaves from other banana species would darken the white pulut. ' ' spices are not blended in electric blenders, but are ground on the batu giling ( a granite pestle and mortar slab ). meenachi ' s youngest daughter, s. amuthavathi, recalls handling the heavy granite roller from young as her mother was adamant that her children learn to cook well. \" my mother called this morning to instruct that i pound the shallots, ginger and garlic, and not use an electric blender, ' ' says amuthavathi who cooked one of the chittys ' signature dish for us, armed with her mother ' s detailed instructions and secret tips. one of the chitty ' s more unusual dish is nasi kembuli. not many chittys still know how to cook it although it was once served to brides three days after the wedding, and as offerings during prayers. \" the ingredients in nasi kembuli are indian such as ghee, cumin and coriander. however, one of the most important accompaniments, pineapple pachedi, is malay in origin, ' ' says amuthavathi. a popular chitty everyday dish is lauk pindang which bears strong malay influences. \" lauk pindang is fish cooked with a blend of shallots, garlic and turmeric, in a tamarind and thin coconut milk gravy, ' ' describes amuthavathi. the best time to sample chitty delicacies is during festivals such as ponggal or bhogi. bhogi, which falls on the eve of ponggal, is the day that chittys hold ancestral rites and honour deceased family members. \" on that day, we lay out seven banana leaves of offerings for our ancestors. in my family, there will be three leaves of nasi lemak, three leaves of nasi kembuli and a leaf of white rice. there will be 13 accompaniments to the rice, a salted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43874381163180487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b5c1ef9-0ba1-4a5d-944c-fde8cadc49b5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.693493"}
{"text": "of offerings for our ancestors. in my family, there will be three leaves of nasi lemak, three leaves of nasi kembuli and a leaf of white rice. there will be 13 accompaniments to the rice, a salted egg, and coffee, ' ' says meenachi. the accompaniments include sambal ludang ( fish roe and prawns cooked with belimbing ( sour starfruits ), lemon grass, ginger, shallots, chilli, turmeric and coconut milk ), dry chicken and mutton curry, pineapple pachedi, spiced fried chicken, brinjal pachedi, udang goreng asam garam ( prawns fried with tamarind and salt ), cucumber relish, lauk pindang and krill sambal. other festive chitty food is putu, which is indian in origin. putu is traditionally served during the sadanggu, a ceremony for young girls who have reached puberty. \" only women are invited for this ceremony, and they must finish all the food prepared to ensure that no man eats the food. it ' s considered bad luck if food for the sadanggu is eaten by a man. notice the sembayang dato or offering to the ancestors ceremony in the middle picture below. notice the two red candles used. this is a peranakan chinese tradition, not an indian tradition as only the peranakan chinese use red candles for offering and prayers to the ancestors. \" it is also best to serve tea with sugar and pandanus leaf to go with the putu, which is made from scraped coconut, palm sugar syrup, fried green beans, cardamom and rice flour, ' ' says meenachi. although many chitty dishes are still prepared, there are fears that some recipes may be forgotten as the young marry out of the close - knit but small community. meenachi ' s four daughters hope to document the chitty recipes their illiterate mother remembers so vividly. meenachi does not only list down ingredients and cooking methods when passing recipes, but also the little details that matter. for certain dishes, use only the pink shallots. a pinch of salt must be added when pounding sambal belacan to mute the chillies ' rawness. boil salted mustard for itik tim in a brass wok, and it won ' t turn yellow but remain green. recipes aside, chitty baba malay terms used to describe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4165539483303382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b5c1ef9-0ba1-4a5d-944c-fde8cadc49b5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.694361"}
{"text": "jerusalem, the biography by simon sebag montefiore february 2, 2012 by bob livingston the fact that jerusalem is the center of the spiritual world for so many people seems to make politics there frighteningly complex and deadly. consequently, if you have any interest in understanding why the area in and around jerusalem is such a contentious piece of real estate, jerusalem explicates, in exquisite historical detail, the thousands of years of fighting over a piece of ground that so many people want to possess. sometimes, the details supplied by montefiore are a bit overwhelming. but the historical tidbits, footnotes, archeological gossip and descriptions of what we know or think we know about what historical figures did to each other in this part of the planet are never less than fascinating and illuminating. near the beginning of the book, montefiore describes a time when jerusalem was ruled by a confederation of tribes who were challenged by the philistines, \u201c part of the sea peoples, who originated in the aegean ( sea ). \u201d the israelites led first by saul and then by david beat them back. as king, david established his stronghold at jerusalem because it was a demilitarized zone between the northern and southern tribes. later on, though, rulers of the various kingdoms in and around jerusalem would periodically invade and kill many of the local inhabitants, making off with gold from the city \u2019 s temple. and then, in between invasions and sieges, members of the ruling class would battle with each other for power, brothers killing each other in order to take control, children killing parents, in - laws plotting each other \u2019 s doom and generals using assassinations and bloodbaths to establish their own dynasties. at the same time, the ruling jewish kings twice built magnificent temples in jerusalem ( each eventually destroyed ), filling them with golden treasures ( all eventually looted ) and established the city as a living, holy shrine. but the battles never stopped. in one typical period, as the assyrians invaded, israel \u2019 s king ahab joined with judah and syria to repel the would - be conquerors. but soon, the three anti - assyrian partners began to war with each other, civil wars broke out and king ahab was killed by his own troops. in the power vacuum, a general named jehu decided it was time to do away with the rest of the royal family. he stacked the heads of ahab \u2019 s 70 sons in a gruesome pile at the one of the city \u2019 s gates, killed the new king who was trying to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43957883411201587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a84c7c31-de2f-41dc-a218-44d84a739fb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.700764"}
{"text": "decided it was time to do away with the rest of the royal family. he stacked the heads of ahab \u2019 s 70 sons in a gruesome pile at the one of the city \u2019 s gates, killed the new king who was trying to succeed ahab and, for good measure, murdered the visiting king of judah. ahab \u2019 s wife, queen jezebel, was unceremoniously thrown out of a palace window, \u201c pulverized \u201d by chariots and fed to the dogs. but ahab \u2019 s family was soon in control again. one of jezebel \u2019 s daughters, athalia, took power, killing every prince she could get her hands on ( all of whom were her own grandchildren ). she made baal the state religion and set up idols in the temple. athalia, though, was eventually murdered, as were her priests. this kind of back - and - forth killing was typical. eventually, the assyrians came back for more booty, and the egyptians took a turn invading the area. when those empires backed off, the babylonians arrived for their share. a couple of hundred years later, the persians took out the babylonians, followed by the greeks and later the romans. destruction and conflict soon after jesus was crucified, relations between rome and the jewish rulers of jerusalem reached a tipping point. roman legions marched into the city, looted it, burned it to the ground and slaughtered most its residents, hauling many of the survivors back to rome as slaves and unwilling participants in bloody shows at the coliseum. for a time, the city was a camp for roman soldiers. later, when the romans eventually left, the city settled down into relative obscurity, lapsing into low level anarchy before being invaded by european crusaders. today, of course, jerusalem is in the center of the controversy between palestinians and israelis, each group claiming that they should control the area. after reading jerusalem, you won \u2019 t wonder that the city and the area around it is a continual source of conflict. you may wonder why it isn \u2019 t worse. montefiore warns, \u201c \u2026 there have always been two jerusalems, the temporal and the celestial, both ruled more by faith and emotion than by reason and facts. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4072899042158501, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a84c7c31-de2f-41dc-a218-44d84a739fb0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.702740"}
{"text": "closing in on the planck constant sep 25, 1998 physicists in the us have made the most accurate measurements ever of the planck constant, h. edwin williams and colleagues at the national institute of standards and technology in gaithersburg, maryland, measured h by comparing the voltage needed to control the velocity of a coil moving vertically in an magnetic field, with the current that has to be passed through the coil to balance gravity in the same magnetic field. the measurement could lead to a new reference stand for the kilogram ( phys. rev. lett. 81 2404 ). the kilogram is currently defined by a platinum - iridium alloy maintained at the bureau international des poids et mesures ( bipm ) in paris and six official copies. however, the official mass of the standard kilogram has been known to vary with time, hence the interest in defining the kilogram is terms of fundamental constants like h. the highly stable magnetic field needed for the experiment is generated by a superconducting magnet that has been cooled to 4 kelvin. the experiment also uses two induction coils : the lower coil is fixed to the support structure of the experiment, while the upper coil can move. this upper coil is also attached to a wheel balance above the experiment. in the first stage of the measurement, the mass balance is empty and a small force is applied to the upper coil, forcing it to move at 2mm / s. the researchers found that this generated a voltage of 1. 018 \u00b1 0. 001 v across the moving coil. in the second stage of the experiment, a 500 g countermass is balanced by a - 10. 18 ma current in the induction coil. both stages were repeated over many months to obtain a value of 6. 62606891 ( 58 ) x 10 - 34 joule seconds for the planck constant. this result - which corresponds to an accuracy of 9 parts in 108 - is a factor of 15 better than previous measurements. the team hope to improve on this result by another factor of 10 by modifying their experiment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6084829319947637, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd89c0d8-ef60-4435-b4e8-e79d00dd783c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.705268"}
{"text": "ultrafast electron microscope makes movies dec 8, 2006 physicists have created a new form of electron microscopy that can make \" movies \" of atoms as they undergo ultra - rapid chemical or structural transitions. ahmed zewail and colleagues at the california institute of technology in the us have used coincident electron and laser pulses to follow vanadium and oxygen atoms as they rearranged themselves on a vanadium oxide surface over the course of several picoseconds. the researchers say that the technique could also be used to study a wide range of ultrafast biological and physical phenomena. ( proc. natl. acad. sci. 103 18427 ) ). electron microscopes have better resolution than optical microscopes because high - energy electrons have a much shorter wavelength than light. the resolution can be further improved by using coherent electron wavepackets, which can contain as few as one electron. the wavelengths of these packets are much smaller than the space between individual atoms and can be brought to a very sharp focus, allowing objects to be imaged with atomic - scale resolution. the packets are of extremely short duration and this can be exploited to take \u201c snapshots \u201d of atoms as they undergo structural or chemical transitions. in 2005, zewail and colleagues used coherent electron packets to take single snapshots of a number of materials and biological samples. now the researchers have further refined their technique to take a time sequence of images that allowed them to watch vanadium and oxygen atoms rearrange themselves in a process that can take as little as 100 femtoseconds ( 10 - 13 seconds ). the timing sequence is generated by femtosecond laser pulses as illustrated in the figure \" ultrafast microscope \". each pulse is split into two pulses \u2013 one is used by the microscope to create the electron pulse and the other is used to heat the sample. according to zewail, the crucial and most difficult part of the technique is coordinating the arrivals of the laser and electron pulses at the sample with an accuracy of just a few femtoseconds. this is particularly difficult because the laser pulse travels at the speed of light, while the electron pulse lags behind at about two thirds the speed of light. the coincident laser pulse is used to heat the sample and drive a transition from a low - temperature crystal structure to a high - temperature structure. by changing the delay between the laser and electron pulses in regular time steps, the researchers were able to take snapshots of the atoms at different sample temperatures. zewai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6097141539772197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f1970f4-49fa-40b8-b5c8-2587723cbf65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.708515"}
{"text": "dodgers ' progress plan not only about robinson campanella, newcombe got their shots in class a ball los angeles - - the dodgers were front and center in breaking the color barrier in major league baseball, but the early movement involved more than jackie robinson. when robinson was signed by dodgers president branch rickey and owner walter o ' malley out of the negro leagues to be the first african - american to play at triple - a montreal in 1946, as part of his grand integration plan rickey also signed don newcombe and roy campanella to be the first african - americans to play class a ball. newcombe grew up poor in elizabeth, n. j., his father a chauffeur. there were no dreams of hitting it rich in the big leagues, but his neighbor, john grier, saw him throwing rocks and envisioned a pitcher in the making. \" john grier was like my second father, he took a liking to me, and he taught me to wind up, taught me everything i knew about baseball, \" newcombe said. \" i began to learn and began to like it. i was only 14 and i was already big and i could throw hard. he taught me to control it. but aspirations of the major leagues? black kids had none of that. \" at 17, newcombe was signed for $ 175 a month by the newark eagles, owned by abe manley and run by his wife, effa. he played with and against the likes of cool papa bell, monte irvin, ray dandridge and willie wells. two seasons into his career at age 19, newcombe was a newlywed and life was about to change dramatically. \" my wife and i came out of a movie and saw a headline in the new york post, i ' ll never forget it, and it said that montreal had signed jackie robinson, \" said newcombe, now 85 and a special advisor to dodgers chairman frank mccourt. \" i knew this was the beginning of change. i said to my wife, maybe this is a chance for me and roy. \" former dodgers general manager buzzie bavasi wrote in his autobiography that if newcombe hadn ' t been 19 years old at the time, rickey might have chosen him over robinson ( who was 28 ) to be the first african - american major leaguer. newcombe appreciated the mention, but believes the dodgers got the right man for the job. \" the only man i ever knew that i thought could do what jackie did was jackie, \" newcombe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3930178752858836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80a1ff94-5645-4eb8-9b01-46ec4403278e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.713841"}
{"text": "to be the first african - american major leaguer. newcombe appreciated the mention, but believes the dodgers got the right man for the job. \" the only man i ever knew that i thought could do what jackie did was jackie, \" newcombe said. \" i couldn ' t have accepted that kind of responsibility. jackie brought more to the table. he served in the military. he went to ucla. he was the man to do the job, not me. i don ' t know if roy could have or monte irvin could have, but i do know that jackie could do it. he far surpassed anyone i ' ve ever known. \" newcombe can recall details of a 60 - year anecdote as if it happened yesterday. he noted the irony in that a few months before signing, he had pitched in an ebbets field all - star game between negro league stars and major league stars. newcombe pitched three innings of a sunday game, went into the clubhouse, took off his uniform and was met by a slender man he had never seen before that turned out to be dodgers scout clyde sukeforth, who would also sign robinson. \" he asked me if i had ever heard of branch rickey, \" newcombe said. \" he told me this mr. rickey wanted to see me. i asked what he wanted. sukeforth said i needed to come to the office and find out. \" the meeting led to newcombe ' s signing with the dodgers for a $ 1, 000 bonus. \" i gave $ 500 to my mother, \" said newcombe, who had to borrow money from his mother for the subway fare from his home in new jersey to brooklyn for the meeting. newcombe and campanella were originally signed to play at danville in the class a illinois - indiana - iowa league, but the league president threatened to shut down rather than let african - americans in. so the pair was redirected to nashua of the new england league. \" me and roy talked about it, \" newcombe said. \" i told roy i ' d do whatever he thought. he said, ' we ' ve got to start somewhere, don. ' the president of the new england league said he didn ' t care what color we were if we could play. so we went. \" nashua became the first racially integrated team in the united states. walter alston, who would go on to be a hall of fame manager with the dodgers, was the nashua player / manager. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42236903897824546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80a1ff94-5645-4eb8-9b01-46ec4403278e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.714985"}
{"text": "could play. so we went. \" nashua became the first racially integrated team in the united states. walter alston, who would go on to be a hall of fame manager with the dodgers, was the nashua player / manager. \" alston called a meeting with the team when we joined to work out. and alston - - god bless him - - asked this question to the team : ' if i get sent out of a game, and i name this man manager, will you play for him or quit? because if i ' m not managing, i want roy campanella to manage. does anybody have a problem with that? ' \" to a man, everyone said no problem, and that ' s the way it was. and lo and behold, in a game in massachusetts, alston was put out of the game. we were losing 2 - 1 and it was the top of the eighth and campanella came over to me on the bench and said i was going to pinch - hit, and my eyes just about popped out of my head. and i hit a home run to center field and we won the game. so, roy became the first black in organized baseball history to win a game as manager. \" rickey ' s talent evaluation was right on point. robinson was a rookie of the year, an mvp, a six - time all - star and hall of famer. campanella won three mvp awards and was an eight - time all - star before his career was cut short by a paralyzing accident. he also is in the hall of fame. newcombe became the only player to win a rookie of the year, cy young and mvp award until justin verlander completed that trifecta last season. verlander invited newcombe to the new york baseball writers dinner this month to present the mvp award. \" i had that honor for 55 years, it was about time someone else did it, \" newcombe said. \" it ' s good to have a partner. i hope he carries on. \" ken gurnick is a reporter for mlb. com. this story was not subject to the approval of major league baseball or its clubs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3885656281874591, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80a1ff94-5645-4eb8-9b01-46ec4403278e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.717442"}
{"text": "in 2009, the asean intergovernmental commission on human rights ( aichr ) was formed to promote and protect the human rights of people in the region and was tasked to formulate the asean human rights declaration, which aimed to standardize all human rights of all people in the southeast region of asia. \u2022 five member countries have laws that target and criminalize transgender women for \u2018 cross dressing \u2019 : brunei, burma, malaysia, singapore and thailand. \u2022 six member countries of asean have laws criminalizing same sex activities between mutually consenting adults : brunei, burma, malaysia and singapore, philippines ( in marawi city ), indonesia ( in south sumatera province ). \u2022 none of the 10 member countries of asean have national anti - discrimination laws to protect people of diverse sexual orientation or gender identity or other minorities and vulnerable groups. \" the only glimpse the public and civil society groups have had of the proposed declaration was by way of a leaked document \" jakarta postthe asean human rights declaration does not include or recognize the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer ( lgbtiq ) persons. \" civil society groups gathered in phnom penh last week argued that time was running out to rid the proposed draft of clauses that would restrict peoples \u2019 rights rather than protecting and enhancing them. \" since it \u2019 s conception, lgbt groups have been demanding the inclusion of human rights based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the asean human rights declaration but our demands have fallen on deaf ears. this is a clear sign by the member countries of asean that they do not recognize the existence of lgbtiq persons and have no interest in protecting and promoting the human rights of lgbtiq persons in this region. take action! stand in solidarity with the asean lgbt caucus and iglhrc in demanding the inclusion of lgbt rights in the asean human rights declaration!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404915378961627, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b347cd-245f-4b6f-a719-a45339c7c22c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.720060"}
{"text": "puzzle pageissue 37 mystery christmas theft where ' s that missing coin? as a last treat before the start of the busiest period of the year, santa claus and rudolph the reindeer decide to go out for a meal. the easter bunny comes along for company. they feast on scrumptious food and mulled wine, which makes rudolph ' s nose glow redder than ever. at the end of the night the bill totals 30 north pole pounds, and the three decide to share it evenly, each paying 10 pounds. the waiter takes the money and walks over to the til, where he meets the proprietress of the restaurant. she tells him that for these very distinguished guests the last bottle of mulled wine is on the house. that bottle was 5 pounds, so now the bill only comes to 25 pounds. she gives the waiter 5 pound coins in change. but the waiter, not being a very honest sort and still holding a grudge about an undelivered present, slips two pounds into his pocket and only returns 3 pounds, 1 pound to each of the three guests. now each has paid 9 pounds, making 27 in total. the waiter stole 2 pounds, making 29. but santa, rudolph and the easter bunny paid 30 pounds in total! what happened to the missing pound?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44365821956899604, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a82a53ed-a18b-4a46-b4b3-3c440e480c50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.722044"}
{"text": "a recent report by the world economic forum on the future of the gas markets has highlighted the revolution that is currently happening in this sector. the report started by saying : \u201c what a difference a few years can make in one of the world \u2019 s major energy markets. advances in the production of unconventional gas \u2013 shale gas, tight gas and coal bed methane ( cbm ) \u2013 coupled with growing lng capacity have changed longstanding assumptions about natural gas markets around the world. \u201d whilst the shale gas revolution is well under way in north america, it is in its infancy in europe and asia. the one country that stands to benefit from the shale gas bonanza the most in europe is poland. the report acknowledges : \u201c poland has the largest potential for unconventional gas production in europe, \u201d and argues that \u201c poland could become a significant gas exporter and transform gas supply throughout central europe \u201d. the country, which has historically relied on dirty coal and gas from russia to power itself, could even become a gas exporter. so for many countries like poland or ukraine, they see shale gas as the technology that will rid them from years of dependency on russian gas, with its threats and price hikes. earlier this week, the financial times picked up on this theme, interviewing one polish farmer who said : \u201c i hear about people who don \u2019 t want these kinds of things, but it gives us a chance to free ourselves from russia, \u201d she says. \u201c we aren \u2019 t worried at all. \u201d a british company, called 3 legs resources, is currently drilling on the woman \u2019 s land. elsewhere in the country the big giants such as conocophillips, exxonmobil and chevron, are all joining in poland \u2019 s dash for shale gas. the ft even trumpets that \u201c gas could also help with poland \u2019 s pollution problem. currently, about 85 per cent of polish electricity is generated by coal, which will become increasingly untenable thanks to eu restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions. \u201d but herein lies the rub. it would be madness for the poles, in their desire to rid themselves from russia and dirty coal, to exploit a technology that has known risks to drinking water, through the controversial technique called fracking. already in the us, where the film gasland, has been a hit, there are consistent and widespread reports of water contamination. in france, the technique is currently banned due to pollution concerns. yesterday, a long awaited report by a panel of experts in the us delivered a warning to the shale gas drilling industry that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4891390341603265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:567b06f5-9493-47ce-849b-286b5d7ab8bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.726123"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | - for a non - technical introduction to the topic, please see introduction to genetics. genetics ( from ancient greek \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 genetikos, \u201c genitive \u201d and that from \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 genesis, \u201c origin \u201d ), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. the fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. however, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of gregor mendel in the mid - nineteenth century. although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, mendel observed that organisms inherit traits in a discrete manner \u2014 these basic units of inheritance are now called genes. genes correspond to regions within dna, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides \u2014 the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit. dna naturally occurs in a double stranded form, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to each other. each strand can act as a template for creating a new partner strand \u2014 this is the physical method for making copies of genes that can be inherited. the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to produce a chain of amino acids, creating proteins \u2014 the order of amino acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the gene. this is known as the genetic code. the amino acids in a protein determine how it folds into a three - dimensional shape ; this structure is, in turn, responsible for the protein ' s function. proteins carry out almost all the functions needed for cells to live. a change to the dna in a gene can change a protein ' s amino acids, changing its shape and function : this can have a dramatic effect in the cell and on the organism as a whole. although genetics plays a large role in the appearance and behavior of organisms, it is the combination of genetics with what an organism experiences that determines the ultimate outcome. for example, while genes play a role in determining a person ' s height, the nutrition and health that person experiences in childhood also have a large effect. - main article : history of genetics although the science of genetics began with the applied and theoretical work of gregor mendel in the mid - 1800s, other theories of inheritance preceded mendel. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5968498467244303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.970097"}
{"text": "health that person experiences in childhood also have a large effect. - main article : history of genetics although the science of genetics began with the applied and theoretical work of gregor mendel in the mid - 1800s, other theories of inheritance preceded mendel. a popular theory during mendel ' s time was the concept of blending inheritance : the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents. mendel ' s work disproved this, showing that traits are composed of combinations of distinct genes rather than a continuous blend. another theory that had some support at that time was the inheritance of acquired characteristics : the belief that individuals inherit traits strengthened by their parents. this theory ( commonly associated with jean - baptiste lamarck ) is now known to be wrong \u2014 the experiences of individuals do not affect the genes they pass to their children. other theories included the pangenesis of charles darwin ( which had both acquired and inherited aspects ) and francis galton ' s reformulation of pangenesis as both particulate and inherited. mendelian and classical geneticsedit the modern science of genetics traces its roots to gregor johann mendel, a german - czech augustinian monk and scientist who studied the nature of inheritance in plants. in his paper \" versuche uber pflanzenhybriden \" ( \" experiments on plant hybridization \" ), presented in 1865 to the naturforschender verein ( society for research in nature ) in brunn, mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically. although this pattern of inheritance could only be observed for a few traits, mendel ' s work suggested that heredity was particulate, not acquired, and that the inheritance patterns of many traits could be explained through simple rules and ratios. the importance of mendel ' s work did not gain wide understanding until the 1890s, after his death, when other scientists working on similar problems re - discovered his research. william bateson, a proponent of mendel ' s work, coined the word genetics in 1905. ( the adjective genetic, derived from the greek word genesis - \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \" origin \" and that from the word genno - \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9, \" to give birth \", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860. ) bateson popularized the usage of the word genetics to describe the study of inheritance in his inaugural address to the third international conference on plant hybridization in london, england, in 1906. after the red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5515114291142118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.971267"}
{"text": "was first used in a biological sense in 1860. ) bateson popularized the usage of the word genetics to describe the study of inheritance in his inaugural address to the third international conference on plant hybridization in london, england, in 1906. after the rediscovery of mendel ' s work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. in 1910, thomas hunt morgan argued that genes are on chromosomes, based on observations of a sex - linked white eye mutation in fruit flies. in 1913, his student alfred sturtevant used the phenomenon of genetic linkage to show that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome. < span id = \" molecular \" / > although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and dna \u2014 scientists did not know which of these was responsible for inheritance. in 1928, frederick griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation ( see griffith ' s experiment ) : dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to \" transform \" other still - living bacteria. sixteen years later, in 1944, oswald theodore avery, colin mcleod and maclyn mccarty identified the molecule responsible for transformation as dna. the hershey - chase experiment in 1952 also showed that dna ( rather than protein ) was the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that dna was the molecule responsible for inheritance. james d. watson and francis crick determined the structure of dna in 1953, using the x - ray crystallography work of rosalind franklin that indicated dna had a helical structure ( i. e., shaped like a corkscrew ). their double - helix model had two strands of dna with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what looks like rungs on a twisted ladder. this structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of dna. the structure also suggested a simple method for duplication : if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand. although the structure of dna showed how inheritance worked, it was still not known how dna influenced the behavior of cells. in the following years, scientists tried to understand how dna controls the process of protein production. it was discovered that the cell uses dna as a template to create matching messenger rna ( a molecule with nucleotides, very similar to dna ). the nucleotide sequence of a messenger rna is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5746302631846358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.972350"}
{"text": "was discovered that the cell uses dna as a template to create matching messenger rna ( a molecule with nucleotides, very similar to dna ). the nucleotide sequence of a messenger rna is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein ; this translation between nucleotide and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code. with this molecular understanding of inheritance, an explosion of research became possible. one important development was chain - termination dna sequencing in 1977 by frederick sanger : this technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a dna molecule. in 1983, kary banks mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of a dna from a mixture. through the pooled efforts of the human genome project and the parallel private effort by celera genomics, these and other techniques culminated in the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. features of inheritanceedit discrete inheritance and mendel ' s lawsedit - main article : mendelian inheritance at its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by means of discrete traits, called genes. this property was first observed by gregor mendel, who studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants. in his experiments studying the trait for flower color, mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white - and never an intermediate between the two colors. these different, discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles. in the case of pea plants, each organism has two alleles of each gene, and the plants inherit one allele from each parent. many organisms, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance. organisms with two copies of the same allele are called homozygous, while organisms with two different alleles are heterozygous. the set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype, while the observable trait the organism has is called its phenotype. when organisms are heterozygous, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once. when a pair of organisms reproduce sexually, their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. these observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5752495166976379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.973373"}
{"text": "an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once. when a pair of organisms reproduce sexually, their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. these observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of alleles are collectively known as mendel ' s first law or the law of segregation. notation and diagramsedit geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. a gene is represented by a letter ( or letters ) \u2014 the capitalized letter represents the dominant allele and the recessive is represented by lowercase. often a \" + \" symbol is used to mark the usual, non - mutant allele for a gene. in fertilization and breeding experiments ( and especially when discussing mendel ' s laws ) the parents are referred to as the \" p \" generation and the offspring as the \" f1 \" ( first filial ) generation. when the f1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the \" f2 \" ( second filial ) generation. one of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross - breeding is the punnett square. interactions of multiple genesedit organisms have thousands of genes, and in sexually reproducing organisms assortment of these genes are generally independent of each other. this means that the inheritance of an allele for yellow or green pea color is unrelated to the inheritance of alleles for white or purple flowers. this phenomenon, known as \" mendel ' s second law \" or the \" law of independent assortment \", means that the alleles of different genes get shuffled between parents to form offspring with many different combinations. ( some genes do not assort independently, demonstrating genetic linkage, a topic discussed later in this article. ) often different genes can interact in a way that influences the same trait. in the blue - eyed mary ( omphalodes verna ), for example, there exists a gene with alleles that determine the color of flowers : blue or magenta. another gene, however, controls whether the flowers have color at all : color or white. when a plant has two copies of this white allele, its flowers are white - regardless of whether the first gene has blue or magenta alleles. this interaction between genes is called epistasis, with the second gene epistatic to the first. many traits are not discrete features ( eg. purple or white flowers ) but are instead continuous features ( eg. human height and skin color ). these complex traits are the product of many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6271196821391456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.974388"}
{"text": "with the second gene epistatic to the first. many traits are not discrete features ( eg. purple or white flowers ) but are instead continuous features ( eg. human height and skin color ). these complex traits are the product of many genes. the influence of these genes is mediated, to varying degrees, by the environment an organism has experienced. the degree to which an organism ' s genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability. measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative - in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. for example, human height is a complex trait with a heritability of 89 % in the united states. in nigeria, however, where people experience a more variable access to good nutrition and health care, height has a heritability of only 62 %. molecular basis for inheritanceedit dna and chromosomesedit - main article : dna the molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ). dna is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types : adenine ( a ), cytosine ( c ), guanine ( g ), and thymine ( t ). genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the dna chain. viruses are the only exception to this rule \u2014 sometimes viruses use the very similar molecule rna instead of dna as their genetic material. dna normally exists as a double - stranded molecule, coiled into the shape of a double - helix. each nucleotide in dna preferentially pairs with its partner nucleotide on the opposite strand : a pairs with t, and c pairs with g. thus, in its two - stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. this structure of dna is the physical basis for inheritance : dna replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. genes are arranged linearly along long chains of dna sequence, called chromosomes. in bacteria, each cell has a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotic organisms ( which includes plants and animals ) have their dna arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. these dna strands are often extremely long ; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. the dna of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5704227991375912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.975332"}
{"text": "in multiple linear chromosomes. these dna strands are often extremely long ; the largest human chromosome, for example, is about 247 million base pairs in length. the dna of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the dna, forming a material called chromatin ; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, repeating units of dna wound around a core of histone proteins. the full set of hereditary material in an organism ( usually the combined dna sequences of all chromosomes ) is called the genome. while haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid, containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene. the two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of sister chromatids, each allele inherited from a different parent. an exception exists in the sex chromosomes, specialized chromosomes many animals have evolved that play a role in determining the sex of an organism. in humans and other mammals, the y chromosome has very few genes and triggers the development of male sexual characteristics, while the x chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes unrelated to sex determination. females have two copies of the x chromosome, but males have one y and only one x chromosome - this difference in x chromosome copy numbers leads to the unusual inheritance patterns of sex - linked disorders. - main article : asexual reproduction when cells divide, their full genome is copied and each daughter cell inherits one copy. this process, called mitosis, is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction. asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones. eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents. the process of sexual reproduction alternates between forms that contain single copies of the genome ( haploid ) and double copies ( diploid ). haploid cells fuse and combine genetic material to create a diploid cell with paired chromosomes. diploid organisms form haploids by dividing, without replicating their dna, to create daughter cells that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes. although they do not use the haploid / diploid method", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.569693504336591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.976342"}
{"text": "that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes. although they do not use the haploid / diploid method of sexual reproduction, bacteria have many methods of acquiring new genetic information. some bacteria can undergo conjugation, transferring a small circular piece of dna to another bacterium. bacteria can also take up raw dna fragments found in the environment and integrate them into their genome, a phenomenon known as transformation. these processes result in horizontal gene transfer, transmitting fragments of genetic information between organisms that would be otherwise unrelated. - main article : chromosomal crossover the diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently during sexual reproduction, recombining to form new combinations of genes. genes on the same chromosome would theoretically never recombine, however, were it not for the process of chromosomal crossover. during crossover, chromosomes exchange stretches of dna, effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes. this process of chromosomal crossover generally occurs during meiosis, a series of cell divisions that creates haploid cells. the probability of chromosomal crossover occurring between two given points on the chromosome is related to the distance between them. for an arbitrarily long distance, the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated. for genes that are closer together, however, the lower probability of crossover means that the genes demonstrate genetic linkage - alleles for the two genes tend to be inherited together. the amounts of linkage between a series of genes can be combined to form a linear linkage map that roughly describes the arrangement of the genes along the chromosome. - main article : genetic code genes generally express their functional effect through the production of proteins, which are complex molecules responsible for most functions in the cell. proteins are chains of amino acids, and the dna sequence of a gene ( through rna intermediate ) is used to produce a specific protein sequence. this process begins with the production of an rna molecule with a sequence matching the gene ' s dna sequence, a process called transcription. this messenger rna molecule is then used to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence through a process called translation. each group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds to one of the twenty possible amino acids in protein - this correspondence is called the genetic code. the flow of information is unidirectional : information is transferred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5938802364554683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.977338"}
{"text": "group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds to one of the twenty possible amino acids in protein - this correspondence is called the genetic code. the flow of information is unidirectional : information is transferred from nucleotide sequences into the amino acid sequence of proteins, but it never transfers from protein back into the sequence of dna \u2014 a phenomenon francis crick called the central dogma of molecular biology. the specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three - dimensional structure for that protein, and the three - dimensional structures of protein are related to their function. some are simple structural molecules, like the fibers formed by the protein collagen. proteins can bind to other proteins and simple molecules, sometimes acting as enzymes by facilitating chemical reactions within the bound molecules ( without changing the structure of the protein itself ). protein structure is dynamic ; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly different forms as it facilitates the capture, transport, and release of oxygen molecules within mammalian blood. a single nucleotide difference within dna can cause a single change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. because protein structures are the result of their amino acid sequences, some changes can dramatically change the properties of a protein by destabilizing the structure or changing the surface of the protein in a way that changes its interaction with other proteins and molecules. for example, sickle - cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the \u03b2 - globin section of hemoglobin, causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin ' s physical properties. sickle - cell versions of hemoglobin stick to themselves, stacking to form fibers that distort the shape of red blood cells carrying the protein. these sickle - shaped cells no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels, having a tendency to clog or degrade, causing the medical problems associated with this disease. some genes are transcribed into rna but are not translated into protein products - these are called non - coding rna molecules. in some cases, these products fold into structures which are involved in critical cell functions ( eg. ribosomal rna and transfer rna ). rna can also have regulatory effect through hybridization interactions with other rna molecules ( eg. microrna ). nature versus nurtureedit although genes contain all the information an organism uses to function, the environment plays an important role in determining the ultimate phenotype \u2014 a dichotomy often referred to as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6091362494526389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.978333"}
{"text": "molecules ( eg. microrna ). nature versus nurtureedit although genes contain all the information an organism uses to function, the environment plays an important role in determining the ultimate phenotype \u2014 a dichotomy often referred to as \" nature vs. nurture. \" the phenotype of an organism depends on the interaction of genetics with the environment. one example of this is the case of temperature - sensitive mutations. often, a single amino acid change within the sequence of a protein does not change its behavior and interactions with other molecules, but it does destabilize the structure. in a high temperature environment, where molecules are moving more quickly and hitting each other, this results in the protein losing its structure and failing to function. in a low temperature environment, however, the protein ' s structure is stable and functions normally. this type of mutation is visible in the coat coloration of siamese cats, where a mutation in an enzyme responsible for pigment production causes it to destabilize and lose function at high temperatures. the protein remains functional in areas of skin that are colder \u2014 legs, ears, tail, and face \u2014 and so the cat has dark fur at its extremities. environment also plays a dramatic role in effects of the human genetic disease phenylketonuria. the mutation that causes phenylketonuria disrupts the ability of the body to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, causing a toxic build - up of an intermediate molecule that, in turn, causes severe symptoms of progressive mental retardation and seizures. if someone with the phenylketonuria mutation follows a strict diet that avoids this amino acid, however, they remain normal and healthy. - main article : regulation of gene expression the genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. a gene is expressed when it is being transcribed into mrna ( and translated into protein ), and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to the start of genes, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of the gene. within the genome of escherichia coli bacteria, for example, there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. however, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. the presence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5868231476646613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.979276"}
{"text": ", there exists a series of genes necessary for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. however, when tryptophan is already available to the cell, these genes for tryptophan synthesis are no longer needed. the presence of tryptophan directly affects the activity of the genes \u2014 tryptophan molecules bind to the tryptophan repressor ( a transcription factor ), changing the repressor ' s structure such that the repressor binds to the genes. the tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process. differences in gene expression are especially clear within multicellular organisms, where cells all contain the same genome but have very different structures and behaviors due to the expression of different sets of genes. all the cells in a multicellular organism derive from a single cell, differentiating into variant cell types in response to external and intercellular signals and gradually establishing different patterns of gene expression to create different behaviors. as no single gene is responsible for the development of structures within multicellular organisms, these patterns arise from the complex interactions between many cells. within eukaryotes there exist structural features of chromatin that influence the transcription of genes, often in the form of modifications to dna and chromatin that are stably inherited by daughter cells. these features are called \" epigenetic \" because they exist \" on top \" of the dna sequence and retain inheritance from one cell generation to the next. because of epigenetic features, different cell types grown within the same medium can retain very different properties. although epigenetic features are generally dynamic over the course of development, some, like the phenomenon of paramutation, have multigenerational inheritance and exist as rare exceptions to the general rule of dna as the basis for inheritance. - main article : mutation during the process of dna replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. these errors, called mutations, can have an impact on the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. error rates are usually very low \u2014 1 error in every 10 \u2013 100 million bases \u2014 due to the \" proofreading \" ability of dna polymerases. ( without proofreading error rates are a thousand - fold higher ; because many viruses rely on dna and rna polymerases that lack proofreading ability, they experience higher mutation rates. ) processes that increase the rate of changes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5642358684945092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.980597"}
{"text": "beneficial mutations can cause a species to evolve into forms that better survive their environment, a process called adaptation. new species are formed through the process of speciation, a process often caused by geographical separations that allow different populations to genetically diverge. the application of genetic principles to the study of population biology and evolution is referred to as the modern synthesis. as sequences diverge and change during the process of evolution, these differences between sequences can be used as a molecular clock to calculate the evolutionary distance between them. genetic comparisons are generally considered the most accurate method of characterizing the relatedness between species, an improvement over the sometimes deceptive comparison of phenotypic characteristics. the evolutionary distances between species can be combined to form evolutionary trees - these trees represent the common descent and divergence of species over time, although they cannot represent the transfer of genetic material between unrelated species ( known as horizontal gene transfer and most common in bacteria ). research and technologyedit model organisms and geneticsedit although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms. the fact that significant research already existed for a given organism would encourage new researchers to choose it for further study, and so eventually a few model organisms became the basis for most genetics research. common research topics in model organism genetics include the study of gene regulation and the involvement of genes in development and cancer. organisms were chosen, in part, for convenience \u2014 short generation times and easy genetic manipulation made some organisms popular genetics research tools. widely used model organisms include the gut bacterium escherichia coli, the plant arabidopsis thaliana, baker ' s yeast ( saccharomyces cerevisiae ), the nematode caenorhabditis elegans, the common fruit fly ( drosophila melanogaster ), and the common house mouse ( mus musculus ). medical genetics researchedit medical genetics seeks to understand how genetic variation relates to human health and disease. when searching for an unknown gene that may be involved in a disease, researchers commonly use genetic linkage and genetic pedigree charts to find the location on the genome associated with the disease. at the population level, researchers take advantage of mendelian randomization to look for locations in the genome that are associated with diseases, a technique especially useful for multigenic traits not clearly defined by a single gene. once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the same gene ( called an ortholo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5675004112713158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.983679"}
{"text": "look for locations in the genome that are associated with diseases, a technique especially useful for multigenic traits not clearly defined by a single gene. once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the same gene ( called an orthologous gene ) in model organisms. in addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping techniques has led to the field of pharmacogenetics \u2014 studying how genotype can affect drug responses. although it is not an inherited disease, cancer is also considered a genetic disease. the process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events. mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. while these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. there are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process ; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger cell death, but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. an internal process of natural selection occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body. dna can be manipulated in the laboratory. restriction enzymes are a commonly used enzyme that cuts dna at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of dna. the use of ligation enzymes allows these fragments to be reconnected, and by ligating fragments of dna together from different sources, researchers can create recombinant dna. often associated with genetically modified organisms, recombinant dna is commonly used in the context of plasmids - short circular dna fragments with a few genes on them. by inserting plasmids into bacteria and growing those bacteria on plates of agar ( to isolate clones of bacteria cells ), researchers can clonally amplify the inserted fragment of dna ( a process known as molecular cloning ). ( cloning can also refer to the creation of clonal organisms, through various techniques. ) dna can also be amplified using a procedure called the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ). by using specific short sequences of dna, pcr can isolate and exponentially amplify a targeted region of dna. because it can amplify from extremely small amounts of dna, pcr is also often used to detect the presence of specific dna sequences. dna sequencing and genomicsedit one of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, dna sequencing allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5644490199723496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.985869"}
{"text": "small amounts of dna, pcr is also often used to detect the presence of specific dna sequences. dna sequencing and genomicsedit one of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, dna sequencing allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in dna fragments. developed in 1977 by frederick sanger and coworkers, chain - termination sequencing is now routinely used to sequence dna fragments. with this technology, researchers have been able to study the molecular sequences associated with many human diseases. as sequencing has become less expensive and with the aid of computational tools, researchers have sequenced the genomes of many organisms by stitching together the sequences of many different fragments ( a process called genome assembly ). these technologies were used to sequence the human genome, leading to the completion of the human genome project in 2003. new high - throughput sequencing technologies are dramatically lowering the cost of dna sequencing, with many researchers hoping to bring the cost of resequencing a human genome down to a thousand dollars. the large amount of sequences available has created the field of genomics, research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics, which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biological data. - animal breeding - animal mate selection - animal strain differences - assortive mating - behavioural genetics - blood groups - family resemblance - genetic counselling - population genetics - genetic disorders - genetic engineering - human accelerated regions - hybrids ( biology ) - instinctive behaviour - reproductive technology - selective breeding - sexual reproduction - species differences - translocation ( chromosomes ) - \u2191 genetikos, henry george liddell, robert scott, \" a greek - english lexicon \", at perseus - \u2191 genesis, henry george liddell, robert scott, \" a greek - english lexicon \", at perseus - \u2191 online etymology dictionary - \u2191 griffiths et al. ( 2000 ), chapter 1 ( genetics and the organism ) : introduction - \u2191 hartl d, jones e ( 2005 ) - \u2191 weiling f ( 1991 ). historical study : johann gregor mendel 1822 \u2013 1884. american journal of medical genetics 40 ( 1 ) : 1 \u2013 25 ; discussion 26. - \u2191 lamarck, j - b ( 2008 ). in encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved from encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online on 2008 - 03 - 16. - \u2191 peter j. bowler, the mendelian revolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.541222034165047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.987098"}
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{"text": "##acogenetics fact sheet. nih : national institute of general medical sciences. url accessed on 2008 - 03 - 15. - \u2191 strachan t, read ap ( 1999 ). human molecular genetics 2, second edition, john wiley & sons inc.. chapter 18 : cancer genetics - \u2191 lodish et al. ( 2000 ), chapter 7 : 7. 1. dna cloning with plasmid vectors - \u2191 lodish et al. ( 2000 ), chapter 7 : 7. 7. polymerase chain reaction : an alternative to cloning - \u2191 brown ta ( 2002 ). genomes 2, 2nd edition. section 2, chapter 6 : 6. 1. the methodology for dna sequencing - \u2191 brown ( 2002 ), section 2, chapter 6 : 6. 2. assembly of a contiguous dna sequence - \u2191 service rf ( 2006 ). the race for the $ 1000 genome. science 311 ( 5767 ) : 1544 \u2013 1546. - alberts b, johnson a, lewis j, raff m, roberts k, and walter p ( 2002 ). molecular biology of the cell, 4th edition. - griffiths ajf, miller jh, suzuki dt, lewontin rc, and gelbart wm ( 2000 ). an introduction to genetic analysis, new york : w. h. freeman and company. - hartl d, jones e ( 2005 ). genetics : analysis of genes and genomes, 6th edition, jones & bartlett. - lodish h, berk a, zipursky ls, matsudaira p, baltimore d, and darnell j ( 2000 ). molecular cell biology, 4th edition. | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49507686000602225, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24300db0-877b-48aa-8313-7581b5464a84>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:48.994972"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasd ) describes a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which includes, but is not limited to fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ). over time, as it became apparent through research and clinical experience that a range of effects ( including physical, behavioral, and cognitive ) could arise from prenatal alcohol exposure, the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, or fasd, was developed to include fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ) as well as other conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. there are a number of other subtypes with evolving nomenclature and definitions based on partial expressions of fas, including partial fetal alcohol syndrome ( pfas ), alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd ), alcohol - related birth defects ( arbd ), and fetal alcohol effect ( fae ). the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is not in itself a clinical diagnosis but describes the full range of disabilities that may result from prenatal alcohol exposure. currently, fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ) is the only expression of prenatal alcohol exposure that is defined by the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems and assigned icd - 9 and icd - 10 diagnoses. since the original syndrome of fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ) was reported in 1973, four fasd diagnostic systems that diagnose fas and other fasd conditions have been developed in north america : - the institute of medicine ' s guidelines for fas, the first system to standardize diagnoses of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, - the university of washington ' s \" the 4 - digit diagnostic code, \" which ranks the four key features of fasd on a likert scale of one to four and yields 256 descriptive codes that can be categorized into 22 distinct clinical categories, ranging from fas to no findings, - the centers for disease control ' s \" fetal alcohol syndrome : guidelines for referral and diagnosis, \" which established general consensus on the diagnosis fas in the u. s. but deferred addressing other fasd conditions, and - canadian guidelines for fasd diagnoses, which established criteria for diagnosing fasd in canada and harmonized most differences between the iom and university of washington ' s systems. each diagnostic system requires that a complete fasd evaluation include assessment of the four key features of fasd, described below. a positive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4852882498102766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.078757"}
{"text": "diagnosing fasd in canada and harmonized most differences between the iom and university of washington ' s systems. each diagnostic system requires that a complete fasd evaluation include assessment of the four key features of fasd, described below. a positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of fas, the first diagnosable condition of fasd that was discovered. however, prenatal alcohol exposure and central nervous system damage are the critical elements of the spectrum of fasd, and a positive finding in these two features is sufficient for an fasd diagnosis that is not \" full - blown fas. \" diagnoses are described in a following section. key features of fasdedit each of the key features of fasd can vary widely within one individual exposed to prenatal alcohol. while consensus exists for the definition and diagnosis of fas across diagnostic systems, minor variations among the systems lead to differences in definitions and diagnostic cut - off criteria for other disgnoses across the fasd continuum. ( the central nervous system ( cns ) damage criteria particularly lack clear consensus. ) a working knowledge of the key features is helpful in understanding fasd diagnoses and conditions, and each are reviewed with attention to similarities and differences across the four diagnostic systems. in terms of fasd, growth deficiency is defined as significantly below average height, weight or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure, and can be assessed at any point in the lifespan. growth measurements must be adjusted for parental height, gestational age ( for a premature infant ), and other postnatal insults ( e. g., poor nutrition ), although birth height and weight are the preferred measurements. deficiencies are documented when height or weight falls at or below the 10th percentile of standardized growth charts appropriate to the patient ' s population. criteria for fasd are least specific in the iom diagnostic system ( \" low birth weight..., decelerating weight not due to nutrition..., [ or ] disproportional low weight to height \" p. 4 of executive summary ), while the cdc and canadian guidelines use the 10th percentile as a cut - off to determine growth deficiency. the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" allows for mid - range gradations in growth deficiency ( between the 3rd and 10th percentiles ) and severe growth deficiency at or below the 3rd percentile. growth deficiency ( at severe, moderate, or mild levels ) contributes to diagnoses of fas and pfas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161074874560357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.079953"}
{"text": "( pfl ) is measured in millimeters with either calipers or a clear ruler and then compared to a pfl growth chart, also developed by the university of washington. all four diagnostic systems have agreed upon this method for determining fas facial feature severity rankings. ranking fas facial features is complicated because the three separate facial features can be affected independently by prenatal alcohol. central nervous system damage edit central nervous system ( cns ) damage is the primary key feature of any fasd diagnosis. prenatal alcohol exposure, a teratogen, can damage the brain across a continuum of gross to subtle impairments, depending on the amount, timing, and frequency of the exposure as well as genetic predispositions of the fetus and mother. while functional abnormalities are the behavioral and cognitive expressions of the fasd disability, cns damage can be assessed in three areas : structural, neurological, and functional impairments. all four diagnostic systems allow for assessment of cns damage in these areas, but criteria vary. the iom system requires structural or neurological impairment for a diagnosis of fas, but also allows a \" complex pattern \" of functional anomalies for diagnosing pfas and arnd. the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" and cdc guidelines allow for a positive cns finding in any of the three areas for any fasd diagnosis, but functional anomalies must measure at two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains for a diagnoses of fas, pfas, and arnd. the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" also allows for an fasd diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" further elaborates the degree of cns damage according to four ranks : - definite - structural impairments or neurological impairments for fas or static encephalopathy. - probable - significant dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains. - possible - mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains or by judgment of the clinical evaluation team that cns damage cannot be dismissed. - unlikely - no evidence of cns damage. structural abnormalities of the brain are observable, physical damage to the brain or brain structures caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. structural impairments may include microcephaly ( small head size ) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure ( e. g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4988992864167886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.084756"}
{"text": "damage to the brain or brain structures caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. structural impairments may include microcephaly ( small head size ) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure ( e. g., agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia ). microcephaly is determined by comparing head circumference ( often called occipitofrontal circumference, or ofc ) to appropriate ofc growth charts. other structural impairments must be observed through medical imaging techniques by a trained physician. because imaging procedures are expensive and relatively inaccessible to most patients, diagnosis of fasd is not frequently made via structural impairments except for microcephaly. when structural impairments are not observable or do not exist, neurological impairments are assessed. in the context of fasd, neurological impairments are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure which causes general neurological damage to the central nervous system ( cns ), the peripheral nervous system, or the autonomic nervous system. a determination of a neurological problem must be made by a trained physician, and must not be due to a postnatal insult, such as a high fever, concussion, traumatic brain injury, etc. all four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for cns damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a cns neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of fas or pfas, and functional impairments are highly likely. neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as epilepsy or other seizure disorders, or soft signs. soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor gait, clumsiness, poor eye - hand coordination, or sensory integration dysfunction. many soft signs have norm - referenced criteria, while others are determined through clinical judgment. when structural or neurological impairments are not observed, all four diagnostic systems allow cns damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure to be assessed in terms of functional impairments. functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure ( rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults ) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as developmental disabilities. there is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5282195356768802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.086055"}
{"text": "abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure ( rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults ) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as developmental disabilities. there is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure and only cdc guidelines label developmental delays as such, so criteria ( and fasd diagnoses ) vary somewhat across diagnostic systems. the four diagnostic systems list various cns domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an fasd diagnosis : - evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following cns domains - sufficient for a pfas or arnd diagnosis using iom guidelines - performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following cns domains - sufficient for an fas, pfas or static encephalopathy diagnosis using 4 - digit diagnostic code - general cognitive deficits ( e. g., iq ) at or below the 3rd percentile on standardized testing - sufficient for an fas diagnosis using cdc guidelines - performance at or below the 16th percentile on standardized testing in three or more of the following cns domains - sufficient for an fas diagnosis using cdc guidelines - performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following cns domains - sufficient for an fas diagnosis using canadian guidelines ten brain domainsedit a recent effort to standardize assessment of functional cns damage has been suggested by an experienced fasd diagnostic team in minnesota. the proposed framework attempts to harmonize iom, 4 - digit diagnostic code, cdc, and canadian guidelines for measuring cns damage viz - a - viz fasd evaluations and diagnosis. the standardized approach is referred to as the ten brain domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems ' recommendations for assessing cns damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. the framework provides clear definitions of brain dysfunction, specifies empirical data needed for accurate diagnosis, and defines intervention considerations that address the complex nature of fasd with the intention to avoid common secondary disabilities. the proposed ten brain domains include : - achievement, adaptive behavior, attention, cognition, executive functioning, language, memory, motor skills, sensory integration or soft neurological problems, social communication the fetal alcohol diagnostic program ( fadp ) uses unpublished minnesota state criteria of performance at 1. 5 or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the ten brain domains to determine cns damage. however, the ten brain domains are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503837360185055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.088361"}
{"text": "the fetal alcohol diagnostic program ( fadp ) uses unpublished minnesota state criteria of performance at 1. 5 or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the ten brain domains to determine cns damage. however, the ten brain domains are easily incorporated into any of the four diagnostic systems ' cns damage criteria, as the framework only proposes the domains, rather than the cut - off criteria for fasd. prenatal alcohol exposureedit prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother ' s alcohol use during the pregnancy ( if available ), prenatal health records ( if available ), and review of available birth records, court records ( if applicable ), chemical dependency treatment records ( if applicable ), or other reliable sources. exposure level is assessed as confirmed exposure, unknown exposure, and confirmed absence of exposure by the iom, cdc and canadian diagnostic systems. the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" further distinguishes confirmed exposure as high risk and some risk : - high risk - confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy known to be at high blood alcohol levels ( 100mg / dl or greater ) delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. - some risk - confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy with use less than high risk or unknown usage patterns. - unknown risk - unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy. - no risk - confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. amount, frequency, and timing of prenatal alcohol use can dramatically impact the other three key features of fasd. while consensus exists that alcohol is a teratogen, there is no clear consensus as to what level of exposure is toxic. the cdc guidelines are silent on these elements diagnostically. the iom and canadian guidelines explore this further, acknowledging the importance of significant alcohol exposure from regular or heavy episodic alcohol consumption in determining, but offer no standard for diagnosis. canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that \" heavy alcohol use \" is defined by the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30 day period. \" the 4 - digit diagnostic code \" ranking system distinguishes between levels of prenatal alcohol exposure as high risk and some risk. it operationalizes high risk exposure as a blood alcohol concentration ( bac ) greater than 100mg / dl delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. this bac level is typically reached by a 55kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting. for many adopted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5064631298352409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.089740"}
{"text": "risk exposure as a blood alcohol concentration ( bac ) greater than 100mg / dl delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. this bac level is typically reached by a 55kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting. for many adopted or adult patients and children in foster care, records or other reliable sources may not be available for review. reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing. in these cases, all diagnostic systems use an unknown prenatal alcohol exposure designation. a diagnosis of fas is still possible with an unknown exposure level if other key features of fasd are present at clinical levels. confirmed absence of exposureedit confirmed absence of exposure would apply to planned pregnancies in which no alcohol was used or pregnancies of women who do not use alcohol or report no use during the pregnancy. this designation is relatively rare, as most patients presenting for an fasd evaluation are at least suspected to have had a prenatal alcohol exposure due to presence of other key features of fasd. while the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome ( fas ), there are still differences when full criteria for fas are not met. this has resulted in differing and evolving nomenclature for other conditions across the spectrum of fasd, which may account for such a wide variety of terminology. most individuals with deficits resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure do not express all features of fas and fall into other fasd conditions. the canadian guidelines recommend the assessment and descriptive approach of the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" for each key feature of fasd and the terminology of the iom in diagnostic categories, excepting arbd. fetal alcohol syndrome or fas is the only expression of fasd that has garnered consensus among experts to become an official icd - 9 and icd - 10 diagnosis. to make this diagnosis or determine any fasd condition, a multi - disciplinary evaluation is necessary to assess each of the four key features for assessment. generally, a trained physician will determine growth deficiency and fas facial features. while a qualified physician may also assess central nervous system structural abnormalities and / or neurological problems, usually central nervous system damage is determined through psychological, speech - language, and occupational therapy assessments to ascertain clinically significant impairments in three or more of the ten brain domains. prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. these professionals work together as a team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49166015986574985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.091180"}
{"text": "to ascertain clinically significant impairments in three or more of the ten brain domains. prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. these professionals work together as a team to assess and interpret data of each key feature for assessment and develop an integrative, multi - disciplinary report to diagnose fas ( or other fasd conditions ) in an individual. other fasd diagnosesedit other fasd conditions are partial expressions of fas, and here the terminology shows less consensus across diagnostic systems, which has led to some confusion for clinicians and patients. a key point to remember is that other fasd conditions may create disabilities similar to fas if the key area of central nervous system damage shows clinical deficits in two or more of the ten brain domains. essentially, growth deficiency and / or fas facial features may be mild or nonexistent in other fasd conditions, but clinically significant brain damage of the central nervous system is present. in these other fasd conditions, an individual may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes because brain damage is present without associated visual cues of poor growth or the \" fas face \" that might ordinarily trigger an fasd evaluation. such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary mental health disorders such as adhd or oppositional defiance disorder without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. while other fasd conditions may not yet be included as an icd or dsm - iv - tr diagnosis, they nonetheless pose significant impairment in functional behavior because of underlying brain damage. partial fas ( pfas ) edit previously known as atypical fas in the 1997 edition of the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code, \" patients with partial fetal alcohol syndrome have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. central nervous system damage is present at the same level as fas. these individuals have the same functional disabilities but \" look \" less like fas. - growth deficiency - growth or height may range from normal to deficient - fas facial features - two or three fas facial features present - central nervous system damage - clinically significant structural, neurological, or functional impairment in three or more of the ten brain domains - prenatal alcohol exposure - confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47696765703866384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.092221"}
{"text": "nervous system damage - clinically significant structural, neurological, or functional impairment in three or more of the ten brain domains - prenatal alcohol exposure - confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd ) edit alcohol - related neurodevelopmental disorder ( arnd ) was initially suggested by the institute of medicine to replace the term fae and focus on central nervous system damage, rather than growth deficiency or fas facial features. the canadian guidelines also use this diagnosis and the same criteria. while the \" 4 - digit diagnostic code \" includes these criteria for three of its diagnostic categories, it refers to this condition as static encephalopathy. the behavioral effects of arnd are not necessarily unique to alcohol however, so use of the term must be within the context of confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure. arnd may be gaining acceptance over the terms fae and arbd to describe fasd conditions with central nervous system abnormalities or behavioral or cognitive abnormalities or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure without regard to growth deficiency or fas facial features. - growth deficiency - growth or height may range from normal to minimally deficient - fas facial features - minimal or no fas facial features present - central nervous system damage - clinically significant structural, neurological, or functional impairment in three or more of the ten brain domains - prenatal alcohol exposure - confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure fetal alcohol effects ( fae ) edit this term was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure ( or unknown exposure for humans ), but without obvious physical anomalies. smith ( 1981 ) described fae as an \" extremely important concept \" to highlight the debilitating effects of brain damage, regardless of the growth or facial features. this term has fallen out of favor with clinicians because it was often regarded by the public as a less severe disability than fas, when in fact its effects can be just as detrimental. alcohol - related birth defects ( arbd ) edit formerly known as possible fetal alcohol effect ( pfae ), alcohol - related birth defects ( arbd ) was a term proposed as an alternative to fae and pfae the iom presents arbd as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of fasd. pfae and arbd have fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4772482001048562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.093272"}
{"text": ". 13 6. 14 6. 15 institute of medicine ( iom ), stratton, k. r., howe, c. j., & battaglia, f. c. ( 1996 ). fetal alcohol syndrome : diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. washington, dc : national academy press. isbn 0309052920 - \u2191 7. 0 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 fetal alcohol syndrome : guidelines for referral and diagnosis ( pdf ). cdc ( july 2004 ). retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 11 - \u2191 8. 0 8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 8. 5 8. 6 8. 7 chudley a, conry j, cook j, et al ( 2005 ). fetal alcohol spectrum disorder : canadian guidelines for diagnosis. cmaj 172 ( 5 suppl ) : s1 \u2013 s21. - \u2191 9. 0 9. 1 9. 2 9. 3 clinical growth charts. national center for growth statistics. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 10 - \u2191 jones, k. l., & smith d. w. ( 1975 ). the fetal alcohol syndrome. teratology, 12 ( 1 ), 1 - 10. - \u2191 astley, s. j., & clarren, s. k. ( 1996 ). a case definition and photographic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome. journal of pediatrics, 129 ( 1 ), 33 - 41. - \u2191 astley, s. j., stachowiak, j., clarren, s. k., & clausen, c. ( 2002 ). application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. journal of pediatrics, 141 ( 5 ), 712 - 717. - \u2191 lip - philtrum guides. fas diagnostic and prevention network, university of washington. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 10 - \u2191 14. 0 14. 1 14. 2 fas facial features. fas diagnostic and prevention network, university of washington. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 10 - \u2191 astley, susan. backside of lip - philtrum guides ( 2004 ) ( pdf ). university of washington, fetal alcohol syndrome diagnostic and prevention network. retrieved on [ [ 2007 - 04 - 11 ] - \u2191 west, j. r. ( ed. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48897636274721157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.095315"}
{"text": "susan. backside of lip - philtrum guides ( 2004 ) ( pdf ). university of washington, fetal alcohol syndrome diagnostic and prevention network. retrieved on [ [ 2007 - 04 - 11 ] - \u2191 west, j. r. ( ed. ) ( 1986 ). alcohol and brain development. new york : oxford university press. - \u2191 17. 0 17. 1 fadp - fetal alcohol diagnostic program - \u2191 18. 0 18. 1 18. 2 18. 3 18. 4 18. 5 lang, j. ( 2006 ). ten brain domains : a proposal for functional central nervous system parameters for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diagnosis and follow - up. journal of the fas institute, 4, 1 - 11. can be downloaded at http : / / www. motherisk. org / jfas _ documents / jfas _ 5012 _ final _ e12 _ 6. 28. 6. pdf - \u2191 u. s. department of health and human services. ( 2000 ). national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism. tenth special report to the u. s > congress on alcohol and health : highlights frfom current research. washington, dc : the institute. - \u2191 20. 0 20. 1 20. 2 streissguth, a. ( 1997 ). fetal alcohol syndrome : a guide for families and communities. baltimore : brookes publishing. isbn 1 - 55766 - 283 - 5. - \u2191 malbin, d. ( 2002 ). fetal alcohol spectrum disorders : trying differently rather than harder. portland, or : fascets, inc. isbn 0 - 9729532 - 0 - 5. - \u2191 smith, d. w. ( 1981 ). fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology, 3, 127. - \u2191 aase, j. m., jones, k. l., & clarren, s. k. ( 1995 ). do we need the term fae? pediatrics, 95 ( 3 ), 428 - 430. - \u2191 sokol, r. j., & clarren, s. k. ( 1989 ). guidelines for use of terminology describing the impact of prenatal alcohol on the offspring. alcoholism : clinical and experimental research, 13 ( 4 ), 597 - 598. - samhsa fetal alcohol spectrum disorders center of excellence - u. s. congressional caucus on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders - nofas - uk | this page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503304586288403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae130c3c-8292-4007-9665-d19570e3a914>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.096204"}
{"text": "asa - interpret carriage - control characters asa [ file... ] the asa utility will write its input files to standard output, mapping carriage - control characters from the text files to line - printer control sequences in an implementation - dependent manner. the first character of every line will be removed from the input, and the following actions will be performed : if the character removed is : - the rest of the line will be output without change. - a newline character will be output, then the rest of the input line. - one or more implementation - dependent characters that causes an advance to the next page will be output, followed by the rest of the input line. - the newline character of the previous line will be replaced with one or more implementation - dependent characters that causes printing to return to column position 1, followed by the rest of the input line. if the \" + \" is the first character in the input, it will have the same effect as the space character. the action of the asa utility is unspecified upon encountering any character other than those listed above as the first character in a line. - a pathname of a text file used for input. if no file operands are specified, the standard input will be used. the standard input will be used only if no file operands are specified. see the input files section. the input files must be text files. the following environment variables affect the execution of asa : - provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. if lang is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation - dependent default locale will be used. if any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined. - if set to a non - empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables. - determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters ( for example, single - as opposed to multi - byte characters in arguments and input files ). - determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error. - determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of lc _ messages. the standard output will be the text from the input file modified as described in the description section. the following exit values are returned : - all input files were output successfully. - an error occurred. the following command : permits the viewing of file ( created by a program using fortran - style carriage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4690110087668982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39dc8a23-d763-42eb-b902-60770b8e40d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.108484"}
{"text": "the cpsc and the fda came together yesterday to issue a warning to parents and caregivers to stop using infant sleep positioners immediately as two recent deaths underscore concerns about suffocation. you may remember the recent recall of the nap nanny. well, now the cpsc is issuing a general warning with regard to sleep positioners after reviewing reports of 12 known infant deaths associated with the products which have occurred over the past 13 years. most of the infants suffocated after rolling from a side to a stomach position. in addition to the 12 reported deaths, the cpsc has received dozens of reports of infants who were placed on their backs or sides in sleep positioners, only to be found later in potentially hazardous positions within or next to the sleep positioners. the most common types of sleep positioners are : - sleeping bolsters, usually a flat or inclined mat with round or triangular cushions on each side of a baby ( see figure 1 ) and - wedge - style positioners, which elevate a baby \u2019 s head higher than its body, sometimes by placing the infant in an attached, diaper - like sling ( see figure 2 ). with bolster - style positioners, if a baby is placed on its stomach or if a baby rolls from its side to its stomach, his or her mouth and nose can become pressed against a bolster or other parts of the device. even if placed on its back, a baby may move upward or downward in the positioner, entrapping its face against a bolster or becoming trapped between the positioner and the crib side or bassinet. a baby placed on a wedge - style positioner can scoot upward so that its head falls off and hangs over the high edge of the positioner, or the baby may scoot or roll down the wedge so that its mouth and nose are pressed into the positioner. the baby \u2019 s movement may also cause the positioner to flip on top of the baby, trapping the baby underneath the positioner or between the positioner and the side of the crib. many of these devices have been marketed with medical claims that they reduce the risk of sids by keeping a child on their back, help with food digestion and reflux ( gerd ), ease colic, and / or prevent flat head syndrome. however, the fda and the cpsc have stated that there is currently no scientific evidence supporting these claims and they believe that any benefit from using these devices is outweighed by the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.453485241558056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec808387-cd20-4f8b-8cff-dfbd8c01036d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.118729"}
{"text": "ease colic, and / or prevent flat head syndrome. however, the fda and the cpsc have stated that there is currently no scientific evidence supporting these claims and they believe that any benefit from using these devices is outweighed by the risk of suffocation. the fda, which has jurisdiction over products making medical claims, is now contacting all manufacturers of infant sleep positioners, including those it had previously cleared with medical claims, and requesting that they stop marketing them until they submit scientific data showing that the benefits of their products outweigh the risk of suffocation or other serious harm. the fda has also indicated it will be contacting retailers to ask them to stop selling the devices. the fda and cpsc warn parents, caregivers, and healthcare professionals to take this warning seriously and follow these recommendations : ( 1 ) stop using infant sleep positioners. using a device to hold an infant in a particular position is dangerous and unnecessary. ( 2 ) never put pillows, infant sleep positioners, comforters, or quilts under the baby or in the crib. ( 3 ) always place an infant to sleep on his / her back, and not their sides, at night and during nap time. fda pediatric expert susan cummins, m. d., m. p. h., says, \u201c the safest crib is a bare crib, \u201d and summarizes the above recommendations with the \u201c abcs of safe sleep \u2014 alone on the back in a bare crib. \u201d if you enjoy reading purebebe, please tell your friends and click on \u201c sign me up! \u201d under \u201c email subscription \u201d on the right rail of the screen. by subscribing to our emails, you are telling us that you dig our site and want to read more of our healthy baby news and topics! other recent recalls : similac baby formula recalled nap nanny\u00ae recall : what you should know cpsc vote to issue safety standards that will eliminate drop - side cribs massive crib recall announced : what you should know double check your children \u2019 s medicine to subscribe to recall announcements and product safety alerts from the cpsc, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44729008118812796, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec808387-cd20-4f8b-8cff-dfbd8c01036d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.119624"}
{"text": "mexico - messico photo by eddie adams \" anger is energy, it \u2019 s a force. if an act of injustice doesn \u2019 t provoke anger in me, it could be seen as indifference, passivity. it \u2019 s injustice that motivates us to do something, to take risks, knowing that if we don \u2019 t, things will remain the same. \" one of the foremost human rights attorneys in mexico, digna ochoa was also a nun. as defense attorney at prodh ( centro de derechos humanos miguel agustin pro juarez, known as centro pro, or \" the pro \" ), ochoa took on some of mexico \u2019 s most politically charged cases, including the defense of alleged members of the zapatista insurgency in chiapas. she won acquittals in several highly publicized cases. in many cases, ochoa \u2019 s clients were subjected to torture and due process violations. ochoa herself was threatened with death, abducted, and subjected to extensive harassment. just a few weeks after she was interviewed for the book, speak truth to power, two men assaulted her in her own apartment. they blindfolded her, tied her up, interrogated her, threatened her, and pressured her to sign a statement. they cut her phone line, and opened a gas valve in a closed room. miraculously, she survived. her attackers left stolen files during an attack a few months earlier, while the next day prodh staff found their offices had been broken into and ransacked. nevertheless, ochoa went right back to work at the pro. in recent years human rights advocates, government investigators, and opposition leaders have been murdered in mexico. the inter - american court of human rights has required the mexican government to take steps to assure the safety of prodh staff in the wake of this pattern of persecution against the organization. on october 19, 2001, however, digna ochoa was found shot dead at her office in mexico city. her killers also left a death threat against other members of prodh. mexican special prosecutor margarita guerra, who led an inquiry into the violent death of internationally recognized advocate then stunned the human rights community in 2003 by disparaging the activist \u2019 s human rights work, discounting any motive for her to have been targeted for murder, and concluding that her death was probably a suicide. this troubling pronouncement further emphasized the deplorable state of the mexican justice system that ms. ochoa worked so tirelessly to reform. digna ochoa was killed because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4276689974416341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.142352"}
{"text": "and concluding that her death was probably a suicide. this troubling pronouncement further emphasized the deplorable state of the mexican justice system that ms. ochoa worked so tirelessly to reform. digna ochoa was killed because of her human rights work. she and other members of the prodh have worked on cases of torture and other serious human rights violations in which mexican officials have been implicated. as a result, these defenders of human rights have been the target of many threats and attacks digna ochoa was posthumously bestowed with the ludovic trarieux international human rights prize in 2003. centro de derechos humanos \u201c miguel agustin pro juarez \u201d i am a nun, who started life as a lawyer. i sought a religious community with a social commitment, and the protection of human rights is one of the things that my particular community focuses on. they have permitted me to work with an organization that fights for human rights, called centro pro, supporting me economically, morally, and spiritually. this has been a process of building a life project, from a social commitment to a spiritual one with a mystical aspect. my father was a union leader in veracruz, mexico. in the sugar factory where he worked, he was involved in the struggles for potable water, roads, and securing land certificates. i studied law because i was always hearing that my father and his friends needed more lawyers. and all the lawyers charged so much. my father was unjustly jailed for one year and fifteen days. he then disappeared and was tortured \u2014 the charges against him were fabricated. this led to my determination to do something for those suffering injustice, because i saw it in my father ' s flesh. when i first studied law, i intended to begin practicing in the attorney general \u2019 s office, then become a judge, then a magistrate. i thought someone from those positions could help people. after i got my degree, i became a prosecutor. i remember a very clear issue of injustice. my boss, who was responsible for all of the prosecutions within the attorney general \u2019 s office, wanted me to charge someone whom i knew to be innocent. there was no evidence, but my boss tried to make me prosecute him. i refused, and he prosecuted the case himself. up until that time, i was doing well. the job was considered a good one, because it was in a coffee - producing area and the people there had lots of money. but i realized that i was doing the same thing that everyone did, serving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42872107380917907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.144454"}
{"text": "until that time, i was doing well. the job was considered a good one, because it was in a coffee - producing area and the people there had lots of money. but i realized that i was doing the same thing that everyone did, serving a system that i myself criticized and against which i had wanted to fight. i decided to quit and with several other lawyers opened an office. i had no litigation experience whatsoever. but i was energized by leaving the attorney general \u2019 s office and being on the other side, the side of the defense. the first case i worked on was against judicial police officers who had been involved in the illegal detention and torture of several peasants. we wanted to feel like lawyers, so we threw ourselves into it. our mistake was to take on the case without any institutional support. i had managed to obtain substantial evidence against the police, so they started to harass me incessantly, until i was detained. first, they sent telephone messages telling me to drop the case. then by mail came threats that if i didn \u2019 t drop it i would die, or members of my family would be killed. i kept working and we even publicly reported what was happening. the intimidation made me so angry that i was motivated to work even harder. i was frightened, too, but felt i couldn \u2019 t show it. i always had to appear \u2014 at least publicly \u2014 as if i was sure of myself, fearless. if i showed fear they would know how to dominate me. it was a defense mechanism. then, i was kidnapped and held incommunicado for eight days by the police. they wanted me to give them all the evidence against them. i had hidden the case file well, not in my office, not in my house, and not where the victims lived, because i was afraid that the police would steal it. now, i felt in the flesh what my father had felt, what other people had suffered. the police told me that they were holding members of my family, and named them. the worst was when they said they were holding my father. i knew what my father had suffered, and i didn \u2019 t want him to relive that. the strongest torture is psychological. though they also gave me electric shocks and put mineral water up my nose, nothing compared to the psychological torture. there was a month of torture. i managed to escape from where they were holding me. i hid for a month after that, unable to communicate with my family. it was a month", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4487781260143896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.146553"}
{"text": "mineral water up my nose, nothing compared to the psychological torture. there was a month of torture. i managed to escape from where they were holding me. i hid for a month after that, unable to communicate with my family. it was a month of anguish and torture, of not knowing what to do. i was afraid of everything. i eventually got in touch with my family. students at the university, with whom i had always gotten along very well, had mobilized on my behalf. after i \" appeared \" with the help of my family and human rights groups in jalapa, veracruz, i was supported by lawyers, most of whom were women. the fact that i was in veracruz caused my family anguish. at first i wanted to stay, because i knew we could find the police who detained me. we filed a criminal complaint. we asked for the police registries. i could clearly identify some of the officers. but there was a lot of pressure about what i should do : continue or not with the case? my life was at risk, and so were the lives of members of my family. after a month of anguish, my family, principally my sisters, asked me to leave jalapa for a while. for me, but also for my parents. i came to mexico city. the idea was to take a three - month human rights course for which i had received a scholarship. i met someone at the human rights course who worked at centro pro, one of the human rights groups involved on my behalf. one day he said, \" look, we \u2019 re just setting up the center and we need a lawyer. work with us. \" i had never dreamed of living in mexico city, and i didn \u2019 t want to. but i accepted, because the conditions in jalapa were such that i couldn \u2019 t go back. two really good women lawyers in jalapa with a lot of organizational support took up the defense case i had been working on. this comforted me, because i knew the case would not be dropped \u2014 i had learned the importance of having organizational backup. so i started to work with centro pro in december 1988. since i began working with the organization, i \u2019 ve handled a lot of cases of people like my father and people like me. that generates anger, and that anger becomes the strength to try to do something about the problem. at work, even though i give the appearance of seriousness and resolve, i \u2019 m trembling inside. sometimes i want to cry, but i know that i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550007200115985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.148449"}
{"text": "that generates anger, and that anger becomes the strength to try to do something about the problem. at work, even though i give the appearance of seriousness and resolve, i \u2019 m trembling inside. sometimes i want to cry, but i know that i can \u2019 t, because that makes me vulnerable, disarms me. at this time, because of what happened to me, i needed the help of a psychoanalyst, but i wasn \u2019 t ready to accept it. the director of centro pro prepared me to accept that support. he was a jesuit and psychologist. for six months, i didn \u2019 t know he was a therapist. when i found out, i asked him why he hadn \u2019 t told me. \" you never asked, \" he said. we became very close. he was my friend, my confessor, my boss, and my psychologist, too, although i also had my psychoanalyst. the idea of a confessor came slowly to me. in jalapa, i had been supported by some priests. when i first \" appeared, \" the first place i was taken was a church. i felt secure there, though as a kid, i had never had much to do with priests, besides attending church. to me they were people who accepted donations, delivered sacraments, and were power brokers. it made an impression on me to see priests committed to social organizations, supporting people. since i \u2019 ve been at centro pro, we \u2019 ve gone through some tough times, like the two years of threats we received beginning in 1995. once again it was me who was being threatened. my first reaction was to feel cold shivers. i went to the kitchen with a faxed copy of the threat and said to one of the sisters in the congregation, \" luz, we \u2019 ve received a threat, and they \u2019 re directed at me, too. \" and luz responded, \" digna, this is not a death threat. this is a threat of resurrection. \" that gave me great sustenance. later that day another of my lawyer colleagues, pilar, called me to ask what security measures i was taking. she was \u2014 rightfully \u2014 worried. i told her what luz had said and pilar responded, \" digna, the difference is that you \u2019 re a religious person. \" and i realized that being a person of faith and having a community, that having a base in faith, is a source of support that others don \u2019 t have. now, some people said to me that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47442605211516947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.151488"}
{"text": "that you \u2019 re a religious person. \" and i realized that being a person of faith and having a community, that having a base in faith, is a source of support that others don \u2019 t have. now, some people said to me that my reaction was courageous. but i \u2019 ve always felt anger at the suffering of others. for me, anger is energy, it \u2019 s a force. you channel energy positively or negatively. being sensitive to situations of injustice and the necessity of confronting difficult situations like those we see every day, we have to get angry to provoke energy and react. if an act of injustice doesn \u2019 t provoke anger in me, it could be seen as indifference, passivity. it \u2019 s injustice that motivates us to do something, to take risks, knowing that if we don \u2019 t, things will remain the same. anger has made us confront police and soldiers. something that i discovered is that the police and soldiers are used to their superiors shouting at them, and they \u2019 re used to being mistreated. so when they run into a woman, otherwise insignificant to them, who demands things of them and shouts at them in an authoritarian way, they are paralyzed. and we get results. i consider myself an aggressive person, and it has been difficult for me to manage that within the context of my religious education. but it does disarm authorities. i normally dress this way, in a way that my friends call monklike. that \u2019 s fine. it keeps people off guard. i give a certain mild image, but then i can, more efficiently, demand things, shout. for example, one time there was a guy who disappeared for twenty days. we knew he was in the military hospital, and we filed habeas corpus petitions on his behalf. but the authorities simply denied having him in custody. one night we were informed that he was being held at a particular state hospital. we went the next day. they denied us access. i spent the whole morning studying the comings and goings at the hospital to see how i could get in. during a change in shifts, i slipped by the guards. when i got to the room where this person was, the nurse at the door told me i could not go in. \" we are not even allowed in, \" she said. i told her that i would take care of myself ; all i asked of her was that she take note of what i was going to do and that if they did something to me, she should call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5491233122476326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.152839"}
{"text": "are not even allowed in, \" she said. i told her that i would take care of myself ; all i asked of her was that she take note of what i was going to do and that if they did something to me, she should call a certain number. i gave her my card. i took a deep breath, opened the door violently and yelled at the federal judicial police officers inside. i told them they had to leave, immediately, because i was the person \u2019 s lawyer and needed to speak with him. they didn \u2019 t know how to react, so they left. i had two minutes, but it was enough to explain who i was, that i had been in touch with his wife, and to get him to sign a paper proving he was in the hospital. he signed. by then the police came back, with the fierceness that usually characterizes their behavior. their first reaction was to try to grab me. they didn \u2019 t expect me to assume an attack position \u2014 the only karate position i know, from movies, i suppose. of course, i don \u2019 t really know karate, but they definitely thought i was going to attack. trembling inside, i said sternly that if they laid a hand on me they \u2019 d see what would happen. and they drew back, saying, \" you \u2019 re threatening us. \" and i replied, \" take it any way you want. \" after some discussion, i left, surrounded by fifteen police officers. meanwhile i had managed to record some interesting conversations. they referred to \" the guy who was incommunicado, \" a term that was very important. i took the tape out and hid the cassette where i could. the police called for hospital security to come, using the argument that it wasn \u2019 t permitted to have tape recorders inside the hospital. i handed over the recorder. then they let me go. i was afraid that they would kidnap me outside the hospital. i was alone. i took several taxis, getting out, changing, taking another, because i didn \u2019 t know if they were following me. when i arrived at centro pro, i could finally breathe. i could share all of my fear. if the police knew that i was terrified when they were surrounding me, they would have been able to do anything to me. sometimes, without planning and without being conscious of it, there is a kind of group therapy among the colleagues at centro pro. we show what we really feel, our fear. we cry. there \u2019 s a group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44120020512574576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.154140"}
{"text": "able to do anything to me. sometimes, without planning and without being conscious of it, there is a kind of group therapy among the colleagues at centro pro. we show what we really feel, our fear. we cry. there \u2019 s a group of us who have suffered physically. on the other hand, my religious community has helped me manage my fear. at times of great danger, group prayer and study of the bible and religious texts helps me. praying is very important. faith in god. that has been a great source of strength. and i \u2019 m not alone anymore. as a christian, as a religious person, i call myself a follower of christ who died on the cross for denouncing the injustices of his time. and if he had to suffer what he suffered, what then can we expect? for years after my father was tortured, i wanted revenge. then, when i was the torture victim, the truth is that the last thing i wanted was revenge, because i feared that it would be an unending revenge. i saw it as a chain. three years after coming to mexico city i remember that a person came to tell me that they had found two of the judicial police officers who tortured me. the person asked if i wanted him to get them and give them their due. at first, i did have a moment when i thought yes. but i thought about it and realized that i would simply be doing what they did. i would have no right to speak about them as i am talking about them now. i would have been one of them. i rarely share my own experience of torture. but i remember talking to a torture victim who was very, very angry, for whom the desire for revenge was becoming destructive. i shared my own experience, and that made an impression on him. but if we don \u2019 t forgive and get over the desire for revenge, we become one of them. you can \u2019 t forget torture, but you have to learn to assimilate it. to assimilate it you need to find forgiveness. it \u2019 s a long - term, difficult, and very necessary undertaking. if you don \u2019 t step up to those challenges, what are you doing? what meaning does your life have? it is survival. when i began to work, when i took that case in which they made me leave jalapa, i was committed to doing something against injustice. but there was something else that motivated me, and i have to recognize it, even though it causes me shame. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47678730896440646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.155888"}
{"text": "work, when i took that case in which they made me leave jalapa, i was committed to doing something against injustice. but there was something else that motivated me, and i have to recognize it, even though it causes me shame. what motivated me as well as the commitment was the desire to win prestige as a lawyer. thanks to the very difficult situation that i lived through, i realized what was wrong. what a shame that i had to go through that in order to discover my real commitment, the meaning of my life, the reason i \u2019 m here. in this sense, i \u2019 ve found something positive in what was a very painful experience. if i hadn \u2019 t suffered, i wouldn \u2019 t have been able to discover injustice in such depth. maybe i wouldn \u2019 t be working in centro pro. maybe i wouldn \u2019 t have entered the congregation. maybe i wouldn \u2019 t have learned that the world is a lot bigger than the very small world that i had constructed. thanks to a very difficult, painful experience for me and my family and my friends, my horizons were broadened. sometimes i say to myself, \" what a way for god to make you see things. \" but sometimes without that we aren \u2019 t capable of seeing. speak truth to power ( umbrage, 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940383356064, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b991aaed-f5b7-4af6-9f6a-f49b9ed8cf61>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.157010"}
{"text": "training to compete develop the engine the player - specializes the players in this stage are generally around 16 - 19 years old for boys and around 15 - 18 years old for girls players are more likely to have committed themselves to rugby as their chief sport. they are more willing to invest a significant amount of time and energy to become successful. they are driven and are fiercely competitive with a greater capacity for all game related competencies. players pay more attention to developing themselves as positional specialists in order to undertake their functional roles. players at this stage are capable of independent thinking and of taking greater responsibility while also contributing more toward problem solving. the coach - facilitates since players have the capacity for greater input, the role of the coach shifts towards facilitation. allowing opportunity for opinions and problem solving is critical if players are to develop confidence and relative autonomy. the coach will still need to employ teaching, challenging and guiding skills where appropriate. the emphasis should be on developing players \u2019 ability to navigate rather than replicate. the game - outcomes the game becomes fiercely competitive with positional specialists influencing games, mini units and units well are synchronized and team play concentrates on reducing errors and maximizing success. the focus is on achieving desired outcomes with respect to attacking and defensive goals ( team, unit, mini - unit ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325684337304612, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb442f73-8329-4682-924f-a179fcff1554>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.159876"}
{"text": "save the clean air act to fight global warming scientific consensus is clear : we must reduce the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide to 350 parts per million ( ppm ) or below to avoid global catastrophe. unfortunately, pending climate legislation isn ' t going to get us to 350 ppm - - but the clean air act could. to reach 350 ppm, carbon pollution from the united states and other developed countries must be reduced by 45 percent or more below 1990 levels by 2020. but the senate climate bill would reduce emissions by just 4 percent below those levels. ( the house bill sets even weaker targets. ) clearly, the road map to 350 ppm won ' t be found in pending legislation. rather, the path to achieving 350 ppm must utilize the clean air act, which provides indispensable tools for reducing pollution from smokestacks and other big polluters, and also requires the environmental protection agency to set a science - based national pollution limit for greenhouse gases. - under the act, the epa is required to set a limit on the amount of carbon pollution that different sources, such as coal - fired power plants, oil refineries, and cement factories, may emit. - the act requires each new or modified source of carbon pollution to show that the proposed facility will use the best available carbon control technology before it can be built. - finally, the act requires the epa to use the best available science and set a national limit - - such as 350 ppm - - on the total amount of carbon pollution that may exist in the ambient air. epa has not yet set that limit, and will be prevented from ever doing so if the current climate bill becomes law. the clean air act is a comprehensive system of pollution control with a proven track record of saving the public money and protecting our planet ' s health. it can work immediately to curb carbon pollution, either by itself or in conjunction with new climate legislation. now, more than ever, is the time to enforce the clean air act - - not to gut it. we need you to stand with us to save the clean air act today. - if you haven ' t yet written to your senators urging them to save the clean air act, click here to send them a message now. - please call your senators and urge them to save the clean air act - - the entire clean air act. personal calls from constituents make a big difference. call ( 202 ) 224 - 3121 and ask for your senators ' office, or visit https : / / salsa. democracyinaction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43141100357257944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb7fe6cb-4b57-4493-9085-28f2b20863b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.165424"}
{"text": "emergency & security medications, attention deficit disorder, and hepatitis medication in school school personnel may assist a student to manage prescription and non - prescription medication only under the directions of a physician. prescription medication will be accepted only in the container properly labeled by the pharmacist. this label will serve as the physician \u2019 s written instructions. the parent must fill out medication consent forms, available in the front office. students may carry a 1 - day supply of non - prescription medication with them, as long as they also carry a note from the parent specifying the name of the medication and dose to be taken. all medication requested to be administered by school personnel must be checked in with school personnel and kept in a locked cupboard. the student may carry emergency medication / inhalers with parent and physician written instruction. school personnel will accept changes in medication dosages only with the new properly labeled pharmacy container reflecting the dosage and / or time changes. parents are responsible for transportation of medication to and from school. parents are responsible for refilling the school \u2019 s supply of medication and keeping track of that supply. parents are responsible for the preparation of all tablets ( e. g., halving tablets ). parents are responsible for picking up all unused medication at the end of the school year. adhd / add and medications an increasing number of students are being diagnosed as having an attention deficit disorder and are being placed on medication by their physicians. there is still much to learn about attention disorders, and controversy about the appropriateness of prescribing medication. our role as educators is to provide instruction, make reasonable accommodations, observe behavior and provide feedback to parents and physicians when asked. we have the responsibility of cooperating with a physician and parent when a child is placed on medication following the procedures outline in school board policy 5665, administering medication in school ( see appendix a ). we do not have the training or authority to prescribe medication. consult with district nurses, psychologists, or social workers if you have questions about adhd / add. due to the continuing high local incidence rate of hepatitis b, we will again follow the recommendations of the lane county health department in restricting the use of home prepared foods for use at school sponsored events. food prepared by the cafeteria staff, pre - packaged or \u201c store bought \u201d items, and food cleaned and cooked at school under staff supervision are acceptable to share at school. this restriction applies specifically to all school functions that include students, parents, or other members of the community. while the restrictions do not apply to events that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46951433721600944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b2892de-7757-4250-9f7d-974a2eb403c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.171263"}
{"text": "louis xv and science : the most beautiful instruments authors : engineer : claude - simeon passemant ( 1702 - 1769 ) ; clockmaker : louis dauthiau ( 1730 - 1809 ) ; sculptors and bronze artists : jean - jacques and philippe caffieri ( 1725 - 1772 ) date : presented to the royal academy of science on 23 august 1749, presented to the king in 1750. mechanism : 1749 ; bronze : 1753 characteristics / origins : gilt bronze, enamel, steel, copper and glass. versailles, musee national des chateaux de versailles et de trianon \u00a9 chateau de versailles, christian milet the extraordinary astronomical clock was added to the clock cabinet in january 1754. engineer claude - simeon passemant designed the timepiece, clockmaker louis dauthiau crafted the mechanism and sculptors and bronze artists jacques and philippe ii caffieri made the case. it shows the date, real time, average time, phases of the moon and movements of the planets according to copernicus. a moving sphere crowns the exceptional rocaille work, which measures over two metres tall. a bronze globe features all the countries engraved with the main cities. it is amidst rocks and waterfalls serving as the universal horizon. the academy of science examined and approved the clock in august 1749 before the duc de chaulnes presented it to louis xv at choisy on 7 september 1750. the king acquired it that year. it was put in the clock cabinet, attesting to louis xv ' s interest in the mechanical arts and clocks ; the room actually got its name because of the large astronomical clock dials in the wainscoting showing the sunrises and moonrises every day. the king ' s scientific interests led him to amplify that daily experience by having the passemant clock installed in this room. video in french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47401635740797565, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a364cb69-cecd-43d5-b165-d5404cf0491e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.174343"}
{"text": "for one aes is built for three key sizes 128, 192 or 256 bits. currently, brute - forcing 128 bits is not even close to feasible. hypothetically, if an aes key had 129 bits, it would take twice as long to brute - force a 129 bit key than a 128 bit key. this means larger keys of 192 bits and 256 bits would take much much much longer to attack. it would take so incredibly long to brute - force one of these keys that the sun would stop burning before the key was realized. that ' s a big freaking number. that ' s how many possibly keys there are. assuming the key is random, if you divide that by 2 then you have how many keys it will take on average to brute - force aes - 256 in a sense we do have the really big cipher keys you are talking of. the whole point of a symmetric key is to make it unfeasible to brute - force. in the future, if attacking a 256bit key becomes possible then keysizes will surely increase, but that is quite a ways down the road. the reason rsa keys are much larger than aes keys is because they are two completely different types of encryption. this means a person would not attack a rsa key the same as they would attack an aes key. attacking symmetric keys is easy. - start with a bitstring - decrypt ciphertext with that bitstring. - if you can read it, you succeeded. - if you cannot read it then increment the bitstring attacking an rsa key is different... because rsa encryption / decryption works with big semi - prime numbers... the process is mathy. with rsa, you don ' t have to try every possible bit string. you try far fewer than 2 ^ 2048 bitstrings... but it ' s still not possible to bruteforce. this is why rsa and aes keys differ in size. to sum up everything and answer your question in 1 sentence. we don ' t need ridiculously big symmetric keys because we already have ridiculously big symmetric keys. 256 bit encryption sounds wimpy compared to something like a 2048 bit rsa key, but the algorithms are different and can ' t really be compared ' bit to bit ' like that. in the future if there is a need to longer keys then there will be new algorithms developed to handle larger keys. and if we ever wanted to go bigger on current hardware,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5683957620977991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:066ec567-48e5-40d2-93b0-abe64693ee0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.179014"}
{"text": "unions have been fighting the 1 % vs 99 % fight for more than 100 years. now the rest of us are learning that this fight is also our fight. the story of organized labor has been a story of working people banding together to confront concentrated wealth and power. unions have been fighting to get decent wages, benefits, better working conditions, on - the - job safety and respect. now, as the reagan revolution comes home to roost, taking apart the middle class, the rest of us are learning that this is our fight, too. the story of america is a similar story to that of organized labor. the story of america is a story of we, the people banding together to fight the concentrated wealth and power of the british aristocracy. our declaration of independence laid it out : we were fighting for a government that derives its powers from the consent of us, the people governed, not government by a wealthy aristocracy telling us what to do and making us work for their profit instead of for the betterment of all of us. it was the 99 % vs the 1 % then, and it is the 99 % vs the 1 % now. we, the people democracy is when we, the people decide things together \u2014 collectively \u2014 for the common good of all of us. our country originated from the idea of we, the people banding together to watch out for and protect each other, so we can all rise together for the common good, or \u201c general welfare. \u201d collectively we make decisions, and the result of this collective action is decisions that work for all of us instead of just a few of us. this is the founding idea of our country. unions protect the interests of working people the same is true for unions. unions work to bring we - the - people democracy to the workplace. like the old story about how it is harder to break a bundle of sticks than the same sticks one stick at a time, unions are organizations of working people, banding together so their collective power can confront the power of concentrated wealth. by banding together in solidarity, working people are able to say, \u201c no, you can \u2019 t do that!, \u201d and bargain for a better life for all of us. organized labor sets the standard the benefits that unions win don \u2019 t just go to the union members, they become the standard. when labor won the fight for an 8 - hour day and 40 - hour workweek with overtime pay, that became the standard. when labor fought for minimum wages, that became the standard, when labor fought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4606349066488375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307757c1-209d-4182-a230-e6a6694cfcfa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.190304"}
{"text": "the union members, they become the standard. when labor won the fight for an 8 - hour day and 40 - hour workweek with overtime pay, that became the standard. when labor fought for minimum wages, that became the standard, when labor fought for workplace safety, that became the standard. labor \u2019 s fight is a fight to set the standard for the rest of us. labor stands up to the 1 %, and uses their organized power ( bundle of sticks ) to win better pay, benefits and working conditions for the 99 %. \u201c although it is true that only about 20 percent of american workers are in unions, that 20 percent sets the standards across the board in salaries, benefits and working conditions. if you are making a decent salary in a non - union company, you owe that to the unions. one thing that corporations do not do is give out money out of the goodness of their hearts. \u201d \u2013 molly ivins. working people banding together to bargain with management \u2014 \u201c collective \u201d bargaining \u2014 is a fundamental right in the united states, but this right has eroded along with the rest of our democracy. for many years, the mechanisms of government that were supposed to enforce these rights were \u201c captured \u201d and instead were working against the rights of working people. bob borosage explains, in, the forgotten leading actor in the american dream story, globalization gave manufacturers a large club in negotiations \u2014 concessions or jobs get shipped abroad. and often the reality was concessions and jobs got shipped abroad. corporations perfected techniques, often against the law, to crush organizing drives, and stymie new contracts for the few that succeeded. the national labor relations board, stacked with corporate lobbyists under republican presidents, turned a blind eye to systematic violations of the law. so now union workers are down to about 7 percent of the private workforce. virtually the only growing unions are public employees \u2014 teachers, nurses, cops. not surprisingly, conservative republican governors, led by wisconsin \u2019 s scott walker and ohio \u2019 s john kasich, used the budget squeeze caused by the great recession to go after these unions, combining layoffs with efforts to eviscerate the right of public employees to organize and negotiate. the fight is on \u201c only a fool would try to deprive working men and working women of their right to join the union of their choice. \u201d \u2013 dwight d. eisenhower. dorian warren, at salon in america \u2019 s last hope : a strong labor movement, writes, the fate of the labor movement is the fate of american democracy. without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46192783594077164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307757c1-209d-4182-a230-e6a6694cfcfa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.191526"}
{"text": "their right to join the union of their choice. \u201d \u2013 dwight d. eisenhower. dorian warren, at salon in america \u2019 s last hope : a strong labor movement, writes, the fate of the labor movement is the fate of american democracy. without a strong countervailing force like organized labor, corporations and wealthy elites advancing their own interests are able to exert undue influence over the political system, as we \u2019 ve seen in every major policy debate of recent years. yet the american labor movement is in crisis and is the weakest it \u2019 s been in 100 years. that truism has been a progressive mantra since the clinton administration. however, union density has continued to decline from roughly 16 percent in 1995 to 11. 8 percent of all workers and just 6. 9 percent of workers in the private sector. unionized workers in the public sector now make up the majority of the labor movement for the first time in history, which is precisely why \u2014 a la wisconsin and 14 other states \u2014 they have been targeted by the right for all out destruction. \u2026 contrary to the intent of the 1935 national labor relations act, which made it national policy to encourage and promote collective bargaining, the nlra now provides incentives for employers to break the law routinely and ignore any compulsion to negotiate collective agreements. when there is little outrage for the daily violations of workers \u2019 liberty ( employers fire workers illegally in 1 in 3 union campaigns for attempting to exercise freedom of association ), our democracy is in peril. restore the middle class unions brought us a middle class, and now that the power of organized labor has eroded we find ourselves in a fight to keep the middle class. borosage again, we emerged from world war ii with unions headed towards representing about 30 % of the workforce. fierce struggles with companies were needed to ensure that workers got a fair share of the rewards of their work. unions were strong enough that non - union employers had to compete for good workers by offering comparable wages. unions enforced the 40 - hour week, overtime pay, paid vacations, health care and pensions, and family wages. strong unions limited excesses in corporate boardrooms, a countervailing power beyond the letter of the contract. as profits and productivity rose, wages rose as well. when unions were weakened and reduced, all that changed. productivity and profits continued to rise, but wages did not. the ratio of ceo pay to the average worker pay went from 40 to 1 to more than 350 to 1. ceos were given multimillion - dollar pay incentives to cook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46316629735575293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307757c1-209d-4182-a230-e6a6694cfcfa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.193631"}
{"text": "that changed. productivity and profits continued to rise, but wages did not. the ratio of ceo pay to the average worker pay went from 40 to 1 to more than 350 to 1. ceos were given multimillion - dollar pay incentives to cook their books and merge and purge their companies. unions were not strong enough to police the excess. america let multinationals define its trade and manufacturing strategy, hemorrhaging good jobs to mercantilist nations like china. the result was the wealthiest few captured literally all the rewards of growth. and 90 % of america struggled to stay afloat with stagnant wages, rising prices and growing debt. support bargaining rights for labor we all need to understand that labor \u2019 s fight is our fight. now that labor is under attack across the country, we need to understand that we are also under attack. as labor loses rights and power, all of our pay and benefits fall back. we need to support the rights of working people to organize into unions and bargain collectively, to fight our fight, the 99 % vs the 1 %. this battle right now is the whole ball game. \u201c to a right - winger, unions are awful. why do right - wingers hate unions? because collective bargaining is the power that a worker has against the corporation. right - wingers hate that. \u201d \u2013 janeane garofalo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44964356490546875, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307757c1-209d-4182-a230-e6a6694cfcfa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.194717"}
{"text": "winsor mccay, pioneering animator and comic strip artist, was a native of spring lake, michigan. spring lake is also where he began his career in art. his father, robert mccay, and mother janet ran a grocery store in the village. while it is probable that winsor was born in 1867 during a visit to his mother \u2019 s family in ontario, mccay stated that he was born september 26, 1871, in spring lake, michigan. he always considered spring lake his hometown. in 1880, the goodrich steamship alpena, en route from nearby grand haven to chicago, was wrecked in a terrible storm and sank to the bottom, carrying with it nearly one hundred passengers. at the age of thirteen, young winsor drew a picture of the wreck on the blackboard of union school, which he attended on exchange street. the illustration was photographed and copies were sold as postcards. a panel from the comic strip little nemo in slumberland ( 1905 - 1914 ) mccay \u2019 s comic strips included little nemo in slumberland and dream of the rarebit fiend. mccay created the very first animated cartoon in america with the release of little nemo in 1911 ( see video link below ). many in the animation world hail mccay today as the \u201c father of animation. \u201d as a tribute, the highest award that an animator can receive is an \u201c annie, \u201d which is the winsor mccay award for lifetime achievement in animation. when disneyland first opened in 1955, so the story goes, walt disney took robert mccay, son of spring lake native winsor mccay, on a guided tour. he stopped near the end and said, \u201c you know, this should really belong to your father. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36866464804199084, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed72594b-fe7f-4d9c-9f0b-79f9f63aca50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.198022"}
{"text": "the coral is at the mercy of natural circumstances like water quality and starfish population, but can be aided by human intervention. the first step to take will be decreasing population and co2 emissions. coral cover in the great barrier reef has dropped by more than half over the last 27 years, according to scientists, a result of increased storms, bleaching and predation by population explosions of a starfish which sucks away the coral \u2019 s nutrients. at present rates of decline, the coral cover will halve again within a decade, though scientists said the reef could recover if the crown - of - thorns starfish can be brought under control and, longer term, global carbon dioxide emissions are reduced. \u201c this latest study provides compelling evidence that the cumulative impacts of storms, crown - of - thorns starfish ( cots ) and two bleaching events have had a devastating effect on the reef over the last three decades, \u201d said john gunn, chief executive of the australian institute of marine science. coral reefs are an important part of the marine ecosystem as sources of food and as protection for young fish. they are under threat around the world from the effects of bleaching, due to rising ocean temperatures, and increasing acidification of the oceans, which reduces the corals \u2019 ability to build their calcium carbonate structures. the great barrier reef is the most iconic coral reef in the world, listed as a unesco world heritage site and the source of $ a5bn ( \u00a33. 2bn ) a year to the australian economy through tourism. the observations of its decline are based on more than 2, 000 surveys of 214 reefs between 1985 and 2012. the results showed a decline in coral cover from 28 % to 13. 8 % \u2013 an average of 0. 53 % a year and a total loss of 50. 7 % over the 27 - year period. the study was published on monday in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences journal ( subscription ). two - thirds of the coral loss has occurred since 1998 and the rate of decline has increased in recent years, averaging around 1. 45 % a year since 2006. \u201c if the trend continued, coral cover could halve again by 2022, \u201d said peter doherty, a research fellow at the institute. tropical cyclones, predation by cots, and bleaching accounted for 48 %, 42 %, and 10 % of the respective estimated losses. in the past seven years the reef has been affected by six major cyclones. cyclone hamish, for example, ran along the reef, parallel to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399993207400551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abe92949-5b38-4785-8ba0-6474ec1a9938>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.204315"}
{"text": "and bleaching accounted for 48 %, 42 %, and 10 % of the respective estimated losses. in the past seven years the reef has been affected by six major cyclones. cyclone hamish, for example, ran along the reef, parallel to the coast for almost 930 miles ( 1, 500km ), leaving a trail of destruction much greater than the average cyclone, which usually crosses the reef on a path perpendicular to the coast. the starfish problem was first recorded in 1962 at green island off cairns. \u201c when we say outbreaks, we mean explosions of cots populations to a level where the numbers are so large that they end up eating upwards of 90 % of a reef \u2019 s coral, \u201d gunn said. \u201c since 1962 there have been major outbreaks every 13 - 14 years. \u201d the evidence suggests that outbreaks of cots start two or three years after major floods in northern rivers. in september, scientists at the international union for conservation of nature announced that caribbean coral reefs are on the verge of collapse, with less than 10 % of the reef area showing live coral cover. the collapse was due to environmental issues, including over - exploitation, pollution and climate change. david curnick, marine and freshwater programme co - ordinator at the zoological society of london, said many of the most endangered coral species around the world were also under severe pressure from the aquarium trade. \u201c corals are notoriously hard to propagate in captivity and therefore the trade is still heavily dependent on harvesting from the wild. \u201d. \u201d he said the results of the great barrier reef survey were not surprising and the challenge for conservationists was to limit the localised threats to give reefs a chance to recover and develop resilience against the effects of climate change. \u201c this is challenging but entirely achievable and there are many community - led projects around the world demonstrating this. \u201d corals can recover if given the chance. but this is slow \u2013 in the absence of cyclones, cots and bleaching, the great barrier reef can regrow at a rate of 2. 85 % a year, the scientists wrote. removing the cots problem alone would allow coral cover to increase at 0. 89 % a year. reducing cots means improving water quality around the rivers at the northern end of the reef to reduce agricultural run - off \u2013 high levels of nutrients flowing off the land feed and allow high survival of cots larvae. another option is some form of biological control of populations \u2013 gunn said there were promising results from research on naturally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42983762607481846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abe92949-5b38-4785-8ba0-6474ec1a9938>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.205313"}
{"text": "knowledge under threat in war - torn mali 29 aug 12 the destruction of mausoleums and shrines in timbuktu by islamic militias caused international outrage and drew attention to a war that has destroyed not only monuments but also many human lives. mali \u2019 s cultural heritage is under threat, and so is its heritage of traditional knowledge linked to agriculture and food. before the conflict exploded, slow food was working with the fao and the italian ministry for foreign affairs ( italian development cooperation ) to promote traditional products from the country, and from guinea - bissau, sierra leone and senegal. this project led to the creation of the timbuktu and gao katta pasta presidium. the towns of timbuktu and gao are in the northern azawad region, where the tuareg and the mnla ( mouvement national pour la liberation de l ' azawad ) are demanding independence. katta pasta is shaped by women from a dough made with local wheat flour, and recalls the shape of italian trofie. dried and toasted, it is usually eaten cooked in a sauce of dried fish, tomato, meat and spices. almahdi al ansari, the presidium coordinator, reports : \u201c currently in timbuktu the women cannot go out unless they are accompanied by a man from their family and completely veiled. the government army units were concentrated here and so the \u2018 pale - skinned \u2019 population fled, fearing retribution because they were believed to support independence. some of the presidium \u2019 s women are now among the refugees in camps in mauritania and burkina faso. the economy has stalled, agriculture has been destroyed, and no - one is sowing or harvesting. \u201d almahdi does have some positive news : \u201c a few of the darker - skinned women have remained. they are still making katta pasta, and production has increased, maybe even doubled, because the people have had to stop eating rice, which came from the south. instead there is an abundance of flour from algeria. \u201d find out more : download the publications produced by slow food as part of the project with the fao. discover the presidium at the salone del gusto and terra madre, in turin from october 25 to 29, 2012. photo : timbuktu and gao katta pasta presidium by paola viesi latest food for thought articles italy | 21 / 05 / 2013 | carlo petrini and journalist stefano liberti talk about land grabbing in the african continent......", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4497116918557792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54602024-36b0-4038-9639-1ae371c7f42b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.209819"}
{"text": "air quality may be unhealthy for some through thursday the ohio epa is predicting that the air quality in northeast ohio will be unhealthy for some sensitive groups of people because of pollution. pollution in the air in northeast ohio may be a concern for those who have asthma, lung disease or older adults and children wednesday, thursday and possibly friday this week. the akron regional air quality agency, the cleveland deptartment of public health and welfare and ohio environmental protection agency are predicting the air quality will be unsafe for some sensitive groups of people through march 22. the air quality index as of 5 p. m. march 21, was a 78, which is considered \" moderate. \" there are six ratings that range from \" good \" to \" hazardous. \" on friday, the above organizations are predicting the quality will move from \" moderate \" to \" unhealthy to sensitive groups. \" \" unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion, \" according to a press release from airnow. \" residents, businesses and local governments should voluntarily reduce activities that contribute to ozone air pollution. be proactive by reducing or eliminating unnecessary motor vehicle trips, and consider carpooling or use public transportation. consider setting your home or office air conditioning thermostat slightly higher. \" the agencies that have issued the alert recommend that people wait until after 7 p. m. to do prolonged outdoor activities, like exercising and mowing the lawn. click here to learn more about the alert, how to reduce air pollution and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41275105408917495, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b879b7c1-d752-477a-b4c9-55556e7f5da0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.212667"}
{"text": "in the free software movement, we believe computer users should have the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use. the \u201c free \u201d in free software refers to freedom : it means users have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software. free software contributes to human knowledge, while non - free software does not. universities should therefore encourage free software for the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage scientists and scholars to publish their work. alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards software ( and towards science ) ; they see programs as opportunities for income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. free software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20 years. when i started developing the gnu operating system in 1984, my first step was to quit my job at mit. i did this specifically so that the mit licensing office would be unable to interfere with releasing gnu as free software. i had planned an approach for licensing the programs in gnu that ensures that all modified versions must be free software as well, an approach that developed into the gnu general public license ( gnu gpl ), and i did not want to have to beg the mit administration to let me use it. over the years, university affiliates have often come to the free software foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who see software only as something to sell. one good method, applicable even for specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an existing program that was released under the gnu gpl. then you can tell the administrators, \u201c we \u2019 re not allowed to release the modified version except under the gnu gpl \u2014 any other way would be copyright infringement. \u201d after the dollar signs fade from their eyes, they will usually consent to releasing it as free software. you can also ask your funding sponsor for help. when a group at nyu developed the gnu ada compiler, with funding from the u. s. air force, the contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the free software foundation. work out the arrangement with the sponsor first, then politely show the university administration that it is not open to renegotiation. they would rather have a contract to develop free software than no contract at all, so they will most likely go along. whatever you do, raise the issue early \u2014 certainly before the program is half finished. at this point, the university still needs you, so you can play hardball : tell the administration you will finish the program, make it usable, if they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091869488051862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5a56b11-323d-4b37-a825-b8d25e586fc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.219282"}
{"text": ". whatever you do, raise the issue early \u2014 certainly before the program is half finished. at this point, the university still needs you, so you can play hardball : tell the administration you will finish the program, make it usable, if they have agreed in writing to make it free software ( and agreed to your choice of free software license ). otherwise you will work on it only enough to write a paper about it, and never make a version good enough to release. when the administrators know their choice is to have a free software package that brings credit to the university or nothing at all, they will usually choose the former. not all universities have grasping policies. the university of texas has a policy that, by default, all software developed there is released as free software under the gnu general public license. univates in brazil, and the indian institute of information technology in hyderabad, india, both have policies in favor of releasing software under the gpl. by developing faculty support first, you may be able to institute such a policy at your university. present the issue as one of principle : does the university have a mission to advance human knowledge, or is its sole purpose to perpetuate itself? whatever approach you use, it helps to have determination and adopt an ethical perspective, as we do in the free software movement. to treat the public ethically, the software should be free \u2014 as in freedom \u2014 for the whole public. many developers of free software profess narrowly practical reasons for doing so : they advocate allowing others to share and change software as an expedient for making software powerful and reliable. if those values motivate you to develop free software, well and good, and thank you for your contribution. but those values will not give you a good footing to stand firm when university administrators try to tempt you to make the program non - free. for instance, they may argue that \u201c we could make it even more powerful and reliable with all the money we can get. \u201d this claim may or may not come true in the end, but it is hard to disprove in advance. they may suggest a license to offer copies \u201c free of charge, for academic use only, \u201d which would tell the general public they don \u2019 t deserve freedom, and argue that this will obtain the cooperation of academia, which is all ( they say ) you need. if you start from \u201c pragmatic \u201d values, it is hard to give a good reason for rejecting these dead - end proposals, but you can do it easily if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47194479980455184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5a56b11-323d-4b37-a825-b8d25e586fc6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.220678"}
{"text": "this week we celebrate congress passing the judiciary act of 1789 which established the supreme court of united states. president george washington signed the bill into law and nominated john jay as the chief justice. the whole process - passing the bill, signing the bill into law, and the nomination and approval of the justices \u2014 took two days. this moonday \u2019 s heroic hunk in history is john jay ( 1745 - 1829 ). from a wealthy new york family with huguenot and dutch roots, jay was a conservative lawyer who supported a strong centralized federal government. jay with alexander hamilton and james madison wrote the federalist papers that helped frame the constitution. he was an ardent supporter of the anti - slavery movement. jay was an american patriot, founding father, legislator, and diplomat. he served as a member and president of the continental congress during the revolutionary war, ambassador to spain and france, chief justice of the supreme court, and governor of new york. today \u2019 s the last day of my \u2019 name that character contest \u2019 for my contemporary fantasy short story nimue \u2019 s daughter. it \u2019 s a rescue from armageddon based on the arthurian mythology. it \u2019 s also a work in progress for shared whispers, the freebie anthology from champagne authors that will be published and available for free download in january. please visit ritabay. com and help me name my character. for more info click on the image below :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44140219555430116, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c8f23da-5d75-4880-a2b0-c9709576f1c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.222648"}
{"text": "once affordable only among the wealthy, brick homes became more easily available to the average american in the early years of the twentieth century. this book, originally published in 1920 by a member of the common brick manufacturers ' association, served as a practical guide for prospective homeown... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : 500 small houses of the twenties by henry atterbury smith perspective drawings, floor plans, and descriptions of principal features of outstanding ' 20s designs, many by leading architects of the period. 1, 135 black - and - white line illustrations, 262 black - and - white photographs and tone drawings. radford ' s house designs of the twenties by wm. a. radford co. floor plans and exterior photos of nearly 100 homes, among them the charming amity, a two - story dutch colonial with 4 bedrooms and 3 fireplaces. 189 black - and - white illustrations. 124 distinctive house designs and floor plans, 1929 by national building publications meticulous reproduction of rare catalog offers a beautifully illustrated look at homes intended for budgets from $ 3, 500 to $ 15, 000. designs include such special features as built - in cabinets and clothes chutes. 370 black - and - white illustrations. the most popular homes of the twenties by william a. radford, daniel d. reiff based on a rare 1925 catalog, this architectural showcase features floor plans, construction details, and photos of 26 homes, plus articles on entrances, porches, garages, and more. 250 illustrations, 21 color plates. once affordable only among the wealthy, brick homes became more easily available to the average american in the early years of the twentieth century. this book, originally published in 1920 by a member of the common brick manufacturers ' association, served as a practical guide for prospective homeowners from working class families. many soon found that attractive, durable, and comfortable homes - - made from nature ' s own building material - - were easily within their financial reach. thirty - five sets of floor plans, elevations, and specifications in this excellent reproduction of that now - rare volume depict a wide variety of brick houses, bungalows, cottages, garages, and multi - dwelling buildings - - from the four - bedroom pocatello to the handsome saratoga, featuring a wraparound porch and two bathrooms. this practical guide will appeal to anyone wanting to buy or renovate an existing home of the period. it will also serve as a how - to manual for all desiring to build their own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42079883970596565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57eec04d-4314-4217-83c7-78e3fd08d4ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.226659"}
{"text": "better pollution control technology needed to cut voc emissions by summit voice frisco \u2014 ongoing studies of winter ozone formation in the uinta basin shows the need for better pollution control technology on oil and gas drilling rigs and other equipment used for fossil fuel development. an emissions inventory developed for the study found that oil and gas operations are responsible for 98 - 99 percent of the volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), and for 57 - 61 percent of the nitrogen oxide emissions. vocs and nitrogen compounds are the key ingredients for ozone - laced smog, which has been clearly identified as a human health threat. the collaborative study led by university of utah scientists was aimed at better understanding winter ozone formation and the scientists found that snow - covered ground, along with specific atmospheric conditions, are the key factors for ozone formation. c urtailing industrial operations during certain weather patterns could be one way to reduce the formation of ozone, but that might prove costly for companies working with leased drilling gear, officials said during a press conference this week. before developing a comprehensive mitigation strategy, researchers want to develop more accurate weather and photochemical models to accurately simulate winter ozone formation. only then will they know which mitigation strategies are most effective. but in general, the study team said voc controls hold the most promise for effectively reducing ozone production and would have other health benefits, considering that cancer - causing substances like benzene and tuolene are health threats in their own right. the study was partly supported by the western energy alliance with funding from several fossil fuel development companies adding up to $ 2. 125 million. \u201c ironically, after gathering a very impressive research team and deploying them into the basin with a vast array of scientific instruments, there were no high ozone occurrences in 2012, \u201d said kathleen sgamma, vice president of government & public affairs. \u201c the weather conditions necessary for ozone formation did not exist last winter, but as a result, the scientists were able to gather extensive baseline data, \u201d she said. \u201c industry remains committed to protecting air quality while continuing to develop domestic energy in the west, and proud to be a part of this scientific endeavor, \u201d sgamma said. the final 2011 - 2012 study report and the 2012 / 2013 plan are online at http : / / www. deq. utah. gov / locations / uintahbasin / index. htm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47432285347702197, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38f15415-aaee-4594-a4bd-f8dc08776193>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.229817"}
{"text": "posted on august 4, 2012 by bob berwyn parts of the cascadia subduction zone may be overdue for a large earthquake. map courtesy usgs. new research documents timeline of pacific northwest fault activity by summit voice summit county \u2014 the pacific northwest could be due for a monster earthquake sometime in the next 50 years, with oregon \u2019 s southern coast pinpointed as the most vulnerable area, according to oregon state university researchers who recently finished studying the pattern of historical quakes in the region. the comprehensive analysis of the cascadia subduction zone confirms numerous earthquakes during the past 10, 000 years and estimates that a new quake could approach the intensity of the tohoku quake that devastated japan in march 2011. \u201c the southern margin of cascadia has a much higher recurrence level for major earthquakes than the northern end and, frankly, it is overdue for a rupture, \u201d said chris goldfinger, a professor in osu \u2019 s college of earth, ocean, and atmospheric sciences and lead author of the study. \u201c that doesn \u2019 t mean that an earthquake couldn \u2019 t strike first along the northern half, from newport, ore., to vancouver island. ( more \u2026 ) filed under : world news | tagged : cascadia subduction zone, earthquakes, oregon, oregon state university, pacific northwest | leave a comment \u00bb posted on june 23, 2012 by bob berwyn western snowy plover. photo courtesy usfws. settlement may partially protect breeding plovers from encroaching sea level rise by summit voice summit county \u2014 slowly but surely, federal biologists are undoing some of the most egregious decisions by the bush administration with regard to endangered species. in a settlement announced this week, the u. s. fish and wildlife service designated about 38 square miles of critical habitat for western snowy plovers in washington, oregon and california. snowy plovers were listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act in 1993, when the coastal population dropped to 1, 500 birds. the listing enabled the population to recover to more than 3, 600 adults by 2010. ( more \u2026 ) filed under : biodiversity, endangered species, environment | tagged : california, center for biological diversity, endangered species act, oregon, united states fish and wildlife service, washington, western snowy plover, western snowy plover critical habitat | leave a comment \u00bb posted on april 13, 2012 by bob berwyn research links ocean acidification with stunted larval growth if you enjoy fresh oysters, eat up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4499490175881854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39f393b-163f-4b64-b7a1-feb1367ec51b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.235272"}
{"text": ", washington, western snowy plover, western snowy plover critical habitat | leave a comment \u00bb posted on april 13, 2012 by bob berwyn research links ocean acidification with stunted larval growth if you enjoy fresh oysters, eat up, because global warming and ocean acidification are taking a toll on the reproduction of the popular shellfish. photo by bob berwyn. summit county \u2014 an oregon oyster farm may have to shut down because increasing increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in sea water has stunted larval growth, making the operation \u201c non - economically viable. \u201d researchers found that the sea water is becoming more corrosive, inhibiting larval oysters from developing their shells and growing at a pace that would make commercial production cost - effective. as atmospheric co2 levels continue to rise, the oregon oysters may be the proverbial canary in the coal mine for other ocean acidification impacts on shellfish, according to oregon state university scientists. ( more \u2026 ) filed under : biodiversity, climate and weather, environment, global warming | tagged : climate, global warming, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, netarts bay, ocean acidification, oceanography, oregon, oregon state university, oysters | leave a comment \u00bb posted on march 9, 2012 by bob berwyn cultural shift needed to ensure safety of coastal residents tsunami flooding on the sendai airport runway. photo courtesy u. s. air force. by summit voice summit county \u2014 the one - year anniversary of the devastating tsunami in japan offers some sobering lessons for parts of the u. s. that could one day face a similar disaster. the fact that 90 percent of the coastal region \u2019 s residents and visitors evacuated effectively is a tribute to planning and community drills, said patrick corcoran, an oregon state university education and outreach specialist, who just returned from a disaster symposium at united nations university in japan. if the same magnitude earthquake and tsunami hits the pacific northwest, the death toll will be much higher because of the lack of comparable preparation, he said. that 90 percent rate could be the number of victims, not survivors. ( more \u2026 ) filed under : world news | tagged : 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami, japan, japan tsunami anniversary, oregon, oregon state university, pacific northwest | 3 comments \u00bb posted on november 26, 2011 by bob berwyn gray wolf. photo courtesy usfws. sanctioned oregon killings on hold pending appeals court review of state wildlife laws by summit voice summit county \u2014 as a species, we humans like to think we \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4164694708840397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d39f393b-163f-4b64-b7a1-feb1367ec51b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.236540"}
{"text": "the cam - wizard tape editor is used to edit the tape code that is normally created by the post processor. the tape editor is normally run by typing tape while running cam or by selecting it from other programs. this program can also be run directly from the operating system by using the tape command. the tape editor uses many special keys. on the right side of the keyboard there are eight special keys, up arrow, down arrow, left arrow, right arrow, home, end, pgup, and pgdn, that are used for moving the blinking cursor. the arrow keys are used for moving the cursor around on the screen. the [ home ] key is used to move to the beginning of the line. the [ end ] key can is used to move to the end of the line. the user can scroll up and down a page at a time with the [ pgup ] and [ pgdn ] keys. also on the keypad are the [ ins ] and [ del ] keys. pressing the [ ins ] key will toggle the insert mode. when in insert mode typing any character will move the part of the line to the right of the cursor to the right and insert the character, otherwise the character will \" type over \" the existing characters on that line. pressing [ del ] will move the part of the line to the right of the cursor, to the left, deleting the character over the cursor. because the editor has been designed to accept anything that is typed into it as pure input to be included in the text file it creates, all functions other than the input of that data must be executed by pressing special function keys. these keys are located on the top row of the keyboard. the [ f1 ] key is used to insert a line into the text. pressing this key causes the line that the cursor is on to move down one line, creating a blank line to type on. the [ f2 ] key causes the line that the cursor is on to be deleted. the [ f3 ] key is used for the search function. pressing [ f3 ] will cause the program to stop and input a character string from the user. the editor will then search from its current position in the program for that string. entering nothing at the \" find string? \" will cause the last string to be searched for again from the current cursor position on. the [ f4 ] key is used for the replace function. when this key is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48926531334983686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ec48a4c-b101-491a-8003-d01d76ea7bb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.240994"}
{"text": "program for that string. entering nothing at the \" find string? \" will cause the last string to be searched for again from the current cursor position on. the [ f4 ] key is used for the replace function. when this key is pressed, the user is asked what string to search for. after typing in this string and pressing [ enter ], the user is asked what string to change it to. all occurrences of the first string will then be highlighted, and the user will be asked \" replace? ( y / n / g / esc )? \". pressing [ y ] will replace that occurrence of the search string. pressing [ n ] will skip that occurrence. pressing [ g ] will replace all remaining occurrences. pressing [ esc ] will abort the replace function. the [ f5 ] key must be used with care. when [ f5 ] is pressed, the program will ask \" are you sure? ( y / n )? \". pressing [ y ] will then erase the entire tape ; if it has not been saved it will be lost. this key is used to erase everything in order to start new. the [ f6 ] key is used to exit the editor, save the current text, and run the programs that appear when the key is pressed. the programs available from the editor will be listed on the screen with a single character to the left of each. pressing the key corresponding to any of those characters will cause the related program to be run. pressing an invalid key will return operation to the editor as if nothing had happened. the [ f7 ] key is used to read in a previously stored file from the disk. after pressing this key, the user is asked for a file name. entering the file name and pressing [ enter ] will cause that file to be appended to the text already loaded into the editor. entering a cam - wizard device name will cause the text to be read from that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f8 ] key is used to write a file to a disk or to the printer. entering a valid ms - dos file name causes the text to be saved on a disk file and typing the word printer will cause the text to be sent to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5229822968655146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ec48a4c-b101-491a-8003-d01d76ea7bb0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.242275"}
{"text": "to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f9 ] key is used for block editing functions. blocks of text can be copied and deleted using the block edit command. when pressed, the system will prompt you for the function, either mark block start, mark block end, copy block, or delete block. blocks must be defined before they can be copied or deleted. the [ f10 ] key is used to renumber a tape. this function will ask the increment to use for renumbering the tape. at this time the user can specify the number to be counted by and the number of digits to use on the tape. for instance if you type 005, then the tape will be numbered by 5 and each n number on the tape will take up 3 digits. ( 005, 010, 015, 020... ). send mail to email @ example. com with questions or comments about this web site. please read our usage rules before using any information from this site. copyright \u00a9 2000 swe engineering last modified : june 10, 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5497192309833117, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ec48a4c-b101-491a-8003-d01d76ea7bb0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.242737"}
{"text": "this book is at the opposite end of the spectrum, so to speak, from the previously - mentioned source. in this book, williamson and the other authors discuss music from an expertise on the art itself. there is no mention of digital music, sampling, file - sharing, or other similar topics to be found anywhere in the book. in their places are excerpts from sheet music and examples of lyrics. they offer their expert commentary on subjects ranging from chopin to snoop dogg, from dante to the beatles, and each is approached with the same level of intellect and scholarship. multiple chapters cover the creation of music from scratch \u2013 as told from the songwriter \u2019 s point of view, and it is this unique perspective that offers a new form of insight into the practice of digital sampling. another important factor in this work is the chapter entitled \u201c mimesis, gesture, and parody in musical word - setting. \u201d this chapter not only explores the implications that a parody has on an original work but sets the framework for parody with an historical narrative about its origins. at first, this seemed to be irrelevant to the topic of digital sampling and copyright law, but after further inspection, it became apparent that this knowledge is very important to the understanding of parody and its stance in copyright law. words and music discusses at length many different styles and genres of modern music, primarily \u201c gangsta, \u201d or hardcore, rap. this genre is a unique example because not only is it arguably the heaviest on lyrical content out of all kinds of music, but also because it is notorious for its sampling practices and is quite possibly the realm in which the most copyright infringement cases take place. reading a scholarly assessment on such genres is especially helpful for this topic seeing as it provides a critical, but not condemning eye on the subject. this is all - to - rare in today \u2019 s academic and scholarly publications, and to have a source such as this is very useful in the terms of this research paper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5490683839642522, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b89548d-8b9d-422f-a248-e61db782ec71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.244693"}
{"text": "who should speak first when evaluating a lesson in the post - observation feedback session, the observer or the observed? this was the subject of an extended and impromptu debate at an external training session i attended last week. the person leading the session stood back in true \u2018 facilitator \u2019 style while a room of teachers explained to each other why their preferred way is better than the other. i was fascinated and decided to blog some of their points. why the observer should speak first the observer is often ( but not always ) more experienced and has plenty of good advice for the observed teacher, why not get straight to the point? if the observed teacher spoke first and evaluated their own lesson inaccurately, they could have their confidence dented when the observer disagreed with what they \u2019 d said. everyone needs praise, and if the observer goes first they can start by highlighting the good aspects of the observed teacher \u2019 s lesson and establish a positive and nurturing atmosphere. why the observed teacher should speak first if they spoke second, they would be influenced by the feedback from the observer, so the observer would not hear a genuine self - evaluation. this means that they will miss an opportunity to develop their ability to judge lesson effectiveness. if the observed teacher speaks first they are forced into a reflective state of mind in which they \u2019 ll be more receptive to advice. allowing the observed teacher to speak first makes it clear that the evaluation of the lesson is a shared experience and establishes a more supportive environment. the observer \u2019 s feedback can be targeted more effectively if they hear the observed teacher \u2019 s point of view first, for example focusing on an aspect in which they put the most effort. teachers are often too hard on themselves, and if the observed teacher starts by criticising aspects of their own lesson it can be a confidence boost when the observer highlights some good aspects. lesson observations are subjective, and the observer may have missed something that the teacher didn \u2019 t. speaking second allows them to give better - informed feedback. if you can \u2019 t tell from my completely biased paraphrasing of the points, i prefer letting the observed teacher speak first. any arguments about the observed teacher getting the evaluation wildly wrong seem flawed to me because without the opportunity to highlight those inaccuracies, they will never learn to adequately evaluate the effectiveness of their own teaching, nor that of others. have i missed any arguments either way? let me know ( @ teachgr ). thanks to @ grevster73, @ coope83, @ leedonaghy, @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558235261418388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81149521-b1bd-41d8-bc41-4567abedf25f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.247427"}
{"text": "what is the toeic? the toeic or test of english for international communication, is a standardized, paper - and - pencil test given to non - native english speakers. who uses toeic results? - corporations and government agencies recruiting new hires - educational institutions establishing placement in english classes. the traditional toeic only tests two skills : listening and reading. however, ets, the makers of the toeic, have added this test, the toeic speaking and writing exam, to its english language test repertoire. here ' s what you can expect to see on the computer - based toeic speaking and writing test : how long is the toeic speaking and writing test? - about 1 \u00bd hours - 20 minutes for toeic speaking - 60 minutes for toeic writing how ' s your ability to speak english? the toeic speaking test measures your ability to use english in your own life and throughout the course of your career. anyone can take the test \u2013 it ' s designed so that people highly skilled with the english language and others not so skilled can both perform. you ' ll have 11 different tasks during this test, but will spend only about 20 minutes on it. again, the toeic writing test examines testers newly writing in english all the way through proficient english writers. here, you ' ll have 8 tasks to complete and about an hour to spend working on them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47489655410432113, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79f9012a-58ee-4d79-97cb-455b4bd311ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.249223"}
{"text": "jamsetji nusserwanji tata was born into a clerical parsi family in nausari. his father, nusserwanji tata, moved to bombay and started trading. jamsetji joined the elphinstone college in bombay in 1856. he was considered to be a promising enough student to have his fees remitted. married while still a student, he passed out in 1858, and joined his father ' s trading firm a year later. his first venture was to open the hong kong branch of his father ' s firm in december of the same year, in partnership with premchand roychand and others. this firm did extremely well during the cotton boom, and jamsetji was soon involved in many financial deals. however, with the end of the american civil war, and the subsequent collapse of the bombay boom in 1864, many of these businesses went into liquidation. he and his father regained their fortunes as suppliers to the british - indian army during the abyssinian war ( 1867 - 68 ). his reputation as an industrialist was based on the cotton mills he started. in 1871 he began to promote the \" central india spinning, weaving and manufacturing company, limited \", and built from scratch the empress mills in nagpur. opened on new year ' s day, 1877, this immensely successful cotton mill developed business practises which remained the hallmark of the tatas for years to come. an astute judge of people, jamsetji hired his managers with good care. the firm also did developmental work in machinery. new policies towards labour were developed, including training, guaranteed pensions and gratuities, medical care and creches for women employees. his financial genius was evident in the way he took over and turned around the pernially sick dharamsi mill in kurla. he changed its name to the swadeshi mill when he purchased it in 1887, and produced cloth that was extensively exported to china, korea, japan and the levant. he was the first pioneer entrepreneur in the country, and recognised the implications of the industrial revolution for india. since textile manufacturing had taken root and the country was being linked by railways and the telegraph, he believed that he should concentrate his means and efforts on three key areas - - the iron and steel industry, electrical power generation and technical education. he was close to the indian national congress, and was strongly influenced by dadabhai naoroji, pherozeshah mehta and dinshaw wacha. however, contrary to them, he believed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40821784162300345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2774961b-7bac-4a0a-9c68-7ac36808b56f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.253624"}
{"text": "engineering for the future in carbondale carbondale - several groups of students gathered along the edge of the classroom, some poring over equipment that simulated a magnetic - powered transportation system. students hardly noticed the door opening in brandon dodson ' s classroom. a window on the opposite side of the room provided a view of a 3 - d printer in the process of crafting a prototype. the printer and other machines in the technology education rooms were all added to the department as part of the recent upgrade and renovation project in the carbondale area high school. although there were already hand - drafting and computer - drafting programs, about $ 241, 000 worth of new technology has upped the educational ante, according to acting superintendent david cerra, who called the program one of the most advanced in the area. \" it ' s an extreme paradigm shift from hobbyist level vocation skills to more of a focus on science and math and engineering, \" mr. dodson said. in a traditional shop or industrial arts program, students completed tasks like building a table, mr. dodson continued. \" we never really focused on the theory behind it, \" he said. \" it shows them what the drafting is for. we made better connections between our classes. \" principal joseph farrell credits joseph szymaszek, the head of the technology education department, for pushing to include the upgrades in the renovation project - the final details of which are wrapping up. mr. szymaszek walked through the new classrooms, pointing out a row of computers, each equipped with a different module - the specific topic it centered around. \" it might only be 10 to 15 days for each module, but it ' s going to open a new world to them, \" he said. the program also differs from vocational schools because it offers a wide range of exposure, rather than in - depth extended coursework. the increased programming in the school ranges from computer graphic animation, where students can learn to make a cartoon, to auto diagnostics and home remedies where students can learn to repair a sink. contact the writer : firstname. lastname @ example. org, @ rbrowntt on twitter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4224406073636184, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf0722ae-f10c-42f7-be49-0b0a286f343b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.255789"}
{"text": "by jennifer johnsen last week, i was privileged to attend the 3rd international workshop on hiv and women in toronto, canada. it was a wonderful gathering of researchers, clinicians, and others committed to forwarding our knowledge and understanding of how hiv affects women. the two - day conference focused on four areas : - hepatitis c - hiv and aging it should be no surprise that contraception was an important topic, since there are 1. 75 billion women worldwide of child - bearing age. of those, an estimated 150 million are using hormonal contraceptives ( hcs ). recently, some hiv studies have suggested that hcs may increase a woman \u2019 s risk for getting hiv. a review of 17 studies meeting minimum quality standards found that two of the 17 show an increased risk of getting hiv for those taking oral contracteptives ( ocs, or birth control pills ) while six show an increased risk for getting hiv for women using depo - provera ( dmpa, or the birth control shot ). based on the unclear picture painted by existing research results, there is an urgent need for high - quality evidence to answer the question of if / how hcs affect women \u2019 s risk of getting hiv. there is also very limited evidence available on whether hc use among women living with hiv ( hiv + ) changes their risk of spreading hiv to others. what does seem clear, however, is that hc use effects neither hiv disease progression nor women \u2019 s viral load or cd4 cells. other encouraging news included presentations suggesting that : - viramune ( nevirapine ), an hiv drug commonly included in first - line treatments recommended by the world health organization ( who ), does not decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives - there was no spread of hiv between members of heterosexual serodiscordant couples in which the hiv + partner \u2019 s viral load was fully suppressed on hiv drugs in a review of several research studies - there are some anti - inflammatory agents ( il - 22 and curcumin ) that have been shown to protect female genital tract cells against hiv in the lab our introduction to this topic began with a presentation that painted a grim picture of the hepatitis c ( hcv ) epidemic in eastern europe and russia. worldwide, the two primary risk factors for getting hepatitis c continue to be injection drug use ( idu ) and sexual contact. on a more promising note, new hcv treatment regimens including victrelis ( boceprevir ) and inciveck ( telaprevir ) are proving to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44997218554852586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c25699f-22d7-450c-aa85-115f8b416f72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.260256"}
{"text": "c continue to be injection drug use ( idu ) and sexual contact. on a more promising note, new hcv treatment regimens including victrelis ( boceprevir ) and inciveck ( telaprevir ) are proving to be highly effective in women. approximately 40 percent of study participants in phase 3 clinical trials of these drugs have been women, and researchers have not seen any sex - based differences in effectiveness. another exciting development is a once - daily oral treatment for hcv that does not contain interferon ( inf ). this is likely to be available within the next few years, would spare many the side effects of inf, and would give new treatment options to those still infected with hcv after treatment with inf - containing regimens. hiv and aging this subject has been getting quite a bit of attention lately, due to the growing numbers of people living and aging with hiv. while aging is a normal process that affects everyone, frailty is disease state characterized by decreased bone and muscle mass, mild anemia, thinking problems, depression, and / or increased inflammation. several of frailty \u2019 s features occur among hiv + people who have been taking hiv drugs for 20 years or more and appear to be the result of \u2018 accelerated aging. \u2019 so far, there have not been any sex - based differences in hiv - associated accelerated aging. estrogen, which is protective in regards to aging, exists in much smaller amounts after menopause. in a way, menopause can be thought of as an \u201c end of warranty \u201d period after which the effects of aging increase. therefore, it is important when conducting research not to divide women simply into pre - and post - menopausal groups, but to include time since menopause. this topic featured some excellent presentations, including one that showed how the same set of research results could lead to different conclusions and different country guidelines for the prevention of mother - to - child transmission of hiv ( us department of health and human services v. british hiv association ). another presentation introduced research in canada that is exploring poor pregnancy outcomes ( low birth weight and pre - term birth ) among hiv + women by looking at blood samples throughout pregnancy and placenta collection at delivery. lastly, a discussion of pre - exposure prophylaxis ( prep ) and microbicides for women revealed how a closer look at the different groups of women studied in several of the prep trials ( e. g., femprep, partners prep, tdf2 ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48843878666879414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c25699f-22d7-450c-aa85-115f8b416f72>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.261312"}
{"text": "prophylaxis ( prep ) and microbicides for women revealed how a closer look at the different groups of women studied in several of the prep trials ( e. g., femprep, partners prep, tdf2 ) and microbicide studies ( e. g., caprissa 004, voice ) may help to explain conflicting results. the effectiveness of a given prevention method among young women living in urban areas may be quite different from the effectiveness of the same method among older women in rural areas. one of the most important points made about prevention is that any method that women want to use will be much more successful. no matter how safe or effective a prevention method may be, it will not work if women do not use it. therefore, it is crucial that women be included in the development of future methods to prevent the spread of hiv. the international workshop on hiv and women featured the research and experience of many top - quality presenters working diligently on topics specific to women living with hiv. as many of them pointed out, the relative lack of good hiv research and evidence by, for, and about women needs immediate attention. women \u2019 s involvement is crucial if we are to answer many of the outstanding questions that will help us all \u2018 get to zero. \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4886098749456995, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c25699f-22d7-450c-aa85-115f8b416f72>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.261923"}
{"text": "a commercial airline? or a rogue geoengineering experiment? the world economic forum has put out a new report on global risks for 2013, and the report \u2019 s chapter on \u201c x factors \u201d \u2014 concerns more remote than the report \u2019 s primary risks, but still worthy of note \u2014 includes a section on rogue \u201c geoengineering \u201d experiments. geoengineering involves large - scale efforts to either remove carbon from the atmosphere, or to remake the atmosphere \u2019 s chemical or physical make - up to offset the effects of climate change. the most plausible scenario mentioned by the report uses aircraft to inject particles into the atmosphere to mimic the way eruptions of volcanic ash block sunlight, and thus cool the climate. more far - fetched scenarios go so far as deploying mirrors into orbit to reflect sunlight. such projects involve a host of funding and deployment problems, as well as the serious risk of unintended consequences for both the climate and the billions of humans who rely on it. for instance, a project at the uk - based stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering project, or \u201c spice, \u201d working on the idea to mimic volcanic ash, was delayed in october over environmental concerns. unfortunately, this leaves an opening for smaller nations or even commercial interests to begin experimenting with geoengineering unilaterally, say researchers at the world economic forum : nobody envisions deployment of solar radiation management anytime soon, given the difficulties in resolving a suite of governance issues ( evidenced by the fact that even the relatively simple spice experiment in the uk foundered in the midst of controversy ). beginning with britain \u2019 s royal society, many academic and policy bodies have called for cautious research as well as broader conversation about the implications of such technologies. but this has led some geoengineering analysts to begin thinking about a corollary scenario, in which a country or small group of countries precipitates an international crisis by moving ahead with deployment or large - scale research independent of the global community. the global climate could, in effect, be hijacked by a rogue country or even a wealthy individual, with unpredictable costs to agriculture, infrastructure and global stability. [... ] for example, an island state threatened with rising sea levels may decide they have nothing to lose, or a well funded individual with good intentions may take matters into their own hands. there are signs that this is already starting to occur. in july 2012 an american businessman sparked controversy when he dumped around 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the pacific ocean off the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.503451948998285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e311ddf6-de9a-4e19-9dea-e1060a3942db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.266796"}
{"text": "a well funded individual with good intentions may take matters into their own hands. there are signs that this is already starting to occur. in july 2012 an american businessman sparked controversy when he dumped around 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the pacific ocean off the west coast of canada in a scheme to spawn an artificial plankton bloom. the plankton absorb carbon dioxide and may then sink to the ocean bed, removing the carbon \u2013 another type of geoengineering, known as ocean fertilisation. satellite images confirm that his actions succeeded in produce an artificial plankton bloom as large as 10, 000 square kilometres. the july 2012 incident was first reported by the guardian in october, noting the gambit may have violated two international agreements and possibly involved misleading the local indigenous population about the nature and risks of the experiment. russ george, the american businessman who oversaw the iron sulphate dump, is the former chief executive of planktos inc., and has been involved in other failed efforts to pull off large commercial dumps near the galapagos and canary islands. those attempts led to a warning from the epa and to his ships being barred from ports by the spanish and ecuadorean governments. george had apparently hoped to net lucrative carbon credits. the basic problem with geoengineering is that portions of the climate cannot be walled off to perform small - scale tests. this means geoengineering projects essentially have to jump straight from the experimental and computer modeling phases to a full - on implementation phase \u2014 as russ george recently attempted. this means, at best, that geoengineering is last - resort, break - glass - in - case - of - emergency response to climate change, to be attempted when all other efforts have failed. at worst, geoengineering is a distraction jumped on by interest groups, who wish to delay far more technologically and economically feasible efforts to tackle climate change by simply reducing the amount of carbon human beings emit into the atmosphere.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4897080655303299, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e311ddf6-de9a-4e19-9dea-e1060a3942db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.267675"}
{"text": "| francisco vasquez de coronado | the first thanksgiving in the new world was held at palo duro canyon on ascension thursday, may 23, 1541. on that day, spanish explorer francisco vasquez de coronado and his men held a day of thanksgiving after \" coronado ' s expedition had left mexico in search of the seven cities of cibola, but instead of a mythical city of gold, coronado and his men found the llano estacado, where there were no cities, no trees and very little water. \" ( from homepages. vvm. com ) the rest of that story can be found here. this series of events has been verified by historians the world over, so this is the first instance of thanksgiving as we know it in the new world. on april 21, 1598, another thanksgiving took place in texas. that story can be found here. now we have two \" thanksgivings \" quite a few years before the pilgrims celebrated their own day of thanks at plymouth rock. i know this story may ruffle a few turkey feathers, but history is history. i don ' t bring this up to in any way diminish the importance of the thanksgiving at plymouth rock in 1621 as it was certainly one of the most historic days of the american story. three groups of people came to the new world for various reasons and independent of each other by miles and by years, found a reason to celebrate a day of thanksgiving in what is now the united states of america, long may she live.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3567868950305199, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cc1c465-63d3-4f8c-8f40-f8034b6c2ef5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.270054"}
{"text": "motifs using characters, creatures, and settings from classic fairy tales to represent characters or ideas, for example, a love interest being equated with a knight in shining armor. modern day cinderella stories commonly mine this fairy tale trope as well. many of them are, in fact, dead unicorn tropes. dragons, unicorns, fairies, and knights are in fact exceedingly rare in fairy tales. for tropes actually found in fairy tales, see fairy tale tropes fairytale motifs are used to add romance to a story, especially one set mainly in the grim and gritty real world. the fact that most people have read the fairy tales means that the symbolism isn ' t likely to be lost. fairytale motifs differ slightly from mythological motifs. while the former features specific fairy tale characters \u2014 such as rapunzel and sleeping beauty \u2014 it also includes general, archetypal examples, usually a \" species \" rather than one particular person / animal. the latter tends to use specific characters belonging to a recognizable mythology. for example, most people recognize a unicorn when they see one, but the creature itself has a rather vague history and there is no named unicorn who was the \" first of its kind. \" therefore, it ' s a fairytale motif. pegasus, the winged horse, on the other hand, is one specific character from greek myths with a canon history, making it a mythological motif. some fairytale motifs include : - dragons : western dragons can be used to represent very strong or fierce characters, where as eastern dragons are more likely to be wise. - fairies : the more popular versions of the fairy are carefree, innocent creatures, usually associated with little girls. may indicate a cloud cuckoo lander, since \" away with the fairies \" is another way to say \" constantly daydreaming \" or \" slightly crazy. \" the fairies taken from older traditions, such as celtic mythology, aren ' t quite so cutesy \u2014 in fact they ' re downright malevolent at times. modern literature increasingly employs this version of the fairy - folk, usually as tricksters. - knights : often, a very noble character, akin to the knight in shining armor, however, the symbolism linked to a knight could easily be used for a knight templar character as well ( perhaps due to the association in the trope name ). - royalty : generally used to represent power, wealth or prestige. these are often used in high school settings to refer to \" the popular kids \". - princess : often the alpha bitch,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4679195746723521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:729606ca-d8ee-4fa8-9972-424ee7db92b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.280150"}
{"text": "perhaps due to the association in the trope name ). - royalty : generally used to represent power, wealth or prestige. these are often used in high school settings to refer to \" the popular kids \". - princess : often the alpha bitch, however, a wealthy or popular girl of any sort will often be equated to a princess ( for an example of this comparison, look no farther than this site ). a queen will often refer to the same stereotype, especially if there is a corresponding? - king : generally the leader of a group or organization or the reigning champion of something ( i. e. \" the king of table tennis \" ). in the aforementioned high school settings, the king will often be a jerk jock. - unicorn : the mythological \" horse with a horn, \" although many different descriptions of them exist. usually pure, gentle and noble, although subversions do exist. being able to draw a unicorn ' s attention is generally a virgin power. strongly associated with chastity, and often a motif for young girls. - wolves : while the wolf ' s image has been getting better in recent times, increasingly being seen as a \" spirit of the wild, \" people can ' t quite get over \" little red riding hood \". while the wolf is an animal motif at the same time, the wolf as a threat to young girls / sexual predator seems to have its roots in the fairy tale. - in germanic countries, the wolf is ( or was historically ) the equivalent of the devil - they even have an expression about them that ' s interchangable with \" speak of the devil \". open / close all folders anime and manga - revolutionary girl utena uses a fairytale motif in order to deconstruct the romance fairytale of the prince as male love interest saving the princess. - skip beat!! ' s kyouko seems to believes that fairies are real, and very often acts following cinderella - like fairy tales tropes, seeing the ( mostly villainous ) characters she interprets as princesses under a curse. there is not wrong genre savvyness, just a girl whose life has been so horrible she just prefer to believe she could be rescued and become a real princess, even if she knows it isn ' t. pity nobody had informed her how the fair folk and the old fairy tales truly are... - princess tutu mixes magical girl tropes and fairy tale motifs with references to specific stories and ballets. the first season mostly plays the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5279774737275927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:729606ca-d8ee-4fa8-9972-424ee7db92b0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.281144"}
{"text": "t. pity nobody had informed her how the fair folk and the old fairy tales truly are... - princess tutu mixes magical girl tropes and fairy tale motifs with references to specific stories and ballets. the first season mostly plays the typical fairytale structure straight ( outside of the fact that the princess is saving the prince ), only to deconstruct it in the second season when the characters rebel against their assigned fairy tale roles as the prince, princess, villain and knight and decide to ( literally ) rewrite the story. - jin - roh : the wolf brigade draws on ( and quotes ) the more traditional darker version of \" little red riding hood \" for its story of a relationship between a young terrorist girl, and a ' wolf ' from the elite kerberos panzer police. the anime film makes the point that such relationships are always fated to end badly. - monster uses a fairy tale ( or several ) to foreshadow the antagonist ' s modus operandi. - cowboy bebop uses the tale of urashima taro as a constant recurring motif and theme, with most of the characters having connections to it, most literally faye. - pretear, plain and simple. although, considering it ' s based on \" snow white \", maybe that ' s not really surprising. - cyber team in akihabara invokes many fairy tales motifs, but the main one is the wish of 13 year old protagonist hibari for meeting and falling in love with a fairy tale prince and live happily ever after with him. her character development is essentially to get rid of that mindset, usually via be careful what you wish for. - : city of london police ' s special crimes investigator uses a great many motifs from fairy tales and mythology in general, and it tends to go with the older versions of the stories. - gaba kawa actually follows the theme / basic plot of \" the little mermaid \", becoming more obvious about it in the final two chapters. - puella magi madoka magica follows the theme / basic plot of \" the little mermaid \" in sayaka ' s arc, to tragic conclusion. the other motif is faust, but that ' s most definitely not a fairytale. - mawaru - penguindrum has had allusions to various fairytales involving apples, but so far the most prominent motif seems to be the resemblance of the siblings ' lives to an in - universe fairytale about a man named mary and his three little lambs off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4959878451212581, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:729606ca-d8ee-4fa8-9972-424ee7db92b0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.282621"}
{"text": "penguindrum has had allusions to various fairytales involving apples, but so far the most prominent motif seems to be the resemblance of the siblings ' lives to an in - universe fairytale about a man named mary and his three little lambs offending a goddess. - alice from mahou tsukai no yoru possesses magic which revolves around fairy tales. - the manga akagami no shirayukihime is based on the tale of \" snow white \". ( the title literally means \" red - haired snow white \". ) the first chapter in particular has a lot of tributes to the original story. live action television - homestuck in sburb, all players are given a particular class and aspect that determines their powers. the classes are themed around typical high fantasy character types such as ' prince ', ' witch ', and ' knight '. then there ' s the kingdoms of derse and prospit who double up this trope with chess motifs, as well as the fact that all sburb players are considered to be princes or princesses of one or the other. then there ' s terezi loving dragons and tavros liking fairies ( and since god tier trolls possess wings, they ' re sort of fairies as well ) and feferi being an actual princess. of course, all the fantasy elements are mixed with a good deal of science fiction and technology as well. - the \" such stuff as dreams are made on \" arc of roommates has both general fairy tale motifs and more specifically swan lake allusions in it ' s dream sequences to symbolically communicate information to the main character ( jareth ) note. the fair folk don ' t do simple.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5187879775920993, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:729606ca-d8ee-4fa8-9972-424ee7db92b0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.284588"}
{"text": "part of twisted. python view source these are methods which you can register pre - call and post - call external functions to augment their functionality. people familiar with more esoteric languages may think of these as \" method combinations \". this could be used to add optional preconditions, user - extensible callbacks ( a - la emacs ) or a thread - safety mechanism. the four exported calls are : all have the signature ( class, methodname, callable ), and the callable they take must always have the signature ( instance, * args, * * kw ) unless the particular signature of the method they hook is known. hooks should typically not throw exceptions, however, no effort will be made by this module to prevent them from doing so. pre - hooks will always be called, but post - hooks will only be called if the pre - hooks do not raise any exceptions ( they will still be called if the main method raises an exception ). the return values and exception status of the main method will be propogated ( assuming none of the hooks raise an exception ). hooks will be executed in the order in which they are added. | class | | hookerror | | an error which will fire when an invariant is violated. | | function | | addpre | | hook. addpre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | addpost | | hook. addpost ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepre | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepost | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | pre | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a pre - hook - method - name | | function | | post | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a post - hook - method - name | | function | | orig | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into an ` original ' identifier | | function | | _ xxx | | string manipulation garbage. | | function | | _ addhook | | ( private ) adds a hook to a method on a class | | function | | _ removehook | | ( private ) removes a hook from a method on a class | | function | | _ enhook | | ( private )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.520968463322669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:baa0a3d3-1319-453e-8d47-16c383b535f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.287172"}
{"text": "exactly located ( exactlylocated ) the actual, minimal location of an object. this is a subrelation of the more general predicate sumo / base - ontology related wordnet synsets - the precise location of something ; a spatially limited location ; \" she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street \" agar obj is partly located in region, to yah kuch subobj nahin, ki subobj is a part of obj aur subobj is exactly located in region. ( partlylocated? obj? region ) ( part? subobj? obj ) ( exactlylocated? subobj? region ) ) ) ) agar obj is exactly located in region, to yah kuch otherobj nahin, ki otherobj is exactly located in region aur otherobj is not equal to obj. ( exactlylocated? obj? region ) ( exactlylocated? otherobj? region ) ( equal? otherobj? obj ) ) ) ) ) ) \" thing ki jagah time tha \" is equal to region agar hai thing is exactly located in region during time. ( wherefn? thing? time ) ( exactlylocated? thing? region ) ) )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.594167701493242, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9bd6a3e-3426-45f4-8eec-ef2af2ae747f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.289643"}
{"text": "the missouri river remained swollen through parts of nebraska, iowa, missouri, and kansas in early august 2011. the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite captured the top image on august 2, 2011. for comparison, the bottom image shows the same area one year earlier, on august 3, 2010. both images use a combination of visible and infrared light to increase contrast between water and land. water is navy blue. vegetation is green. clouds range in color from off - white to pale glue - green. compared to the previous year, the missouri river is substantially swollen in 2011, especially along nebraska \u2019 s eastern border. the river has also pushed over its banks in parts of kansas and missouri. on august 5, 2011, the advanced hydrological prediction service ( ahps ) of the u. s. national weather service reported major flooding in st. joseph, missouri. the ahps also reported moderate flooding in the kansas communities of atchison and leavenworth ; in the missouri community of napoleon ; and in the nebraska communities of blair, omaha, plattsmouth, brownville, and rulo. high - resolution imagery acquired on august 1, 2011, shows flooded agricultural fields around blair, nebrasa. - national weather service. advanced hydrologic prediction service. accessed august 5, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41984882962236847, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32db42da-96f1-4c6a-b698-eb6617d97a2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.291011"}
{"text": "the budapest you ' ll see today is the result of many years of rich history, with traces of inhabitation dating back as far as the second millennium bc. hungarian tribes arrived at the end of the ninth century and the hungarian kingdom was established in 1000. the city as we know it today was formed through the joining of buda, pest and old buda, back in 1873. follow the budapest history time line below to see the many events leading up to the city ' s formation. archaeological finds indicate that the first settlement in the location of present - day budapest was built by celts. the romans occupied this town in the first century bc. 1st century bc to 5th century ad \u2013 western hungary is part of the roman empire. aquincum is founded and quickly becomes the largest town and one of the capitals of pannonia. 5th century to 9th century \u2013 the roman era ends in the 5th century and the age of huns begins. attila, king of the huns, builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. following the huns several tribes ( lombards, avars and slavs ) pass through hungary until the arrival of magyars. arrival of the magyars : the hungarian tribes arrived to the carpathian basin in 896. arpad, leader of the magyars, settled on csepel sziget, an island in the southern part of budapest. 1000 \u2013 st. stephen is crowned ; he becomes the first king of hungary. hungary converts to christianity and becomes an independent kingdom. 1046 \u2013 bishop gellert dies at the hands of pagans on present - day gellert hill in the fight against christianity. 12th century \u2013 the development of buda and pest starts thanks to the french, walloon and german settlers who migrate here and work and trade along the banks of the danube. 1241 - 42 \u2013 the mongolian invasion destroys both cities. 1248 \u2013 king bela iv builds the first royal castle on castle hill in buda and city walls surround pest. 14th century \u2013 the angevin kings from france established buda as a royal seat, building probably the largest gothic palace. 1458 \u2013 the noblemen of hungary elect matthias corvinus as king. under his reign, buda becomes a main hub of european renaissance. it is truly an age of prosperity. he dies in 1490, after capturing vienna in 1485. 1541 \u2013 the beginning of the turkish occupation. multiple mosques and baths are built in buda ; churches ( such as matthias church )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36251505589627897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f08e5ba3-31aa-4556-83f9-ff7b58f3c793>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.298135"}
{"text": "renaissance. it is truly an age of prosperity. he dies in 1490, after capturing vienna in 1485. 1541 \u2013 the beginning of the turkish occupation. multiple mosques and baths are built in buda ; churches ( such as matthias church ) are converted. the turkish occupation lasted almost 150 years. 1686 \u2013 buda and pest are re - conquered from the turks with habsburg leadership. the habsburg rule begins. both towns are destroyed completely in the battles. 1773 \u2013 election of the first mayor of pest. 1777 \u2013 maria theresa of austria moves the first university to castle hill. 1783 \u2013 joseph ii places the acting government to the city of buda. 1825 \u2013 pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country. the first national theatre is built, along with the hungarian national museum and the szechenyi chain bridge ( lanchid ). 1838 \u2013 the year of the biggest flood in recent memory. the entire pest side is under water. 1848 - 49 \u2013 revolution and war of independence. pest replaces bratislava as the new capital of hungary and it becomes the seat of the first prime minister, its government and the parliament. 1849 \u2013 the austrians occupy the city and the habsburg army captures the two towns. lajos batthyany, the first hungarian prime minister is executed on the present - day szabadsag ter. 1867 \u2013 the austro - hungarian compromise, beginning of the austro - hungarian empire, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day budapest. 1873 \u2013 the former cities pest, buda and obuda are united, and with that the hungarian capital is established with the name of budapest. 1896 \u2013 year of the millennium, celebrations are held all over the city. the millennium underground is inaugurated, and the franz josef bridge ( today ' s liberty bridge ) is opened. 1910 \u2013 according to census the population of budapest is 880, 000 1918 \u2013 world war i ends the austro - hungarian empire and the development of budapest is slowed down by political upheavals. budapest in the 20th century : 1918 - 19 \u2013 revolution in budapest and the 133 days of the hungarian soviet republic. this was the first communist government to be formed in europe after the october revolution in russia. 1919 - 44 \u2013 status quo was restored by a charismatic leader in the person of admiral horthy a self - appointed regent for the exiled king karl iv. hungary was a kingdom without a king. 1920 \u2013 the trianon treaty re - sized hungary. three - fifth of the country was assigned to surrounding successor states. 1924 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40717889324857914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f08e5ba3-31aa-4556-83f9-ff7b58f3c793>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.300619"}
{"text": "horthy a self - appointed regent for the exiled king karl iv. hungary was a kingdom without a king. 1920 \u2013 the trianon treaty re - sized hungary. three - fifth of the country was assigned to surrounding successor states. 1924 \u2013 the hungarian national bank is founded. 1941 \u2013 entry into world war ii as an ally of germany. 1944 \u2013 budapest is occupied by the germans. at the time of the occupation, there were around 200, 000 jews in the city. fewer than half of them survived the following 11 months. dec. 1944 - feb. 1945 \u2013 soviet and romanian troops besiege budapest. the retreating germans destroy all danube bridges. the buda castle falls. world war ii took the lives of close to 200, 000 budapest residents and caused widespread damage to the buildings in the city. 1945 - 48 \u2013 hungary is declared a republic, practicing a multi party parliamentary democracy. 1948 \u2013 a soviet friendly communist government takes over and hungary is declared a people ' s republic. oct. 1956 \u2013 the hungarian revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large soviet force, killing civilians and damaging buildings in budapest ( traces of the gunfire can still be seen on the facades of several buildings ). 1956 - 58 \u2013 revenge and forceful restoration of soviet power. 1960s \u2013 conditions normalize ; reforms create a so called ' goulash communism ' in hungary, a communism with elements of free market and improved human rights. wartime damages are largely repaired ; the elizabeth bridge is finished in 1965. 1970 - 72 \u2013 construction of the east - western subway line ( m2 ) begins. 1982 \u2013 construction of the north - southern subway line ( m3 ) begins. 1987 \u2013 buda castle hill and the banks of the danube are added to the unesco world heritage sites. 1989 - 1990 \u2013 the ' changes ', transition to free elections and a democratic government. hungary ' s changeover to a western - style democracy was one of the smoothest among the former soviet bloc. 1990 \u2013 according to census the city is home to 2, 000, 000 residents. present day budapest : 2002 \u2013 andrassy avenue is added to the world heritage sites, along with the millennium underground railway, heroes ' square and city park. 2002 \u2013 inauguration of the new national theatre. 2004 \u2013 hungary joins the european union. 2008 \u2013 according census, budapest is home to 1, 700, 000 residents. 2010 \u2013 inauguration of budapest \u2019 s \u2018 mainstreet \u2019 ( a belvaros foutcaja ), a project that re - shapes a 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4498076787384095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f08e5ba3-31aa-4556-83f9-ff7b58f3c793>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.302047"}
{"text": "jean de court, marguerite de france as minerva painted enamel, limoges, 1555 ( iiif253 ) in this remarkable portrait, marguerite de france ( 1523 - 1574 ), daughter of francois 1 ( d. 1547 ) and sister of henri ii ( d. 1559 ), is depicted as pallas / minerva, classical goddess of war and wisdom. this alludes to her role as protectress of contemporary french culture against \u2018 le vilain monster ignorance \u2019, the mantle bestowed upon her after she defended pierre ronsard \u2019 s poetry against attack in 1549. poets referred to henri ii \u2019 s court as the \u2018 nouvel olympe \u2019 and to marguerite as \u2018 la nouvelle pallas \u2019. limoges was the principal centre producing painted enamels in the 16th century. the bust of henri d \u2019 albret ( no. 24 ) is typical of mid - century portraits. d \u2019 albret was married to marguerite \u2019 s aunt, the authoress marguerite d \u2019 angouleme. marguerite \u2019 s head is after a drawing attributed to francois clouet, now at chantilly, which may have been the official image of the princess. portraits in enamel were often modelled on drawings attributed to clouet \u2019 s workshop and may have been incorporated into panelling. marguerite \u2019 s costume and attributes as pallas / minerva are derived from a print by rene boyvin after luca penni. the armillary globe alludes to marguerite \u2019 s fame and to her motto, \u2018 wisdom, guardian of the world \u2019. as goddess of war, she wears a breastplate, holds a spear and her shield decorated with the head of the gorgon medusa, and has a plumed helmet at her feet. as goddess of wisdom, marguerite \u2019 s foot rests on some books surmounted by an owl. dramatised portraits were an established form of selfpropaganda, but examples in enamel are rare. the portrait is painted in opaque and translucent enamel colours on a copper base. silver foil below translucent blue enriches marguerite \u2019 s costume. the image was built up in successive kiln firings at diminishing temperatures. for the first firing, both sides of the metal were coated with enamel. enamelling the back equalises the stress between the metal and the enamel on cooling, minimising distortion. firing fuses the enamels to the base and produces their vivid colours and glossy surface. the gold, fusing at the lowest temperature, is applied last. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41485864915010606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a795ac75-806d-4894-9754-fe9f0ddc7a38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.305573"}
{"text": "meter is the organization of speech rhythms ( verbal stresses ) into regular patterns, in terms of both the arrangement of stresses and their frequency of repetition per line of verse. poetry is organized by the division of each line of verse into \" feet, \" metric units which each consist of a particular arrangement of strong and weak stresses. the most common metric unit is the iambic foot, in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed one ( as in the words \" revrse \" and \" compse \" ). here is a table of meters and their names. meter is also determined by the number of feet in a line. a line with five feet is called pentameter ; thus, a line of five iambs is known as \" iambic pentameter \" ( the most common metrical form in english poetry ). the most common line lengths are : trimeter : three feet tetrameter : four feet pentameter : five feet hexameter : six feet ( an \" alexandrine \" when iambic ) heptameter : seven feet ( a \" fourteener \" when iambic ) naturally, there is a degree of variation from line to line, as a rigid adherence to the meter results in unnatural or monotonous language. a skillful poet manipulates breaks in the prevailing rhythm of a poem for particular effects. john donne, for example, rarely held to the meter of his lines for more than a few feet at a time. these lines from his holy sonnet 14 ( 1633 ) are written in iambic pentameter, but the stress patterns vary a great deal : that i may rise and stand, o ' erthrow me, and bend your force to break, blow, burn and make me new.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5350714479157517, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8410c7bf-5836-476c-b807-1fa148b28ba7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.310635"}
{"text": "about the fsa the food standards agency is responsible for food safety and food hygiene across the uk. we work with local authorities to enforce food safety regulations and have staff who work in uk meat plants to check that the requirements of the regulations are being met. we also commission research related to food safety. the department of health is responsible for nutrition policy, including nutrition labelling, in england. defra ( the department for environment, food and rural affairs ) is responsible for food labelling not related to food safety or nutrition in england. it is also responsible for animal welfare. the fsa retains responsibility for labelling policy in scotland, wales and northern ireland, and for nutrition policy in scotland and northern ireland. responsibility for nutrition policy in wales lies with the welsh government. you can get answers to several frequently asked questions about what we do at the links below. - putting the consumer first - openness and transparency - science - and evidence - based - acting independently - enforcing food law fairly the agency is led by a board that has been appointed to act in the public interest and not to represent particular sectors. board members have a wide range of relevant skills and experience. although the fsa is a government agency, it works at ' arm ' s length ' from government because it doesn ' t report to a specific minister and is free to publish any advice it issues. we are, however, accountable to parliament through health ministers, and to the devolved administrations in scotland, wales and northern ireland for our activities within their areas. our uk headquarters are in london, but the agency also has offices in york, scotland, wales and northern ireland. we base our decisions and advice on the best evidence available, including commissioning research and obtaining advice from independent advisory committees. we also aim to ensure that our decision - making process is as open and transparent in as possible. whenever possible, we seek the views of interested parties before reaching conclusions, and always explain the reasons for a decision or advice in a straightforward manner. the six outcomes the fsa aims to deliver are : - foods produced or sold in the uk are safe to eat - imported food is safe to eat - food producers and caterers give priority to consumer interests in relation to food - consumers have the information and understanding they need to make informed choices about where and what they eat - regulation is effective, risk - based and proportionate, is clear about the responsibilities of food business operators, and protects consumers and their interests from fraud and other risks - enforcement is effective, consistent, risk - based and proportionate and is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43201593171626734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:677fa486-bd60-4953-847a-832f90bc7ef1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.320833"}
{"text": "knowing how to code is becoming increasingly valuable in the technology - driven world we live in today, but not everyone has the time or money to invest in a sold computer science or programming education. most people who have no experience in programming tend to think that learning to code would be an intimidating task, requiring a high iq and a good teacher. in reality, anyone can really do it, which is why two students from columbia university founded codeacademy \u2013 a free, interactive website for beginners who want to learn how to code at their own pace. a breakdown of what codeacademy offers codeacademy offers its users a set of tutorials in a variety of different programming languages that they can follow along with and actually plug in the code to get firsthand experience. it \u2019 s been designed for the complete beginner in mind who \u2019 ve never taken a computer class before. there \u2019 s a \u201c show hint \u201d button at the bottom of each step if you get stuck, and a \u201c run \u201d button for you to pull up the result of what you created with your code. if you made a mistake, you can hit the red \u201c reset \u201d button to try again. every step progresses from simplest to more advanced in a sequential way that you can understand it, using skills learned from the previous step as you move on. courses are divided into sections, and sections have a number of steps to be completed. codeacademy makes the whole process really fun by offering you points and badges to earn when you complete a section. it may also ask you to share your completed results with your friends on social media. the codeacademy community and resources although the site serves people who basically want a self - taught approach to learning code, we still can \u2019 t entirely replace knowledge and skills from real people with computers. codeacademy has a q & a forum for its users who need to ask questions when they get stuck on any part of the course that they can \u2019 t figure out. and if you \u2019 re already an experienced programmer willing to teach newbies, there \u2019 s a great new \u201c teach \u201d section that gives the experienced an opportunity to build their own courses. memorizing everything right off the bat can be tough, so there \u2019 s a convenient glossary section that pertains to each programming language, which you can refer to if you need a friendly reminder about something you \u2019 re working on. finally, there \u2019 s the \u201c scracth pad, \u201d which is a template form similar to what you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4626040087300108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03ed97c1-f353-4e12-b5b6-4c75b4e0471a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.331134"}
{"text": "that pertains to each programming language, which you can refer to if you need a friendly reminder about something you \u2019 re working on. finally, there \u2019 s the \u201c scracth pad, \u201d which is a template form similar to what you find in each lesson that you can use to just experiment writing code and apply what you \u2019 ve learned so far. codeacademy full review i have to give codeacademy almost five full stars because i \u2019 ve taken beginner courses in programming, but i could never grasp the concepts or lessons because it just didn \u2019 t work for me in a classroom environment. i learned so much more with codeacademy, and i can \u2019 t believe i got to do it for free. i found that each step in the course would build upon the concepts learned as you progressed, which i really liked, and the instructions were simple enough to follow. it \u2019 s really rewarding to press \u201c run \u201d and see that you \u2019 ve correctly written your code. i remember doing it in class with the command prompt and never fully understood what i was doing. personally, i \u2019 d love to see a course in php available from codeacademy. i know they \u2019 re adding new stuff all the time and have done a lot of growing up over the past couple years, so i \u2019 m pretty satisfied for now. i \u2019 m actually really excited to get started on some of the other sections where i left off. if you have any interest in learning to code, codeacademy is a great place to get started. i highly recommend it for absolutely everyone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4995328754202608, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03ed97c1-f353-4e12-b5b6-4c75b4e0471a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.336869"}
{"text": "failure - to - thrive is when a child is not growing as expected. it does not include children who are small for their age. the exact definition is not completely agreed upon. children grow quickly in the first few years of life. a child with failure - to - thrive will have a height and weight that is well below other children of their age. your child may have also had a normal growth pattern that began to slow down. initially the child has similar height and weight than their peers but at follow - up appointments the child ' s height and weight does not keep up with their peers. in general, failure - to - thrive means that a child : - is at or below the 3rd to 5th percentile for height and weight. t - has failed to grow as expected. this is shown by dropping two growth percentiles. for example, the child goes from the 75th percentile to below the 25th percentile. failure - to - thrive is split into several types according to the cause. types include : - organic failure - to - thrive \u2014 caused by some other medical condition - nonorganic failure - to - thrive \u2014 occurs in children with no known medical condition - mixed failure - to - thrive \u2014 occurs when the child has features of both organic and nonorganic failure - to - thrive gastrointestinal disease may make it difficult for your child to eat or absorb food. this may include : - reflux \u2014 stomach acid backs up into the throat. this can make it uncomfortable to swallow. - pyloric stenosis \u2014 valve on the stomach can not close properly, this can lead to reflux. - cleft lip and / or palate \u2014 birth defects of the lip and roof of the mouth, this condition can make it difficult to eat solid foods. - hirschsprung ' s disease \u2014 a condition that can cause a blockage in the intestines - hepatitis \u2014 liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - cirrhosis \u2014 liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - pancreatic insufficiency \u2014 pancrease helps digestion of fats, if there is a problem, food may not be properly absorbed into the body - malabsorption \u2014 general problem in the intestines ability to absorb food - milk protein intolerance \u2014 inability for the baby to digest proteins found in milk, even if the baby is taking in enough milk it is not getting to the body kidney disease \u2014 can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - ur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5020714952182832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6854f517-16e7-47f0-b0d7-906076c4aeb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.351871"}
{"text": "- milk protein intolerance \u2014 inability for the baby to digest proteins found in milk, even if the baby is taking in enough milk it is not getting to the body kidney disease \u2014 can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - urinary tract infection - kidney failure - diabetes insipidus heart and lung disease \u2014 can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth mucus blockage in lungs and pancreas due to cystic fibrosis - contributes to failure to thrivecopyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. endocrine disease \u2014 can decrease your child ' s appetite or how the body processes food - thyroid problems - pituitary disease - growth hormone deficiency - infectious disease \u2014 can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - breastfeeding difficulties including insufficient milk supply syndrome - chromosomal birth defects - fetal alcohol syndrome - lead poisoning - child abuse or negligence - parental ignorance factors that may increase your child ' s risk of failure - to - thrive include : - untreated medical conditions - poverty, including lack of available food - poor parenting skills - depression in the parent - severe family stress - slowed growth in a young child, including height and weight - slowed development, including late rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking, and talking - small muscles - weakness, low energy - hair loss - loose folds of skin - other symptoms related to an underlying medical condition failure - to - thrive is diagnosed based on following a child ' s growth. the doctor will plot your child ' s weight, height, and head circumference on standard growth charts. if the child falls below a certain weight range or drops two percentiles on the growth chart, the doctor will evaluate the child further. if a medical condition may be the cause, the doctor will order further tests. the type of tests will depend on the condition. sometimes, a child must be hospitalized for a period of time to find the cause of failure - to - thrive. during this time the doctor will : - monitor the relationship between parent and child, paying particular attention to their behavior around feeding - set up a feeding schedule with an adequate amount of calories - make sure that an appropriate feeding technique is used if the child can gain weight under these circumstances, this supports the diagnosis of nonorganic failure - to - thrive. treatment may include : treating a medical condition treating the underlying medical condition may correct failure - to - thrive. providing extra calories children who are malnourished may need liquid supplements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4618753216495669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6854f517-16e7-47f0-b0d7-906076c4aeb5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.354866"}
{"text": "posted last year in dev platform category by dongsun choi there are various techniques to improve the performance of your java application. in this article i will talk about statement pooling configuration and its effect on garbage collection process. statement pooling allows to improve the performance of an application by caching sql statements that are used repeatedly. such caching mechanism allows to prepare frequently used statements only once and reuse them multiple times, thus reducing the overall number of times the database server has to parse, plan, and optimize these queries. a well - configured number of statements ( maxstatements ) to be cached can be as good as tuning the garbage collection. now let ' s see how statement pooling can affect the garbage collection. why check the number of statement in the pool? often the size of the jdbc statement pool is set to the default value. using the default value, of course does not usually lead to any special issue. but a well - configured maxstatements value can be as effective as gc tuning. if you are using the default maxstatements value and would like to optimize the use of memory, let ' s think about the correct statement pool value before attempting gc tuning. as was discussed in understanding java garbage collection, a weak generational hypothesis ( most objects quickly become unreachable and a reference from an old object to a new object is rare ) was used as the precondition when creating garbage collector in java. for the majority of nhn web services there should be a response within 300ms at the latest, unless it is a special case. therefore, nhn web services are more applicable to the above situations than the general stand - alone type applications. the gc process between http request and response when developing a web service using web containers like tomcat and other frameworks, the lifespan of objects created by a developer tend to be either very short or very long. web developers usually write codes like interceptor, action, bo, or dao ( bo and dao are generated and used as singletons from applicationcontex in spring, and are not the target of gc ). the objects generated from these codes stay alive for a very brief time that exists between the time http is requested and the time it has responded. for this reason, such objects are usually collected during young gc. there are also objects, such as singleton objects, that stay alive long enough to exist for the lifecycle of tomcat. such objects will be promoted to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4959883565926211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58e286fd-915a-44e4-a97d-e39ff2786f38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.360658"}
{"text": "it has responded. for this reason, such objects are usually collected during young gc. there are also objects, such as singleton objects, that stay alive long enough to exist for the lifecycle of tomcat. such objects will be promoted to the old area soon after tomcat starts running. yet, when continuously monitoring web applications through jstat and the like, there are always some objects promoted to the old area during young gc. these objects are usually used after being stored in the cache used for improving the performance of frameworks in most of the containers and projects. whether the cached objects become the target of gc or not is determined by their cache hit ratio, not their age, so unless the hit ratio is 100 %, they cannot avoid being promoted to the old area, even when the young gc cycle is set to be long. among these caches, statement pooling affects the memory usage the most. if you are using ibatis, as ibatis processes all sqls as preparedstatment, you will be using statement pooling. if the size of statement pooling is smaller than the number of sqls being used, the cache hit ratio will decrease and result in cache maintenance cost. objects that are reachable in the old area become the target of gc and will be retrieved, then will be regenerated during the http request process, only to be cached and promoted to the old area. the full gc cycles are affected by this process. size of the statement objects it would be safe to say that the size of a single statement object is proportional to the length of the sql code processed by the same statement. even for a long and complex sql, the size of the object should be around 500 bytes. the object ' s small size would seem to have little effect on the full gc cycles, but such an assumption would be incorrect. when you look at the jdbc specifications, each connection has its own statement pool ( maxstatementsperconnection ), as described in figure 1 below. so, although a statement object is as small as 500 bytes, if there are many connections, the statements cache may occupy the proportional amount of the heap. figure 1 : relationship between the connection and the statement. ( though the statement has the resultset, it should be clarified that resultset is not an object for caching. resultset is allocated as null when rs. close ( ) is called by ibatis, then retrieved in the young area during young gc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449208813699692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58e286fd-915a-44e4-a97d-e39ff2786f38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.361764"}
{"text": "statement has the resultset, it should be clarified that resultset is not an object for caching. resultset is allocated as null when rs. close ( ) is called by ibatis, then retrieved in the young area during young gc. ) the effect of statement pool ' s cache hit ratio on the full gc a simple test program was created to assess the effect of cache hit ratio on the full gc. one cache hit ratio was set to 100 % while the other was set to 50 %. when the same amount of load was applied, the results presented in table 1 and 2 were obtained. in both cases, the occurrences of young gc were very similar but the results for the full gc was different. when the cache hit ratio was 100 %, full gc occurred only once, because the number of objects promoted to the old area during young gc was small. when the ratio was 50 %, full gc occurred 4 times because the number of statement objects promoted to the old area during young gc was high, as the objects were cached in the statement pool, then removed from the pool in lru way, then cached again at the next request. table 1. cache hit ratio = 100 %. table 2. cache hit ratio = 50 %. i would like to add one more thing. when the cache hit ratio is 50 %, it violates the 2nd category of weak generational hypothesis i introduced previously. when low cache hit ratio causes frequent pool registration and subsequent removal, it means the statement object generated in the young area is being referenced in the pool from the old area, which leads to additional strain during gc because the card marking technique is used to manage the references separately. in lucy ( nhn ' s internal java framework ), the maxstatements value for statement pooling in oracle and mysql is 500. in most cases, 500 should be enough. however, when more sql is being used, increasing the default value to meet such demand would be a way to improve the system efficiency ( when using $ ( string replacement ) for query on ibatis for the reason of table partitioning and the like, the number of queries must be multiplied by the number of partitioned tables ). however, when the default value is higher than necessary, this leads to a different problem. a higher value means more memory usage and higher likelihood of an out of memory ( oome ) occurrence. in a situation where the number of sqls are 10, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.465144685035504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58e286fd-915a-44e4-a97d-e39ff2786f38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.362731"}
{"text": "207. yugoslavia faces the millennium : conflict and continuity a decade after the fall of communism, there remains little discussion within the public sphere of the fundamental differences that separate the states and societies of western and eastern europe. this oversight is regrettable not only because it limits our ability to resolve problems in the balkans, but also because that region is far more representative of the world at large than is western europe. a case in point is the region ' s multiethnic demography, for which there are many historical and current parallels the world over. the uncritical, century - long rush to adopt the west european nation - state model has resulted in a steady succession of secessions, civil wars, and partitions not only in central europe, but throughout the former soviet union, as well as in east timor, eritrea, and palestine. today, many statesmen, journalists and scholars advocate ethnic separation as the only solution, even though it would involve population exchanges. will \" peace through partition \" become the final solution to ethnic conflict in afghanistan, chechnya, chiapas, cyprus, kurdestan, macedonia, the philippines, rwanda, sri lanka, sudan, and western sumatra? for the most part, granting autonomy has acted as a \" safety valve \" in retarding centrifugal forces among concentrated ethnic minorities. the examples of kosovo, northern ireland, quebec, republika srpska, slovakia, and the six republics of tito = s yugoslavia however, suggest that such a solution is never truly \" permanent \" since it simultaneously perpetuates separate identities and offers career opportunities to those politicians who choose to exploit nationalism as a populist tool for coming to power. in seeking entry into the european union, the yugoslav and other central european successor states need to accept not only multiethnicity in their own countries, but recognize its reemergence in western europe and the rest of the \" post - industrial \" world. the past century offers numerous examples of the triumph of ethnic coexistence, especially in places like the bukovina, srem, vojvodina, and prewar bosnia, where a balance of power between ethnic groups simultaneously allayed minority paranoia while encouraging all groups to cooperate with one another. where no such balance exists, interethnic stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137997031852227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79a1608a-23cb-4874-bab2-12614f98d402>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.371638"}
{"text": "stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident in distinctive manifestations of nationalism and liberalism. whereas western media and statesmen routinely attribute serb atrocities to a carefully nurtured \" persecution complex, \" few observers recognize the pervasive sense of a deprived manifest destiny that weighs on the historical consciousness of all of the successor nations of the former multiethnic habsburg, ottoman and tsarist / soviet empires. one consequence is a militant and intolerant brand of nationalism that has justified discrimination and, sometimes, violence against neighboring ethnic groups. another consequence is the inclusion of a purely nationalist agenda in the basket of borrowed western enlightenment ideas, adopted by east europeans without the necessary region - specific modifications. the unfortunate result has been the simplistic equation of democracy with majority rule, shorn of such indispensable attributes as the rule of law, freedom of thought and expression, individual rights and toleration, and the obligations of civic responsibility. admittedly, the combined ottoman and communist heritage partly explains the political immaturity of balkan liberalism. but foreign critics who scoff at what robert hayden terms \" constitutional nationalism \" and the inevitable tyrannies of the majority that it creates forget that western europe ( and its north american progeny ) never experienced a prolonged period of foreign oppression. this distinction suggests that much of the yugoslav successor states and eastern europe ' s other newly independent states will need a prolonged period of national independence before they can purge the demons of their subjugation by foreign multiethnic empires. these states could perhaps obviate or minimize the need for this evolutionary step by demythologizing their own history, redefining nationality to include all citizens regardless of ethnicity, and enriching the public perception of \" democracy \" with those attributes and obligations that protect the rights of all citizens. mass media and visual imagery it takes considerable optimism to advocate remolding a society ' s mentality, in this case to conform with western models of nationalism and liberalism ; to force an entire region to do so requires equally heavy doses of ethnocentrism and arrogance. yet, if central europe is keen on integrating with the west, then it is incumbent on the region ' s elites to go beyond their uncritical appropriation of the nation - state model to embrace those patently universal enlightenment values that make nationhood and popular sovereignty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5706201604141738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79a1608a-23cb-4874-bab2-12614f98d402>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.374185"}
{"text": "central europe is keen on integrating with the west, then it is incumbent on the region ' s elites to go beyond their uncritical appropriation of the nation - state model to embrace those patently universal enlightenment values that make nationhood and popular sovereignty palatable for ethnic minorities. established elites and media have played a crucial role in fashioning modern mass culture over the past two centuries. moreover, over the past decade, most regional leaders have striven to adopt requisite institutional standards for membership in the european union and nato. the leverage therefore, already exists ; it remains only that western policy planners fully realize and encourage the implementation of these international standards and modern mass culture through a combination of school instruction and visual public media. visual media has been proven the most effective means of transmitting information and molding people ' s minds ; in head - to - head competition it consistently trumps both print media and radio, both because of its easier accessibility and the didactic power of visual imagery. to their credit, democratic leaders in serbia and the rest of central europe have identified access to visual media as an indispensable element for creating a western - style civil society. unfortunately, their realization stems from first - hand experience with the effectiveness of the government - controlled visual media in an authoritarian regime, where the country ' s silent majority relies primarily - and usually exclusively - on what it sees on television. western policymakers however, have consistently dragged their feet in responding to appeals for a visual component to the existing radio \" ring around serbia. \" thus, yugoslavia ' s crown prince alexander bemoans intermittent encounters with tony blair, in which the british prime minister reassures him that \" we ' re working on it! \" another example is the misperception of the state department earlier this year of the effectiveness of voice of america ' s television broadcasts into serbia ; the department was sublimely unaware that the milosevic regime had long - since eliminated their access to every relay transmitter in the country. even a high - ranking voa staffer expressed surprise upon learning that its television broadcasts reached only a few miles into serbia, courtesy of a single transmission tower in bijeljina. the omnicompetent state the struggle for control of mass media highlights a third structural reality to which world policymakers have been slow to adapt, namely the ability of modern authoritarian regimes to culturally manipulate and criminally assault their own people. the emergence of what gale stokes has termed the \" omnicompetent state \" represents only the latest stage in the centuries - long, state -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4982712180804689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79a1608a-23cb-4874-bab2-12614f98d402>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.375341"}
{"text": "adapt, namely the ability of modern authoritarian regimes to culturally manipulate and criminally assault their own people. the emergence of what gale stokes has termed the \" omnicompetent state \" represents only the latest stage in the centuries - long, state - building process. nor is it the first time its evolution has challenged the conscience of the international community. during early modern times the aggressive behavior of the first \" great powers \" promoted systemic paranoia and almost continuous international conflict. to address this problem, over the past century, the international community has contemplated applying universal standards of behavior inside sovereign countries. notwithstanding isolated cases of unilateral, third - party intervention in uganda and cambodia, nato ' s air offensive against rump yugoslavia in 1999 represents a watershed in the enforcement of internationally recognized norms of conduct ( as prescribed by the un charter ) within the frontiers of a sovereign state. journalist seymour hirsch is doubtless correct in attributing the resulting \" clinton doctrine \" to the worldwide mediation of cnn and other global agents of visual media. yet another factor has been \" u. s. leadership \" that combines contrived appeals to national self - interest with a very real sense of moral outrage. whatever the motivations, policy planners should certainly contemplate and, hopefully reinforce, the prospect of appending the body of international law to facilitate such humanitarian interventions in order to meet this latest, twentieth - century challenge posed by the state - building process. the pivotal role that the u. s. has played in yugoslavia over the past five years underscores a fourth development that demands constant attention, especially by its own policymakers. the dissolution of the soviet union marked two potential watersheds in the history of international relations : an abrupt halt to the five - century - long european arms race that began with france ' s invasion of italy in 1494, and the usurpation of the balance of power by u. s. hegemony. whether these developments will become fixed structures or merely temporary \" conjunctures \" will depend on how the u. s. handles itself on the international stage, especially in matters that challenge the pretensions and perceived interests of countries like france, russia, or china. in the past, competing states have capitalized on the arrogant unilateralism of momentary hegemons such as charles v, louis xiv, revolutionary france and wilhelmine germany to reestablish a new balance comprising a coalition of major powers. so far, the u. s. has defied this dynamic by sustaining an ostensibly multilateral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5001478371784521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79a1608a-23cb-4874-bab2-12614f98d402>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.376342"}
{"text": "##gemons such as charles v, louis xiv, revolutionary france and wilhelmine germany to reestablish a new balance comprising a coalition of major powers. so far, the u. s. has defied this dynamic by sustaining an ostensibly multilateral foreign policy in the kuwait, bosnia and kosovo conflicts, as well as in less strategically significant humanitarian interventions around the world. forestalling the re - assembly of a new bi - polar balance of power however, will take constant vigilance so long as stress remains between the u. s. self - interest and that of other great powers. the fateful faux pas of past hegemons suggests that the u. s. should limit overtly self - seeking initiatives ( such as contravening the abm treaty ), while helping to construct a universal legal framework to promote an international status quo that seals u. s. hegemony. if international law is the first resort of the strong, it is also the last refuge of the weak. hence the tremendous advantages that such a framework offers to the states and societies of the former yugoslavia. once the u. s. and its allies have established the requisite parameters for collaboration, they can leave it to each of the newly former yugoslav republics to set its own pace for aid and integration with the new europe. charles ingrao spoke at an ees noon discussion on may 2, 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259131412561246, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79a1608a-23cb-4874-bab2-12614f98d402>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.376873"}
{"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. wendell jacob honors the memory of his father, harry e. jacob - - former v & e faculty member. wendell jacob honors the memory of his father, harry e. jacob, former v & e faculty member. by allison chilcott ( note : this article first appeared in outlook 2005, the publication of college of agricultural and environmental sciences. ) students and campus visitors alike will learn to identify dozens of varieties of grapes - - including table, wine, and raisins - - when the harry e. jacob demonstration vineyard opens adjacent to the robert mondavi institute for wine and food science courtyard in 2008. the demonstration vineyard will serve as uc davis \u2019 primary vineyard education site for classes and tours hosted by the department of viticulture and enology. this unique interactive learning center, to...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5331020822832631, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2d170b2-6be3-4f7c-b42b-cb0080bc909b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.379640"}
{"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) bear ( massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws ) - s : ( n ) bear ( an investor with a pessimistic market outlook ; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price ) - s : ( v ) bear ( have ) \" bear a resemblance \" ; \" bear a signature \" - s : ( v ) give birth, deliver, bear, birth, have ( cause to be born ) \" my wife had twins yesterday! \" - s : ( v ) digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, stand, tolerate, support, brook, abide, suffer, put up ( put up with something or somebody unpleasant ) \" i cannot bear his constant criticism \" ; \" the new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks \" ; \" he learned to tolerate the heat \" ; \" she stuck out two years in a miserable marriage \" - s : ( v ) bear ( move while holding up or supporting ) \" bear gifts \" ; \" bear a heavy load \" ; \" bear news \" ; \" bearing orders \" - s : ( v ) bear, turn out ( bring forth ) \" the apple tree bore delicious apples this year \" ; \" the unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers \" - s : ( v ) bear, take over, accept, assume ( take on as one ' s own the expenses or debts of another person ) \" i ' ll accept the charges \" ; \" she agreed to bear the responsibility \" - s : ( v ) hold, bear, carry, contain ( contain or hold ; have within ) \" the jar carries wine \" ; \" the canteen holds fresh water \" ; \" this can contains water \" - s : ( v ) yield, pay, bear ( bring in ) \" interest - bearing accounts \" ; \" how much does this savings certificate pay annually? \" - s : ( v ) wear, bear ( have on one ' s person ) \" he wore a red ribbon \" ; \" bear a scar \" - s : ( v ) behave, acquit, bear, deport, conduct, comport, carry ( behave in a certain manner ) \" she carried herself well \" ; \" he bore himself with dignity \" ; \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5898756888158935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88e3a80c-2952-4bcf-8974-76da55f70ae9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.383972"}
{"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) skim ( a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid ) \" there was a thin skim of oil on the water \" - s : ( n ) skim, skimming ( reading or glancing through quickly ) - s : ( v ) plane, skim ( travel on the surface of water ) - s : ( v ) skim over, skim ( move or pass swiftly and lightly over the surface of ) - s : ( v ) scan, skim, rake, glance over, run down ( examine hastily ) \" she scanned the newspaper headlines while waiting for the taxi \" - s : ( v ) skim, skip, skitter ( cause to skip over a surface ) \" skip a stone across the pond \" - s : ( v ) skim ( coat ( a liquid ) with a layer ) - s : ( v ) skim, skim off, cream off, cream ( remove from the surface ) \" skim cream from the surface of milk \" - s : ( v ) skim, skim over ( read superficially ) - s : ( adj ) skim, skimmed ( used of milk and milk products from which the cream has been removed ) \" yogurt made with skim milk \" ; \" she can drink skimmed milk but should avoid butter \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6240982863422769, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dfec884-815d-44cf-8dfd-b5df10cba09d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.386779"}
{"text": "imagine in this way! theme defines main structure for whole site! theme is something like structure for a post, a page or a custom post type, custom page,..! so far you know theme is really html code! in the end of wordpress excute, it returns html code to browser, and browser display for you! that html is build based on theme file ( index. php, header. php, footer. php, single. php ) plugins use hook & filter to modify theme before we output to browser! if you want to add social buttons to end of post! you can change single. php and add code to put some social button right below the _ content ( )! but you can make a plugin to use wordpress ' s filter & hook to change html of post, to append you social buttons! but what happen if you put plugin code in theme file? assume you put some functions to render content into functions. php of theme! then call those functions manually somewhere on your theme! or even better, you can use hook & filter to auto change content without manually call in theme! so as long as wordpress can include your code in someway, and run it! as long as your code run it, it can do anything for you via using hook & filter! some simple plugins can quite easy to put into a theme file! but some big plugins are too bloat to put into theme file! then later, you decide to remove that function, you go to theme file and remove the code? sound stupid, right? so we have plugin, it ' s a way to auto modify the running process of wordpress to change content, to change database,... moreover, some hooks are runned before call theme so you can ' t put theme in theme file! as long as you code is included by wordpress, wordpress runs it then return result! you can put that code in theme files, wordpress will call it for you! but if you package it as a plugin, you can easy install / deactive / remove without changing any theme files! additionaly, you also keep your theme simple / clean! so when you need to changing something, put it as a plugin if possible! don ' t put it in theme files!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4779303137674422, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd60072b-8d44-4e91-b5db-316ea67f803a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.389537"}
{"text": "mubarak ' s dream remains just that in egypt ' s desert originally published on tue july 10, 2012 8 : 57 am in the middle of southern egypt ' s windy desert, wheat fields stretch as far as the eye can see on a 24, 000 - acre farm. it ' s part of a grandiose project called toshka that was dreamed up 15 years ago by the government of hosni mubarak, egypt ' s authoritarian leader who ruled the country for three decades before being ousted last year. a key component of the toshka project was to cultivate a half - million acres of farmland in the desert to deal with egypt ' s rising demand for food. to irrigate the land, millions of dollars were spent building pumping stations and canals to draw water from nearby lake nasser, a vast man - made lake created by the construction of the aswan high dam on the nile river. but mismanagement, corruption and mubarak ' s eventual ouster have left toshka and other projects languishing. now, as economic hardship rises in egypt, there ' s renewed interest in \u2014 and debate over \u2014 the toshka project. building a new community in addition to his goal of cultivating farmland in the desert, mubarak also sought to create new towns for egyptians in this vast barren region, with hopes of persuading up to 20 percent of egypt ' s population to move here. \" toshka has a very specific importance, not only as a new area for people to move in, but also being close to the border with sudan, \" says mahmoud abu zeid, who heads the arab water council in cairo and was egypt ' s water minister when toshka was conceived. \" we need to have a new community there, an egyptian community to live there. and also, you never know what happens between the two countries in the future, \" he says. \" so it has a strategic aim, and also a development aim, supported by decisions from top - down. \" emma deputy bracy, a doctoral student in cairo who is writing her dissertation on the project, says mubarak saw toshka as a social contract with young egyptians. \" they called it ' the march to the desert, ' and it was supposed to be literally a relocation of 20 percent of egypt ' s population focused mainly on youth, \" bracy says. it was also supposed to be a place to reintegrate workers who were coming back from places like iraq, saudi arabia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40707467088395716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.398543"}
{"text": "it was supposed to be literally a relocation of 20 percent of egypt ' s population focused mainly on youth, \" bracy says. it was also supposed to be a place to reintegrate workers who were coming back from places like iraq, saudi arabia and libya, she says. but progress was slow, hampered by mismanagement, shady land deals and repeated delays in funding from both inside and outside egypt. when then - prime minister kamal el - ganzouri \u2014 the project ' s key proponent \u2014 was replaced in 1999, the project was largely shelved. talk of reviving the project these days, what ' s left is a blue - and - white sign in the desert that has become an unintended monument to the project ' s abandonment. it reads : \" new toshka city. \" now, though, concerns over egypt ' s weakening economy have prompted talk of reviving the project. its key proponent, kamal el - ganzouri, was again named prime minister by the ruling generals, although he will be replaced when the new president, mohammed morsi, names his cabinet. \" ganzouri came back, and he ' s pushing the project right now very strongly, and encouraging different ministries to finish their plans and so on, \" says the former water minister, abu zeid. major hurdles remain, however. critics say egypt lacks the means to transport large quantities of wheat and other produce from toshka to the rest of the country. most of what the farms there produce now is exported because it ' s more profitable. nor is it easy to cultivate the land. farm managers say the ground is salty and that it takes about three years to convert into soil that can be used for crops. \" if you want to take the natural conditions into account, probably any kind of solar - energy farming down there would make a lot more sense, \" adds bracy, the doctoral student. the muslim brotherhood \u2014 a movement in which morsi was until recently a key leader \u2014 is also dead set against reviving the project, which it links to mubarak ' s excesses. existing farms thrive in the southern egyptian city of aswan, mohamed abdul fattah, the secretary - general of the brotherhood ' s political party, says the group has its own revival plan emphasizing tourism and agricultural projects in other locations. \" i ' ve seen independent studies that show toshka was doomed to fail to begin with, \" he says. \" a lot of money went into it, but few jobs came out of it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3843142369377741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.400971"}
{"text": "plan emphasizing tourism and agricultural projects in other locations. \" i ' ve seen independent studies that show toshka was doomed to fail to begin with, \" he says. \" a lot of money went into it, but few jobs came out of it. so it ' s not just about the corruption. \" still, the handful of farms started up as part of the project appear to be thriving. one is kingdom agricultural development company, owned by saudi arabian prince al - waleed bin talal, one of the world ' s wealthiest men. crop manager ibrahim dahrouk says the farm provides hundreds of jobs to local residents, including women. they earn between $ 6 and $ 9 a day, considered a hefty wage in these parts. but unemployment is rampant in the nearby town of abu simbel, which has suffered because of the steep decline in egyptian tourism since the revolution. dozens of angry men recently staged a sit - in at the electric company there after the government hired out - of - towners for 60 jobs in the area. some of the protesters claimed if toshka was revived, it would go a long way to eradicating poverty in abu simbel and other communities in southern egypt. assad abeid el - majeed, the mayor of abu simbel, argues that toshka is a national project that egyptians should take pride in. the pumping stations and other infrastructure are there now, he says, and they should be put to use. renee montagne, host : in egypt, a major concern for the new islamist president is the economy. since last year ' s revolution, jobs are harder to come by. the cost of living is rising, and fuel shortages are leading to lengthy lines at egyptian gas stations. such problems are not new. former president hosni mubarak tried tackling economic hardships with grandiose projects like one called toshka in southern egypt. the idea was to cultivate farmland in the desert and also expand living space for egyptians, which for thousands of years has been centered almost entirely along the nile river. but mismanagement, corruption and mubarak ' s ouster have left projects like toshka languishing. npr ' s soraya sarhaddi nelson traveled to the manmade oasis and filed this report. ( soundbite of wind ) soraya sarhaddi nelson, byline : wheat fields in the middle of a windy desert stretch as far as the eye can see on this 24, 000 - acre farm called the south valley development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45918121448149773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.401919"}
{"text": "this report. ( soundbite of wind ) soraya sarhaddi nelson, byline : wheat fields in the middle of a windy desert stretch as far as the eye can see on this 24, 000 - acre farm called the south valley development company. the crops here are fed by fast - moving canals, with water pumped in from lake nasser, the vast man - made lake created by the construction of the aswan high dam on the nile river. other large farms carved out of the desert used the same irrigation network, which is part of the toshka mega - project dreamed up by the mubarak government 15 years ago. million of egyptians were to be relocated here in what officials hoped would become a new nile valley. the plan was to build towns and factories, as well as cultivate a half million acres of farmland in this barren region next to sudan, which like egypt, is totally dependent on the nile. mahmoud abu zeid : toshka has a very specific importance. nelson : that ' s mahmoud abu zeid, who heads the arab water council in cairo. he was egypt ' s water minister when toshka was conceived. zeid : not only as a new area for people to move in, but also being close to the borders with sudan. i mean, we need to have a new community there, egyptian community, to live there. and also, you never know what happens between the two countries in the future. so it has a strategic aim, and also a development aim supported by decisions from top - down. nelson : emma deputy bracy, a doctoral student in cairo who is writing her dissertation on toshka, says the project was the mubarak government ' s attempt at a social contract with young egyptians. emma deputy brace : they called it a march to the desert, and it was supposed to be, literally, a relocation of 20 percent of egypt ' s population focused mainly on youth, and it was supposed to be some sort of a safety valve for reintegrating workers into the population who were coming back from places like iraq and saudi and libya. nelson : then prime minister prime minister kamal el - ganzouri tackled the project with gusto, but progress was slow, hampered by mismanagement, shady land deals and repeated delays in funding from both inside and outside egypt. many of the projects associated with toshka were shelved after ganzouri was replaced in 1999. an unintended monument to its abandonment is a blue - and - white sign that reads new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4576114032095372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.402879"}
{"text": "delays in funding from both inside and outside egypt. many of the projects associated with toshka were shelved after ganzouri was replaced in 1999. an unintended monument to its abandonment is a blue - and - white sign that reads new toshka city, posted in the middle of the desert. but the nearby farms started up as part of the project are thriving, with new plans to expand approved by the military - led government. one is kingdom agricultural development company, owned by saudi arabian prince al - waleed bin talal, one of the world ' s wealthiest men. in one harvested wheat field here, a giant john deere tractor tills the soil for the next crop, which is to be peanuts. the saudi farm ' s crop manager is egyptian ibrahim dahrouk. he says it takes two to three years to prepare the salt - rich earth for farming. ibrahaim dahrouk : and now the soil has changed, there are green area, not like before. big difference. nelson : the farm provides hundreds of jobs to local residents, including women who prune grapes from vines that form a canopy overhead. they earn between six and $ 9 a day, a hefty wage in these parts. doa ' a mahfouz : ( foreign language spoken ) nelson : eighteen - year - old doa ' a mahfouz says she ' s thrilled to be working, given that jobs are scarce since the egyptian revolution last year. she wishes the greater toshka project will be revived to provide more jobs for her community. unemployment is rampant in nearby abu simbel, which has suffered because of the steep decline in egyptian tourism since the revolution. the resorts where americans and europeans once flocked during trips to nearby temples and lake nasser sit empty. ( soundbite of crowd chatter ) nelson : on a recent evening, dozens of angry men staged a sit - in at the local electric company after the government hired out - of - towners for 60 jobs in the area. ( soundbite of crowd chatter ) nelson : one industrial supervisor here who declined to give his name adds that residents plan to ask the government to reactivate the toshka project. he argues that if they did, it could go a long way to eradicating poverty in many communities in upper egypt - not that the military - led government didn ' t try. ( soundbite of press conference ) prime minister kamal el - ganzouri : ( speaking foreign language ) nelson : kamal el - gan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4343263973142516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.403806"}
{"text": "##dicating poverty in many communities in upper egypt - not that the military - led government didn ' t try. ( soundbite of press conference ) prime minister kamal el - ganzouri : ( speaking foreign language ) nelson : kamal el - ganzouri, who once again became prime minster under the military - led government, talked at length at news conferences like this one about the need to boost the economy and create hundreds of thousands of jobs. egypt also was contending with its huge dependence on foreign wheat because of an agricultural shortfall. former water minister mahmoud abu zeid says those factors make him hope that a toshka revival is in the offing. zeid : ganzouri came back, and he ' s pushing the project right now very strongly and encouraging the different ministries to finish that plan, and so on. nelson : but critics say egypt lacks the means to transport large quantities of wheat and other produce from toshka to the rest of the country. most of what toshka produces now is exported because managers there say it ' s more profitable. and the muslim brotherhood - a movement in which the new president mohammed morsi was a key leader - is also dead - set against reviving the project, which it links to mubarak ' s excesses. in the southern city of aswan, the brotherhood ' s political party ' s secretary general is mohamed abdul fattah. he says the group has its own revival plan, which emphasizes tourism and agricultural projects in other locations. mohamed abdul fattah : ( through translator ) i ' ve seen independent studies that show toshka was doomed to fail to begin with. a lot of money went into it, but few jobs came out of it. so it ' s not just about the corruption. nelson : the brotherhood ' s position irritates abu simbel mayor assad abeid el - majeed. assad abeid el - majeed : ( foreign language spoken ) nelson : he argues toshka is a national project that egyptians should take pride in. the pumping stations and other infrastructure are there now, he says, and they should be put to use. soraya sarhaddi nelson, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4355295884849152, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91dd655e-f34f-4766-b9d8-aa9572bd557a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.404699"}
{"text": "where on earth...? misr mystery image quiz # 8 here ' s another chance to play geographical detective! this multi - angle imaging spectroradiometer ( misr ) image covers an area measuring approximately 297 kilometers x 221 kilometers, and was captured by the instrument ' s vertical - viewing ( nadir ) camera on april 12, 2001. a large river flows from the left side of the image, below center, and traverses the image, angling northeast toward the upper right. it then makes a hairpin turn and continues to flow in a generally southward direction near the right - hand side of the image. below are eight statements about this river, only some of which are true. use any reference materials you like, and mark each statement true or false : 1. within the image area, the river flows across an international boundary into an area where over 100 species of orchids grow. 2. the river ' s name in a particular language means \" pacifier \" in english. 3. sedimentary rocks containing mineral grains that record changes in the orientation of earth ' s magnetic field have been found north of the river. 4. at least one expert kayaker has perished attempting to navigate a deep gorge of the river. 5. the two highest named peaks within the image area are situated on opposite sides of the river ; each has a maximum elevation of nearly 4000 meters. 6. the description of a mythical place in a 1930 ' s british novel is thought by some explorers to have been inspired by a location on this river. 7. scientists believe that 100 million years ago the region through which the river flows was farther from the equator than it is today. 8. in the 1920 ' s, an expedition along the river searched for and successfully encountered a legendary 30 - meter - high waterfall. misr was built and is managed by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, ca, for nasa ' s office of earth science, washington, dc. the terra satellite is managed by nasa ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. jpl is a division of the california institute of technology. a new \" where on earth...? \" mystery will appear periodically. the image also appears on the earth observatory, http : / / earthobservatory. nasa. gov /, and on the atmospheric sciences data center home pages, http : / / eosweb. larc. nasa. gov /, though usually with a several - hour delay. credit : image credit : nasa / gsfc /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4717533252508462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ceeb784-6b71-46f1-a74f-e65dd5094cbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.407421"}
{"text": "romanticism, poe, and the raven the era of romanticism spans from the late 1700 ' s to the mid 1800 ' s following the french revolution ; therefore, \" romanticism \" encompasses characteristics of the human mind in addition to the particular time in history when these qualities became dominant in culture. romanticism depicts an artistic movement which emerged from reaction against dominant attitudes and approaches of the 18th century. romanticism established realism in literature through creativity, innovation, exploration, and vivid imagery. by expanding beyond the definition of love, romanticism, accented by mystery, delves into the strange and fantastic aspects of human experiences. \" to escape from society, the romantics turned their interests to remote and faraway places ; the medieval past ; folklore and legends, and nature and the common man. \" edgar allen poe is noted as one of the few american \" romantic \" poets. poe ' s poem \" the raven \" portrays romanticism as characterized by emotion, exotica, and imagination. a friend of edgar allen poe, r. h. horne, wrote of \" the raven \", \" the poet intends to represent a very painful condition of the mind, as of an imagination that was liable to topple over into some delirium or an abyss of melancholy, from the continuity of one unvaried emotion. \" edgar allen poe, author of \" the raven, \" played on the reader ' s emotions. the man in \" the raven \" was attempting to find comfort from the remembrance of his lost love. by turning his mind to lenore and recalling how her frame will never again bless the chair in which he now reposes, he is suddenly overcome with grief, whereby the reader immediately feels sorry for the lonely man. the reader pities the man ' s state of mind. in addition to an emotional characteristic, poe also portrays the exotic. exotic means \" unnatural \". exotic means a raven that speaks only one word. exotic means a bird that refuses to leave and insists in staying in one place. finally, exotic means a life of torment of the speakers soul. the man is drawn to the bird to seek an answer to the monotonous reply of \" finally, \" the raven : is characterized by imagination. the man imagines that a raven is a godsend, intended to relieve him of his anguish. the man imagines that like all other blessings of his life, the bird will leave. the man ' s imagination rebukes the bird. the man calls the bird a \" thing of evil \". the reader imagines a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5245331235784817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9329e0dd-2711-4603-9eb7-ce57a854c9e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.410309"}
{"text": "( pdf 151 kb ) in recent years, scientists working at the intersection of two historically well - developed fields, retinal physiology and circadian biology, upended the conventional view of retinal organization with the confirmation of a nonvisual ocular photoreceptor system. the fact that the eye has functions beyond image perception holds the potential to explain why a significant proportion of patients with progressive degenerative ocular disease suffer from sleep disturbances. an understanding of these non - rod / non - cone photoreceptors might also explain seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), jet lag and depression in the blind. it has the potential to influence intraocular lens selection for cataract patients. \u201c the shocker is, you don \u2019 t need rods and cones to synchronize your circadian clock to the local light - dark cycle, \u201d said russell n. van gelder, md, phd. \u201c there \u2019 s this whole other photoreceptive system lurking in the retina entraining your circadian system. \u201d dr. van gelder is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at the university of washington in seattle. the eye is a camera, and clock, too the notion of a parallel ocular universe began more than 80 years ago with the observation that blind mice continued to show pupil constriction in response to light. 1 over time, researchers at about a dozen labs worldwide pursued the idea that the circadian and classical visual systems process light information in different ways. russell g. foster, bsc, phd, chairman of both circadian neuroscience and ophthalmology at oxford university, noted that by 2001, scientists had established the existence of a subset of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ( referred to in the literature as either prgcs or iprgcs, intrinsically photosensitive rgcs ) that regulate a variety of different responses to environmental brightness, including sleep propensity. this small subpopulation of rgcs responds directly to light and relays information along the nonvisual pathway to the brain \u2019 s circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, dr. foster said. they do this by employing the photopigment melanopsin, which is believed to set the circadian clock and initiate other nonimage forming visual functions. dr. foster has shown that loss of melanopsin in the prgcs attenuates circadian responses to light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5360250070957581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95abd3b5-d7c3-43ca-bce3-0c726c172808>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.419672"}
{"text": "melanopsin, which is believed to set the circadian clock and initiate other nonimage forming visual functions. dr. foster has shown that loss of melanopsin in the prgcs attenuates circadian responses to light. 2 circadian drift. \u201c all of this suggests that diseases that kill melanopsin - using photosensitive retinal ganglion cells will result in behavioral changes that are manifested as sleep disorder problems or difficulty adjusting to changes in the light / dark cycle, \u201d said dr. van gelder. this research expands an understanding of the circadian clock, which governs the human habit of sleeping at night and waking in the morning. that clock, said dr. van gelder, does not naturally have a 24 - hour period. \u201c it requires a daily light signal to stay synchronized to the outside world. without that, the body \u2019 s clock will drift on its own. \u201d consider, he said, two patients with ocular disease. john has ganglion cell disease and jane has outer retinal disease. on january 1, both of their internal clocks tell them to awaken at 7 a. m. on january 2, jane \u2019 s clock sees the sun rise and awakens at the same time. but john \u2019 s clock can \u2019 t see the light signal, so he wakes up closer to 7 : 30. on day three he wakes up around 8. by day 24, john \u2019 s inner clock awakens him a full half - day later, at 7 p. m., while jane is still rising at 7 a. m. counting sheep won \u2019 t help. the discovery of photosensitive rgcs may explain why john \u2019 s sleep cycle is perturbed, while jane remains on schedule. \u201c we suspect that sleep health and circadian health are probably dependent on the health of the optic nerves, \u201d dr. van gelder said. if the prgcs are injured, it appears harder to keep the body \u2019 s clock synchronized. \u201c they \u2019 re the only cells in the retina that encode brightness. \u201d if you were to place a mouse retina in a dish and expose it to light, from relatively dim to bright, the retina will respond linearly, functioning like a camera light meter, he explained. \u201c this light meter controls at least three different aspects of physiology : circadian clock synchronization, pupillary light response and sleep. that is, it directly drives sleep and wakefulness in mice, \u201d he said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49736324968970064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95abd3b5-d7c3-43ca-bce3-0c726c172808>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.420670"}
{"text": "light meter, he explained. \u201c this light meter controls at least three different aspects of physiology : circadian clock synchronization, pupillary light response and sleep. that is, it directly drives sleep and wakefulness in mice, \u201d he said. \u201c the obvious question is : what is the effect on human health if these cells are sick? \u201d studies link glaucoma and sleep problems. one possible answer to that question comes out of a study conducted by dr. van gelder himself, linking optic nerve disease to sleep disturbances. 3 his study, which monitored sleep patterns in a population of blind children, found that optic nerve disease is predictive of increased daytime napping in young visually impaired subjects. \u201c we saw kids with end - stage glaucoma who had a hard time adjusting to the wake / sleep cycle of the outside world, \u201d dr. van gelder said. \u201c if you \u2019 re blind from an optic nerve disease, you \u2019 re nine times more likely to have significant daytime sleepiness than if you are blind from other causes. \u201d a study by other researchers found that melanopsin - using cells in rats died after researchers induced an increase in iop. \u201c the results, \u201d the researchers write, \u201c suggest that serious attention should be paid to the function of the nonimage forming system in glaucoma patients in the future. \u201d 4 implications and applications the discovery of novel photoreceptors within the eye is leading researchers down a number of new paths. here are three areas they \u2019 ve been looking at. iol selection. cataract surgery has been associated with improvement in the sleep / wake cycle, possibly because the prgcs are maximally sensitive in the \u201c blue \u201d ( 480 nm ) part of the spectrum, while the yellow discoloration of a cataractous lens may reduce transmission of available photons to the retina. this has implications for what dr. foster called \u201c the general global move toward implanting yellow, blue - filtering lenses. \u201d the impact of blue - filtering lenses is a question worth pursuing, he said, noting that circadian rhythms might be affected if these lenses reduce the amount of blue light available to the melanopsin pigment. seasonal affective disorder. ignacio provencio, phd, a professor of biology at the university of virginia, studies the genetics of circadian rhythms and has discovered that a mutation in a gene that codes for melanopsin may play a role in causing seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). 1 this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5400213883700946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95abd3b5-d7c3-43ca-bce3-0c726c172808>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.421755"}
{"text": ", a professor of biology at the university of virginia, studies the genetics of circadian rhythms and has discovered that a mutation in a gene that codes for melanopsin may play a role in causing seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). 1 this finding, said dr. van gelder, could suggest that depression, common in the blind, may be a form of sad. \u201c blindness, \u201d he said, \u201c may be like the effect of living in chronic winter. \u201d nonvisual light perception. after ablating all rods and cones in mice, dr. foster and colleagues found that the mice were still fully able to constrict their pupils under bright light conditions. 2 \u201c these findings raise some important clinical considerations regarding the diagnosis of \u2018 complete \u2019 blindness, \u201d dr. foster said. \u201c clearly, any such diagnosis should take into account both visual and nonvisual elements, that is, the health and function of both the rod and cone and prgc photoreceptive systems. \u201d dr. foster advised that blind individuals who are found to be light sensitive should expose their eyes to sufficient daytime light to maintain normal circadian entrainment and sleep / wake rhythms. 1 roecklein, k. et al. j affect disord 2009 ; ( 114 ) 279 \u2013 285. 2 foster, r. g. et al. j comp physiol 1999 ; 169 : 211 \u2013 220. how to help patients dr. van gelder advised ophthalmologists to be mindful of the potential interplay of certain ocular diseases and these novel rgcs. \u201c we, as ophthalmologists, should expect that patients with advanced optic nerve disease may have difficulty synchronizing their lives with the light / dark cycle. \u201d ask some questions. therefore, he said, when physicians see patients who have a bilateral optic nerve disease, such as glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or optic atrophy, they should ask relevant questions : how \u2019 s your sleep? do you feel in synch with day and night? do you find yourself awake at inopportune hours and sleepy during others? consider a referral. dr. van gelder advised referring patients who have trouble sleeping to a sleep disorder clinic. \u201c this is a treatable disorder, \u201d he said, citing the work of alfred j. lewy, md, phd, a psychiatrist at oregon health & science university, who has been treating blind patients with melatonin for some 20 years. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5413114341610672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95abd3b5-d7c3-43ca-bce3-0c726c172808>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.422881"}
{"text": "this is a treatable disorder, \u201d he said, citing the work of alfred j. lewy, md, phd, a psychiatrist at oregon health & science university, who has been treating blind patients with melatonin for some 20 years. 5 though melatonin is available over the counter, dr. van gelder cautioned ophthalmologists not to prescribe it without a referral to a sleep clinic because there are well - established treatment protocols. melatonin will shift the clock, and shifting at the wrong time can actually make things worse, he said. the point, said dr. van gelder, is attending to those patients who suffer from sleep disorders. \u201c we would never look at a patient with optic nerve hypoplasia without thinking they might have a systemic disease. but we don \u2019 t see a patient with end - stage optic nerve disease and immediately think that this person is at risk for sleep disorders. we should. \u201d 1 keeler, c. e. am j physiol 1927 ; 81 : 107 \u2013 112. 2 foster, r. g. and m. w. hankins. curr biol 2007 ; 17 : r746 \u2013 r751. 3 wee, r. and r. n. van gelder. ophthalmology 2004 ; 111 ( 2 ) : 297 \u2013 302. 4 wang, h. z. et al. chin med j 2008 ; 121 ( 11 ) : 1015 \u2013 1019. 5 lewy, a. j. cold spring harb symp quant biol 2007 ; 72 : 623 \u2013 636.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5056069445257186, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95abd3b5-d7c3-43ca-bce3-0c726c172808>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.423580"}
{"text": "science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science monday, 18 february 2013 heavy metal music fans in a mosh pit act like atoms in a gas - a finding that could advance emergency evacuation design and planning. wednesday, 21 september 2011 an australian seismologist says this week ' s trial of italian scientists for failing to warn of a devastating earthquake could muzzle experts from sharing their knowledge in the future. friday, 27 august 2010 australia ' s leading body responsible for monitoring space weather has dismissed claims that a massive solar storm could \" wipe out the earth ' s entire power grid \". monday, 12 july 2010 australian researchers develop software to let mobile phones communicate with each other where there is no reception. thursday, 18 february 2010 society needs to learn from resilient ecosystems if it is to better cope with unanticipated shocks in the future, say experts. tuesday, 10 february 2009 an australian fire - behaviour specialist who helped authorities track the infernos, says the golden rule of surviving a bushfire - evacuate early or fight to the bitter end - still stands, despite the weekend ' s high death toll. monday, 9 february 2009 australians remain unprepared to deal with bushfires despite a long history of loss and devastation from natural disasters, according to some of the country ' s leading bushfire researchers. monday, 10 march 2008 we can expect an average three catastrophic, magnitude 9 or greater earthquakes around the world each century, according to a new study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4970312347359714, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ab4852f-3f65-46af-a429-f89b21ced198>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.425299"}
{"text": "but in response to pressure from a student - led native american alliance, northwestern officials say they plan to form a commission to research evans ' connection to the one of the worst massacres of native americans in the country ' s history. in 1864, evans was territorial governor of colorado when a militia of about 700 men attacked a temporary village of southern cheyenne and arapaho people at sand creek. according to the national park service, the soldiers killed 165 to 200 native americans, about two - thirds of them women, children and elderly. known as the sand creek massacre, it is considered one of the worst acts of genocide in the country ' s history and led to evans ' removal from his governorship after a congressional investigation. according to the native american and indigenous student alliance at northwestern, the university has ignored that part of evans ' history. evans continued as a major benefactor and member of northwestern ' s board long after details of the massacre came to light. \" many institutions that have been around as long as northwestern have issues like these, \" said heather menefee, 19, a northwestern sophomore and the student alliance ' s co - president. \" but it was surprising to me that you could go on the northwestern website and look at the official biography of john evans, and it didn ' t even mention his involvement in sand creek. it seemed like the university was erasing it. \" while evans was not directly involved in the massacre, many believe his actions as governor created an environment hostile to native americans, and his effort to cover up what happened that day was met with fiery criticism. in a \" report of the committee on the conduct of war \" published in the chicago tribune in 1865, evans ' testimony before the congressional panel is described as \" characterized by such prevarication and shuffling as has been shown by no witness they have examined \u2026 for the evident purpose of avoiding the admission that he was fully aware that the indians massacred so brutally at sand creek were then, and had been, actuated by the most friendly feelings toward the whites. \" northwestern spokesman alan cubbage said administrators have had \" a fairly constructive conversation \" with the students, who put together a petition asking the university to investigate evans ' past and wrote a scathing guest column about the situation that was published in the campus newspaper jan. 23. \" the provost has asked several of our very renowned faculty members in the history department and other departments to offer advice about what sort of people should be on a study committee, \" cubbage said. \" we ' re looking at a committee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3529804745005241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:593e58a7-1382-490f-a83d-97acf15d51bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.431279"}
{"text": "23. \" the provost has asked several of our very renowned faculty members in the history department and other departments to offer advice about what sort of people should be on a study committee, \" cubbage said. \" we ' re looking at a committee that would look into the historical aspects of john evans and his role in the sand creek massacre. \" cubbage said the committee would include scholars from other universities. given the country ' s history, many universities have had to confront historical connections to slavery or to crimes against native americans. in 2003, for example, brown university launched a steering committee on slavery and justice to investigate the university ' s relationship to slavery and the trans - atlantic slave trade. gary alan fine is the director of graduate studies in northwestern ' s sociology department and also carries the title of john evans professor of sociology. after receiving the professorship in 2004, fine researched evans and quickly learned of his connection to the sand creek massacre. he brought up the subject of evans ' questionable past during his inaugural lecture at the university and said he is pleased to see students pressing for a deeper investigation. \" i think the challenge for administrators now that they ' re taking it seriously is how much they want to embrace this, \" fine said. \" the model at brown, which i think was enormously successful, is they made it a campuswide effort. they brought in all the interested parties \u2014 students and faculty and administrators and alumni and members of the african - american community \u2014 and used it as a teaching opportunity for brown and also an opportunity to be part of a national dialogue. \" adam mendel, 22, a northwestern senior and co - president of the native american and indigenous student alliance, said his group is calling on the university to recognize evans ' responsibility for the massacre, establish a native american studies program and create a scholarship fund for arapaho and cheyenne students. because evans didn ' t give the order for the massacre \u2014 documents from the time show he was not even in colorado when it happened \u2014 some question the extent of his culpability. others point out that along with helping create and fund northwestern university, evans was a noted abolitionist who was appointed to the territorial governorship of colorado by abraham lincoln. but mendel said his research paints a picture of evans as a man eager to rid colorado of native americans. a proclamation evans sent out not long before the massacre authorized all residents of colorado to \" kill and destroy, as enemies of the country, wherever they may be found, all such hostile indians. \" \" his proclamation speaks toward his policy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4078842858022561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:593e58a7-1382-490f-a83d-97acf15d51bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.432420"}
{"text": "of native americans. a proclamation evans sent out not long before the massacre authorized all residents of colorado to \" kill and destroy, as enemies of the country, wherever they may be found, all such hostile indians. \" \" his proclamation speaks toward his policy toward the native americans in the area, \" mendel said. \" he had a hostile policy toward them, encouraged people to hunt and kill them. he didn ' t specifically order the attack, but he instituted policies that led to the attack. he was particularly out there, even for this time period. he was investigated by congress and removed from office. colorado ' s admission to the union was delayed for a few years because of this event. \" bethany hughes, 31, a northwestern doctoral student and member of the choctaw nation of oklahoma, is working on a research project about the massacre. she said that in addition to being territorial governor, evans was a railroad magnate with a vested interest in making sure rail lines were built across colorado and farther west. she said that even after losing his governorship, evans thrived thanks to his railroad operations \u2014 and northwestern continued to receive money from him. \" it is a complex situation, \" hughes said. \" there have been great, positive outcomes of john evans ' actions \u2014 we have the university, we support scholarship and research and creativity and art. you can trace that all back to john evans. but you can also trace back to john evans the impact on a more specific community, the cheyenne and arapaho tribes. to dismiss or not deal with this conflict and tension in john evans ' nature has been troublesome for northwestern. \" cubbage said the university ' s provost and vice president for academic affairs will meet with some faculty members next week to discuss forming a commission to study evans. he applauded the students for seeking an accurate historical investigation, given the wide - ranging information that is out there relating to sand creek. \" i think this was the worst act of genocide in the american context, \" fine said. \" yes, there ' s a need for justice. yes, there ' s a need for memory. a lot of things have been written about sand creek by amateur historians. let ' s see what we can sort out through having enough resources to look at the appropriate archives and make a scholarly determination of what really happened. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36569108125830785, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:593e58a7-1382-490f-a83d-97acf15d51bc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.434216"}
{"text": "the number of children infected globally with hiv has decreased by more than a quarter ( 26 % ) between 2009 and 2011, however more than 90 percent of the 3, 4 - million children living with hiv are in sub - saharan africa. released yesterday ( wed ), the annual unaids report revealed that there were 34, 2 - million people living with hiv in 2011, more than ever before, which they ascribed to the life - prolonging effects of antiretroviral therapy. an estimated 23, 5 - million of these people were living in sub - saharan africa, including 3, 1 - million children. unaids reported a number of other achievements including : - an increase of 20 percent in just one year of people accessing art ( 8 - million ) ; - a 20 percent reduction in the number of people newly infected with hiv ( 2, 5 - million ) ; - a 24 percent decline since the peak in 2005 in the number of people who died from aids - related causes in 2011 ( 1, 7 - million ). tuberculosis remained the leading cause of death among people living with hiv, despite it being a preventable and curable disease. young people aged 15 to 24 years accounted for almost half ( 40 % ) of all new adult hiv infections. globally, infection rates in young women 15 to 24 years old are twice as high as among men of the same age with a young woman acquiring hiv infection every minute. there is agreement that this is mainly due to their lower economic and sociocultural status in many countries where women and girls are disadvantaged in negotiating safer sex and accessing hiv prevention information and services. the statistics are : - hiv is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age wordwide ; - only one female condom is available for every 36 women in sub - saharan africa ; - more than one third of women aged 20 - 24 years in low - and middle - income countries marry before they are 18 years old ; - approximately 40 percent of pregnancies worldwide are unintended ; - globally, less than 30 percent of young women have comprehensive and correct knowledge on hiv ; - two thirds of the world \u2019 s 796 - million illiterate adults are women ; - between 11 and 45 percent of adolescent girls reported that their first sexual experience was forced. a failure by many countries to implement and scale up some of the basic programmes that aim to reduce hiv transmission, was cited as a reason for the high rates of infection among those 15 to 24 years. these programmes include voluntary medical male circumcision, behaviour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42782220433407414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67a660e1-0b41-415f-9d30-fd0e54917578>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.438894"}
{"text": "by many countries to implement and scale up some of the basic programmes that aim to reduce hiv transmission, was cited as a reason for the high rates of infection among those 15 to 24 years. these programmes include voluntary medical male circumcision, behavioural change programmes, condom promotion and key programmes for those populations at higher risk of hiv infection such as teenagers, men who have sex with men and injecting drug users. some achievements were also reported in sub - saharan africa where nearly 6, 2 - million people are receiving art, up from just 100 000 in 2003. the most dramatic progress was in south africa, zimbabwe and kenya. in 2011, at least 300 000 people in south africa were newly enrolled in treatment. the report cautions that as more people start art, concerns are growing about the possible increase in hiv drug resistance. low to moderate levels of transmitted drug resistance have been observed \u2013 increasing from one percent in 2005 to three percent in 2010. recent surveys reported that among those initiating treatment in low - and middle - income countries, about five percent had drug resistance. south africa is listed in the report as one of eight countries showing a rapid decline in new hiv infections among children \u2013 49 percent. the majority of adult hiv infections in sub - saharan africa resulted from unprotected sexual intercourse, including paid sex and sex between men. the report also makes a case for treatment interventions to become increasingly community based. a systematic review of treatment programmes in sub - saharan africa reported that, on average, 70 percent of people receiving art from specialist clinics were still receiving treatment after two years. on the other hand, a community art group model initiated by people receiving art in mozambique, to improve access and retention on treatment and decongest health services, resulted in 97, 5 percent of people still receiving treatment after 26 months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4777195587092138, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67a660e1-0b41-415f-9d30-fd0e54917578>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.440681"}
{"text": "a new drug to manage resistant chronic pain monday, april 30, 2012 tau develops \" bl - 7050 \" to ease the neuropathic pain of millions of sufferers neuropathic pain, caused by nerve or tissue damage, is the culprit behind many cases of chronic pain. it can be the result of an accident or caused by a variety of medical conditions and diseases such as tumors, lupus, and diabetes. typically resistant to common types of pain management including ibuprofen and even morphine, neuropathic pain can lead to lifelong disability for many sufferers. now a drug developed by tel aviv university researchers, known as bl - 7050, is offering new hope to patients with neuropathic pain. developed by prof. bernard attali and dr. asher peretz of tau ' s department of physiology and pharmacology at the sackler faculty of medicine, the medication inhibits the transmission of pain signals throughout the body. in both in - vitro and in - vivo experiments measuring electrical activity of neurons, the compound has been shown to prevent the hyper - excitability of neurons \u2014 protecting not only against neuropathic pain, but epileptic seizures as well. the medication has been licensed by ramot, tau ' s technology transfer company, for development and commercialization by biolinerx, an israeli biopharmaceutical development company. targeting potassium for pain control according to prof. attali, the medication works by targeting a group of proteins which act as a channel for potassium. potassium has a crucial role in the excitability of cells, specifically those in the nervous system and the heart. when potassium channels don ' t function properly, cells are prone to hyper - excitability, leading to neurological and cardiovascular disorders such as epilepsy and arrhythmias. these are also the channels that convey pain signals caused by nerve or tissue damage, known as neuropathic pain. with few treatment options available for neuropathic pain, prof. attali set out to develop a medication that could bind to and stabilize the body ' s potassium channels, controlling their hyper - excitability and preventing the occurrence of pain by keeping the channels open for the outflow of potassium. this novel targeting approach has been recently reported in the journal pnas. inducing calm in the neurons understanding the mechanism that controls these channels has been crucial to the development of the drug. by successfully controlling the excitability of the neurons, prof. attali believes that bl -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4843501024760734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3516db1e-e6a2-48a0-9faa-0795ae1c07ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.443653"}
{"text": "biodegradable transistors - - made from us wednesday, march 7, 2012 award - winning tau research uses self - assembling blood, milk, and mucus proteins to build next generation technology silicon, a semi - conducting element, is the basis of most modern technology, including cellular phones and computers. but according to tel aviv university researchers, this material is quickly becoming outdated in an industry producing ever - smaller products that are less harmful to the environment. now, a team including ph. d. students elad mentovich and netta hendler of tau ' s department of chemistry and the center for nanoscience and nanotechnology, with supervisor dr. shachar richter and in collaboration with prof. michael gozin and his ph. d. student bogdan belgorodsky, has brought together cutting - edge techniques from multiple fields of science to create protein - based transistors \u2014 semi - conductors used to power electronic devices \u2014 from organic materials found in the human body. they could become the basis of a new generation of nano - sized technologies that are both flexible and biodegradable. working with blood, milk, and mucus proteins which have the ability to self - assemble into a semi - conducting film, the researchers have already succeeded in taking the first step towards biodegradable display screens, and they aim to use this method to develop entire electronic devices. their research, which has appeared in the journals nano letters and advanced materials, recently received a silver award at the materials research society graduate student awards in boston, ma. building the best transistor from the bottom up netta hendler, elad mentovich, and bogdan belgorodsky one of the challenges of using silicon as a semi - conductor is that a transistor must be created with a \" top down \" approach. manufacturers start with a sheet of silicon and carve it into the shape that is needed, like carving a sculpture out of a rock. this method limits the capabilities of transistors when it comes to factors such as size and flexibility. the tau researchers turned to biology and chemistry for a different approach to building the ideal transistor. when they appled various combinations of blood, milk, and mucus proteins to any base material, the molecules self - assembled to create a semi - conducting film on a nano - scale. in the case of blood protein, for example, the film is approximately four nanometers high. the current technology in use now is 18 nanometers, says men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5110276020974129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c596c057-38a1-4dd3-905f-26840cbc9f80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.448269"}
{"text": "self - assembled to create a semi - conducting film on a nano - scale. in the case of blood protein, for example, the film is approximately four nanometers high. the current technology in use now is 18 nanometers, says mentovich. together, the three different kinds of proteins create a complete circuit with electronic and optical capabilities, each bringing something unique to the table. blood protein has the ability to absorb oxygen, mentovich says, which permits the \" doping \" of semi - conductors with specific chemicals in order to create specific technological properties. milk proteins, known for their strength in difficult environments, form the fibers which are the building blocks of the transistors, while the mucosal proteins have the ability to keep red, green and, blue fluorescent dyes separate, together creating the white light emission that is necessary for advanced optics. overall, the natural abilities of each protein give the researchers \" unique control \" over the resulting organic transistor, allowing adjustments for conductivity, memory storage, and fluorescence among other characteristics. a new era of technology technology is now shifting from a silicon era to a carbon era, notes mentovich, and this new type of transistor could play a big role. transistors built from these proteins will be ideal for smaller, flexible devices that are made out of plastic rather than silicon, which exists in wafer form that would shatter like glass if bent. the breakthrough could lead to a new range of flexible technologies, such as screens, cell phones and tablets, biosensors, and microprocessor chips. just as significant, because the researchers are using natural proteins to build their transistor, the products they create will be biodegradable. it ' s a far more environmentally friendly technology that addresses the growing problem of electronic waste, which is overflowing landfills worldwide. for more technology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5535345586190783, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c596c057-38a1-4dd3-905f-26840cbc9f80>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.450469"}
{"text": "climate change may lead to fewer - - but more violent - - thunderstorms tuesday, july 10, 2012 number of flash floods and forest fires could increase with temperature, says tau researcher researchers are working to identify exactly how a changing climate will impact specific elements of weather, such as clouds, rainfall, and lightning. a tel aviv university researcher has predicted that for every one degree celsius of warming, there will be approximately a 10 percent increase in lightning activity. this could have negative consequences in the form of flash floods, wild fires, or damage to power lines and other infrastructure, says prof. colin price, head of the department of geophysics, atmospheric and planetary sciences at tel aviv university. in an ongoing project to determine the impact of climate change on the world ' s lightning and thunderstorm patterns, he and his colleagues have run computer climate models and studied real - life examples of climate change, such as the el nino cycle in indonesia and southeast asia, to determine how changing weather conditions impact storms. an increase in lightning activity will have particular impact in areas that become warmer and drier as global warming progresses, including the mediterranean and the southern united states, according to the 2007 united nations report on climate change. this research has been reported in the journal of geophysical research and atmospheric research, and has been presented at the international conference on lightning protection. from the computer screen to the real world when running their state - of - the - art computer models, prof. price and his fellow researchers assess climate conditions in a variety of real environments. first, the models are run with current atmospheric conditions to see how accurately they are able to depict the frequency and severity of thunderstorms and lightning in today ' s environment. then, the researchers input changes to the model atmosphere, including the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ( a major cause of global warming ) to see how storms are impacted. to test the lightning activity findings, prof. price compared their results with vastly differing real - world climates, such as dry africa and the wet amazon, and regions where climate change occurs naturally, such as indonesia and southeast asia, where el nino causes the air to become warmer and drier. the el nino phenomenon is an optimal tool for measuring the impact of climate change on storms because the climate oscillates radically between years, while everything else in the environment remains constant. \" during el nino years, which occur in the pacific ocean or basin, southeast asia gets warmer and drier. there are fewer thunderstorms, but we found fifty percent more lightning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44791575706457126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7e1cd3d-cfd1-4c46-9cf1-aa54d40e8c89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.456214"}
{"text": "radically between years, while everything else in the environment remains constant. \" during el nino years, which occur in the pacific ocean or basin, southeast asia gets warmer and drier. there are fewer thunderstorms, but we found fifty percent more lightning activity, \" says prof. price. typically, he says, we would expect drier conditions to produce less lightning. however, researchers also found that while there were fewer thunderstorms, the ones that did occur were more intense. fire and flood warning an increase in lightning and intense thunderstorms can have severe implications for the environment, says prof. price. more frequent and intense wildfires could result in parts of the us, such as the rockies, in which many fires are started by lightning. a drier environment could also lead fires to spread more widely and quickly, making them more devastating than ever before. these fires would also release far more smoke into the air than before. researchers predict fewer but more intense rainstorms in other regions, a change that could result in flash - flooding, says prof. price. in italy and spain, heavier storms are already causing increased run - off to rivers and the sea, and a lack of water being retained in groundwater and lakes. the same is true in the middle east, where small periods of intense rain are threatening already scarce water resources. for more environment and ecology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4503714265474293, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7e1cd3d-cfd1-4c46-9cf1-aa54d40e8c89>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.464830"}
{"text": "u. s. ag wary as monsanto heads to supreme court the case also is important to regenerative medicine that relies on stem cell technologies. a stem cell by definition is a cell that can self - replicate, thus the case may answer the question of whether a patentee can control progeny of a patented stem cell, according to antoinette konski, a partner with foley & lardner ' s intellectual property practice group. monsanto, a $ 13 billion behemoth in agricultural seed and chemical sales, also sees the case as much bigger than itself. \" this case really centers on the question of twenty - first century technology such as what we bring in agriculture and other companies bring for say stem cell research or nanotechnology.... and how they ' re going to be handled under principles of intellectual property law, \" said monsanto general counsel dave snively. because seeds self - replicate, creating progeny when planted, they are unlike more traditional patented products. using a computer or smartphone does not create more computers or phones. but using a seed can make new seeds. for generations all around the world, farmers have practiced the art of saving seed, holding onto some of the grain they harvest each season to plant in a subsequent season. the advent of patented biotech seeds has changed that as monsanto and rival seed developers barred farmers from seed saving, arguing that if farmers do not buy new seed each year the companies cannot recoup the millions they spend to develop the specialty seeds. transgenic crops, which splices genes from other species into plant dna, have given farmers crops that resist insects and tolerate treatments of herbicide, making killing weeds easier for farmers. the majority of u. s. corn and soybean acres are now planted with patented biotech seeds. the case before the supreme court traces its roots to 1999, when bowman decided to plant a \" second crop \" of soybeans after he harvested winter wheat from the farmstead he runs near sandborn, indiana. while he used monsanto ' s roundup ready engineered seeds for his main, or \" first \" crop, bowman said he decided to use inexpensive commodity grain that he could purchase from a local grain elevator for his \" second \" planting of soybeans in late june. yields are generally lower for late - planted soybeans because conditions tend to be more optimal in april and may. the mixture of grain bowman bought, which he dubbed \" junk, \" carried no patent technology agreement and no directive prohibiting seed saving as do the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5300907600429812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26a545c4-3820-424b-801d-2db3125470e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.479565"}
{"text": "with several of his inventions on display in the smithsonian institute, 67 patents to his name, and over 100 inventions, ben kleinerman, 91, radiates electrifying enthusiasm for improving the lives of others through his creative brainstorms - - from the quirky to the essential. if there is one thing ben kleinerman is proud of, it ' s his unique role in israel ' s victory in the 1967 six - day war. he was the principal engineer and program manager of the ka - 56 camera at fairchild camera corp. at the time, and they had just developed a brand new technology. in the underbelly of a fighter plane, this special panoramic camera was equipped with their novel infrared - enabled poromat film. an ingenious device, the advantage of this camera and its unique film was that fighter jets could do surveillance and reconnaissance missions, capturing images of the territory beneath them, instantly develop those pictures while still in the air, and then turn around and strike with amazing accuracy. prior to the ka56, the reconnaissance plane had to first land and then develop the film, giving the enemy time to re - order the airfield, replacing decoys in the positions of the real metal planes. the state of israel sat in agonizing uncertainty, surrounded by seven countries whose military power far outweighed the skimpy israeli defense forces. the state of israel sat in agonizing uncertainty, surrounded by seven countries whose military power far outweighed the skimpy israeli defense forces. brigadier general mordecai hod, commander - in - chief of the israeli air force, commandeered kleinerman ' s specialized camera, the ka56 the egyptian air force was readying itself for battle, with some planes and hundreds of decoys made out of paper mache and wood stretched out on the tarmac. israeli jets flew stealthily above, snapping infrared - sensitive pictures with their newly outfitted cameras, and within minutes correctly bombing with the short supply of bombs that they had. the successful air strike crippled the egyptian army and was a decisive factor in israel ' s miraculous victory. five days later, the war was over. \" after the war, general hod came to the united states, to our offices, to personally thank us later on, \" ben reminisces, \" but i was already in texas, working on the mars orbiter and voyager, so i wasn ' t there to get his thanks in person. \" ben invented the forerunner of today ' s electric toothbrush -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5105009809084663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4130ef97-2592-443d-bc92-8b9caf9f5ee9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.490697"}
{"text": "\" ben reminisces, \" but i was already in texas, working on the mars orbiter and voyager, so i wasn ' t there to get his thanks in person. \" ben invented the forerunner of today ' s electric toothbrush - - only critics said it was the most ridiculous and useless thing they ' d ever seen! if you remember the inconvenient days of single - use flashbulbs, you can thank ben kleinerman for putting you out of your photographic misery. he produced the first rechargeable flashbulb, the technology as used today. ben also invented a precursor for today ' s mega - million success story, skype. ben also invented a precursor for today ' s mega - million success story, skype ; telescan is a conventional telephone with a screen that allows you to watch your buddy shmooze with you. but again, the idea was shot down as rubbish by everyone except perhaps some fire and police departments and a few banks, who thought they might rustle up a small use for it. \" one day i got a letter from the smithsonian institute. they said they wanted me to send them some of my prototypes to display and they sent me some empty boxes to pack them into. we packed up some of my inventions, drove down, and the people at the smithsonian were very nice and hospitable. \" his works are still there. there ' s the transitape, the world ' s first fully portable, battery operated, all - transistor, 2 - speed tape recorder. transitape was selected as one of the greatest inventions of the past 50 years and was exhibited at the cooper - hewitt museum in nyc, sharing the spotlight with period greats such as the washing machine, wonder bread, and fdr, honored for social security. the cinesone is another classic, taking the technology of home - movie reels to new heights by giving it a voice. before the cinesone emerged on the scene, silent movies were the order of the day. now, voice could accompany the moving picture, a radical and welcome upgrade. the cinesone ' s debut model was ben ' s oldest daughter, kay, whose first birthday party is eternally preserved and on view at the smithsonian institute for visitors to marvel at - - a 400 - foot, 16 mm tape reel filled with ten minutes of birthday scenery, mankind ' s first ever audio - visual home presentation! in 1964, he created an ekg machine so lightweight and portable that it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49412637102045953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4130ef97-2592-443d-bc92-8b9caf9f5ee9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.492050"}
{"text": "visitors to marvel at - - a 400 - foot, 16 mm tape reel filled with ten minutes of birthday scenery, mankind ' s first ever audio - visual home presentation! in 1964, he created an ekg machine so lightweight and portable that it was the size of a king pack of cigarettes, effectively replacing the bulky machines carried by doctors who made home visits, as was the style of the day. the cardio - sensor didn ' t give a printable readout ; instead, it was a cardiograph which allowed doctors to interpret a patient ' s pqrst heartbeat curve to quickly diagnose a problem. when the cardio - sensor device hit the market, the cities of new york and atlanta immediately purchased hundreds. in the shadow of the cold war, city officials, worried about a russian nuclear attack, wanted to be prepared for the grisly prospect of doctors arriving on the scene of catastrophe, urgently needing to differentiate between victims who were still alive and those who had already died. with generals clark and eisenhower eastman kodak worked with him to develop a patent that would make magnetic soundtracks unalterable, thereby preventing nefarious re - recordings. \" while john f. kennedy was in office, we took a speech of his, recorded it as magnetic sound on 16mm film. kennedy had said, ' we will never bomb and attack cuba. ' the way the magnetic soundtrack works, it was very easy for someone to change his words to say, ' we will bomb and attack cuba. ' the apparatus detected the erased word ' never. we showed the world what could happen. \" next time you watch the weather channel, you ' ll see another ben kleinerman original, \" the green screen, \" built by federal manufacturing and engineering for cbs as a background projection system. ben also worked for years in the thrust and tailwind of world war ii as personal field photographer of generals clark and eisenhower, following them around italy and austria and capturing the minutiae of their lives. he rubbed shoulders with the rich and famous in his capacity as army photographer, an insider at all diplomatic events. \" i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. \" \" i was assigned to general clark for almost four years and i was with him every day of the week. and while clark was away, i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. \" while courting his wife, ben brought her to the pentagon to see his handiwork ; she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5071077215646769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4130ef97-2592-443d-bc92-8b9caf9f5ee9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.493153"}
{"text": "of the week. and while clark was away, i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. \" while courting his wife, ben brought her to the pentagon to see his handiwork ; she was duly impressed. they were shown thousands of official photos take by ben. in the circular room there was a selection of larger photos. along with joe rosenthal ' s famous photo of the flag raising at iwo jima, there was ben ' s photo of hitler ' s coffee table at the eagle ' s nest being signed by general eisenhower and seven other generals. all in the family life hasn ' t been easy for ben kleinerman. in 1981, he was stricken with guillain barre disease, similar in nature to polio. while many victims die from the illness, ben ' s lungs were not affected but he experienced total paralysis and could only move his eyelid. for seven months, he didn ' t move and he communicated with his family through his left eyelid. but he never complained. ben ' s son, gavriel ( gil ) built a piezo - electric device \u2013 a pressure - sensitive pointer that enabled ben to signal once his left thumb began functioning - - which the hospital permitted for ben ' s use. ( ben ' s dependence on oxygen meant no spark - producing devices allowed. ) ben made a substantial recovery and hasn ' t looked back since his illness. his prolific patents, though nurtured with plenty of love and effort, pale in comparison to his true love - - his three children, kay, gavriel, and janie, and his wife of 63 years, margery, who shares his passion for inventions. \" i ' ve always tried to get my wife involved in my inventing - - so many things are her ideas. she gives me a lot of inspiration. \" ben feels he has truly made his mark on the world and takes great pleasure in his work, especially in the inexplicable brilliance of divine providence that can only be detected many years later. case in point : ben ' s son gavriel, executive vice president of aish hatorah, jerusalem, sits in an office that overlooks the western wall that was liberated in 1967 with the help of his father ' s technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.525974074098021, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4130ef97-2592-443d-bc92-8b9caf9f5ee9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.494246"}
{"text": "bikinis are thriving but lebanon ' s sea turtles are no longer on the beach the number of sea turtle nests laid on the tyre coast nature reserve dropped by half from about ten to just five this year, raising concerns among conservationists that the threatened animals may be losing the battle for survival. reserve director hassan hamza described this nesting season as \u201c weak, \u201d but added that the small number of nests does not necessarily indicate a severe drop in population. he explained that the turtles \u2019 normal breeding cycle is one to two years, resulting in peak and off - peak years. two endangered species \u2013 the loggerhead sea turtle ( caretta caretta ), and the green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) \u2013 lay their eggs on lebanon \u2019 s beaches. last summer, a number of sea turtles died on tyre \u2019 s shores due to pollution and problems arising from litter. a decrease in the population could lead to an imbalance in the marine ecosystem. nesting season usually lasts from may to october, with turtles returning to the place of their birth under the cover of darkness to dig a hole in the sand in which to lay their eggs. when the young turtles hatch, they head instinctively towards the sea, but can be fatally distracted by bright lights and noise. because the nests are beset by many dangers, a specialized team from the reserve continuously combs the beach to locate the nests, count them, observe them and protect them from human and animal attacks by fencing them in. collecting sea turtle eggs was reportedly quite profitable when soldiers from the island of fiji served as part of the un interim force in lebanon ( unifil ) until 2000. some residents of tyre \u2019 s coastal areas would collect sea turtle eggs \u2013 considered the most famous fijian dish \u2013 and take them to their headquarters on the coast of qlaili where the soldiers would pay exorbitant amounts of money for them. to protect the eggs and guarantee easy movement for the turtles, the nature reserve management has struck agreements with resort owners along the coastline to protect nesting areas during breeding season. scientists from italy collaborated with the reserve to organize lectures for local scientists, to raise awareness and provide guidance about the turtles \u2019 value to the ecosystem and the need to protect them. these lectures stressed the importance of not polluting the sea and reducing light and noise in areas where turtles nest. the reserve also spearheaded an awareness program for fishermen stressing the importance of keeping the sea clean and not throwing away oil or nylon bags that resemble turtles \u2019 natural prey, jellyfish, and can end up choking the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3851651444824136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0767da7-f557-45a7-af0b-04169516b443>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.498136"}
{"text": "dr. girish paniker, director of conservation research, school of areas, was among 3, 000 scientists, professionals, educators, and students to participate in the 2010 international annual meetings of american society of agronomy ( asa ), crop science society of america ( cssa ), and soil science society of america ( sssa ) held october 31 - november 3, 2010, in long beach, california. the theme of this meeting was \u201c green revolution 2. 0 : food + energy and environmental security \u201d. dr. panicker presented the results of his four - year research project on carbon buildup, nutrient management, and prevention of climate change and soil erosion, which is a major conservation issue on about 50 % of u. s. croplands. the paper, titled \u201c rotation of horticultural crops on no - till and conventional plots and buildup of carbon and plant nutrients \u201d was co - authored by dr. franklin chukwuma, off - campus centers coordinator for the asu extension program. the research findings of this project ( funded by the usda and to be completed in october 2011 ) contain highly valuable information on no - till horticultural crop production, and carbon and plant nutrients buildup. the information is useful for erosion prediction, nutrient management, and conservation planning on horticultural lands. \u201c the results show that climatic conditions of the southeast region allow one spring crop of sweet corn, two summer crops of watermelon, and a winter cover of hairy vetch to be successfully raised on the same plot within one year, \u201d stated dr. panicker. \u201c the technique developed is useful for residents who have plots. they can grow these four crops in one year in their backyards without having any farm machinery and even without a push mower. the crops can even be raised by elderly residents since no tilling is involved. \u201d because of the utmost importance of the research, the presentation was selected by the american society of agronomy for online publication. it also covers the carbon / nitrogen ratio and residue management techniques for 36 horticultural crops, which are the major research components alcorn has developed for the usda / nrcs and usda / ars. over five million dollars have been invested in this project in the last 18 years. \" alcorn is the only university that has done this research work on horticultural crops, and the information collected is being disseminated through the web sites of asu, the national soil erosion research lab, purdue university ( indiana ), and the national plant data center, baton rouge, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4721002366664627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90ca4373-0c20-48e1-9e35-1627fa8eee08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.502996"}
{"text": "the forgotten man : a new history of the great depression by amity shlaes challenging conventional history, amity shlaes offers a striking reinterpretation of the great depression that devastated america in the early part... show synopsis challenging conventional history, amity shlaes offers a striking reinterpretation of the great depression that devastated america in the early part of the twentieth century. she shows how both presidents hoover and roosevelt failed to understand the prosperity of the 1920s and heaped massive burdens on the country that more than offset the benefit of new deal programs. from 1929 to 1940, federal intervention helped to make the depression great by forgetting the men and women who sought to help themselves. in this illuminating work of history, shlaes follows the struggles of those now forgotten people, from a family of butchers in brooklyn who dealt a stunning blow to the new deal, to bill w., who founded alcoholics anonymous, and father divine, a black cult leader. she takes a fresh look at the great scapegoats of the period, from andrew mellon to sam insull of chicago. finally, she traces the mounting agony of the new dealers themselves. authoritative, original, and utterly engrossing, the forgotten man reveals how those dark years shaped both current political challenges and the strong national character that helps americans to confront them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4316969270671741, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54a00bdd-649a-47b5-b41c-a863fabe9991>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.504854"}
{"text": "by : ansar raza structure of sggs sri guru granth sahib ( sggs ) is the most respected and sacred book of the sikhs. it contains 5894 hymns, called shabads, composed in 18 ragas ( musical patterns ). out of these 5894 hymns, 976 are by guru nanak ; 61 by guru angad ; 907 by guru amardas ; 679 by guru ramdas ; 2216 by guru arjan ; 118 by guru tegh bahadur ; and 937 by the 15bhagats and bards. the 1430 pages of sggs are divided into 33 sections. the first section consists of three prayers : japji \u2014 the morning prayer ; sodar \u2013 the evening prayer ; and sohela \u2013 the bedtime prayer. the next section is composed of the bani of gurus and bhagats. almost every verse of bani of each sikh guru ends with the pen name of \u2018 nanak \u2019 as the author, whether it was composed by guru nanak himself or by the other sikh gurus who succeeded him. this was designed by guru arjan, for presenting oneness in the authorship of all the sikh gurus and oneness in the whole philosophy of guru nanak under the pen name of \u2018 nanak \u2019. nevertheless, the identity of the contributing guru is specified under their succession number to guru nanak. each part is called mahla by guru arjan. thus, the contribution of guru nanak is identified as mahla 1 as he is the founder of sikhism ; the verse of the second guru, angad, is identified as mahla 2 as he is the second in succession to guru nanak ; the verse of the third guru, amardas, is identified as mahla 3 ; and so on. this system has been followed consistently throughout the main text of the sggs. bhagat bani section contains the bani of 13 bhagats ( devotees ) namely kabir, farid, namdev, ravidas, trilochan, beni, dhana, jaidev, sain, pipa, sadhana, ramanand, and parmanand ; 4 sants namely bhikhan, surdas, and sundar. these bhagats were involved in the bhagti movement in the medieval india. they revolted against the malpractices in various religions of india. the swayiae of bhatts are grouped together under one section in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4526368457759922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.522940"}
{"text": "\u2018 dasam granth \u2019 and \u2018 sarab - loh granth \u2019. the later, containing belligerent teachings incited sikhs to fight against moguls. it was kept strictly secret by akali nihang sikhs. near the end of his life, guru gobind singh ended the line of human gurus by investing the sggs with the status of eternal guru and his official successor. it is narrated that before his death, guru nanak passed on his writings and the collected compositions of the saints to one of his disciples and successor guru angad, earlier known as \u2018 lehna \u2019, who in turn passed on the collection along with his own compositions to guru amar das the third guru. the latter added his compositions to the collection. guru amar das had two sons mohan and mohri and a daughter bibi bhani. being the elder son baba mohan aspired to succeed his father as the fourth guru. however guru amar das thought otherwise and nominated his son - in - law, bhai jetha, to be the fourth guru and called him \u201c ram das. \u201d baba mohan seems to have sensed this in advance and was jealous of bhai jetha. it is believed that he laid his hands on the collected compositions including those of his father. they were not made available to guru amar das for handing over to the fourth guru on transfer of guruship. these collections are called mohan pothis. when guru arjun was appointed as the fifth guru, he only had the compositions of his father, his own and those of the saints which were presented to him. when he decided to compile the granth, he needed the writings of the first three gurus and saints which were with baba mohan. he sent baba buddha and bhai gurdas, one after the other, to request baba mohan to hand over the books, but they returned empty handed. it is narrated that guru arjun then personally went to baba mohan and recited a shabad praising mohan who lived in a tall house. baba mohan was moved to hear the hymn. he came downstairs with the pothis ( manuscripts ) and presented them to the guru. however, prof. devinder singh chahal, phd, in his article \u201c aad guru granth sahib \u2014 fallacies and facts \u201d, refutes this story as fabricated. he is of the view that these pothis were already with guru arjun and the shabad attributed to him is in praise of god and not for baba mohan. in continuation of the above story, it is narrated in sikh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43029158238560883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.525413"}
{"text": "pieces of verse had \u201c nanak \u201d at the end. meharban added his own poetry to the original verses of the first four gurus under nanak \u2019 s name and created a granth. \u201d different versions of sggs ( birs ) regarding different \u2018 birs \u2019 ( manuscripts ) of sggs mohinder singh, director, national institute of punjab studies, bhai vir singh sahitya sadan, new delhi, writes in his article conserving guru granth sahib manuscripts : \u201c since printing or any other mode of making copies of the scripture were not available in those days, making handwritten copies of the bir was considered an act of religious merit. devotees spent months together in copying the birs neatly for the benefit of the congregations. however, a survey of some of the rare guru granth sahib birs pertaining to seventeenth and eighteenth century shows that in spite of guru \u2019 s disapproval of the bir copied by bhai bano, some of the devotees also made its copies along with the kartarpuri bir. since the original kartarpuri bir was not given to guru tegh bahadur by the guru \u2019 s rivals, dheermal and his supporters, the tenth guru, gobind singh had to prepare another version of the guru granth sahib, popularly known as the damdami bir, which also included a few hymns of his father guru tegh bahadur. it is this version of the granth that provides the authentic text of the printed guru granth sahib. the first serious attempt at locating and cataloguing rare guru granth sahib manuscripts was made by sardar g. b. singh, a high ranking official of the indian post and telegraph department. as an outcome of it, he published a book called, sri guru granth sahib dian prachin biran, popularly known as prachin biran ( rare manuscripts ). in his preface to the book, g. b. singh writes that he became interested in the study of rare guru granth sahib manuscripts when the sikh sangat of dhaka presented him with some rare hukamnamas of guru teghbahadur during his visit to that place in 1915 a. d. during his long tenure in the postal service, he tried to locate and study some more rare guru granth sahib birs while travelling to different parts of india. since facilities like photocopying, microfilming or digitization were not available then, g. b. singh took exhaustive notes himself. whenever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46799218862412434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.528495"}
{"text": "and study some more rare guru granth sahib birs while travelling to different parts of india. since facilities like photocopying, microfilming or digitization were not available then, g. b. singh took exhaustive notes himself. whenever he found any writings in these manuscripts in the hand of the gurus, he tried to make their copies faithfully by using the tracing paper and has reproduced these rare writings in his book referred to above. in the second part of his book, g. b. singh mentions the rare manuscripts that he was able to go through during his research. these include rare manuscripts such as the kartarpuri bir, the damdami bir, bhai bano bir, bura sandhu bir, pindi lala bir ( destroyed during the army action in the golden temple in 1984 ), dehradun bir and other rare manuscripts at agra, mirzapur, lucknow, ayodhya, allahabad, burhanpur and patna. even though the fifth guru did not approve of bhai bano \u2019 s action of copying the adi granth, it is interesting to note that the devotees kept on making its copies since the original bir, now known as kartarpuri bir, had gone into the hands of the descendents of dheermal who did not allow its access to anyone. under the circumstances, the devout sikhs were left with no option but to make copies from the bano bir which was easily available. therefore, we find many manuscripts of the bano recession. according to popular belief, the original bhai bano bir was kept with a family of bhai bano in village mangat, district gujarat ( now in pakistan ). after the partition of the country, this bir was temporarily kept in the house of one bhai mastan singh in village barot, district meerut ( u. p. ). it was here that this bir was examined by bhai randhir singh, a gurdwara inspector of the shiromani gurdwara parbandak committee. later on, this bir was installed in a gurdwara built in the memory of bhai bano in jawaharpur, kanpur. bhai vir singh sahitya sadan, new delhi, has six manuscripts of bhai bano bir pertaining to different periods. prof. devinder singh chahal, phd writes about this section of sggs : \u201c after the sloka ( ac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4268013371031814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.529724"}
{"text": "different from that spoken during the period between the 12th and 17th century when the bani was composed by bhagats and sikh gurus. although the bani was composed and written in the language spoken by the then people, with the time it has become very difficult to understand and interpret it now. therefore, knowledge of old languages and their grammars is essential to understand the gurbani in its entirety and originality. \u201d reverence of sggs by sikhs guru arjun directed that during daytime the holy book should remain in the harimandir and by night, after, sohila was read, it should be taken to the room he had built for himself. as evening advanced, bhai buddha recited sohila and made the concluding ardas or supplication. the granth sahib was closed and wrapped in silks. bhai buddha held it on his head and marched towards the chamber indicated by guru arjun. the guru led the congregation singing hymns. the granth sahib was placed on the appointed seat, and the guru slept on the ground by its side. daily, in the morning, the holy book is taken out in state to the harimandir and brought by night to rest in the room marked for it by guru arjun. the practice continues to this day. but the volume is not the same. that original copy was taken to kartarpur when guru arjun \u2019 s successor, guru hargobind, left amritsar in 1634. there it passed into the possession of his grandson, dhir - mall. it has since remained in that family. some sikh scholars criticize this practice. prof. devinder singh chahal, phd writes about the reverence of sggs by sikhs : \u201c one of the reasons has been explained by dr gopal singh that due to improper understanding of \u2018 sabd \u2019 ( guru \u2019 s word ) the granth started to be worshipped more than read, uttered as a magical formula or a mantram for secular benefits. now in almost all the gurdwaras in the world, whether they are under the shiromani gurdwara parbandhak committee ( sgpc ), amritsar or any other organization, the aad guru granth sahib ( aggs ) is treated almost as an idol. however, the idol worship is condemned in nanakian philosophy. moreover, i was surprised to note, when i was casually glancing through \u201c the cambridge factfinder \u201d, which says under the subheading of \u2018 beliefs in sikhism \u2019 as : \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44203306758803085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.536285"}
{"text": "however, the idol worship is condemned in nanakian philosophy. moreover, i was surprised to note, when i was casually glancing through \u201c the cambridge factfinder \u201d, which says under the subheading of \u2018 beliefs in sikhism \u2019 as : \u201c worship of the adi granth \u201d as one of the beliefs [ 11 - p 411 ]. it appears that such is the impression about sikhism in the printed literature. \u201d he further writes : \u201c the irony is that the sikhs are following the historical information in which the \u2018 sabd guru \u2019 has been successively changed to \u2018 granth guru \u2019 to \u2018 visible body of the guru \u2019 to \u2018 darshan guru \u2019. consequently, the sikhs started to pay more and more attention to ritualistic aspects to the \u2018 granth guru \u2019 than on the deliberation on the philosophy given in the \u2018 sabd guru \u2019 \u2026 guru nanak \u2019 s observation that there would be very few sikhs, who will deliberate on the bani / sabd to be called as gurumukh, is so true today as it was then at the time of guru nanak. there are many ( apparent ) gurumukhs, but rare are those who understand the bani in its real perspective. therefore, guru nanak thought it necessary to emphasize the importance of listening, understanding, practicing the philosophy embodied in the bani ( stanzas # 8 - 15 of jap ) guru amardas also noticed that many sikhs used to come to have his darshan ( just to visit the guru to see / meet him ) but were not interested to listen to his philosophy : all the humans of the world desire to behold the true guru1. one does not get salvation by merely seeing ( the true guru1 ), unless one deliberates / contemplates on his sabd ( word ). aggs. m. 3, pg. 594. guru amardas clearly means that it is the \u2018 sabd \u2019 that is the \u2018 guru \u2019 not the human body as the \u2018 guru \u2019. the same situation is seen today when most of sikhs visit the gurdwara just at the time of bhog, paying their respect to the aad guru granth sahib for a few minutes then go to langar hall. \u2026 since the granth has been declared as guru more and more attention is being paid to treat it as an idol and to have its darshan ( seeing ). moreover, continuous recitation of the aggs ( akhand paath ) is considered a mantram for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4349631493064603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63627f15-1fdd-4ee3-8c7c-eaa5094454c6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.538324"}
{"text": "god ' s creatures ministry by richard h. schwartz, ph. d. november 6, 2006 not only do animals benefit from our compassion and concern - we, too, benefit by becoming more sensitive and more humane, as jews and people. jewish worshipers chant every sabbath morning, \" the soul of every living being shall praise god ' s name \" ( nishmat kol chai tva ' rech et shim ' chah ). yet, some come to synagogue during the winter months wearing coats that required the cruel treatment of some of those living beings whose souls praise god. to decide whether the use of fur is a significant jewish issue, we should consider several related questions : judaism and animals judaism has beautiful and powerful teachings with regard to showing compassion to animals. the following are a few examples : moses and king david were considered worthy to be leaders of the jewish people because of their compassionate treatment of animals, when they were shepherds. rebecca was judged suitable to be a wife of the patriarch isaac because of her kindness in watering the ten camels of eliezer, abraham ' s servant. rabbi yehuda the prince, the redactor of the mishna, was punished for many years at the hand of heaven for speaking callously to a calf being led to slaughter who sought refuge beside him. many torah laws mandate proper treatment of animals. one may not muzzle an ox while it is working in the field nor yoke a strong and a weak animal together. animals, as well as their masters, are meant to rest on the sabbath day. the importance of this concept is indicated by the fact that it is mentioned in the ten commandments and on every sabbath morning as part of the kiddush ceremony. the psalmist indicates god ' s concern for animals, stating that \" his compassion is over all of his creatures \" ( psalm 145 : 9 ). and there is a mitzvah ( precept ) in the torah to emulate the divine compassion, as it is written : \" and you shall walk in his ways \" ( deuteronomy 28 : 9 ). perhaps the jewish attitude toward animals is best expressed by proverbs 12 : 10 : \" the righteous person considers the soul ( life ) of his or her animal. \" the torah prohibits jews from causing tsa ' ar ba ' alei chayim, any unnecessary pain, including psychological pain, to living creatures. rabbi samson raphael hirsch, an outstanding 19th century philosopher, author, and torah commentator, eloquently summarizes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46297154564396487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19eb04c0-e390-4c0f-8431-367c96ca3c91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.553350"}
{"text": "from causing tsa ' ar ba ' alei chayim, any unnecessary pain, including psychological pain, to living creatures. rabbi samson raphael hirsch, an outstanding 19th century philosopher, author, and torah commentator, eloquently summarizes the jewish view on treatment of animals : the pain of fur - bearing animals fur is obtained from animals who are either trapped or raised on ranches. both involve treatment of animals that appears to be far from the jewish teachings that have been previously discussed : animals caught in steel - jaw leg hold traps suffer slow, agonizing deaths. some are attacked by predators, freeze to death, or chew off their own legs to escape. it has been said that one can get a \" feel for fur \" by slamming your fingers in a car door. a canadian wildlife service report gives an idea of the terror that trapped animals face and their efforts to escape : over 100 million wild animals are killed for their pelts every year. many species of animals killed for their furs have become endangered or have disappeared completely from some localities. millions of animals not wanted by trappers, including dogs, cats, and birds, die in traps annually and are discarded as \" trash animals. \" many trapped animals leave behind dependent offspring who are doomed to starvation. treatment of animals raised on \" fur ranches \" is also extremely cruel. confined to lifelong confinement, millions of foxes, beavers, minks, ocelots, rabbits, chinchillas, and other animals await extinction nothing to do, little room to move, and all their natural instincts thwarted. the animals are simply a means to the maximizing of production and profit, and there is no regard for their physical, mental, or emotional well being. because of the enforced confinement and lack of privacy, naturally wild animals often exhibit neurotic behaviors such as compulsive movements and self mutilation. the animals finally suffer hideous deaths by electrocution by rods thrust up their anuses, by suffocation, by poisoning, which causes painful muscle cramping, or by having their necks broken. according to the international society for animal rights, inc., to make one fur garment requires 400 squirrels ; 240 ermine ; 200 chinchillas ; 120 muskrats ; 80 sables ; 50 martens ; 30 raccoons ; 22 bobcats ; 12 lynx ; or 5 wolves. is fur necessary? judaism puts human beings on a higher level than animals and indicates that animals may be harmed and even killed if an essential human need is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4998547408464947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19eb04c0-e390-4c0f-8431-367c96ca3c91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.554940"}
{"text": "50 martens ; 30 raccoons ; 22 bobcats ; 12 lynx ; or 5 wolves. is fur necessary? judaism puts human beings on a higher level than animals and indicates that animals may be harmed and even killed if an essential human need is met. however, is the wearing of fur truly necessary for people to stay warm during wintry weather? there are many non - fur coats and hats, available in a variety of styles, that provide much warmth. imitation fur is produced at such a high level of quality that even among chasidim there is a small but growing trend to wear synthetic \" shtreimlach \" ( fur - trimmed hats ). based on the prohibition of tsa ' ar ba ' alei chayim, rabbi chaim dovid halevy, sephardic chief rabbi of tel aviv issued a p ' sak ( rabbinic ruling ) in march, 1992, indicating that jews should not wear fur. rabbi halevy asked : \" why should people be allowed to kill animals if it is not necessary, simply because they desire the pleasure of having the beauty and warmth of fur coats? is it not possible to achieve the same degree of warmth without fur? \" in his book, the jewish encyclopedia of moral and ethical issues, rabbi nachum amsel, a modern israeli educator, states : \" if the only reason a person wears the fur coat is to \" show off \" one ' s wealth or to be a mere fashion statement, that would be considered to be a frivolous and not a legitimate need. \" rabbi amsel also points out that hunting for sport is prohibited because it is not considered a legitimate need ( avodah zarah 18b ). the talmud teaches that jews are \" rachamanim b ' nei rachamanim, \" compassionate children of compassionate ancestors ( beitza 32b ). one has to wonder if the wearing of fur is consistent with that challenging mandate. are the words of isaiah valid today if we fail to show compassion to animals? even though you make many prayers, i will not listen. your hands are full of blood. ( isaiah 1 : 12 - 15 ) what kind of lesson in jewish values are young people getting when they see worshippers coming to synagogue in fur coats on the sabbath day? not only do animals benefit from our compassion and concern - - we, too, benefit by becoming more sensitive and more humane, as jews and civilized human beings. return to articles your comments are welcome fair use notice : this document may contain copyright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4472325171763649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19eb04c0-e390-4c0f-8431-367c96ca3c91>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.556302"}
{"text": "day? not only do animals benefit from our compassion and concern - - we, too, benefit by becoming more sensitive and more humane, as jews and civilized human beings. return to articles your comments are welcome fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. god ' s creatures ministry is committed to spreading god ' s compassion to all he has made based on the scriptures. although we are a christian ministry, we encourage all to have their own animal welfare committee in their community. we extend our resources to those who would like to learn more or begin their own god ' s creatures ministry as an extension of us. god created us to have a vegetarian diet and commissioned us to protect his animals. instead, we have exploited them for our entertainment, fashion, appetite and useless, torturous research. these creatures have the right to live as they were created to live. because we live in this world, but are not of this world, we strive to bring god ' s mercy and justice to all. we live in god ' s kingdom now where jesus, the sacrificial lamb, the prince of peace, the lion of judah reigns. we look forward to that day when all of creation will be ' set free from slavery to corruption and share in the glorious freedom of the children of god ' ( romans 8 : 21 ) where a little child will lead and guide god ' s creatures ( see isaiah 11 : 5 - 9 ). this site is hosted and maintained by : the mary t. and frank l. hoffman family foundation thank you for visiting all - creatures. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533304123242252, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19eb04c0-e390-4c0f-8431-367c96ca3c91>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.557290"}
{"text": "april 1957 | volume 8, issue 3 five successive benjamin harrisons created a private empire of tobacco and trade and a great virginia plantation one of the very first plantations settled in the new world, berkeley evolved out of the wilderness to become the demesne of the harrisons \u2014 presidents of the united states, governors of virginia, a signer of the declaration of independence, and an ancestor of robert k. lee. the harrisons helped shape their immediate region into one of the most powerful and fabled sections of virginia. their home place sat between the westover of william byrd and the shirley of the hills and carters ; president john tyler lived nearby, and when he was william henry harrison \u2019 s vice president it was probably the only time in the country \u2019 s history that a president and vice president had grown up in the same neighborhood. both george washington and thomas jefferson came to that section for their wives, and lee \u2019 s mother was born there. the aristocratic pattern which was to characterize the old south was created in that region, and the first democratic form of government on the continent was introduced there. the men were america \u2019 s first indian fighters, first patrician grandees, and first rebels, fighting the power of england a hundred years before the successful revolution. underlying all things, they were the country \u2019 s first planters. the southern plantation seems remote today, almost legendary, intertwined with the half - romantic and half - barbarous myths of the ante - bellum south. in these myths of the slaveholding south, the plantation seems always to have existed in some perpetual and semi - tropical feudalism, where time ceased in the slumberous heat, the seasons never changed, and the cast of characters in the white - columned mansions, identical on each plantation, were as impervious to the mutations of life as the characters in a familiar play. the protagonist was always old massa. ridden with debts and vice and high personal honor, always booted and spurred, with a whip in one hand and julep in the other, this highborn and arrogant wastrel kept a harem of mulattoes, a stable of blooded horses ( on which he repeatedly ruined himself by betting ), and, when he wasn \u2019 t out duelling under the live oaks, he was entertaining friends with prodigal lavishness. actually, for this composite image, many gentlemen in the south would contribute aspects to the whole. some were debt - ridden ( as william byrd iii ), some were always booted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42490370235452357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.596329"}
{"text": "live oaks, he was entertaining friends with prodigal lavishness. actually, for this composite image, many gentlemen in the south would contribute aspects to the whole. some were debt - ridden ( as william byrd iii ), some were always booted and spurred ( as john randolph even in the halls of congress ), some were addicted to drink and some to horse racing ( as president andrew jackson ), some were impoverished by hospitality ( as thomas jefferson ), and some had negro mistresses ( or there would be no mulattoes ). certainly all held a high sense of personal honor, and duelling in protection of personal honor was an established custom, though actual duels were few. but plantations were neither developed nor maintained by men who embodied all these traits or only these traits. they were built by men who, with whatever weaknesses of the flesh, combined the qualities which have made for success throughout the ages - ambition and energy, self - discipline and resourcefulness, and the power to conceive boldly. stripped of romantic connotations, the plantation was both a large - scale agricultural operation and a commercial center. in virginia, where plantations were first established, the money crop was tobacco. for this operation, the virgin forests were cleared, the seeds planted, the plants tended, the leaves cut, stripped, and hung ; then packed into hogsheads made on the place and shipped to england from the private wharf. besides marketing their own crops, the big plantation owners bought tobacco from the small planters, shipped it for export and brought in english goods beyond their own needs, which they handled as importers. in addition to tobacco, the planter raised food for his own people, who might number as many as 1, 000. some river plantations baked hard biscuits which they sold to ships \u2019 crews, as on the plantation of the berkeley harrisons \u2019 kinsmen. artisans made the clothes from cotton and wool, tanned hides, built the outbuildings and sometimes boats, as at berkeley hundred. kroni their sawmills the planter sold planks and clapboards to england. the plantation master was also responsible for every detail in the total group life of his microcosmic world : he represented law and order, the church, and the courts. the mayor, judge, sheriff, and preacher combined would not be so powerful as he. in combination with other planters, he formed the ruling bodies of his immediate country, and his state ; and from their ruling class the planters sent their own chosen representatives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4248287737337491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.597422"}
{"text": ", judge, sheriff, and preacher combined would not be so powerful as he. in combination with other planters, he formed the ruling bodies of his immediate country, and his state ; and from their ruling class the planters sent their own chosen representatives to london or, later, washington. if you accused the planter of not being democratic, he would look at you in surprise and say, \u201c of course not. i am an aristocrat. \u201d for all his aristocratic manner and belief, however, the planter was not the firstcomer to tidewater virginia ; others had preceded him. first to come and settle jamestown in 1607 were 105 \u201c gentlemen \u201d and \u201c men of the common sorte, \u201d picaresque characters all, all of them in search of gold and adventure. led by the resolute john smith, they found nothing of the former and rather more of the latter than they had bargained for, together with disease, starvation, and danger from powhatan \u2019 s powerful indians. successive waves of adventurers, some stockholders in the virginia company, many indentured to pay their passage, made up the depleted ranks, but virginia did not even begin to show signs of lasting until a sturdier breed arrived, of whom john rolfe is a good example. rolfe made himself a romantic place in history by marrying powhatan \u2019 s tempestuous daughter pocahontas, but a more significant one by experimenting with tobacco, which turned out in the end to be the real wealth of the new el dorado. soon, maintaining an uneasy peace with the remarkable indian leader, the colony spread out beyond the palisaded fort at jamestown, and small holdings spread up the lazy james river, which became a sort of watery main street for the colonists. now appeared in 1619 a boatload of indentured wives, sturdy but anonymous ladies from whom, apparently, no one in virginia is today descended, but a welcome sign of permanence in their own time. and there was established this same year a kind of popular government, the house of burgesses. this self - governing body would give england trouble later, but no more, certainly, than was foreshadowed for this new land by the arrival, also in the notable year 1619, of a shipload of black slaves from africa. it was in 1619 that berkeley hundred was founded as a private venture by a small group of english investors, headed by one john smythe, esq., of nibley. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3938726288822617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.598452"}
{"text": "1619, of a shipload of black slaves from africa. it was in 1619 that berkeley hundred was founded as a private venture by a small group of english investors, headed by one john smythe, esq., of nibley. to stave off failure, the virginia company had begun chartering settlements known as \u201c hundreds \u201d ( either because a hundred acres was the basic grant for a share of stock or because 100 was the ideal number of settlers ). at berkeley, 38 settlers arrived after two and a half months on the ship margaret, to build their settlement on a tract of 8, 000 acres, stretching for three miles along the north bank of the james river. the next spring found the colonists living in split - log houses and experimenting with mulberry trees for silk and grape vines for wine, as well as with tobacco, while the english backers impatiently waited for the colony to become self - supporting. at this and neighboring hundreds, though the dream had shifted from gold to tobacco, the methods had not been discovered for the big killing. probably the british financiers would never have discovered the way to colonial riches. as it happened, they were not given the opportunity. the blow from which the virginia company and its proprietors never recovered occurred on good friday morning, march 22, 1622. by then the great powhatan had died, and his brother, ferocious opechancanough ( opie - can - canoe ) did not feel bound to the truce. with the kind of wiliness that used to be associated only with the savage, he encouraged the whites to believe in the indians \u2019 friendship until he had them set up, off guard, for the stroke designed to annihilate the colony. at breakfast time, at practically every holding in virginia, groups of friendly indians drifted in without weapons. at berkeley hundred they were received warmly and invited to sit down in the assembly hall for a breakfast of gruel. no white man or woman saw a signal given, but as if by some group impulse, the unarmed indians suddenly snatched up the muskets which the unsuspecting settlers had propped in corners. the men fought hard for their lives but the records list eleven berkeley settlers as \u201c slayne. \u201d many of the plantations were virtually wiped out. small family units perished and their holdings were reclaimed by the brush. the college recently founded at the new city of henricus, south of the river, and the iron works nearby were destroyed beyond repair. only jamestown was saved. a converted indian warned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40886839955123844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.600628"}
{"text": ". small family units perished and their holdings were reclaimed by the brush. the college recently founded at the new city of henricus, south of the river, and the iron works nearby were destroyed beyond repair. only jamestown was saved. a converted indian warned an adventurer on the mainland, and this richard pace, with no poet to make a paul revere of him, rowed at daybreak to the island and saved the colony from destruction. as it was, 347 of the 1, 200 inhabitants were killed in america \u2019 s greatest massacre. stored corn was burned in the crude barns, cattle and hogs were run off, and the wholesale disaster \u2014 just when the colony seemed to have turned the corner \u2014 was more than the virginia company could absorb. james the first, impatient for gain from this genesis of empire, withdrew the charter in 1624 and made colonizing the business of the crown. with this change, the age of the yeomanry began to supersede that of the adventurer. during the age of the yeomanry, half a century long, virginia had her only approach to a classless society. her citizens, in a soundly growing colony, formed what later became the stalwart middle class. yet, even while the yeomanry enjoyed its hour, the men of the future were settling in virginia. these were people of substance who dreamed of acquiring in the new world the positions of rank and privilege pre - empted at home by kinsmen. these were the embryonic plantation masters, who came with the baronial dream. of the first benjamin harrison only the barest facts are known. he evidently arrived in virginia some time after the massacre and settled south of the james river. of somewhat more substance than the average yeoman, he did not adventure to the colony with the means of, say richard lee and some of the later large landowners. he did, however, possess at least sufficient education to become clerk of the council, he enjoyed sufficient standing in his locale to he elected to the house of burgesses, and he laid the foundation on which his family was to rise into the ruling class. the year following his occupancy of the clerk \u2019 s job harrison bought 200 acres outright \u2014 a good average holding in that day of the yeomanry \u2019 s small agricultural operations \u2014 and at an unrecorded date he married a woman whom history can only know as mary. she was illiterate, signing an x for her name, though this was typical for the times. perhaps through his salary, more than through his small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3921583819460216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.601852"}
{"text": "at an unrecorded date he married a woman whom history can only know as mary. she was illiterate, signing an x for her name, though this was typical for the times. perhaps through his salary, more than through his small holding, harrison prospered sufficiently to buy in 1643 a 500 - acre grant on the south side of the james river, across from jamestown. in 1645 his wife bore a son, and shortly after, on an unknown date and at an unknown age, this sire of presidents died. the second benjamin harrison came into the world with the arrival of the cavaliers to virginia. these elegant gentlemen, followers of the late king charles i, came to virginia as refugees from the rule of oliver cromwell. virginians, loyal to the crown and shocked at the king \u2019 s execution, welcomed the cavaliers ; the colonial governor, sir william berkeley, made them at home in his green spring estate, the first great house in the new world. the cavaliers had a graciousness of manner, and a flair for fashion, which sonic of the natives admiringly noticed, and a taste for good living that was welcomed by those long exposed to the harshness of a dangerous frontier. the second benjamin harrison \u2019 s world was influenced by these courtly cavaliers and the elegant life they lived in virginia during the harsh years of cromwell \u2019 s protectorate. but it was shaped even more decisively by the impact on virginia of the restoration of king charles ii. that irresponsible monarch, whose reign brought ease and gayety to england, brought disaster to the yeoman economy of virginia. viewing the colonies simply as a means of fattening the royal purse, charles imposed restrictions on the tobacco trade which drove prices down to a penny a pound and ruined the small growers. the big planter could by volume operate on a smaller margin of profit. to benjamin harrison ii, growing into young manhood during these dynamic changes, the pattern of the big planters determined the course of his own ambitions. in his late teens, when charles \u2019 s navigation act began to crush the small planter, harrison was, in practical terms, among the relatively small himself \u2014 except that he did not think as they thought. in any emergency for the many there is opportunity for the few. harrison was among those men, of all ages, who can turn a time of crisis into personal advantage. since profit depended on volume and volume depended on workers, he must get more workers : further, since profits from small acreage were insufficient for the purchase of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068743429425258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.602837"}
{"text": "among those men, of all ages, who can turn a time of crisis into personal advantage. since profit depended on volume and volume depended on workers, he must get more workers : further, since profits from small acreage were insufficient for the purchase of new indentures or slaves, he must find another way to cash profit. he found it in trading and began to operate a river - front store. a planter \u2019 s \u201c store \u201d was something of a combination wharf, tobacco warehouse, and importing storage house. harrison had small boats built and he plied the bark creeks to take on the tobacco hogs - heads of small planters. in london, the tobacco would be credited against goods which he imported, and from his store some of the goods would be taken by the small planters in exchange for their tobacco. some he sold for cash. he profited both from a charge on handling their tobacco and a markup on the goods. by these manipulations he established favorable credit balances with his british factor and could sell his own tobacco for cash \u2014 to buy more people and get more land. his operation would grow bigger, and he would be recognized as a planter of substance \u2014 \u201c discreet, \u201d as the coldly sagacious were called \u2014 worthy to share the honors and the burdens of the ruling group. except for the few who came well endowed to the colony, this is the way they all got to be old maassa. harrison was still a young man when the yeomanry made its last stand against the domination of the planters in the affair known as bacon \u2019 s rebellion. harrison appears to have stood outside that struggle, but two years after the rebellion was over he had done well enough to be given the profitable and honorable steppingstone of sheriff of his county. in 1680 he was sent to the house of burgesses from surry county. once in the government, harrison showed himself to be as astute a politician as he was a planter. after serving five terms over a period of eighteen years, harrison was established among the political rulers even before he was tapped for the council at 53. as councilors were the recognized royalty of virginia \u2019 s untitled nobility, benjamin harrison ii had gone as far as there was to go. he had won the top position himself in a life of steady, unobtrusive acquisition. building soundly lrom the first 500 acres, and then his river - front store, he paid quit - rent on 2, 750 acres in several working plantations, in addition to land settled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40835189813270134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.603997"}
{"text": "in a life of steady, unobtrusive acquisition. building soundly lrom the first 500 acres, and then his river - front store, he paid quit - rent on 2, 750 acres in several working plantations, in addition to land settled on his sons. though he seems to have tended less to conspicuous consumption than some of his more lavish - minded friends, he made the standard investments in silver and books and furnishings from england. he wanted of all things to do well by his children, and this he most certainly accomplished. benjamin harrison ii had married a lady named hannah, whose last name, as with his mother, has remained undiscovered by the most diligent genealogists. evidently she belonged to the class of his birth and not to the well - recorded ruling class to which her husband was striving. with her children it would be a different story. hannah harrison \u2019 s children were trained for the large responsibility \u2014 to their estate, their class, their country ( virginia ). they were born too late to remember the frontier. they matured as aristocrats with an inherited sense of privilege, a position of rule, and a dedication to sustain the existing order. one daughter married philip ludwell \u2019 s son, himself a councillor, and from their union came an ancestor of robert e. lee. another married \u201c commissary \u201d blair, commissioner of the church to virginia ( unofficial bishop, as the church never established virginia as a diocese ), founder and first president of william and mary college, and long president of the council. benjamin harrison iii married the daughter of another councillor, colonel lewis burwell, who had done extremely well in land and indenture speculation. in sterner times the purpose of training was not to postpone a child \u2019 s assumption of responsibility but to hasten it. the early growth was particularly developed on plantations. at his father \u2019 s river store \u2014 that combination of wharf, warehouse, and trading post \u2014 young ben learned his ciphering and practical balancing of books. the knowledge of planting he also acquired in the same way, by observing and doing under tutelage. he had to know how tobacco plants needed to be guarded from suckers and worms and weeds, how the tobacco stem had to be cut in a single strong stroke downward and sliced off at the bottom, how the leaves were hung and graded as they cured in the sheds, and how the sizes were arranged for packing in hogsheads. it was not intended that young harrison should ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40448068697006034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.605086"}
{"text": "in a single strong stroke downward and sliced off at the bottom, how the leaves were hung and graded as they cured in the sheds, and how the sizes were arranged for packing in hogsheads. it was not intended that young harrison should ever work in the hot fields or roll a hogshead to the boat, but he must be able to judge tobacco and know when others were working poorly. reversing the english procedure, benjamin iii, the oldest son, left the home place, and established his line of the family on the north side of the river at berkeley hundred. he might have been sensible of the ghosts of the early settlers who tried to farm those acres before the indian massacre, but the source of his attraction was that three - mile river front with a landing where \u201c the big boats could ride. \u201d when benjamin harrison iii was 27, he was given the special assignment of acting attorney general for the prosecution of criminals on trial, with the title of \u201c his majesty \u2019 s council at law. \u201d he went up very fast. within five years of his special appointment, he became treasurer of the colony, while already speaker of the house of burgesses. his berkeley hundred house was commodious and well built, but neither pretentious nor designed for the ages. around the time when william byrd ii became benjamin harrison \u2019 s neighbor, the big planters were just beginning to envision great houses as the crowning glory of their baronies. the governor \u2019 s mansion in williamsburg perhaps inspired the idea of the splendor that was to come later. then, too, as the planters began to buy slaves for the house as well as the fields, the families acquired the servants necessary to maintain a large establishment. benjamin harrison iii had the servants before the great house. along with his wharf and shipping enterprises, he worked eighty slaves at berkeley plus twenty at his south - side holdings. the broadly based sufficiency of his operations enabled his home plantation to run with such outward blandness that, on the surface, his life could appear to illustrate the idyll of the legend. place him in one of those typical paintings of a life in thrall. there, with family and friends, playing cricket of a warm afternoon, the group figure would be frozen in time, as graceful and as lifeless as a pageant. the frame would contain the broad, shaded lawn, the background of the tidal river and a cloudless sky. to one side of the happy cricket players would stand a sleek, saddled horse,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4377599534757797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.606192"}
{"text": "time, as graceful and as lifeless as a pageant. the frame would contain the broad, shaded lawn, the background of the tidal river and a cloudless sky. to one side of the happy cricket players would stand a sleek, saddled horse, held by a brightly liveried negro, and on the other side, to balance, little ben harrison iv, born in 1700, would be caught in some moment of childish grace with a fat mammy beaming over him. squarely in the center a negro butler, with starched front, would stand smiling with a vast silver tray containing decanters and goblets. in the foreground the master, in silver knee breeches, blue silk - lined coat with silver buttons and linen neckpiece, would stand transfixed forever with a mallet in his hand while the sun, breaking through a willow tree, would fall like a nimbus upon his head. like the legendary image of the old massa, all these components existed, though scarcely in such idyllic arrangement. the composite picture would fail to suggest what existed beyond its frame \u2014 the wharf and warehouses, tobacco fields and sheds, sawmill and stock barns, and the countless small buildings where wool was carded, hides were tanned, bread was baked, and hogsheads made. all that was outside the picture constituted the life of benjamin harrison far more than the idle hours passed on the shaded lawn. though no routine was fixed in benjamin harrison \u2019 s fluid pattern ( except for going to nearby westover church on sunday morning ), his mornings usually started early with a conference with his overseers and an inspection tour of his fields. some planters began the day by reading greek or hebrew, some by making love to their wives ( as recorded in diaries ) ; some ate a light breakfast and some ate heartily ; none by record began the day with a hooker of rum or brandy, and all began the day very early \u2014 between five and six. the long mornings were the least likely to be interrupted by visitors, and if house guests were around they amused themselves. after harrison assured himself that his planting and subsidiary operations were moving as they should, he went to his wharf and shipyard, where masts for his boats were cut from nearby virgin timber. the buying of tobacco and selling of imports were closely under his own supervision, as was the shipping on the boats which he either owned or had interest in. his shipping of other planters \u2019 tobacco was so extensive that his plantation came in time to be popularly called \u201c harrison \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4407007655322275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.607447"}
{"text": "of imports were closely under his own supervision, as was the shipping on the boats which he either owned or had interest in. his shipping of other planters \u2019 tobacco was so extensive that his plantation came in time to be popularly called \u201c harrison \u2019 s landing. \u201d harrison had put in something close to an eight - hour day when, around two o \u2019 clock, the family gathered for the midday dinner. unless they were entertaining specially, wine was not likely to be served, though before a heavy meal the master might take a hot rum toddy in the winter or a cooled punch in the summer. this main meal was the time for casual visiting with intimates. in the afternoons, unless his visitors tarried, harrison settled down to his greatest time consumer \u2014 letters to london and what amounted to bookkeeping. he, like other planters, engaged in constant wrangles with british factors, who regarded virginia planters as existing entirely to be milched by english businessmen. factors showed endless ingenuity in finding new charges for handling tobacco and imports, and, to be blunt, they cheated all except the most wary. for his young son, benjamin harrison provided a school at berkeley, to which planters in the neighborhood sent their boys of ben \u2019 s age. young ben was still a boy when his father died suddenly at 37, leaving him heir to berkeley. benjamin harrison iv entered william and mary, to become the family \u2019 s first college man. \u201c the college, \u201d established at the new capital, williamsburg, taught him rhetoric, logic and ethics, physics, metaphysics, and mathematics. it was some time after he returned as master of berkeley that he married anne, daughter of robert \u201c king \u201d carter, the richest man in virginia, owner of 330, 000 acres, one thousand slaves, and large sums of cash. although he neither needed position nor had an interest in politics, benjamin harrison iv accepted his class responsibilities as a member of the house of burgesses. now in this generation, the dream of the private principality was completed with the erection of the baronial mansion to serve as the symbol and center for the new dynasties. the money was there ; it no longer needed to be earned. when the harrisons \u2019 neighbors built on either side, at shirley and westover, the new houses were erected near the site of the old, close to the river. from the living room at shirley, you look right into the water. at westover, the classically beautiful house is back about fifty yards on a broad lawn, so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40985969472559336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.608882"}
{"text": "houses were erected near the site of the old, close to the river. from the living room at shirley, you look right into the water. at westover, the classically beautiful house is back about fifty yards on a broad lawn, so that the river, shaded lawn, and house form an open court of slumberous tranquillity. the harrisons abandoned the old site of berkeley closer to the river and built the new house on a slight elevation nearly a quarter of a mile back, which gave to their foreground ( it was not all lawn ) a vast and impressive sweep. during the civil war all of mcclellan \u2019 s army \u2014 one hundred thousand men with animals, guns, and wagons \u2014 camped there between the house and the river. at berkeley, the walls, three feet thick, were laid in english bond below the water table and flemish bond above. the unknown journeyman architect enclosed the top story with the first heroic pediment roof in virginia, which he presumably copied from a bookplate of james gibbs \u2019 s church at derby, england. the house at berkeley was, in brief, an advanced representation of the greatest architectural flowering ever in an american colony. when anne and benjamin moved into their new house in 1726, the design of the baronial life of the virginia planter was completed. they were, as far as they knew, as integrated in time as the country life of the british aristocracy on which they modeled themselves. harrison \u2019 s nearest neighbor, william byrd, writing to a friend in england, described the planter \u2019 s life : \u201c like one of the patriarchs i have my flocks and my herds, my bond - men and bond - women, and every sort of trade amongst my own servants, so that i live in a kind of independence on everyone but providence. \u2026 my doors are open to everybody \u2026 and a half - crown will rest undisturbed in my pocket for many moons together \u2026 we sit securely under our vines and figtrees \u2026 [ and ] can rest securely in our beds with all doors and windows open, and yet find everything exactly in place the next morning. we can travel all over the country by night and by day, unguarded and unarmed \u2026. \u201d though byrd might have been trying to sell himself on \u201c the advantages of a pure air, \u201d his description evoked the aura of the perfected plantation life in the age of the aristocrat when, on the surface, there was not even threat of internal conflict or whisper of change. byrd had said that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44759285566799145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.610134"}
{"text": "of a pure air, \u201d his description evoked the aura of the perfected plantation life in the age of the aristocrat when, on the surface, there was not even threat of internal conflict or whisper of change. byrd had said that they were independent of everyone but providence, and it was an act of providence that ended the idyll for benjamin harrison iv. in the summer of his forty - fourth year, a violent electric storm lashed tidewater virginia. harrison was not alarmed by the storm, only mindful of the rain driving through the open windows on his imported furniture. since no house servant was handy, the master went upstairs to close a bedroom window. he had been playing at the time with two of his daughters and took them along, one in his arms. perhaps he was telling them there was nothing to fear as he approached the window. in the instant that he stood there, a bolt of lightning struck, and harrison and his two little girls were killed instantly. benjamin harrison v was an eighteen - year - old student at william and mary college when his father \u2019 s death made him master of berkeley. tall and handsome, without the great weight that years would add to his frame, he moved with ease, grace, and the air of a born aristocrat. a genial good humor was the quality which his fellows most remarked in him, then as later. for this fifth of the line, the plantation offered small challenge. from the beginning of his career, when he entered the house of burgesses, he found politics his most absorbing interest. these were the years when the young washington, whose marriage to martha custis made him a brother - in - law of harrison \u2019 s wife elizabeth bassett, was making his reputation in the war with the french on the allegheny frontier. in the political events of that struggle, and later in the growing contest with england, benjamin harrison found a natural field for his talents. harrison was a man of the committees. while others harangued across the green - covered table in the house of burgesses wing, harrison lounged at ease in the small rooms where a few men worked at the serious business of preparing bills to be presented. to the give - and - take of committee work, he brought a bluff equanimity, a forthrightness that gained force by his good nature. with his uncomplex nervous system insulated within his huge frame, harrison smiled through wrangles that caused his friends to shout and sulk and grow damp under their tailored wigs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44075978258322723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.611125"}
{"text": "a forthrightness that gained force by his good nature. with his uncomplex nervous system insulated within his huge frame, harrison smiled through wrangles that caused his friends to shout and sulk and grow damp under their tailored wigs. when business got snarled in personality clashes, harrison broke the tension with a spontaneous line of bawdy humor. for a man who seemed to move so indolently, he was very quick verbally, especially in terms of humor. however, when business reached the point of decision, he was immovable in his firmness, and supported his position with a soundly practical intelligence. harrison was one of the class whose members, said a visitor, \u201c are jealous of their liberties, impatient of restraint, and can scarcely bear the thought of being controlled by any superior power. \u201d that was true enough. but despite his own imperiousness, cheerful harrison believed that matters could be worked out with england so that he would be free of intruding control. by the time the political struggle with england came to a crisis, benjamin harrison was a man of substance, heavy in body and broad in face, with a habitual expression of humorous benevolence. neither political theorist nor rabble - rousing orator, the master of berkeley plantation was more typical than patrick henry or thomas jefferson of the men of estate who moved slowly in the decade from the stamp act protest to the formation of the extremely effective committees of correspondence between the colonies. his cousin, richard henry lee, originally a conservative, took a bigger jump and joined henry and jefferson in forming the potent committee. but benjamin harrison, though he participated in the activist committee, was operating from the manor house of a dynasty of which he was the titular head as his cousin was not, and he was weighted with personal responsibilities that henry never had and jefferson never fully assumed. when virginia responded to the call for a continental congress, harrison was chosen a delegate. in the hot august of 1774 he set out in his own fine planter \u2019 s coach, with two men on the box, for the long trip to philadelphia. in the three years that followed, harrison had plenty of chance to observe the north and his northern associates to observe him. an acquaintance recorded the impressions philadelphia made on harrison and his friends : \u201c they allow the city to be fine, neat and large \u2026 but they complain of the small rooms, uniformity of the buildings, and several other like faults. they call the inhabitants grave and reserved ; and the women remarkably homely,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4281386978750301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.612225"}
{"text": "friends : \u201c they allow the city to be fine, neat and large \u2026 but they complain of the small rooms, uniformity of the buildings, and several other like faults. they call the inhabitants grave and reserved ; and the women remarkably homely, hard - favored and sour! \u201d harrison personally offered to give a guinea for every handsome face found in philadelphia, if anyone else would give a copper for every face that was not comely. for their part, the northerners had some reservations about harrison. he was, wrote john adams in his diary, \u201c an indolent, luxurious, heavy gentleman, reported to be \u2026 at home \u2026 a cornerstone in which the two walls of party meet. \u201d though certainly adams did not mean this as a compliment, the description of harrison \u2019 s function in revolutionary times would describe a very useful citizen, and his fellow virginians so regarded him. even adams conceded harrison \u2019 s \u201c many pleasantries \u201d that steadied rough sessions of the congress, and the big virginian was almost continually made chairman of the committee of the whole, second in importance only to the presidency. it was harrison, replacing john hancock in the president \u2019 s chair, who solemnly read to the congress the words of the declaration of independence. \u201c when the time of hanging comes, \u201d the large harrison said to small elbridge gerry of massachusetts, \u201c i shall have the advantage over you. it will be all over with me in a minute, but you will be kicking in the air for half an hour after i am gone. \u201d more than three years had passed since the signer \u2019 s carriage had first carried him northward across the far pennsylvania countryside. now, as he started home, the cushions in the carriage were worn, the lamps no longer polished, and the homeward - bound planter, wrapped in a greatcoat against the winter \u2019 s chill, did not look \u2014 and probably did not feel \u2014 any part of the legendary master of a plantation. no harrison clan head had ever so diverted his attention from planting and mercantile enterprises. his long stretches away from home had made berkeley almost an absentee - owned plantation, and the marks of neglect were visible. the planter, despite the later - day virginian \u2019 s scorn of trade, was a trader and harrison \u2019 s trading markets were cut off. he was living off capital. harrison understood this but it was too late in the day for him to do anything about it. in the war years the radical party of henry and jefferson had won political ascendancy at williamsburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42152547860599154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.613265"}
{"text": "trading markets were cut off. he was living off capital. harrison understood this but it was too late in the day for him to do anything about it. in the war years the radical party of henry and jefferson had won political ascendancy at williamsburg over the conservative party of washington and harrison. jefferson believed that a landed aristocracy long entrenched in power grew stultified and protective of its own interest, without regard to the welfare of the commonwealth. under his influence the virginia legislature passed measures which shrewdly undermined those supports which had sustained the oligarchy in power. it liberalized the land - owning restrictions on the voting franchise to increase the popular vote ; it abolished the english - inherited laws on entail and primogeniture ; it separated church from state in a statute of religious freedom, which broke the community power of the episcopal vestries. in the traditional revolution, the aristocrat was destroyed by the people ; in the american revolution the virginia aristocrat destroyed himself. in order to sustain his society, benjamin harrison had been led, step by step \u2014 often reluctantly, sometimes protestingly \u2014 into his present situation where, if his society were sustained at all, its idyllic quality was lost ; and within the broken idyll his family had lost security. along the way, there was nothing he could have done to change events. when issues he had fought became facts, he had adapted to the necessity and given of his time, talents, and fortune. he was speaker of the house of delegates when, in 1778, the military situation in virginia grew seriously ominous. two thousand british regulars, commanded by the traitor benedict arnold, landed by boat at the mouth of the james river and began a campaign of ravagement along both sides of the river. with the lion among them, the virginians hastily dispatched harrison to philadelphia to plead with congress for troops to defend them. it was washington who made the painful decision to hold his army outside new york, to immobilize clinton, and not come to the rescue of his countrymen. before leaving virginia, harrison had taken the precaution of moving his family from the exposed river plantation of berkeley to the less accessible plantations of other members of the family. it was fortunate for the girls that he did. on january fourth, arnold \u2019 s hard - bitten force disembarked at the foot of the wide lawn of westover, where the shade of elegant william byrd strolled in the evening, and pushed across to neighboring berkeley by the path that the byrd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4469165159905193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.614376"}
{"text": "on january fourth, arnold \u2019 s hard - bitten force disembarked at the foot of the wide lawn of westover, where the shade of elegant william byrd strolled in the evening, and pushed across to neighboring berkeley by the path that the byrds and harrisons had so often followed when visiting in the olden days. arnold did not miss the chance to hurt a signer of the declaration and a close friend of the man he had betrayed. as a fellow american, he recognized the sensitive point of a virginia aristocrat, and there was a subtlety in his cruelty which would touch harrison without destroying his plantation \u2019 s future usefulness. he removed all the portraits from the walls and placed them on a bonfire in front of the mansion. that not only hurt the signer \u2019 s family \u2014 for the planters spent heavily on journeymen artists to preserve their likenesses into earthly immortality \u2014 but also future historians seeking portraits of the harrisons. the festivities of the portrait fire incited the idling soldiers to practice target shooting on harrison \u2019 s cows while frightened negroes gathered in the nearby quarters. since the berkeley slaves belonged to washington \u2019 s friend, arnold directed his men to herd along forty of the likeliest and unknowingly dealt benjamin harrison a deadlier blow than the hurt to his pride. this capital loss ( one third of his active slaves ) was more than the fading fortunes of berkeley could absorb. by the end of the war, berkeley had drifted into a state of muted splendor which characterized the older plantations of virginia from the upheaval of the revolution to the destruction of the civil war. it was during this period that plantation life, observed by northern visitors when already in decline, assumed its mythical character. at berkeley an outsider would find the hot land and the crops, the great manor house and outbuildings, the gardens and the river - bordered lawn, grazing animals and playing children, and the negroes, wearing bright - colored cotton and speaking in soft, liquid voices, but the scene began to hold the hushed, slightly decayed quality of the legend. no boats were built on the fortune - making docks, and few ocean - going trading vessels rode the swells of the tidal river. the gristmill and sawmill, the blacksmith shop, and what they called \u201c merchant mills \u201d still operated, but on the lackadaisical schedule of overseers. produce was grown for the plantation \u2019 s people, providing that lavish self - sufficiency which gave plantation life its air of indolent abundance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4208741461044286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.615431"}
{"text": "what they called \u201c merchant mills \u201d still operated, but on the lackadaisical schedule of overseers. produce was grown for the plantation \u2019 s people, providing that lavish self - sufficiency which gave plantation life its air of indolent abundance. after yorktown benjamin harrison was elected first governor of the independent republic of virginia. in a period of painful readjustment the governor \u2019 s job was a hard, inglorious one, but the men who had made the revolution did not feel that in conscience they could quit until the task was finished. unlike washington, whose years on the national scene had committed him to the cause of a strong union, harrison still thought as a virginian and, despite his great friend \u2019 s entreaties, opposed the constitution that was drafted at philadelphia. yet when there was talk of a new revolution against the constitution, it was harrison who rose to the floor, his face red and puffy, his heavy body held with effort in its customary erectness, to urge them against any effort to overthrow the union that he himself had opposed. it was the gouty old gentleman \u2019 s last outstanding act for his country. within three vears he was dead. that genetic drive to plantation mastery which spanned four generations in virginia faltered in the fifth, and benjamin harrison \u2019 s three sons did not want to work at planting, nor did any of his four sons - in - law. they still wanted to work, for they were not yet the idle generation, but the plantation was no longer a challenge to them. it was a home to support ; a way of life rather than a career. the youngest boy aspired to be a doctor, the middle boy became a lawyer, and the eldest, benjamin harrison vi, heir to the home plantation, was an unstable young man who failed in a mercantile business he started at richmond and returned to live at berkeley. there, free at last to indulge his true gift for fine living, he revived high style in the manor house, as if land and slaves could be sold off forever. to him berkeley owes the lovely adam woodwork with which, in a gesture of gallantry, he replaced the sturdier and simpler paneling deemed adequate by his vastly rich grandparents. berkeley was never more splendid than during his brief reign. the younger sons of virginia with energy and resourcefulness began to leave the state. among those who migrated to a totally new area, the most representative \u2014 with typical harrison adaptiveness \u2014 was the youngest of the signer \u2019 s sons,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4202966976076023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.617428"}
{"text": "brief reign. the younger sons of virginia with energy and resourcefulness began to leave the state. among those who migrated to a totally new area, the most representative \u2014 with typical harrison adaptiveness \u2014 was the youngest of the signer \u2019 s sons, william henry, who became president of the united states and grandfather of another president. william henry harrison was an eighteen - year - old medical student in philadelphia when his father died and left him a tract of land in the original berkeley hundred. there was in the slim, well - made six - footer a strong strain of self - reliance. a child at home during the impoverishing dislocations of the revolution, he had heard from his mother the tales of his ancestors \u2019 greatness, and had formed early the ambition to excel on his own. the physical tumult of the revolutionary fighting on his own land also exerted an influence on the impressionable boy, who at the age of eight had seen benedict arnold \u2019 s redcoats. nothing would indicate more keenly the fading glory of the plantation than the choice of the son of the master of berkeley to migrate west of the alleghenies \u2014 the dividing line between civilization and the wilderness. with a commission as an ensign in the army obtained for him in 1791 by washington, young harrison rose fast in what virginians called \u201c the west \u201d and won national fame for his victory over the indians at tippecanoe. he had inherited his father \u2019 s cheerfulness, generosity, and forthrightness, and it was simple to express his innate courtesy in the plain manners of the frontier. too self - assured for snobbishness, he quickly put others at their ease. all of this caused him to be accepted as a simple son of democracy. as in the day of the big planters his ancestors became the biggest, in the day of the plain man william henry became the plainest. it was harrison \u2019 s folksiness that the powers in the new whig party seized upon as a campaign asset when they nominated him for president in 1840. the son of virginia \u2019 s plantation aristocracy thus became \u201c old tippecanoe, \u201d the log - cabin candidate, and beat poor, foppish martin van buren, who was born over a saloon, to the tune of : and lounge on his cushioned settee. content with hard cider is he. on his way to washington, william henry made a sentimental journey to his birthplace. he perhaps knew that berkeley would not be much longer in the family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4300749588964188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.618356"}
{"text": "tune of : and lounge on his cushioned settee. content with hard cider is he. on his way to washington, william henry made a sentimental journey to his birthplace. he perhaps knew that berkeley would not be much longer in the family. his 54 - year - old nephew, benjamin harrison vii, had deeded the remnants of the plantation to the bank of the united states for a twenty - thousand dollar debt, the top loan that could be made on the deteriorated property. the signer \u2019 s grandson was living on in such fashion as he could sustain in the manor house he no longer owned. berkeley \u2019 s fortunes were beginning a long decline in which the land would change hands many times and the great house would fall into disrepair, its fine chairs split up for kindling by mcclellan \u2019 s union army and its beautiful old brick painted over with red barn paint. not until another century dawned would the house at last fall into hands that would restore it with loving care as a relic of a distant past. by then the harrisons \u2019 last tie with berkeley would have long since been cut and the name of benjamin harrison would have been made more famous than ever by william henry \u2019 s grandson, a republican and an abolitionist, whose rise to the white house began with his command of a union brigade in sherman \u2019 s campaign of devastation through the south. all this lay in the future when william henry harrison, in february of 1841, returned to the great - roomed house and went into his mother \u2019 s bedroom, where he was born. from there he could look across the idle land to westover, where the harrisons and byrds had walked together in other years, and where benedict arnold \u2019 s redcoats made their landing. from the shelves in that eastern room he took down the books he had studied in his youth and marked the classic quotations with which he loved to fill his speeches. then, in the ancestral home that was fast becoming as remote from the pattern of american life as it was from his own later years, berkeley \u2019 s most famous son sat down to write his inaugural address as ninth president of the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45242431996254284, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9f229e4-c23b-4a8f-89b5-60abe0563879>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.619279"}
{"text": "edward lear \u2019 s natural - history illustration won him scientific credibility. now his nonsense verse may do the same \u201c how pleasant to know mr. lear, \u201d begins one of edward lear \u2019 s poems. his bicentennary last year helped many people know him better, with multiple exhibits of his natural - history paintings and drawings. lear gained acclaim as an illustrator at age 19 for his work on parrots. shortly thereafter, the earl of derby invited lear to his estate near liverpool to make portraits of specimens in his vast collection of exotic animals and plants. \u201c lear was somewhat lonely at knowsley hall, \u201d says robert peck, a lear scholar and senior fellow of drexel university \u2019 s academy of natural sciences in philadelphia. \u201c he was overwhelmed at times by the english social class structure. \u201d to overcome this, he began making drawings and verses for the earl \u2019 s grandchildren. later he published the verses, but he used a pseudonym for many years. \u201c he was concerned that the frivolous nature of his limericks would undercut his credibility as a scientific illustrator, \u201d peck says. those verses have recently come to seem a bit less frivolous. margaret wallace nilsson, now a ph. d. candidate in history at linnaeus university, took up the question of how lear \u2019 s poems might help children learn. \u201c all children like repetitive rhyme sounds, \u201d she says. \u201c i thought, why not apply this to swedish students of english? it might help them improve their pronunciation and, later on, be able identify new words with the same phonetical patterns. \u201d in a 2011 master \u2019 s thesis for the school of teacher education at kristianstad university in sweden, nilsson taught a control group of fourth graders a list of vocabulary words taken from lear \u2019 s nonsense abc. an experimental group was asked to learn verses from it. \u201c the children in the second group not only learned to recognize the phonetical sounds of the verses, but actually started to spontaneously rhyme other english words, \u201d she says. when tested, students in the second group remembered words from the verses better. nilsson thinks nonsense poems may help adult language learners as well. and she \u2019 s not alone in her interest. in 2012, juliette smeed of new zealand tertiary college in auckland published an essay in he kupu, an early childhood education journal, describing types of nonsense verse and discussing strategies for responding to children \u2019 s nonsense play. lear \u2019 s poetry and sketches often employed the scientific knowledge he cultivated for his \u201c serious \u201d work. peck points to lear \u2019 s \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41598392468478584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32d388f0-dccd-4b0d-b3f0-caa415923cf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.623050"}
{"text": "wildlife research at the ames plantation ames plantation is home to a wide array of wildlife, including species that are not usually found in western tennessee. for example, eagles have been seen here. rare species such as the painted bunting and bachman sparrow also have been seen at ames. these animals require special habitats to support them. these habitats are often found in places associated with areas maintained to support quail populations or places where intense forest practices have been conducted. on the other hand, game animals abound. deer and turkey are abundant. squirrels are numerous. and, of course, as home to the nation championship field trials, quail habitat is intensively managed to support excellent quail populations. research has been conducted on many wildlife species, including studies on mice, hawks, beaver, coyotes and deer, just to name a few. wildlife research often requires that students be at ames for weeks, and sometimes, months at a time. students from the university of tennessee, university of memphis and mississippi state university conduct research at ames. scholars from around the world come to see what is happening here. a hunting program to manage big game animals is in place at ames. hunters have the opportunity to hunt deer, turkey and squirrel. duck habitats and blinds are under construction. ames plantation \u2019 s wildlife provides unique opportunities to observe, hunt or conduct research. ames is place where wildlife can thrive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4192616986568959, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30e8d839-4daf-4716-8317-3e5c7f0dc0ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.624671"}
{"text": "best times to reach me : before 7 : 50, 9 : 20 - 10 : 00, after 3 : 00 welcome to third grade!! welcome to another exciting year! i look forward to working with you and your child in third grade. some fyi news : birthdays - we celebrate every child \u2019 s special day. if you would like to send treats there are 25 students in our class. please be sure they are commercially packaged items. homework folders \u2013 daily we fill in a chart outlining the day \u2019 s activities and the evening \u2019 s homework. please take time to go over this each evening with your child. home links \u2013 most evenings there will be a math home link. each is an extension of a skill we are, or will be, working on. these are not designed to frustrate parents! they are activities designed to explore possibilities ; there is no one correct way for it to be done. it is also designed to allow families time to work together. have fun! spelling \u2013 each monday your child will make her / his own personalized list. the first five will be class words, coming from a high frequency list, curriculum, or usage needs. the other five will come from each child \u2019 s writing. throughout the week we will practice and use these words. friday there is a test. the goal is to improve daily writing. word a week \u2013 wednesday evenings we will have a word - a - week assignment. this involves finding a short definition, writing a sentence, and creating an illustration for a \u201c new \u201d word. the following friday we will discuss these words and then work on using them in conversation and writing. we are also always on the look out for wondrous words. if your child / family comes across a word that is particularly cool or interesting send the word to school on the gold wondrous words sheet. library check out \u2013 we are scheduled for library time on friday at 10 : 15. we also encourage each child to visit the many public libraries in our area. reading aloud to / with your child increases fluency, vocabulary and interest. this is a great before - bed activity. computer time is scheduled weekly. ( wednesday / friday ) we will be reinforcing skills and learning new ways to use the computer. daily reading minutes \u2013 the best way to become a better reader is to read. third grade encourages each student to read at least 75 minutes each week outside of school. this is about 10 minutes each evening. the day \u2019 s total is recorded in the homework folder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890715577303485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28536ef9-0dce-4672-a450-984596391e84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.629774"}
{"text": "minutes \u2013 the best way to become a better reader is to read. third grade encourages each student to read at least 75 minutes each week outside of school. this is about 10 minutes each evening. the day \u2019 s total is recorded in the homework folder. a weekly total will be taken as one indicator of reading progress. evening writing \u2013 this year bendix will be focusing on making our writing better. we will continue to work on mechanics, spelling, and content in school, but i will be asking that students practice these skills more in an authentic setting at home. a notebook will be coming home outlining the requirements of the evening write. as you can see, we will be very busy this year. in addition to those things just described, we will be learning cursive handwriting and multiplication! there will also be time for lots and lots of fun. if you have any questions please feel free to call 274 - 8218 x1221 or e - mail ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) see the links on the left for 3rd grade curriculum, supply lists, and additional links. 8 : 15 - opening ( current events, birthdays, picture books ) 8 : 30 - reading 9 : 15 - specials day one : music day two : phy. ed. day three : art day four : phy. ed. 10 : 00 - snack and silent read 10 : 15 - computer ( wednesday ), library ( friday ) 10 : 20 - writer ' s workshop 11 : 00 - math 11 : 50 - lunch and noon play 12 : 50 - story 1 : 15 - word work / spelling 1 : 40 - social / science / health ( t, w, th ) social : cultual studies, map skills, geography science : measurement, sound, human body health : let ' s eat, when bodies have problems, my family, your family, things you might catch, the better to see you word work / poetry ( m, f ) 2 : 20 - homework folders 2 : 30 - class novel 3 : 00 - dismissal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47858945273653497, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28536ef9-0dce-4672-a450-984596391e84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.630698"}
{"text": "news - ocean observations photo credit : peter rejcek posted : july 7, 2010 courtesy : antarctic sun by peter rejcek underwater robots and marine animals outfitted with scientific sensors are part of a proposed strategy for monitoring polar oceans into the 21st century, particularly a stretch of sea along the western antarctic peninsula, which is undergoing rapid climate changes. the proposal comes in the june 18, 2010 issue of the journal science by a group of scientists who conduct research in antarctica, most of whom currently work on the palmer long term ecological research ( pal lter ) program. since 1993, the pal lter has monitored the region near the u. s. antarctic program a\u20ac\u2122s palmer station, close to the northern end of the peninsula, mainly on an annual ship - based survey each january. the scientists suggest profound changes to the environment necessitate new ways to make measurements of the ocean and atmosphere. for example, midwinter surface temperatures have increased by about 6 degrees centigrade in the past 50 years. eighty - seven percent of the western peninsula glaciers are in retreat, and the sea ice season has shortened by nearly 90 days. in their report, the scientists describe a multi - faceted approach to ocean observation, using glider robots that measure ocean characteristics continuously for weeks at a time and tourist vessels, ferries, and other a\u20ac\u0153ships of opportunitya\u20ac outfitted with chemical and biological sensors. in the last few years, the pal lter program added autonomous underwater vehicles called slocum gliders through a group from rutgers university led by oscar schofield, who is the lead author on the review paper in science. a\u20ac\u0153in just the first few weeks that we had the glider out last year, we collected as much data as the cruises had collected since 1993, a\u20ac said hugh ducklow, a co - author of the science paper and lead principal investigator for the pal lter, in an earlier interview with the sun. the authors also suggest outfitting oceanographic instruments on animals such as elephant seals and penguins to provide information on animal behavior and oceanographic conditions. recent tagging of adelie penguins nesting near palmer station has helped scientists understand the link between nutrient upwelling in underwater canyons and where penguins forage. a\u20ac\u0153wea\u20ac\u2122re looking for ways to use our existing capabilities to obtain data, a\u20ac said ducklow, director of the ecosystems centerat the marine biological laboratory ( mbl ), in a recent press release from mbl. a\u20ac\u0153our goal is to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5126229595620573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d47cba1-4b20-45d1-ab44-d623e4d5f02d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.634877"}
{"text": "solar storms active, but normal illustration showing blasts of particles and magnetic field from the sun that impact the magnetosphere, the magnetic bubble around the earth ( courtesy nasa ). outbursts observed on the sun last week do not portend new problems for gps reception or other systems as solar flares and eruptive events known as coronal mass ejections fire up during an increasingly active phase, said a national oceanic and atmospheric administration space weather expert. widespread reports of last week \u2019 s solar activity, following a very tranquil period, may have created an impression that solar storms were unusually powerful, the expert said. magnetic fields on the sun \u2019 s surface have intensified, showing up as increased sunspots and generating eruptive activity as a quiet portion of a well - known 11 - year sunspot cycle ends. \u201c we have come out of such a quiet period that it \u2019 s pretty interesting from that point of view, \u201d said joseph kunches, a space weather scientist for noaa \u2019 s space weather prediction center. \u201c the last outbreak was back in 2006. the sun has been pretty dormant. \u201d a ball of hot gas, the sun does not rotate as a rigid body. turbulent effects of that uneven rotation can produce explosive results on the surface, kunches said. the recently noted outbursts featured a coronal mass ejection measured at level 3 on a 1 to 5 scale for solar storms. putting that in context, level 3 events occur approximately 200 times during the 11 - year cycle, with most outbursts clustered near the cycle \u2019 s peak, kunches said. although a solar flare \u2019 s \u201c lightning - bolt - like quick indication \u201d can be the earliest evidence of a sudden release of energy on the sun, kunches said, a more subtle development scientists monitor is whether a portion of the sun \u2019 s outer mass - - its corona - - has been blown off into space. such coronal mass ejections are \u201c very directional, \u201d sending a cloud of charged particles hurtling away from the sun. when a coronal mass ejection is observed \u201c right in the middle of the sun, \u201d watch for a plasma cloud to head for the earth, taking between 30 and 72 hours to arrive. \u201c last week we had three eruptions from the center, \u201d he said. \u201c some time later we felt the effects of those plasma fields that disturbed and energized the earth \u2019 s magnetic field. \u201d spaceweather. com reported that an aug. 9 flare emanating from sunspot 1263 was followed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45416543522378217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a44388a2-6fcf-47b4-937d-fc996ba7b47c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.637924"}
{"text": "reishiki - the external expression of respect in iaido dojo you will practice with a wooden sword ( bokken ), or a training sword ( iaito ), or even a real japanese sword with a cutting blade ( katana ). there will be numerous people practicing, all in one room. following the rules of etiquette ensures that no one gets injured. also, following the rules of etiquette enhances practice in other ways. the teacher can more quickly determine skill levels when students line up in the order of rank. the ceremonial bowing serves as a concentration and focusing point ; when bowing, practitioners shows respect for others. maintaining observant silence allows students to focus their attention and practice reading body language. cleaning the dojo after practice leaves it ready for the next group. always remember, reishiki comes from the heart and without sincere respect it will be only an empty gestures. - be on time. - do not make class wait. - finger and toe nails must be cut short and all jewelry removed. - remove shoes before entering. - a sword should be untied and held in the right hand. - step directly in to the dojo. - do not block doorway. - stop and bow to shinzen. - avoid drawing or pointing a sword toward shinzen. - before practice, be sure your sword is in proper shape. - check the mekugi. - place it at shimoza ( opposite side of room from shinzen ) with the ha to the wall. - never touch a sword without the owner ' s permission. - do not knock or step over any sword. - the floor must be cleared and swept. - leave the dojo ready for those who practice after you. - eating, drinking, and smoking are not allowed on the dojo floor. - when on the practice floor do not have private conversations other than iaido related subjects. - tell the teacher of any injuries or problems, or of having to leave early. - do not leave without permission. - do not speak when teacher is speaking. - thank the teacher. - show respect to other iaidoka ( students ) - do not draw directly towards others. - do not do anything that may distract or injure a fellow practitioner or spectator.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46028975245660425, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:566c0f69-f932-4d46-abcd-00f058076cf6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.640177"}
{"text": "what is a poster? a poster is a \u201c public \u201d piece of paper conveying information through text ( words ) and / or graphic images ( symbols or pictures ). it \u2019 s usually designed to be displayed vertically on a wall or window and is large enough to be seen and read from a relatively short distance. its main target audience is the person walking by. a poster must convey its message with immediacy and purpose, because people on the street are often in a hurry. posters are sometimes huge and can be seen from a long distance and may appear along highways ( on bill boards ) or on the sides of buildings. posters may also appear in much smaller versions, sometimes like a postcard, and are called handbills. whatever the size or shape, posters have a job to do and that is to convey information. posters carry many kinds of information : - they may call the population to rally, revolt or celebrate ( e. g. political or propaganda posters ) - they may alert citizens to health hazards or the presence of other dangers in the community ( e. g. educational posters ) - they may announce the coming of a wonderful theatre, music or dance performance ( e. g. marketing posters ) all effective posters must : - grab your attention - entice you to read the information they display - present the information clearly and fully, so that you understand what the poster wants to say - convince you to rally, revolt, take part, take precautions, be on the lookout or buy a ticket. the marketing poster is an important tool in most campaigns to sell arts events to the public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510711444339196, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8321965a-894f-4122-a349-11f21b6c24dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.642012"}
{"text": "turner created a revolution in painting at the beginning of the 19th century, responding to a modern industrial landscape with a freer style and new approaches to composition. yet a lasting dialogue with the 17th - century painter claude lay at the heart of these developments. this exhibition offers the chance to compare closely related works by turner and claude and discover the extent to which turner was inspired by claude ' s mastery of light and landscape. works on display ' turner inspired : in the light of claude ' is the most in - depth examination of turner ' s experience of claude ' s art to date. the exhibition includes oils, watercolours and sketchbooks and introduces visitors to the story of the turner bequest and its importance in the history of the national gallery. the final room of the show exhibits archive material dedicated to this relationship. on his death, turner left the national gallery two paintings \u2013 dido building carthage and sun rising through vapour. he made the gift in his will on condition that the works were hung between two pictures by claude, which he named as ' the seaport ' ( seaport with the embarkation of the queen of sheba ) and ' the mill ' ( landscape with the marriage of isaac and rebecca ). turner inspired : in the light of claude is a national gallery exhibition created in collaboration with tate britain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45739411468259733, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ecc13a6-f705-4f23-9e20-f14693370c3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.643561"}
{"text": "understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure both maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure result in lifelong impairments that significantly affect multiple developmental processes of school - age children, including language, social communication, social cognition, and executive functioning. this program provides a framework for the creation of more effective assessment and intervention processes for this population by speech - language pathologists and audiologists. you will be able to : - discuss the brain structures and functions that are affected by complex trauma and prenatal alcohol exposure and the relative effects on the developmental functions of attachment, affect regulation, and information processing. - recognize sensory modulation difficulties in children with the potential to have maltreatment and / or prenatal alcohol exposure. - use a framework appropriate for assessing the social communication of children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure. - discuss connections among emotional competence, alexithymia, and communication and language impairments. - recognize cultural issues involved in appropriately identifying the occurrence of maltreatment. - enumerate various ways the child welfare system affects the lives of the children and families who have been affected by maltreatment and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( fasd ). view the table of contents [ pdf ] 6 / 17 / 2012 to 5 / 3 / 2015", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5000075645215494, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e1288f6-3a81-4583-94bd-1309af65b937>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.645154"}
{"text": "kalash is a common sight in the indian household, at the altar. any auspicious function has the kalash in place is a kalash? earthen or brass pot is a pot with an opening at one end and is blocked to hold things, usually water. a pot is empty, but has the potential to contain many a thing! the pot thus represents the inert body, which when filled with the water of wisdom becomes a fully functioning body, capable of fulfilling life \u2019 s needs! kalash is a pot which contains water, on which a few sprigs of mango leaves are placed at the mouth and finally a full coconut also placed, with its head into the mouth and the conical part of the coconut springing out. sometimes, this coconut is placed on a cloth containing rice. a pot is tied with a thread across its length and breath to form small diamond shaped pattern. kumbha ( pot ) when filled with rice representing fertility and prosperity is called the poorna kumbha, signifies completeness. it also could mean that water and food that are needed to nourish our body. is decorated with a symbol of swastika and filled with water too. the \u2018 swastika \u2019 a sanskrit word literally translates as swasti meaning the well - being of all and \u2018 ka \u2019 meaning symbol. the swastika symbol that looks alike from all directions, also represents the sun - the life giver. when portrayed on a pot of water, the kalash automatically symbolizes power, the water being the water of wisdom. means prosperity, wisdom and divine consciousness, as it is the waters of the seas that brings down the rain, plants need water, and it is in the seas that in days of yore, people conducted trades. a ship laden with goods, even today is considered a fortunate symbol. thus, the kalash with water in it and the swastika symbol decorated outside symbolizes the importance of both sun and rains for a good yield of crops! the coconut placed at the mouth of the kalash represents the vegetation that grows with the help of sunlight and water. although some kalash contain a lotus flower, most have a coconut. coconut trees dot the sea - shore and coastal areas are incomplete without these trees. coconut also known as the kalpa vruksha is a tree whose every part is used by humans. tender coconut water is as sweet as nectar to the parched throat and the shells in ancient days were used to produce fire. the leaves are still used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48714703266561427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832c838d-74b5-4ec2-b953-213d780b3e50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.648528"}
{"text": "as the kalpa vruksha is a tree whose every part is used by humans. tender coconut water is as sweet as nectar to the parched throat and the shells in ancient days were used to produce fire. the leaves are still used to cover roofs in huts. the fine stalk in between the many leaves is collected and toed around to form a broom! need there be any mention of the famed coconut oil? little wonder then why coconut is placed at the mouth of the kalash! times, instead of mango leaves, the leaves of peepal tree ( bodhi - ficus religiosa ), jackfruit leaves are also placed. while the bodhi or peepal tree is associated with buddha \u2019 s enlightenment, the mango is a very sweet and rare fruit and jackfruit also a prosperous tree. thread across the pot length and breath of the poorna kumbha is tied with a thread, to form a diamond shaped pattern. this thread is the common thread of love that binds all beings across the world. a smile is a universal symbol of love, compassion, acceptance and happiness. a smile and love, is the thread binding the universe. wisdom of the four vedas, the waters from holy rivers and the blessings of all deities are invoked when anything auspicious is undertaken. thus, the couple united in wedlock, the young brahmachari boy, whose spiritual journey begins with the tying of the sacred thread on his torso, the woman who is blessed for the smooth delivery of her progeny and the family that enters into a brand new house, all place the kalash, seeking the wisdom of the waters, the fertility and prosperity of the leaves and rice, the omnipotence of the coconut, well - being of the swastika and the love that binds all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48464054020542896, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832c838d-74b5-4ec2-b953-213d780b3e50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.650276"}
{"text": "what can we learn about land stewardship from the lord of the by john amodeo, asla build me an army worthy of mordor, \u201d commands sauron in the fellowship of the ring. with a maniacal greed for power, the easily corrupted saruman turns his cavernous lair beneath isengard into a frenzied factory of orcs and armor, fueled by burning the region \u2019 s trees, which he clear - cuts with reckless abandon. when an orc reports to saruman, \u201c the trees are strong, my lord ; their roots grow deep, \u201d saruman barks, \u201c take them all down, \u201d and down they come. thus j. r. r. tolkien draws the lines of evil in his wondrous tale, the lord of the rings. since the trilogy \u2019 s initial publication in 1954, many have analyzed, debated, and deconstructed tolkien on the topics of linguistics, history, anthropology, sociology, mythology, and war, but rare is the discussion on tolkien \u2019 s environmental commentary, though all the signs are there. although tolkien, who died in 1973, vehemently discouraged using his books as an allegory for real events, he favored use of them in ways that are applicable to readers \u2019 own thoughts and experiences. looking beneath the fun, the action, and the mysticism of tolkien \u2019 s fantastic creation, landscape architects need only observe the ways in which the forces of good and evil treat mother earth to discover that tolkien wove a conservationist morality tale within its pages ( evident in the films as well ) that resonates strongly in the society in which we practice.. to read the entire article, subscribe to lam! | annual meeting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4208400313263418, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1666b84a-64fb-44c5-95e6-2e14e86ee7db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.651938"}
{"text": "without a doubt, the dominant strain of early ozarks settlers was scots - irish. troubled by continued reports of turbulence in his irish population, king james i decided to repeople the island with protestants. that was in 1607 and became known as the ulster plantation. not surprisingly, the forced immigration caused conflict. the scots held the native irish in contempt as an inferior people, and irish considered the scots invaders. fleeing hardship and religous persecution, the scots - irish flocked to america ' s shores in the early 18th century. these relative newcomers contributed 12 of the 56 signers of the declaration of independence and 12 of the 54 delegates to the constitutional convention. they and their direct descendents have given america 13 of its 33 presidents. the scots - irish immigrants had an aversion to large population centers and migrated westward in large numbers to kentucky and tennessee. often referred to derisively as \" hillbillies, \" these hardy folks endured in a harsh and unforgiving land. in the early 19th century they pushed on to the ozark highlands. nowhere is the heritage of the region more evident than in music. the fiddle may have given way to the ipod, and the barn dance to mtv, but the celtic - inspired tunes of our forefathers will always hold a special place in our hearts. the missouri department of conservation has produced a delightful cd filled with traditional, ozarks folk music. quoting from their web page : \" you might call it an \" ozark \" river dance. our new folk - music cd is a spirited mix of traditional celtic jigs, foot - stomping ozark bluegrass, and narrative enhanced by nature sounds. the cd brings to life the scots - irish and their trek from the lowlands of scotland to the shores of america, and on to missouri ozark country. with more than 20 songs, \" fiddles and forests \" is the brainchild of fiddle player and department employee mike fraser. the concept began as a live program in which he used music to entertain audiences while educating them about ozark forests and history. the two - disc set features the story and songs on one disc and the music alone on the other. \" if you like good fiddle music, fiddles and forests just might be for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44245135855551887, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c370b03-d4dd-4768-b866-013ba01b3c4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.654181"}
{"text": "logging in or signing up robot arm asguest58216 download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 1039 category : product traini.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 0 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : august 02, 2010 this presentation is public favorites : 0 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript build your own robot arm : build your own robot arm trinidad september 2008 nico beute what will we do today? ( 1 ) : what will we do today? ( 1 ) we will build a robot arm from simple materials the arm would pick up a plastic cup from a distance of 45cm lift the cup to a height of at least 15cm bring the cup back to rest and release it you cannot get too close \u2026 : you cannot get too close \u2026 cup student robot arm 45cm you cannot get any closer than 45cm to the cup at any time what will we do today? ( 2 ) : what will we do today? ( 2 ) lift and release the cup when it is upside down lift and release the cup when it is full of candy do not spill use the same design ( possibly with a modified end effector ) to lift a pen why is this experiment useful to teachers and students? : why is this experiment useful to teachers and students? it teaches technological design it requires mathematical calculations for design it relates to the studies of motion and force it requires communication in writing ( design ) and orally ( explaining the design principles ) principles & standards for school mathematics : principles & standards for school mathematics geometry : use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems analyze characteristics and properties of two - and three - dimensional geometric shapes and develop mathematical arguments about geometric relationships problem solving : recognize and apply geometric ideas in areas outside of the mathematics classroom apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies communication : communicate mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others outline and procedures : outline and procedures divide into teams of two ( 2 ) review the requirements discuss a solution and create a sketch of your design build a model of your design with given materials test your model redesign after testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5364340230989963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cee5fe96-dc94-4211-9afc-8aa2bdbc6bfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.657370"}
{"text": "| avesta - - zoroastrian archives | | contents | | prev | | history3 | | next | | glossary | the idea of god in the millennium yahweh, the only god of the hebrews. we have already seen the eclipse of the old gods and the rise of the new ones in india during the millennium that opened with zarathushtra and ended with the advent of jesue. the monotheistic idea greatly developed during this period among the jews who were a subject race under the persians and whose religion was influenced by zoroastrianism. as judaism later gave much to christianity and mohammedanism, the knowledge of the belief in the godhead among this people is of great interest, and we shall discuss it in brief. a race of sturdy nomads of semitic stock tending their flocks from times immemorial in the arabian desert, of handsome features with prominent aquiline nose, is seen settling down in palestine about thirteen centuries before the christian era. many of their kinsmen had laboured and suffered as slaves in egypt, until moses brought them deliverance. the hebrews, as the people are known to history, found their new settlement already populated by the civilized canaanites. the new - comers intermarried with them and adopted their civilization. they succeeded later in founding a kingdom, and under the heroic ruler david, jerusalem became the centre of jewish religious life and the sanctuary of their national god yahweh. during the period of the divided kingdoms of judah and israel prophetic literature of great value arose and enriched human thought. the kingdom of israel ended in 721 b. c., and judah met with her destruction in 586 b. c. the persians brought the jews deliverance and allowed them to restore the temple of jerusalem that was destroyed by nebuchadnezzar. they flourished under the tolerant persian rule, codified their religious laws, collected and copied the sermons and teachings and songs and ancient writings that they stilt possessed. thus in a few centuries more there came into being the scriptures known as the old testament, the most precious legacy of the hebrews to mankind. when they had lived in small groups, each tribe had its god, whom the people worshipped. gradually a more powerful god from among these won the universal respect of the race. he was yahweh, worshipped in the earlier stages in the form of a brazen serpent, until the idol worship gave place to a purer form of godhead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068547939973946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.800603"}
{"text": "a more powerful god from among these won the universal respect of the race. he was yahweh, worshipped in the earlier stages in the form of a brazen serpent, until the idol worship gave place to a purer form of godhead. his dominion over men was contested by baal of tyre who received devotion from the people side by side with him both in israel and judah. yahweh ultimately came out successful and remained the only god of the hebrews. the prophet amos ( 760 b. c. ) raised him to monotheistic grandeur and spoke as the mouth - piece of yahweh. hosea and isaiah preach against idolatry and the prophets are incessantly enjoining upon the people not to make idols or graven images and they exhort them not to worship any other god but yahweh. it is said that yahweh is a jealous god and brooks no homage but to him. the children of israel had suffered in egypt where they were in bondage. god heard their groaning and had compassion on them. he appeared unto moses in a flame of fire, burning in a bush, and said that he had come down to deliver the suffering children of israel from bondage to a place flowing with milk and honey. he gave him ten commandments for the guidance of the people. therein he demands that man shall fear him, walk in his ways, cleave unto him, obey him, love him, and serve him with all his heart and all his soul. he has chosen israel unto himself above all people as a beacon of light and righteousness to mankind. consequently, he demands that they shall serve him faithfully, and transgress not his commandments. if people walk in the lord ' s statutes and keep his commandments, he gives them seasonal rains, full crops, protection against the attacks of animals and men, victory and offspring. he goes with the armies of israel to the battlefield and fights for them against the enemies. but when they transgress his commandments, worship idols or other gods or turn apostates, he breaks the pride of their power, lets loose their enemies over them, and chastises them by visiting their country with plagues and pestlences, famines and droughts, desolation and death. it was for the inequities of his wayward children that yahweh sent tiglath - pileser as his scourge to punish them and put them under the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.410842055669043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.802760"}
{"text": "famines and droughts, desolation and death. it was for the inequities of his wayward children that yahweh sent tiglath - pileser as his scourge to punish them and put them under the assyrian yoke. the prophet isaiah tells the people that yahweh uses assyria as his rod to punish them. those who seek yahweh, find him. he does not fail or forsake them. but when they forsake him, and provoke him to anger, he casts them away forever. but even then if people repent, humble themselves before him, fall down on their faces, rend their clothes, and weep, he relents, forgives them, comes back to them, takes them under his protecting wings, helps them, and prospers them. the psalms and prophets are replete with higher ethical sentiment and aim at reforming the motives of conduct rather than regulating it by ceremonial observances. they are full of fervent expressions of religious emotion. god is depicted here as the compassionate father who looks to all as his children. judaism prepares the way for a nobler type of godhead that was to be preached by jesus. taoism and confucianism. animism and ancestral worship ministered to the spiritual needs of the people in china from the earliest times. as in the other parts of the world, the higher conceptions of gods or of some one supreme principle like heaven as god were gradually evolving among the sages. tradition places the golden age of china in about 3000 b. c. but the authentic historical records do not go beyond a millennium before the christian era. it is in this period that great religious and social ideals were preached that have shaped the chinese life for all time. the country was harassed by feudal warfare, and famine and pestilence worked havoc, adding to the misery of the people. perplexed at the visitation of misfortunes and calamities, wail goes up to heaven from a poet in the eighth century b. c. complaining that heaven is unjust and merciless in its dealings with mankind. such complaints are however drowned in the chorus that heaven does not will evil. it is man ' s own fault, in consequence of which he suffers. man is born good, it is said, but when he goes astray from the path of goodness, he brings calamity on his head. when there were strife and chaos stalking the earth, the sages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4851639332224632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.803741"}
{"text": "in consequence of which he suffers. man is born good, it is said, but when he goes astray from the path of goodness, he brings calamity on his head. when there were strife and chaos stalking the earth, the sages felt that peace and harmony reigned above in heaven. perfect was the way or heaven or the tao or the one universal principle, the ultimate reality. happiness would fall to the lot of mankind, if it followed faithfully the way. the imitation of the way or heaven was therefore the ideal of earthly conduct. it was virtue and virtue brought happiness. man ' s duty was to cultivate the way and the sages undertook to teach it to mankind. the way was one which to all thinkers looked alike, but the methods of reaching it as taught by them were different. lao - tze, a great mystic born in 601 b. c., is the founder of taoism. he teaches quietism. confucius ( 551 - 479 b. c. ) is the man of the world and teaches a moral code of personal conduct. his relgion is a discipline of life and his system is a reaction against taoism. ahura mazdaahura, mazda, and ahura mazda. the name of god still retains its two elements separate. these have not yet coalesced into one word. in the metrical sections of the younger avesta the two elements are sometimes used apart from each other, or either one of the terms may be used to designate the supreme being, but in the prose compositions the collocation ahura mazda generally occurs as a compound phrase. in the formation of compounds, however, either ahura or mazda alone is used for the sake of convenience. the ahura compounds such as ahura - dhata, ' created by ahura, ' ahura - tkaesha, ' of the faith of ahura, ' or the adjectival form ahuiri, ' of ahura, ' invariably represent the divine lord ahura mazda. similarly, the mazda element in the compounds mazda - dhata, ' created by mazda, ' mazda - yasna, ' worshipper of mazda, ' mazdo - frasasta, ' taught by mazda, ' mazdo - fraokhta, or mazdaokhta, ' spoken by mazda, ' invariably stands for ahura mazda himself. | ahura mazda is the highest object of worship. ahura mazda still holds sovereign sway over both the worlds ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5355011726266439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.804714"}
{"text": "mazdo - fraokhta, or mazdaokhta, ' spoken by mazda, ' invariably stands for ahura mazda himself. | ahura mazda is the highest object of worship. ahura mazda still holds sovereign sway over both the worlds ; his authority in the world of righteousness is undisputed, and his imperial right is unchallenged. he is the greatest and the very best of the angels. 1 the old persian inscriptions speak of him as the greatest of the divinities. 2 the archangels and angels dutifully carry out mazda ' s orders. reverence for him has never abated, and adoration of him does not languish with the advent again of the old indo - iranian divinities. like the dual divinities varuna - mitra who received joint invocation during the indo - iranian period, ahura - mithra or mithra - ahura are invoked together. ahura generally takes precedence and mithra stands second in the compound, 3 but in the nyaishes composed in honour of hvare khshaeta or the sun and mithra, as also in the yasht dedicated to mithra, 4 the order is reversed and we have then mithra - ahura. he is yet the sublimest goal of human aspiration. the best of all sacrifices and invocations are those of mazda. 5 | | 1. y16. 1 ; yt17. 16. 2. dar. pers. d. 1 ; xerx. elv. 1 ; xerx. van. 1. 3. y1. 11 ; 2. 11 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 16 ; 6. 10 ; 7. 13 ; 17. 10 ; 22. 13. 4. ny1. 7 ; 2. 7, 12 ; yt10. 113, 145. the faithful acknowledge their indebtedness to ahura mazda and devoutly offer to him their homage and sacrifice. 6 they worship him with the very life of the body, 7 and they long to reach him through the medium of fire, through the good mind, through righteousness, and through the deeds and words of wisdom, as well as through good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. 8 ahura mazda, in fact, is implored to be their very life and limb in both the worlds. 9 it is through the best righteousness that the true in heart aspire to behold the lord to approach him, and to associate with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4188873569377413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.806306"}
{"text": "ahura mazda, in fact, is implored to be their very life and limb in both the worlds. 9 it is through the best righteousness that the true in heart aspire to behold the lord to approach him, and to associate with him. 10 the attainment of the companionship and the kingdom of ahura mazda is the pious wish of the supplicant. 11 8. y36. 1, 4, 5. 11. y40. 2 ; 41. 2, 5, 6. mazda ' s titles. the yasna sacrifice opens with the praise of ahura mazda and enumerates the following divine titles : maker, radiant, glorious, the greatest, the best, the most beautiful, the most firm, the most wise, of the most perfect form, the highest in righteousness, possessed of great joy, creator, fashioner, nourisher, and the most holy spirit. 12 he is all - pervading. there is no conceivable place where he is not. closer than the nose is to the ears, or the ears are to the mouth, is he to all that which the corporeal world thinks, speaks, and does. 13 he is the greatest temporal and spiritual lord. 14 he is the absolute ruler. 15 he is the most mighty and righteous. 16 he is benevolent. 17 he is the maker, the most holy, the most wise, and the best one to answer when questioned. 18 his is the omnisscent wisdom. 19 he is undeceivable. 20 he is omniscient and never sleeping. 21 radiant and glorious are the most frequent epithets with which the texts open the invocation to the divinity. above all ahura mazda is the spirit of spirits. 22 this essential trait stands intact through all changes in the concept of god. he is not invested with any anthropomorphic chracter, and his multifarious epithets are truly the figurative expressions of human language used by man in his feeble attempt to give vent to an outburst of the feelings of devotion and reverence for his heavenly father. ahura mazda is synonymous with light, even as his opponent is identical with darkness, and the sun is spoken of as his most beautiful form. 23 just as the rig veda speaks of the sun as the eye of mithra and varuna, 24 so do the avestan texts call the sun the eye of ahura mazda. 25 speaking about the nature of ahuta mazda, plutarch well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44598310352684434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.807237"}
{"text": "as the rig veda speaks of the sun as the eye of mithra and varuna, 24 so do the avestan texts call the sun the eye of ahura mazda. 25 speaking about the nature of ahuta mazda, plutarch well remarks that among objects of sense the zoroastrian godhead most of all resembles the light. 26 the star - spangled heaven is his garment ; 27 the holy spell is his soul. 28 many are the names by which mankind have learnt to know him. the first yasht, which is dedicated to him, enumerates seventy - four of these attributes. they are all descriptive of his wisdom, far - sightedness, power, righteousness justice, and mercy. 29 13. tdfr. 58, 59. 14. y27. 1 ; vr11. 21. 18. vd18. 7, 13, 66. 21. yt12. 1 ; vd. 19. 20, 26. 23. y36. 6 ; 28. 8. 24. rv. 1. 115. 1 ; 6. 51. 1 ; 7. 61. 1 ; 63. 1 ; 10. 37. 25. y1. 11 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 16 ; 7. 13 ; 22. 13. 26. is. et os. 46. 29. yt1. 7, 8, 12 - 15. only the world of righteousness is created by ahura mazda. as the antithesis between the deity and the evil spirit is now most strongly marked in the later avesta, the godhead is expressly described as the creator of everything that is good, 30 evil being the counter - creation of angara mainyu. ahura mazda and angra mainyu in the younger texts are described as creating good and evil in turn. the archangels are mazda ' s creations ; 31 so also are the angels and men, the animals, sky, water, trees, light, wind, and earth. 32 in the various enquiries which zarathushtra addresses to ahura mazda in the vendidad, the divinity is portrayed as the creator of corporeal world. ahura expressly says to zarathushtra that he has created everything in the world, and yet nothing in his creation comes up to the level of man, who is the greatest and the best of all creations. 33 through the wisdom of ahura mazda the world has come into being, and through his divine wisdom it will come also to an 32", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49329158192792044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.808248"}
{"text": "nothing in his creation comes up to the level of man, who is the greatest and the best of all creations. 33 through the wisdom of ahura mazda the world has come into being, and through his divine wisdom it will come also to an 32. y1. 1, 2, 12 ; 2. 12 ; 12. 7 ; 17. 12 ; 37. 1 ; 38. 3 ; vr7. 4 ; vd19. 13, 16, 35 ; 21. 4, 8, 12 ; aog. 30. 33. aog. 30. spenta mainyubelief in an intermediary spirit between god and the world. from the days of thales ( about 600 b. c. ), the head of the school of miletus, the greek thinkers were in touch with the orient. the ionians were in close contact with the persians. pythagoras, we have seen, was believed by the classical writers to have been the pupil of zoroaster, though several centuries intervened between them. numenius of apamea says that pythagoras and plato reproduce the ancient wisdom of the magi and brahmans, egyptians and jews. alexandria became later a cosmopolitan seat of learning, and the intellectual east and west met there. it was here that judaism and afterwards christianity were hellenized. the wisdom of the east was held in high esteem at alexandria. persian influence, it seems, had been felt in greece in the early formative period of its philosophy. zarathushtra, we have noticed, postulated a quasi - independent spirit intermediary between the godhead and the universe, anaxagoras calls it nous, acting between god, and the world as the regulating principle of existence. plato says in his timaeus that the universe becomes an organism through the universal world - soul that is created by the demiurge, the supreme deity. the old testament refers to the spirit of yahweh. 1 philo judaeus unites the greek and jewish ideas about logos and says that logos is the first - born son of god and acts as a viceregent of god between god and the world. he is the prototypal man after whose image all men are created. logos is something more than plato ' s idea of the good, because, like spenta mainyu, he is creatively active. in common with spenta mainyu, logos is not a personal being, and like spenta mainyu again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5433109733496122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.809096"}
{"text": "logos is something more than plato ' s idea of the good, because, like spenta mainyu, he is creatively active. in common with spenta mainyu, logos is not a personal being, and like spenta mainyu again, he appears sometimes as identified with god and at other times seems to be an attribute of god. the avestan texts refer to spenta mainyu and his adversary angra mainyu as thworeshtar or the fashioners or cutters and, speaking about the work of logos, philo speaks of him as tomeus, ' the cutter, ' employing the word of the same meaning. again as spenta mainyu or the spirit of light is shadowed by the opposite spirit of darkness, so logos, says philo, is the shekinah or glory or light of god, but he is also the darkness or shadow of god. this is so because, he adds, the creature reveals only half the creator and hides the other half. in the book of wisdom of solomon, wisdom, identical with the greek logos, is the divine essence, living a quasi - independent existence in god and side by side with god. she works as the active agent of god in the creation of the world. in mithraism, mithra held the position of the mediator between god who was unknowable and unapproachable and mankind. he fashioned the world as demiurge. the intermediary spirit of god occurs throughout the new testament. numenius of apamea, writing in the second century, says that god has bestowed divine qualities upon a second god who acts in the world as the power for good. the supreme god or the first principle, he adds, works in the spiritual world, whereas the activity of the second god extends to the spiritual as well as material world. origen, writing shortly after him, says that god created logos or the son. his relation to the father is the same as that which exists between ahura mazda and spenta mainyu. the son or logos, says origen, is co - eternal and co - equal with the father, but the son is lesser than the father. clement of alexandria says that logos, represents the will, power, and energy of god. he is the creator on behalf of god. he has introduced harmony in the universe and conducts its affairs as the pilot. | | 1. genesis 1. 2. | | the relation between ahura mazda and his holy spirit. it remains as subtle in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037887498875511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.809952"}
{"text": "is the creator on behalf of god. he has introduced harmony in the universe and conducts its affairs as the pilot. | | 1. genesis 1. 2. | | the relation between ahura mazda and his holy spirit. it remains as subtle in the younger avestan texts as it was in the gathas. we have already seen in the treatment of this highly abstract concept, as it is portrayed in the gathic texts, that the term spenta mainyu either designated ahura mazda as his divine attribute, or occurred as a being separate from the godhead. the later avestan texts, it seems to us, lead us to the idea that spenta mainyu has no independent existence apart from ahura mazda, in other words, as shown above, he is not a personal being. the later avesta, moreover, as we shall see in the subsequent pages, teaches that all earthly and heavenly beings, belonging to the kingdom of goodness, including ahura mazda himself, have their fravashis, or guardian spirits. spenta mainyu alone in the realm of the good is without his guardian spirit. furthermore, spenta mainyu does not receive homage and invocation from man, as do ahura mazda, the amesha spentas, and the yazatas. in one passage the faithful dedicate their thoughts, words, deeds, and all to him. 2 spenta mainyu, therefore, may be taken as an attribute of ahura mazda which is either conjointly used with the godhead as his distinguishing epithet, or occurs alone by itself to designate the supreme being. in this latter use, it may be said, spenta mainyu represents ahura mazda, in the same manner as the royal title ' his majesty ' is frequently used as a substitute for the name of a king. | | 2. y58. 6. | | in contradistinction to the evil creation of angra mainyu, or the evil spirit, the avestan texts speak of the good creation as belonging to spenta mainyu, the holy spirit. 3 he maintains the sky, the waters, the earth, the plants, and the children to be born. 4 the stars also are spoken of as the creatures of the holy spirit. 5 he created mithra ' s chariot, inlaid with stars and made of heavenly substance. 6 he is spoken of as the holier of the two spirits. 7 he struggles with angra mainyu to seize the kingly glory [ khwarrah ]. 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5060195671102797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.810780"}
{"text": "' s chariot, inlaid with stars and made of heavenly substance. 6 he is spoken of as the holier of the two spirits. 7 he struggles with angra mainyu to seize the kingly glory [ khwarrah ]. 8 characteristic or the highly developed type of dualism of the younger avestan period, we find that the two rival spirits divide their sphere of influence in regard to the wind, or vayu. the moderate wind that is conducive of good is called the wind of spenta mainyu, 9 and only to this good part of vayu are the faithful to offer sacrifice. 10 snavidhka, a tyrant foe of the iranian hero keresaspa, haughtily exclaims that if he ever grew to manhood he would make the heavens his chariot, convert the earth into a wheel, bring down spenta mainyu, or the holy spirit, from the shining paradise, and make angra mainyu, or the evil spirit, rush up from the dreary hell, and compel them to draw his chariot. 11 in a couple of instances ahura mazda is depicted as speaking of the holy spirit as a part of himself. speaking about the great work of the fravashis, or the guardian spirits, ahura mazda says that had not the ftavashis helped him, the wicked druj would have smitten the good creation, and it would never have been possible for spenta mainyu to deal a blow to angra mainyu. 12 ahura mazda sacrifices unto vayu and asks from this angel of wind a boon, that he may smite the creation of angra mainyu but that none may smite the creation of spenta mainyu. 13 | | 3. y1. 16 ; 8. 6, 11. 13 ; 17. 2 ; 57. 17 ; vr12. 4 ; yt6. 2 ; 8. 48 ; 11. 11 ; 13. 76 ; 15. 3, 43, 44 ; vd3. 20 ; 5. 33 ; 13. 1, 2, 5, 6, 16. 4. yt13. 28, 29. 5. y1. 11 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 16 ; 7. 13 ; 22. 13 ; yt12. 32. 9. y22. 24 ; 25. 5. 10. yt15. 5, 42, 57, 58 ; s1. 21 ; 2. 11. 11. yt19.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47610216149856277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.811744"}
{"text": "22. 13 ; yt12. 32. 9. y22. 24 ; 25. 5. 10. yt15. 5, 42, 57, 58 ; s1. 21 ; 2. 11. 11. yt19. 43, 44. 12. yt13. 12, 13. 13. yt15. 2, 3. the superlative forms, spentotema mainyu, 14 or spenishta mainyu, meaning the most holy spirit ; are spoken of as ahura mazda ' s 14. y1. 1 ; 37. 3. 15. y19. 1 ; yt1. 1 ; 14. 1, 34, 42 ; vd2. 1 ; 7. 1 ; 9. 1 ; 10. 1 ; 14. 1 ; 18. 14 ; a4. 4. amesha spentasthe archangels. the higher celestial beings that had not expressly acquired a distinguishing name of their own in the gathas are now designated as the amesha spentas, or ' holy immortal ones. ' they are thus addressed for the first time in the haptanghaiti, or the yasna of seven chapters, the earliest prose composition of the avestan period, though still made in the gathic dialect. 1 they are all created by ahura mazda. 2 plutarch and strabo refer to them in their works. 3 with the godhead at the pinnacle they form a heptad and are henceforth mentioned as the seven holy immortal ones. 4 severally they are both male and female. 5 vohu manah, asha vahishta, and khshathra vairya are conceived of as masculine beings, though neuter in grammatical gender ; spenta armaiti is pictured as a feminine concept ; and haurvatat and ameretat are treated as masculine beings, though their grammatical gender is feminine. in a paramount degree they are all of one thought, one word, and one deed ; their father and lord is the creator ahura mazda. 6 they look into one another ' s soul ; 7 and they each have their special fravashi. 8 garonmana [ garothman ], the highest heaven, is their dwelling - place, and there they occupy the golden seats that belong to spirits in the realm supernal. 9 their sacred names are the most mighty, most glorious, and the most victorious of the spells. 10 to utter their name is synonymous with efficacy and power. yasht", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46986297029850893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.812677"}
{"text": "they occupy the golden seats that belong to spirits in the realm supernal. 9 their sacred names are the most mighty, most glorious, and the most victorious of the spells. 10 to utter their name is synonymous with efficacy and power. yasht 2 is devoted to their praise. 1. y39. 3 ; 42. 6. 3. is. et os. 47 ; strabo, p. 732 ; thomas, strabo and the ameshaspands in j. j. madressa jubilee volume, p. 173 - 176. 4. yt2. 13 ; 13. 83 ; 19. 16 ; for seven babylonian igigis and seven elamite deities, see gray, the foundations of the iranian religions, p. 17. 5. y4. 4 ; 24. 9 ; 39. 3 ; vr9. 4. 6. yt13. 83 ; 19. 16. 7. yt13. 84 ; 19. 17. 9. vd19. 32, 36. their attributes. the amesha spentas are the ever - living and the ever - helping ones ; 11 they are the wise ones, and good rulers. 12 it is they that are the shining ones ; of efficacious eyes, exalted, mighty, valiant, imperishable, and righteous. 12 they are the makers, rulers, fashioners, guardians, protectors, and preservers of the creation of mazda, 14 and mazda has given them 11. y4. 4 ; 39. 3 ; vr9. 4 ; 11. 12. 12. y2. 2 ; 4. 4 ; 6. 1 ; 24. 9 ; 25. 4 ; 35. 1 ; 58. 5 ; 70. 1 ; vr8. 1 ; 11. 12 ; vd19. 9. 13. y26. 3 ; yt13. 82. 14. y58. 5 ; yt19. 18 ; vd19. 9. their work. the archangels hold their celestial councils on the heights of the heavens. 16 from there they come down to the seven zones into which the world was divided according to the avesta, 17 and rule over the realms of earth. 18 they are naturally invited to the sacrifice, 19 and offerings are placed by the devout for them to accept. 20 the faithful pray that the amesha spentas may visit and enjoy sacrifices in their houses, 21 for shining is the path by which they descend to earth to receive the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4589398695163347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.813876"}
{"text": "the sacrifice, 19 and offerings are placed by the devout for them to accept. 20 the faithful pray that the amesha spentas may visit and enjoy sacrifices in their houses, 21 for shining is the path by which they descend to earth to receive the libations offered in their honour. 22 even mithra as a god - like embodiment sacrificed unto them, 23 and for him they have made a dwelling. 24 they are of one accord with the sun ; 25 and they gather together the light of the moon and pour it down upon the earth. 26 they are the divine ones who help in bringing about the final restoration of the world. 27 each of them will smite his opponent at the time of the resurrection. 28 17. y57. 23 ; yt11. 14. 22. yt13. 84 ; 19. 17. 25. yt10. 51 ; 13. 92. zarathushtra the first among mortals to sacrifice unto the amesha spentas. mazda asks his prophet to invoke the amesha spentas, even though he could not behold them with his eyes. 29 zarathushtra follows mazda ' s behests ; and he is the first man to invoke them. 30 a spiritual predecessor having been sraosha. for that reason the faithful sacrifice unto the amesha spentas with love and joy, 31 and pray to them for help and protection. 32 their praise and sacrifice form one of the cardinal articles of faith. 33 hence it is that we find in the oft - repeated formulas of the later avestan texts that sacrifice, invocation, propitiation, and glorification are offered to them for the furtherance of prosperity in the world of righteousness. 34 nor must it be forgotten that in his benedictions upon king vishtaspa the prophet invokes upon his royal patron the blessings of brightness, glory, riches, swift horses, and good sons that come as a benign gift from the archangels. 35 the ceremonials performed in honour of the amesha spentas by unholy priests delight them not ; 36 on the other hand, distress and harm flee from that worshipper whose homage has reached them. 37 when their loving votary performs his devotions and finds his spirit inflamed by their love, he forthwith dedicates to them the very life of his body and all his earthly possessions. 38 31. y15. 1 ; vr6. 1. 36. yt10. 139 ; 24.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40939360640274614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.814946"}
{"text": "may act in such a way that vohu manah may come to them. 44 it is through his medium that the devout can aspire to reach ahura mazda ; 45 and on that account he is implored to further bodily life. 46 it is said, moreover, that he is more a possession of the hard - working man of the world, who has married and toils for his family, than of the celibate or the ascetic. 47 vohu manah ' s function of guarding the animal kingdom is not emphasized in the avestan texts. | | 43. yt13. 77, 78. | vohu manah welcomes the righteous souls to paradise. when the blessed ones cross the great bridge and come up to the gates of heaven, this premier angel rises from his golden throne and in gracious words receives the new - comers. 48 | | 48. vd19. 31. | in the final conflict between the hosts of the rival powers, he will smite his adversary aka manah. 48a the formation of the name. the younger avesta, in conformity with the gathas, calls this archangel asha and adds the epithet vahishta or ' best ' to the name. the variant stem arta is, however, found as an element of astvatereta, the name of the renovator [ soshyant ]. 49 it is also met with in the proper names during the achaemenian period. we have, for example, artakhshathra, artadata, artapata, and artafarnah. its forms areta, ' proper, ' and anareta or anaretha, ' improper, ' are likewise found. 50 a righteous person is called ashavan which is equivalent to the vedic rtavan. in the use of avestan ashahe kha and vedic kha rtasya, ' source of righteousness, ' we have an interesting instance of the common words employed by both. 51 49. yt13. 110, 117, 128, 129 ; 19. 92, 95. 50. y12. 4 ; 65. 9 ; vr1. 2 ; 2. 2. 51. y10. 4 ; rv2. 28. 5. | his righteousness remains the basic doctrine of zoroastrianism during the later avestan period. ahura mazda is the righteous lord of righteousness. 52 among the many names by which ahura mazda is invoked in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4106855630539873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.818850"}
{"text": ". 28. 5. | his righteousness remains the basic doctrine of zoroastrianism during the later avestan period. ahura mazda is the righteous lord of righteousness. 52 among the many names by which ahura mazda is invoked in the hymn dedicated to him, the fourth is asha vahishta or best righteousness. 53 ahura mazda has created asha vahishta, or best righteousness, 54 who is the greatest, best, fairest, the radiant, the all - good archangel. 55 in one instance he is called by the indo - iranian epithet bagha, ' divinity. ' he it is who smites disease, death, fiends, sorcerers, noxious creatures, and his adversary druj, deceit or wickedness. 56 zarathushtra for that reason proclaims the glory of asha vahishta, through whom the way to the abode of the archangels, paradise, becomes easy. 57 the souls of the dead, who are the fravashis of the righteous, dwell in the shining realm of asha vahishta. 58 this celestial personification gives joy to the souls of the righteous dead. 59 it is through him that the devotee aspires to behold and reach ahura mazda. 60 he offers homage and adoration to him along with ahura mazda. 61 emphasizing zarathushtra ' s dictum in the gathas, the younger avesta affirms that there is one path alone that leads to the eternal life, and that is the path of righteousness. 62 the vedas likewise allude to the path of rta. 63 the achaemenian kings refer to the right path in their rock inscriptions. 64 buddha embodies his teachings in his noble eightfold path. 65 during the same period lao - tze interprets his philosophy in the tao or the way in china. shinto or the way of the gods appears in the national cult of japan. the prophets and seers reveal the path or way of life to mankind and jesus calls himself the way, a thousand years after zarathushtra. the faithful invoke the holy waters of ahura mazda for the attainment of this path which is the most upright and which leads to the paradise of the righteous. 66 atar, the genius of fire, leads to this straightest path all those who lie not unto mithra. 67 referring to the guilty persons who have undergone punishments for the crime of assaulting other persons, the vendidad6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4375041060683725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.819707"}
{"text": "righteous. 66 atar, the genius of fire, leads to this straightest path all those who lie not unto mithra. 67 referring to the guilty persons who have undergone punishments for the crime of assaulting other persons, the vendidad68 admonishes sinners to walk in the path of righteousness in future. darius likewise exhorts men not to leave the path which is right. 69 | | 55. y13. 8 ; 37. 4 ; 59. 32 ; 60. 13 ; yt1. 22 ; 2. 7 ; 13. 91, 92 ; s1. 3 ; 2. 3. 59. tdfr. 72 - 74. 64. naksh - i rustam a. 6. 65. mahavagga, 1. 6. 18. 69. nr. a. 6. zarathushtra was the first among mortais to praise this embodiment of holiness ; 70 and king vishtaspa, by adopting the new faith, helped to open the way for righteousness in this world. 71 the faithful beseech ahura mazda to bless them with intelligent men who embrace righteousness ; 72 good, thoughts of the mind, good words of the tongue, and good deeds of the hand make man ashavan, or righteous. 73 he obtains purity when he cleanses his own self with them. 74 the friendship of asha in this world and the next is the most coveted boon for all time. 75 it is easy to understand why asha is invoked to enter the house of the faithful to smite the wicked druj. 76 the excellence of religious thoughts, words, and deeds, which is ordained by ahura mazda, and nourished by vohu manah, is furnished by the righteousness of 71. yt13. 99 ; 19. 93. 73. tdfr. 57 - 59 ; see nariman, buddhist parallels to humata, hukhta, hvarashta in dastur hoshang memorial volume, p. 311 - 316. 75. y40. 2 ; 41. 6. 77. vr12. 3, 4. righteousness is the highest riches. man, we are told, pines for the riches of the earth and often strives to obtain the boon of wealth even by unlawful means. on the contrary, he should rather aspire to a store of righteousness, which is the real and permanent wealth. when a man starts on a journey, he takes provisions and stores with him. 78", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468935730009189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.820505"}
{"text": "the boon of wealth even by unlawful means. on the contrary, he should rather aspire to a store of righteousness, which is the real and permanent wealth. when a man starts on a journey, he takes provisions and stores with him. 78 he takes care to provide himself with more goods than are his actual requirements. 79 how sad it is, then, that he should not furnish himself now, while it is time, with the spiritual stores of righteousness for the great journey which he will have one day to undertake and from which he will never return. 80 in the end cattle are dust ; gold and silver are dross ; even the body of man mingles with clay. righteousness alone does not mingle with the dust, but survives the bodily death of man. 81 there comes a day or there comes a night, when the master leaves his cattle, when the cattle leave their master, and the soul leaves the body. 82 but righteousness, which is the greatest and the best of all riches, accompanies the soul after death. 83 riches and fortune one cannot have for oneself, nor can one maintain form and beauty of body forever at will ; but everyone can embrace righteousness and make it his own in this world. 84 the best man is the righteous man. he is not heroic who is not heroic in righteousness, he is not valiant who is not valiant in righteousness. 85 life in departing leaves the richest empty in the midst of his abundance, if he lacks righteousness. 78. aog. 41. 79. aog. 42 - 44. 80. aog. 46 - 47. 81. aog. 84. 82. aog. 51. 83. aog. 52. 84. tdfr. 95 - 98. 85. tdfr. 103, 104. the world of righteousness, as against the world of wickedness. the universe is divided into two hostile camps. the righteous form a distinct world by themselves, and they are the favourite ones of ahura mazda. the men who have chosen to naturalize themselves as citizens of the kingdom of wickedness form a separate world of their own. the texts in the later avesta speak of the ashaono sti, ' the world of the righteous man, ' as opposed to the drvato sti, ' the world of the wicked fiend, ' the sorcerers and the wicked destroy the world of righteousness. 86 it is the faithful that work for the furtherance of the one, and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45745527524938223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.821447"}
{"text": "as opposed to the drvato sti, ' the world of the wicked fiend, ' the sorcerers and the wicked destroy the world of righteousness. 86 it is the faithful that work for the furtherance of the one, and for the destruction of the other. 87 the man that is holy rejoices in the prosperity of the former, just as he exults in the adversity of the latter. 88 he who does not gladden a righteous person who comes within his gates has no lasting or true joy. to be charitable to such a one is to attain paradise. 89 but again, he rejoices not who helps a wicked person that clamours for help. to help such an evil one is equivalent to hindering righteousness, inasmuch as he is wicked who is a source of goodness to the wicked. 90 a gift bestowed upon a righteous man is the best of all libations, 91 but not so when it is made to a wicked one. refusing food to a demon - worshipper or a wicked one does not make one guilty. 92 the faithful pray that a righteous king may rule over them, but that a wicked one may be baffled and defeated. 93 89. tdfr. 107 - 109. 90. y71. 13 ; tdfr. 110 - 112. bodily purity contributes to righteousness. next to life the second best good for man is purity. 94 this is the dictum of the gathas, and it is most consistently developed throughout the entire subsequent literature. it is the favourite theme on which, the zoroastrian theologians are never tired of expatiating. purity of body is the most salient feature in the life of a zoroastrian. it is rated higher than anything else. the problem of cleanness and uncleanness, purity and impurity, has evoked an extensive literature. the tenets of the faith in this respect have been worked out into a science of health. bodily purity is indispensable to purity of mind. cleanliness of body is an essential requisite for saintliness. the clean in body find it easy to be pure in mind, and the pure in heart have just a step to take to be holy in spirit. asha vahishta comes to be regarded as the healing spirit of bodily diseases. as the many kinds of healers restore bodily health by herbs and drugs, and remove the tumours and cancers by knife and implements, so there are healers that heal through righteousness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47941036603525844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.822435"}
{"text": "comes to be regarded as the healing spirit of bodily diseases. as the many kinds of healers restore bodily health by herbs and drugs, and remove the tumours and cancers by knife and implements, so there are healers that heal through righteousness or by the holy spell. we shall speak later on, in its proper place, of the art of healing by means of the holy spell. the yasht which receives its name after asha vahishta is in fact mostly consecrated to asha vahishta ' s associate airyaman, the guardian genius of human health. of all the healers, the avestan texts announce, the spiritual healer is the best one ; it is he that heals the faithful through his own righteousness by means of the utterance of the holy spell. 95 | | 95. yt3. 6 ; vd7. 44. | asha vahishta ' s relation to fire. we have seen in the gathas asha ' s dual association with the universal order prevailing everywhere and fire. we find these early zoroastrian conceptions reflected in the writings of the greek philosophers of the period. heraclitus, who flourished at ephesus, near the end of the sixth century b. c., postulates fire as the first principle from which everything that exists has come. it is working as reason or logos and reveals the stable, divine law in the eternal flow of things in the universe. heraclitus left a deep impression on greek philosophy and his conceptions appear in later thinkers. 96 | | 96. see also carnoy, zoroastrianism in ere 12. 866. | in the avestan liturgy asha vahishta is invoked together with atar ; the genius of fire. 97 angra mainyu, as the devil, exclaims that zarathushtra burns him with asha vahishta as with molten metal. 98 this allegory of burning and annihilating the evil spirit through righteousness is taken literally in the later period of zoroastrianism, where asha vahishta is identified at times with the household fire on the hearth. such identification in the realms of matter and of spirit serves only to bring more into prominence the main tenets of zoroaster ' s teachings in regard to asha. 97. y1. 4 ; 2. 4 ; 3. 6 ; 4. 9 ; 6. 3 ; 7. 6, 17. 3 ; 22. 6 ; 59. 3 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4659032953688872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.823348"}
{"text": "zoroaster ' s teachings in regard to asha. 97. y1. 4 ; 2. 4 ; 3. 6 ; 4. 9 ; 6. 3 ; 7. 6, 17. 3 ; 22. 6 ; 59. 3 ; yt4. 9 ; sr1. 7 ; 2. 7 ; afr. 4. 2 ; g. 2, 9, 12. the change that the concept undergoes. the gathic khshathra now takes vairya, ' desirable, ' as its standing epithet, and hence both the terms combine to form the name of this archangel. this archangel of ahura mazda99 gradually loses the abstract side of his nature in the avestan texts. in the gathic prose text of the yasna haptanghaiti the abstract idea of the divine kingdom occurs but once. in this solitary passage the devout long for the everlasting kingdom of ahura mazda. 100 throughout the younger avestan texts this abstract idea of the spiritual kingdom recedes into the background, or rather is entirely lost sight of. true, khshathra vairya is still occasionally invoked by name along with the other celestial beings, but his higher function as the genius of the sovereign power in the abstract entirely falls out. | khshathra vairya as the genius of earthly wealth. materially khshathra vairya is the genius of metal, and his activity is now limited to guarding this concrete creation of god. he is not spoken of as the genius of the celestial riches of the divine kingdom of ahura mazda. khshathra vairya and the molten metal are invoked side by side. 101 in fact he very soon loses even this trait of his work ; he is identified with metal and just becomes metal itself. 102 thrita, the first reputed healer of the bodies of mortals, received from him a surgical instrument for healing. 103 | | 101. vr20. 1 ; yt2. 7 ; sr1. 4 ; 2. 4. 102. yt10. 125 ; vd9. 10 ; 16. 6 ; 17. 6, 8. as the genius of metal, khshathra vairya is the lord of earthly riches. he generously bestows his possessions on the poor. he is sometimes invoked in company of marezhdika, ' mercy, ' 104 who is styled the protector of the poor. we can trace this relation of khshathra vairya as the merciful help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5036819320731905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.824162"}
{"text": "his possessions on the poor. he is sometimes invoked in company of marezhdika, ' mercy, ' 104 who is styled the protector of the poor. we can trace this relation of khshathra vairya as the merciful helper of the poor to the ahuna vairya [ ahunwar ] formula. | | 104. yt2. 7 ; sr1. 4 ; 2. 4. | her position in the avesta. as devotion personified on the abstract side, and as the genius of the earth on the concrete side, spenta armaiti, ' holy devotion, ' retains her dual nature in the younger avesta. through the medium of devotion the faithful aspire to approach ahura mazda, 105 and in the confession of faith the pious follower of zarathushtra chooses devotion, and yearns to make her his own. 106 upon lifting up his devotional prayer the house - lord prays that she may enter his house and thus rout heresy. 107 the malice and harm of the wicked could be averted through her help. 108 she is the daughter of ahura mazda and as the genius of devotion is the mother of ashi vanghulti, or the genius of good piety, 109 while rata, the guardian spirit of generosity, is invoked with her. 110 105. y13. 6 ; 39, 5. 109. yt17. 16 ; vd19. 13, 16. 110. sr1. 5 ; 2. 5. armaiti as earth. from her position as the female genius of the earth, 111 armaiti very soon becomes the earth herself. she is now more frequently spoken of as the earth than as the genius of the earth. 112 she wears the star - studded sky as her 112. y16. 10 ; yt24. 50 ; vd2. 10, 14, 18 ; 18. 51, 64. haurvatat and ameretat | the dual archangels. these two amesha spentas are closely united to each other and generally occur together side by side. 114 haurvatat has a yasht consecrated to him, being invoked as the lord of seasons and years. 115 ahura mazda created haurvatat for the help, joy, comfort, and pleasure of the righteous ones. 116 the man who invokes the name of haurvatat as one of the archangels is able to smite the legion of demons. 117 the two,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511196986724747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.825011"}
{"text": "a yasht, or hymn of praise, which narrates the doings and functions of its respective genius. besides the yashts that form a special biographical literature of these minor divinities, the whole iranian literature is filled with the record of their achievements. ahura mazda himself is a yazata, 4 even as he is an amesha spenta. he is the greatest and the best yazata. 5 zarathushtra himself is spoken of as a yazata. 6 2. vr8. 1 ; for a list of minor divinities see gray, the foundations of the iranian religions, p, 221 - 224. 3. is et os., 47. 5. y16. 1 ; yt17. 16. 6. y3. 21 ; 7. 21. history of the yazatas. some of these yazatas are, as we have already seen, pre - zoroastrian and go back to the indo - iraniam period ; but with the exception of sraosha, atar, and ashi, they do not appear in the gathas, though frequent enough in the later avesta. in fact, they permeate all the later texts, and form an indissoluble part of the zoroastrian pantheon. we shall group them under two headings and distinguish those that are common to the indians and the iranians from those that are indo - lranian : mithra, airyaman, haoma, verethraghna, parendi, rata, nairyosangha, apam napat, ushah, and vayu. iranian : atar, ardvi sura anahita, hvarekhshaeta, maonghah, tishtrya drvaspa, sraosha, rashnu, raman, daena, chisti, erethe, rasanstat, ashi vanghuhi, arshtat, asman, zam, manthra spenta, damoish upamana, and anaghra | characteristics of the yazatas. like their celestial elders, the amesha spentas, the yazatas impersonate abstract ideas and virtues, or concrete objects of nature. many of them preside over both spiritual and material phenomena. the nature yazatas hvarekhshaeta, mithra, maonghah, ardvi sura, atar, and others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45280405141469127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.828986"}
{"text": ", or concrete objects of nature. many of them preside over both spiritual and material phenomena. the nature yazatas hvarekhshaeta, mithra, maonghah, ardvi sura, atar, and others personify the sun, light, moon, water, and fire. at times their names designate merely the objects of nature that they personify. this simultaneous treatment of the dual aspect of these angels is frequently found in one and the same paragraph and makes it difficult to distinguish the actual impersonations from the personified objects. very often praise and sacrifice are offered more to the sun, light, moon, water, and fire as such than to the yazatas presiding over them. we learn from herodotus that the persians sacrificed unto the sun, moon, earth, fire, water, and winds. 7 | | 7. herod. 1. 131. | instances are not wanting in which a yazata begins his career as the personification of some one particular virtue or an object of nature, but with the lapse of time either substitutes for it some other or widens his sphere of activity and takes some new virtue in the abstract or some new object of nature under his guardianship in addition to his original duty. some of the yazatas are lacking in real individuality. the functions of the yazatas. various are the boons that the yazatas give unto man. 8 by hundreds and by thousands they gather together the light of the sun and pour it upon the earth. 9 men invoke them with sacrifices10 and in return they help men, they have a share of invocation and sacrifice offered unto ahura mazda, who is not jealous of the oblations thus dedicated to his subordinates. they are the holy, mighty, beneficent ones, 11 full of glory and healing. 12 apart from the general work which the yazatas perform as a class of spiritual beings, they are severally allotted different functions, which we shall notice under their respective headings. 8. y65. 12, 14. 9. yt6. 1 ; ny1. 11 11. y25. 8 ; 65. 12, 14 ; g2. 6. offerings and sacrifices to the yazatas. libations of milk and haoma, of the draonah [ dron ], or wafer - bread, and of meat are the objects generally dedicated to the angels, who always demand that man shall not forget their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5116467491984769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.829970"}
{"text": "yazatas. libations of milk and haoma, of the draonah [ dron ], or wafer - bread, and of meat are the objects generally dedicated to the angels, who always demand that man shall not forget their invocation and praise. they are ever eager to protect and help man in peace or war, provided that man propitiates them with offerings and sacrifices. to anahita as celestial guardian of the waters, to drvaspa, who protects cattle, and to vayu, the wind, a hundred horses, a thousand oxen, and ten thousand sheep are consecrated in sacrifice by some of the early kings and heroes. we shall turn to this subject later. division of the yazatas according to their grammatical gender. the yazatas are both males and females, or rather the personifications of virtues and ideas that are in gender masculine and feminine. there is no distinction between these male and female divinities. both of them are on the same level, occupy the same place of honour, and receive the same amount of homage. the gentle work becoming to the fair sex is allotted to female angels, and they are as powerful and awe - inspiring in their own sphere of activity as their fellow - workers of the opposite sex are in theirs. the female angels are : ushah, zam, ardvi sura anahita, drvaspa, daena, chisti, arshtat, erethe, rasanstat ashi vanghuhi, parendi, and rata. all others are the male sex. group yazatas. the usual manner of sacrificing unto the angels is to invoke each one separately by his name, or in company of his comrades and co - workers, or in joint pairs. on this last point we shall speak anon under a separate heading. sometimes all the angels are invoked in a group under the comprehensive title of vispe yazata, \" all yazatas, \" 13 closely corresponding to the vedic vishve devah, ' all divinities. ' in fact an entire book of the ritual is dedicated to the various spiritual lords under the title visperad, literally meaning ' all lords. ' | | 13. y1. 19 ; 2. 18 ; yt11. 17 ; 17. 19 ; wfr. 5. 1. | dual yazatas. a particular feature common to the avestan and vedic religions is the arrangement of certain divinities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45061603370420966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.830813"}
{"text": "is a female divinity of religion. very little is known of her personality more than the fact that she is the genius of the holy law of mazda. she has a yasht assigned to her which is called after her name ; and yet even this is entirely consecrated to chisti, who is her usual associate. the offerings are made to her companion, and various boons are asked from her. daena has no share in this. she is simply mentioned by name in invocation along with chisti. even here she is assigned a secondary place, for chisti takes precedence over her. throughout the avestan texts in which the two are mentioned together, daena stands second in the order of invocation. 25 ashi vanghuhi, or good piety, is her sister and sraosha, rashnu, and mithra are her brothers. 26 the twenty - fourth day of every month is dedicated to her. 27 25. y22. 24 ; 25. 5 ; s1. 24 ; 2. 24 ; ny1. 8 ; 2. 8. 26. yt17. 15, 17. the names of the religion. it is called the daena vanghu mazdayasnya, ' the good mazda - worshipping religion, ' 28 or daena mazdayasna, ' the mazda - worshipping religion. ' 29 it is named conjointly with ahura and zarathushtra and called ahuirya zarathushtri, ' the ahurian zarathushtrian. ' 30 it is further named data zarathushtri, ' the law of zarathushtra. 31 it is also spoken of without associating it with ahura mazda or zarathushtra as hu - daena, ' good religion. ' 32 the religion in standing opposition to the mazda - wotshipping religion is always called daevayasnya, ' the daeva - worshipping religion. ' the preliminary short prayers, the gahs, the niyayeshes, the yashts generally begin with a short confessionary formula in which the reciter says he is the worshipper of mazda, a zarathushtrian, he is against the daevas, and he is of ahurian faith, ahura - tkaesho. one of the nasks, the vendidad in its original form, vi - daeva - data, means ' the law against the daevas or demons '. 33 this religion of the demons is called aka -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4051395637185043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.838182"}
{"text": "tkaesho. one of the nasks, the vendidad in its original form, vi - daeva - data, means ' the law against the daevas or demons '. 33 this religion of the demons is called aka - daena, ' evil religion ' ; 34 or duzh - daena, ' evil religion. ' 35 the man who follows the same religion is hamo - daena, ' the co - religionist. ' 36 the man of other religion is of anya - tkaesha or anya - varena. 37 27. y16. 6 ; s1. 24 ; 2. 24. 28. y1. 13 ; 2. 13 ; 9. 26 ; 11. 16 ; 16. 6 ; 22. 24, 25 ; 25. 5, 6 ; 70. 3 ; vr6. 1 ; yt2. 13 ; 16. 20 ; s1. 24 ; 2. 24 ; ny1. 8 ; 2. 8 ; vd19. 6, 7, 13, 16. 29. y8. 1, 3 ; 22. 25 ; 25. 6 ; 71. 4 ; vr12. 3 ; yt8. 23, 29 ; 10. 68, 126, 127 ; 11. 3 ; 16. 17 ; 18. 8 ; 19. 2 ; 24. 52 ; g2. 7 ; vd2. 42 ; 3. 30, 31, 41, 42 ; 5. 21 ; 9. 2, 47, 52 ; 10. 18. 30. y12. 9 ; 60. 3 ; yt13. 99 ; vd2. 1, 2. 31. y1. 13 ; 2. 13 ; 22. 25 ; 25. 6 ; yt11. 3 ; vd5. 25 ; 19. 16. 32. vr3. 3 ; yt4. 10 ; 19. 95 ; 22. 18 ; g4. 8. 33. y1. 13 ; 2. 13 ; 22. 25 ; 25. 6 ; 71. 5 ; yt11. 17 ; vd5. 22 ; 19. 16. 35. y65. 6 ; yt5. 109 ; 9. 31 ; 19. 47, 87 ; 22. 36. 37. y16. 2 ; vd12. 21 ; 15. 2. | the excellence of the mazda - worshipping religion. the angel sraosha is the teacher of the religion. 38 arshtat, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47502215307042644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.838929"}
{"text": "22. 36. 37. y16. 2 ; vd12. 21 ; 15. 2. | the excellence of the mazda - worshipping religion. the angel sraosha is the teacher of the religion. 38 arshtat, the genius presiding over rectitude, is once identified with daena. 39 ahura mazda brought for haoma the heavenly made star - bespangled girdle and the good mazda - worshipping religion. 40 he asked yima to be the bearer of his religion to mankind, but the illustrious king pleaded his inability to undertake such a mighty task. 41 zarathushtra then became the prophet of ahura mazda, and brought his religion to the world. the kingly glory clave unto king vishtaspa and he thought and spoke and acted according to the religion. 42 he became the arm and support of the ahurian zoroastrian religion. 43 he found her fettered in chains and made her widely known. 44 | | 38. y57. 24 ; yt11. 24. 41. vd2. 3, 4. the ahurian zoroastrian religion, we are told, is the greatest, best, and fairest of all religions that are and that will be. 45 she is as much higher in greatness, goodness, and fairness than others as the vourukasha is above all waters, or a great river, flowing swifter than a rivulet, or as a great tree overshadowing small plants, or as the heaven compassing the earth. 46 she is beautiful and spread far and wide. 47 as dissensions - dispelling, she causes weapons to be laid down. 48 she rejoices, protects, and guards the righteous man. 49 she takes away the sins of those who confess their wrongs and removes their evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds, as the powerfully blowing wind cleanses the plain. 50 the mazdayasnian religion gives all good things of life. 51 she gives purification to him who cleanses his self with good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. 52 the place where the faithful pray and sacrifice according to religion is happy. 53 hard work and industry are prime zoroastrian virtues. agriculture is the staple industry of the people and the texts say that sowing corn again and again feeds the mazda - worshipping religion, it makes her walk with a hundred men ' s feet and suckles her with a thousand women ' s breasts. 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41960739413168074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.839848"}
{"text": "is the staple industry of the people and the texts say that sowing corn again and again feeds the mazda - worshipping religion, it makes her walk with a hundred men ' s feet and suckles her with a thousand women ' s breasts. 54 the householder prays for the long - enduring excellence of the religion in his house. 55 priests going afar for the propagation of religion, pray for a good memory and the soundness of the body. 56 he is not an athravan who has not girded his loins for religion. 57 the white colour, it is said is symbolic of the mazda - worshipping 50. vd3. 41, 42. 52. vd5. 21 ; 10. 18. 54. vd3. 30, 31. | divinity of religious wisdom. unlike her partner, just mentioned, chisti, divinity of religious wisdom, has a personality that is sharply defined. her standing epithets are ' good ' and ' most upright. ' she is the most upright, holy, bearing libations, wearing a white garment as her emblem. 59 zarathushtra longs to own her and devoutly implores her to grant him, among other things, the clearest vision. 60 the prophet ' s noble consort hvovi, as well as the itinerant priests and the lords of the country, are among her supplicants, asking various boons, which she grants to those who are pure in heart. 61 the faithful long to approach ahura mazda through the deeds of chisti. 62 | | 61. yt16. 15, 17, 19. the word chisti is often used to denote spiritual wisdom. the eighth name of ahura mazda is chisti or wisdom, and the ninth is ' possessed of wisdom. ' 63 the world first came into being through ahura mazda ' s understanding and wisdom. 64 haoma makes the mind of the poor exalted with wisdom. 65 63. yt1. 8, 9. his personality. sraosha is one of the few angels whose prominence increases with the lapse of time. two yashts are dedicated to him. the latter of which occurs also in the yasna. he is the angel whose name has reached afar and whose very body is the holy spell. 66 sraosha occupied a conspicuous place in the gathas, and was associated with ahura mazda and his six abstract figures that have now become a corporate body of the seven amesha spentas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439893414446914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.840875"}
{"text": "afar and whose very body is the holy spell. 66 sraosha occupied a conspicuous place in the gathas, and was associated with ahura mazda and his six abstract figures that have now become a corporate body of the seven amesha spentas. his close connection with them is remembered by the composers of the later avestan texts. we are told that he was the first in the entire creation to worship ahura mazda, the amesha spentas. and the two protectors. 67 he chanted the five holy gathas of zarathushtra in order to propitiate the archangels. 68 from his battles against the demons, he returns victorious to the celestial assembly of the archangels. 69 his dwelling is supported by a thousand pillars, is self - lighted from within, and star - spangled from without. 70 he drives forth in a heavenly chariot drawn by four white shining horses that are fleeter than the winds, fleeter than the rain, fleeter than the winged birds, and fleeter than the well - darted arrow. 71 they overtake all, but none can overtake them, when sraosha drives towards hapta hindu or the land of seven rivers in india. 72 the sacred formula ahuna vairya [ ahunwar ] and the other consecrated spells are his weapons. 73 his sisters are ashi and daena, and his brothers are rashnu and mithra, 74 and unto him haoma offered sacrifice. 75 owing to his victorious courage and wisdom the archangels come down to the seven zones. 76 66. y3. 20 ; 4. 23 ; yt13. 85 ; vd18. 14. 67. y57. 2, 6. 71. y57. 27, 28. sraosha ' s attributes. his standing epithets are : holy, well - shapen, victorious, ad world - increasing. he is the strongest, the sturdiest, the most active, the swiftest, and the most awe - inspiring of youths. 77 he is the word incarnate, the valiant wielder of the club, which is levelled against all demoniacal powers, especially against the fiendish druj. 78 he is courageous, mighty, swift, powerful, terrible, and heroic. 79 he is a formidable foe to the wicked. he is not afraid or anyone, but the demons tremble at his sight and flee to the region of darkness. 80 his mace does havoc on them. he is the warrior of the strong arms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4097048317810985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.841793"}
{"text": "heroic. 79 he is a formidable foe to the wicked. he is not afraid or anyone, but the demons tremble at his sight and flee to the region of darkness. 80 his mace does havoc on them. he is the warrior of the strong arms, who breaks the skulls of the demons. 81 himself unconquerable, he is the conqueror of all. 78. y3. 20 ; 4. 23 ; 57. 1, 33 ; yt11. 0, 23 ; sr1. 17 ; vd18. 14. 79. y57. 3, 11, 12, 13, 23. 80. y57. 18 ; yt11. 13. 81. y57. 34 ; yt11. 9. | the work of sraosha. mazda has revealed his religion to sraosha, who now teaches it to the world of humanity. 82 this was the prime function, as we have seen above, that the gathas allotted him. the younger avestan texts speak more of his all - absorbing work of combating the demons. in the gathas he preached devout submission to mazda ' s mandates ; in the later avesta he does the fighting with the rebels that revolt against divine authority. he, the exalted one, comes down to the creation of mazda, with loins girt up to fight the demons. 83 sleep has forsaken his eyelids since the two spirits spenta mainyu and angra mainyu created the world. 84 ahura mazda has created him to withstand the demon aeshma. 85 with an uplifted club he guards the world after sunset from the onslaughts of aeshma, his constant rival, and against all the forces of wickedness. 86 three times during the day and three times during the night the holy sraosha descends on earth to smite the evil spirit angra mainyu, aeshma, the demons of mazandaran, and all other demons. 87 just as the shepherd dog guards and protects cattle against harm, so does sraosha protect men ; and the faithful, therefore, yearn with good thoughts, good words, and good deeds to live under his constant guardianship. 88 the fire of the hearth calls sraosha for help in the third part of the night, for the demon azi threatens to extinguish his life. 89 sraosha, thereupon, wakes up the cock parodarsh, his ally, who lifts up his voice to rouse the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4177210621466537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.842635"}
{"text": "third part of the night, for the demon azi threatens to extinguish his life. 89 sraosha, thereupon, wakes up the cock parodarsh, his ally, who lifts up his voice to rouse the world of humanity, and warns it against the mischief of bushyansta, who lulls it to sleep. 90 with his terrible mace levelled at the head of druj, he enters into controversy with her, extorts from the demoness her secret devices, 91 and smites her. 92 as the teacher of religion unto men he moves about spreading religious lore at his will over the whole material world. 93 | | 82. y57. 24 ; yt11. 14. 84. y57. 17 ; yt11. 11, 12. 86. y57. 10, 16 ; yt11. 10, 11. 87. y57. 31, 32. 90. vd18. 23, 24. 92. y57. 15 ; yt11. 3, 10. the master of rituals takes his name from sraosha and is called sraoshavarez. 94 parodarsh is called the sraoshavarez of sraosha. 95 the implement of administering stripes to the criminals is called sraoshocharana. 96 94. vr3. 1 ; yt24. 15 ; vd5. 25, 57, 58 ; 7. 17, 18, 71 ; g3. 5. 95. vd18. 14, 15. 96. vd3. 36, 37 ; etc. sraosha ' s gifts. he is implored to give strength to the spans of the warriors ' steeds in battle, soundness of body, and power to meet the adversary. 96a he is like a firmly built house unto the poor, who look to him for support. 97 the faithful entreat him to guard them in both the worlds. 98 the householder invokes him to smite disobedience in his family. 99 he smites kunda. 100 the mazdayasnians are asked to sacrifice unto him. 101 evils of all kinds vanish from the house, clan, town, and country, wherein the righteous man thinking good thoughts, speaking good words, and doing good deeds, welcomes and sacrifices unto sraosha. 102 the faithful pray for all the houses protected by sraosha, wherein he is friendly, beloved, and honoured. 103 they be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4000171622863342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.843370"}
{"text": "man thinking good thoughts, speaking good words, and doing good deeds, welcomes and sacrifices unto sraosha. 102 the faithful pray for all the houses protected by sraosha, wherein he is friendly, beloved, and honoured. 103 they beseech him to come to their help. 104 97. y51. 10 ; yt11. 3. 103. y57. 35 ; yt11. 20. his place in the avestan pantheon. of all the indo - iranian divinities that have found their place in the zarathushtrian theology, mithra is the most prominent figure. as an associate of varuna, mithra ' s individuality was eclipsed during the indo - iranian period. after the separation of these two groups of the aryan people, mithra rose to great eminence, and was the premier divinity in western iran, when zarathushtra preached his religion. during the period of syncretism after the passing away of the prophet, mithra became the most conspicuous angel of the younger avestan period. the longest yasht, which is eight times longer than the yasht composed in honour of ahura mazda, celebrates his greatness. he is the most masculine, exacting, implacable, and relentless of all the yazatas. ahura mazda has created him the most glorious of the spiritual yazatas, 105 as worthy of sacrifice and prayer as himself. 106 the description of him in the yasht that is dedicated in his honour gives a vivid picture of the character of the pre - zarathushtrian divinities that came to be worshipped in iran. mithra was the most eminent of the primitive ahuras, as he was conjointly worshipped with ahura mazda. 107 the writer who consecrated yasht 10 in his honour was conversant with the past greatness of this divinity, whose cult had struck so deep a root in the popular mind. he certainly was unsparing in eulogizing the work of this genius in the universe. the texts sometimes speak of mithra in terms that are usually applied to ahura mazda, and the latter himself is represented in this particular yasht as having sacrificed unto mithra. 108 the heptad of the amesha spentas having been already complete, mithra is not raised to the rank of these higher beings. but is assigned a place among the yazatas. the old persian inscriptions of the achaemenian kings mention a very limited number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44801921228348784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.844357"}
{"text": "the amesha spentas having been already complete, mithra is not raised to the rank of these higher beings. but is assigned a place among the yazatas. the old persian inscriptions of the achaemenian kings mention a very limited number of the celestial beings. mithra occupies a prominent place among these divinities. artaxerxes mnemon and artaxerxes ochus invoke mithra for help and protection. 109 105. vd19. 35 ; ny1. 7. 107. y1. 11 ; 2. 11 ; yt10. 113, 145 ; ny1. 7 ; 2. 12. 109. sus. a ; ham. b ; pers. 4. mithra ' s attributes. of all the yazatas that rule over this earth, mithra is the strongest, the most sturdy, the most active, the most swift, and the most victorious. 110 ahura mazda has created him the most glorious of all the spiritual yazatas. 111 the composer of the yasht who sings to his favourite divinity applies to him the same honorific epithets as are applied to the godhead. mithra is called omniscient, which is strictly speaking the epithet of mazda alone. 112 he is the greatest of the yazatas, with body shining like the moon, and face ( ainika ), as brilliant as tishtrya. 113 it is interesting to note that the rig veda uses the correspording skt. form ( anika ), and says that varuna ' s face is as shining as that of agni. 114 he is the strongest of the strong the sturdiest of the sturdy, the most intelligent among the divinities, victorious, glorious, heroic, and the undeceivable one, deep, courageous, weal - giving, propitiated when invoked, exalted, skilful, with a body made of spells, and a warrior of powerful, arms, the leader of hosts, of a thousand devices, lordly, ruling, the all - knowing one, the one of good renown, of good form and glory, granting boons and pastures at his will, the giver of good, of ten thousand spies, heroic, and the all - knowing. 115 he is ever afoot, watchful, valiant, a dominating figure in the assembly, causing the waters to flow, listening to appeals, causing the trees to grow, ruling over the district full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3799490125934871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.845373"}
{"text": "spies, heroic, and the all - knowing. 115 he is ever afoot, watchful, valiant, a dominating figure in the assembly, causing the waters to flow, listening to appeals, causing the trees to grow, ruling over the district full of devices, a creature of wisdom. 116 he is the swiftest among the swift, generous among the generous, valiant among the valiant, chief among the chiefs of assembly, increase - giving, fatness - giving, flock - giving, son - giving, life - giving, felicity - giving, joy - giving, glory - giving, kingdom - giving, and piety - giving. 117 mithra is highly merciful, foremost, and peerless. 118 he is the protector and guardian of an creatures. 119 he is the most fiend - smiting among all the yazatas. 120 he is both good and bad for men and nations, peace and war between nations are from him. 121 with his wide knowledge, he furthers the creation of spenta mainyu. 122 the sixteenth day of a month and the seventh month of a year are sacred to mithra. 110. yt10. 98, 135. 112. yt10. 24, 35. 113. yt10. 142, 143. 114. rv. 7. 88, 2. 115. yt10. 24, 25, 27, 31, 35, 46, 56, 60, 63, 69, 82, 141, 143. 117. yt10. 16, 65. 120. yt10. 98, 135. mithra ' s associates. among those who work in unison with mithra, ahura mazda stands first ; mithra - ahura ate invoked together as a couple. their union is pre - zarathushtrian and corresponds to the vedic mitra - varuna. a detailed account of their joint activity is not found in the avesta, but they are called the two exalted, imperishable, and holy ones, 123 and are invoked for special help. 124 mithra is again jointly invoked with hvarkhshaeta, the angel presiding over the sun. this is natural, because one of the chief iunctions of mithra is to work as the guardian of light. of the five zoroastrian nyaishes, or litanies, two are consecrated to the sun and mithra, and these two are always recited together. 125 on the moral side mithra protects truth. consequently at an early date he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44732119376138246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.846271"}
{"text": "of the five zoroastrian nyaishes, or litanies, two are consecrated to the sun and mithra, and these two are always recited together. 125 on the moral side mithra protects truth. consequently at an early date he is associated with rashnu, who is the chief genius of truth. 126 they are united as two friends. 127 one of the principal attributes of mithra is that he is the lord of wide pastures. in this capacity he joins in partnership with raman khvastra, who is essentially the angel that gives good pastures and happy dwellings, together with full joy of life. 128 123. y1. 11 ; 2. 11 ; ny1. 7 ; 2. 2 ; yt10. 113, 145. 125. ny1. 2 ; yt6. 126. vr7. 2 ; yt13. 47, 48 ; 14. 47 ; 24. 52 ; vd4. 54. 127. yt10. 79, 81. 128. y2. 3 ; 25. 4 ; vr2. 9 ; vd3. 1 ; g1. 2, 7, 8 ; s1. 16 ; 2. 16. mithra, the genius of light. on the material side mithra presides over light, especially over the light that radiates from the sun with the radiance of which he is identical on the physical plane. as the harbinger of light and herald of the dawn, mithra precedes the rising sun on the summits of mountains, and from there watches all aryan settlements, nay more, even all the seven zones of the world. 129 the great vault of heaven is therefore mithra ' s garment. 130 ahura mazda and the amesha spentas, being in one accord with the sun, have built up for mithra a dwelling as wide as the earth in this material world, on the great mountain hara berezaiti ( alburz ) where neither night nor darkness, nor cold wind, nor hot wind, nor sickness, impurity ; death and clouds can ever reach. 131 from this elysian abode mithra surveys the whole universe at a glance. 132 sleepless and ever wakeful, he watches and spies the doings of men, like vedic mitra - varuna, as an infallible sentinel of heaven. he has posted eight of his comrades as scouts on the celestial watch - towers to spy upon men ' s doings. 133 after the sun has set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44012872328254915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.847343"}
{"text": "of men, like vedic mitra - varuna, as an infallible sentinel of heaven. he has posted eight of his comrades as scouts on the celestial watch - towers to spy upon men ' s doings. 133 after the sun has set, mithra traverses the world all around, and surveys all that is between earth, and the heavens. 134 ahura mazda consequently has ordained that mithra should watch from on high over the entire moving world. 135 the heat of mithra it is, accordingly, that gives warmth and life to the plant world and bestows fertility upon this earth. mithra, as a guardian genius in the celestial realm, superintends the vast expanse of the universe. varuna has a thousand eyes, 136 and mithra is constantly spoken of as having a thousand ears and ten thousand eyes. the brilliant sun is the lord of yonder heavens, who with his infinite rays of light pervades the whole world, mithra furthermore receives in the avesta the standing epithets dainghu - paiti, ' the lord of countries, ' and vourugaoyaoiti ' of wide pastures. ' his light is the dispeller of darkness and of all the sin and evil concomitant with it. nothing is secret from mithra ' s penetrating gaze. mitra - varuna have a thousand - eyed spies ( spasah ), who descend from heaven and traverse the world, watching the doings of mankind. mithra, as we have seen, has ten thousand spies ( spaso ), who work as his messengers. 129. yt10. 13, 15 ; vd19. 28. 131. yt10. 44, 50, 51. 136. rv. 7. 34. 10. | mithra, the inveterate foe of falsehood. yet after all, the greater and more important work of mithra lies in the abstract sphere. at a very early date mithra was styled the warder of truth. light is synonymous with truth, as darkness is with falsehood. mithra being primarily the lord of light, it was but a step from the physical to the moral sphere that he should be depicted impersonating truth. from the divine activity of mithra, as portrayed in the avestan texts, we gather more information of his aggressively active crusade against falsehood than of his work in upholding truth. in his warring capacity of lord of hosts, mithra works more than all else to deal a destructive blow to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49372810010375767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.848378"}
{"text": "in the avestan texts, we gather more information of his aggressively active crusade against falsehood than of his work in upholding truth. in his warring capacity of lord of hosts, mithra works more than all else to deal a destructive blow to the demon of falsehood, thereby strengthening the realm of truth. | to speak untruth was a henious sin. truth was a paramount among the ancient iranians. it was regarded as everything, it was religion. on this very account we see human evil reflectively focussed in the avesta as the druj, ' lie, ' which corresponds to drauga in the old persian inscriptions of the achaemenian kings, a conception almost like that of the devil. herodotus writes that one of the first things that every persian child was taught was to speak the truth. 137 lying unto mithra brings the offender the sin of being a deceiver of mithra. the faithful is exhorted never to lie, for mithra is unforgiving toward liars. sad is the abode wherein live those that lie unto mithra, for they are childless, and even their cattle stray along the road shedding tears over their chins. 138 neither the lord of the house, nor the lord of the clan, nor the lord of the town, nor the lord of the country should ever lie unto this celestial being. 139 he is the protector and guardian of these lords, only so long as they lie not unto him. 140 if, however, they commit such a sin, mithra is offended and angered, and destroys house, clan, town, and the country, along with their masters and nobles. 141 nor can these culprit lords escape him, for he overtakes them, no matter how swiftly they may run. 142 the man of little faith who thinks that he can evade mithra and indulges in falsehood is mistaken ; 143 but mithra thinks in his mind that were the evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds of the earthly man a hundred times worse, they would not rise as high as the good thoughts, good words, and good deeds of the heavenly mithra. 144 or again if the innate wisdom of the earthly man were a hundred times greater, it would not rise as high as the heavenly wisdom of the mithra ; or if the ears of the earthly man could hear a hundred times better, he would not hear so well as the heavenly mithra who with a thousand devices of his, hears well and sees every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4561029704646574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.850740"}
{"text": "as high as the heavenly wisdom of the mithra ; or if the ears of the earthly man could hear a hundred times better, he would not hear so well as the heavenly mithra who with a thousand devices of his, hears well and sees every man that tells a lie. 145 to such a one mithra gives neither strength nor vigour, glory nor reward, 146 but on the contrary, he inflicts dire punishment. into the hearts of all such he strikes terror, taking away the strength of their arms, fleetness from their feet, the sight from their eyes, and the hearing from their ears. 147 it is he that hurls down their heads as he deals death. 148 mithra keeps back harm and death from him who lies not unto him. 149 neither the wound of the well - sharpened spear nor that of the well - darted arrow harm him whom mithra comes to help. 150 137. herod. 1. 136 | 147. yt10. 23, 48, 63. mithra the guardian of contracts. ahura mazda enjoins upon zarathushtra not to break the contract that is entered into with the righteous or with the wicked, for mithra stands for both the righteous and the wicked. 151 in his role of genius of light he guards the sanctity of oaths, and the word mithra in the avesta is frequently used as a common noun, meaning ' contract. ' 152 for that reason, he who violates the oath, whether it be with a believer or a non - believer, feels the visitations of the stern angel ' s wrath. the crime of the one who thus violates a contract is called mithra - druj, ' deceiving mithra. ' such a criminal is heavily punished, and his guilt falls upon the shoulders of his kinsmen for years in the next world, making them answerable for it by punishment. 153 the ethics of thus holding a man ' s family and kinsmen responsible for his guilt seems to be a relic of the primitive type of group morality. 152. yt10. 116, 117 ; vd4. 2 - 16. mithra as a war divinity. incidental allusion has been made above to mithra as the lord of hosts. for that reason it is easy to comprehend the fact that warring nations invoke mithra for help before going into battle ; and the lord of hosts sides with that army which excels in offering sacrifice. 154 when mithra marches out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42920362946667223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.852218"}
{"text": "of hosts. for that reason it is easy to comprehend the fact that warring nations invoke mithra for help before going into battle ; and the lord of hosts sides with that army which excels in offering sacrifice. 154 when mithra marches out amid the hostile armies on the battlefield, he throws confusion into the camp of the enemy that has offended him, binds the hands of his offenders, covers their eyesight, takes away their power of hearing, deprives their feet of movement, 155 and breaks asunder their lines of battle, striking terror in their entire array. 156 though the enemy use arrows and spears, swords and maces, they nevertheless miss the mark in every case, 157 and, all the while, mithra rushes destructively from a thousand directions against the foes. 158 the adversaries who have lied unto him he kills by fifties and hundreds, by hundreds and thousands, by thousands and tens of thousands, by tens of thousands and myriads. 159 confusing their minds, he shatters their limbs and breaks their bones asunder, 160 at the same time as he throws down their heads161 he enters the battlefield in person, and levels his club at both the horse and the rider. 162 155. yt10. 48, 63. 156. yt10. 36, 41. 157. yt10. 39, 40. 160. yt10. 71, 72. mithra \u2019 s chariot. mithra goes forth on his daily round through the heavens and upon the earth driving in a celestial car that rolls upon one golden wheel, evidently the sun, with a shining axle. 163 ahura mazda made his chariot of heavenly substance and inlaid it with stars. 164 like sraosha ' s vehicle it is drawn by four white stallions that eat celestial food and are are undying, shining, and spiritual. 165 when mithra drives on aloft over the seven zones he is escorted on the left and the right, in front and from behind, by sraosha, nairyosangha, ashi vanghuhi, parendi, nairya ham - vareti, kingly glory, the sovereign sky, damoish upamana, rashnu, chisti, atar, verethraghna, and the fravashis. 166 with bows and arrows, spears and clubs, and with swords and maces placed by thousands in his chariot, this divine war lord plunges, mace in hand, into the field of battle, smiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4094509015023868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.853144"}
{"text": "53, 54. 172. yt10. 108, 109. 174. yt10. 28, 87. 176. yt10. 69, 98, 135. sacrifices to mithra. varuna sits on the strewn grass at the sacrifice. 178 similarly, the faithful devoutly invoke mithra by his name with libations, and implore him to come and sit at the sacrifice, to listen to the invocation, to be pleased with it, to accept it, and to place it with love to their credit in paradise. 179 ahura mazda himself offered a sacrifice unto him in the shining garonmana. 180 zarathushtra is asked to offer sacrifices unto mithra and so are the mazdayasnians asked to sacrifice unto him with cattle and birds, along with haoma and libations. 181 the faithful who desires to drink the holy libations consecrated in honour of mithra is required to undergo certain penances. he has to wash his body for three days and three nights and undergo thirty stripes, or he might wash his body for two days and two nights and undergo twenty stripes, as the occasion requires. anyone who has no knowledge of the ritual is prohibited from partaking of the sacred libation. 182 in these observances we can recognize the beginnings of the later mithraic rites and mysteries for which the cult of mithra, centuries afterwards, became famous. mithra demands that his sacrifice shall be performed with out - and - out devotion. ahura mazda says unto zarathushtra that if a sacrifice is offered unto mithra by a holy and righteous priest, mithra will be satisfied, and will straightway come to the dwelling of the supplicant, but if it is performed by an unholy priest, it is rejected, no matter how long has been the sacrifice, nor how many bundles of the sacred twigs are consecrated. 183 mithra promptly comes to help when he is satisfied. 184 he brings sovereignty for him who has piously offered him libations, 185 and gives him a good abode with desirable possessions. 186 he is to be offered sacrifices around and within countries, in and above countries, under and before and behind countries. 187 178. rv. 1. 2. 64 ; 5. 72. 2. 187. yt10. 144 ; ny2. 11. mithra ' s boons. he is constantly spoken of as giving happy and joyful abode, to the aryan peoples. many indeed are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37323228990452806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.854852"}
{"text": "; 5. 72. 2. 187. yt10. 144 ; ny2. 11. mithra ' s boons. he is constantly spoken of as giving happy and joyful abode, to the aryan peoples. many indeed are the boons asked for from mithra by his votaries, who always approach him with love, homage and sacrifice. he is generally invoked to come to the faithful for help, freedom, joy, mercy, healing, victory, well - being, and sanctification. the masters of the house, clan, town, and country invoke him for help, so do the poor, when wronged, look to him for the redress of their grievances. 188 the husbandman solicits that rich pasture may never fail him. horsemen sacrifice unto him even from on horseback and beg swiftness for their teams, vigour for their bodies, and might for overthrowing their adversaries. 189 neither the spear of the foe nor his arrow hits the man whom mithra helps, 190 for he guards and protects man from behind and in front. 191 furthers the possessions of man, he gives flocks of cattle, male offspring, chariots, spacious mansions, and prosperity192 he is therefore entreated to grant riches, courage, victory, good name and fame, felicity, wisdom, and strength to smite the adversaries. 193 the worshipper prays that just as the sun, rising beyond the alburz, reaches the height, so may he, with his ascending prayer, rise above the will of angra mainyu and approach mithra. 194 mithra ' s help, it may be added, is invoked for both the worlds. 195 188. yt10. 83, 84. 193. yt10. 33, 34, 58, 59. | personification of truth. this angel is preeminently genius of truth. his standing epithet is razishta, ' most upright '. to adopt the phraseology of the younger avestan texts, rashnu is the most holy, the most well - shaped, exalted, courageous, most knowing, the most discerning, the most fore - knowing, most far - seeing, the most helping, the greatest smiter of thieves and bandits. 196 he is as bright as the fire. 197 zarathushtra blesses king vishtaspa that he may be of right faith like rashnu. 198 | | 196. yt10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4013009450331389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.855761"}
{"text": "the greatest smiter of thieves and bandits. 196 he is as bright as the fire. 197 zarathushtra blesses king vishtaspa that he may be of right faith like rashnu. 198 | | 196. yt10. 126 ; 12. 5 - 8. 197. vsp. 16. 1. the eighteenth day of the month is consecrated to him. 199 | | 199. y16. 5 ; sr. 1. 18 ; 2. 18. | | rashnu presides at the ordeal court. the twelfth yasht consecrated to rashnu deals mainly with the preparation of the ordeal ; and his presence at such trials is deemed indispensable. 200 in fact he is the chief celestial judge who presides at the ordeal. no specific habitat is assigned to rashnu. the officiating priest has to invoke him to come to the ordeal from whatever part of the world he happens to be in at that time, whether in one of the seven zones of the habitable world, or on the great waters or on some part of the wide earth, or on the high mountains, on the stars and the moon and the sun, or in the endless light, even in paradise. 201 the man who lies at the ordeal offends both rashnu and mithra, and is consequently punished. 202 | | 200. see dhalla, ' the use of ordeals among the ancient iranians, ' in le museon, vol. ii, p. 121 - 133, louvain, 1910. we have already seen how rashnu is often invoked in company with mithra, and likewise with sraosha ; in a similar manner, as noted in the next paragraph, we generally find arshtat the female personification of rectitude, invoked alongside of rashnu. 203 | | 203. y1. 7 ; 2. 7 ; yt10. 139 ; 12. 40 ; sr. 1. 18 ; 2. 1. 8. | | divinity of rectitude. arshtat or arshti is the female genius of truth. she does not play any prominent part in the younger avestan period. she co - operates with mithra, sraosha, and rashnu in the judgment of the dead. although the 18th yasht is dedicated to arshtat and bears her name, there is not in it a single mention of her by name ; the entire hymn treats only of the aryan glory. in two sir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41096712098564614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.856556"}
{"text": "in the judgment of the dead. although the 18th yasht is dedicated to arshtat and bears her name, there is not in it a single mention of her by name ; the entire hymn treats only of the aryan glory. in two sirozah passages ( 1. 26, 2. 26 ) mount ushidarena literally meaning ' the keeper of intelligence, ' is invoked in company with arshtat ; and tradition points to this mountain at the place where zarathushtra retired to meditate on the eternal problems of life and commune with the divine. as noted above, arshtat is generally invoked with rashnu ; 204 and she is called the world - increasing and the world - profiting. 205 in one instance she is identified with the mazdayasnian religion. 206 the faithful invoke her excellence. 207 | | 204. y1. 7 ; 2. 7 ; yt10. 139 ; 12. 40 ; sr. 1. 18 ; 2. 18. 205. y1. 7 ; 2. 7 ; vsp. 7. 2 ; yt10. 139 ; 11. 16 ; 13. 18 ; sr. 1. 26 ; 2. 26 206. vsp. 7. 2 as conjectured by foy, 208 and established by jackson, 209 after a careful examination of the old persian inscription on the behistan rock, 210 the name of this angel occurs in the very short list of zoroastrian divinities known to the achaemenian kings. the twenty - sixth day of the month is sacred to her. 211 208. kz. 35. 45 ; zdmg. 54. 364, n. 1. 209. persia past and present, p. 203 - 205, new york, 1906. 210. bh. 4. 64. 211. y16. 6 ; sr. 1. 26 ; 2. 26. erethe and rasanstat | minor divinities of truth. by the names of erethe and rasantat are designated two minor female angels presiding over truth. nothing is known about them excepting that they are invoked by name along with chisti and ashi vanghuhi. 212 they are given the epithet ' good. ' erethe is once called courageous. 213 | | 212. y1. 14 ; 3. 16 ; 4. 19 ; vsp. 9. 4 ; sr. 1. 25. 213. vsp. 9. 4. | the angel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4214762843258202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.857298"}
{"text": "no plague, nor evil of any kind would enter the aryan lands. 219 the sacrifice is to be offered through righteousness, and none but the righteous should partake of the holy food dedicated to verethraghna. untold calamity would befall the aryan countries if the wicked should have a share in the sacred feast. in such an event plagues and foes would devastate the country and the aryans would be smitten by their fifties and their hundreds, by their hundreds and their thousands, by their thousands and their tens of thousands, by their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads. 220 219. yt14. 48 - 50. verethraghna ' s work. the armies that meet on the battlefield invoke verethraghna for victory. he favours that army which first seeks his help.. the army that secures his aid is sure to conquer and not to be conquered, it smites and is not smitten. 221 he breaks asunder the columns of the enemy, wounds them, shakes them, and cuts them to pieces. 222 he brings illness and death into the army that has lied unto mithra, binds their hands and feet, and deprives them of their eyesight and hearing. 223 he destroys the malice of the malicious demons and men, sorcerers and fairies, the willfully blind, and the willfully deaf. 224 zarathushtra sacrificed unto verethraghna, imploring from him victory in thought, victory in word, victory in deed, victory in addressing. and victory in replying. 225 verethraghna imparts to the prophet the excellence of uprightness, the strength of the arms, the health of the body, the strength of the body, and the powerful vision of the eyes. 226 221. yt14. 43, 44. 225. yt14. 28, 30, 32. his metamorphoses. verethraghna, along with dahma afriti and damoish upamana, imports a peculiar aspect into the iranian pantheon, that of assuming various shapes and manifesting his individuality in many forms. as the lord of victory he is ever ready to help those who invoke him, and comes down to his votary under different guises. ten of such forms of verethraghna are mentioned, when he appeared to zarathushtra. the divinity successively assumes the form of the wind, a bull", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43374563000549227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.858899"}
{"text": "4 ; vsp. 1. 7 ; 2. 9 ; yt10. 146. yt15 ; sr. 1. 21 ; 2. 21 ; vd. 3. 1 ; g. 1. 7. 230. yt8. 2 ; 10. 4. 232. yt23. 7 ; 24. 6. | physical and mental inequality leads to economic inequality. providence does not distribute the physical and mental gifts to man on the basis of equality. some are born with agile, robust, and healthy bodies, whereas others are burdened with sluggish, weak, and sickly bodies. mankind has contributed considerably by its vice of ages to the deformity of body and derangement of mind. men and women are born with unequal physical and mental strength. the strong and strenuous, cunning and resourceful, vigorous and adventurous mercilessly overthrow the weak and slow, simple and dull, timid and indolent in the fierce scramble for the good things of life. the unequal distribution by nature of the gifts of body and brain, aided by selfishness and greed on the part of man bring about economic inequality. the disparity of poverty and wealth has appeared on the face of the earth ever since society took to settled life and, with the division of labour, embarked upon earning means of livelihood by different kinds of work. the strong have exploited the labour of the weak and forced them to slave like beasts of burden with their eyes raining tears of sorrow. the fear of starvation has hovered over millions of huts like vultures. the poor have generally lived in squalor and sickness and died like flies. countless persons have not experienced a full and satisfied stomach from birth to death. kindly mothers have eaten only half the bread that their children may have the other half. multitudes of children have lived with wasted cheeks, sunken eyes, and emaciated bodies among the dregs of life. men and women have sweated and starved and grown gray before their time. physical sufferings have rendered many the shadows of themselves, made them live two years in one and age fast. many have found it hard to equate the income and expenses, and earned a precarious living. the people whose tragedy it has been to be poor have always outnumbered the rich in the world. | | when life has thus denied many the barest necessities of life, it has loaded others with abundance. men of industry and enterprise have amassed riches, others have inherited wealth, still others have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125930339389481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.862166"}
{"text": "have always outnumbered the rich in the world. | | when life has thus denied many the barest necessities of life, it has loaded others with abundance. men of industry and enterprise have amassed riches, others have inherited wealth, still others have filled their coffers by foul means. some have been parasites fattening upon the sweated toil of the tillers of the soil and have wrung from them the fruits of their labour. they have revelled in superfluous riches. they have lived in spacious halls with frescoed walls, and velvet hangings looped with golden tassels. they had a retinue of servants at their beck and call and lounged away their time upon luxurious divans. they had sumptuous tables laden with a dozen courses and sparkling wines and fed themselves to early death. others gave themselves up to gaiety and licentiousness. many have indulged in ostentatious and extravagant luxury when the vast numbers of the poor have clothed themselves in rags and their children have suffered from malnutrition. the insolence and hauteur, the cold behaviour and thinly concealed slights have stung the helpless poor to the quick. | the poor took the counsels of contentment given by the wise to heart and resigned themselves to the inscrutable will of god. moreover, there have always been noble souls everywhere who have come forward to father society ' s orphans and destitutes. they have acted on the principle that wealth was not given them for their selfish use, and that the rich were the stewards of their wealth given them by god for the amelioration of the condition of the poor. when some have not given anything from their abundance, many have always given something, and the few have given up their all. charity personified. the female genius of charity, grace, or alms - giving is rata, the companion of spenta armaiti, with whom she is conjointly invoked in the hymns of praise. 233 through her ahura mazda gives reward, 234 for he has spoken of her with express sanction to zarathushtra, and in obedience the prophet has introduced her to humanity. 235 the faithful pray that they may win ahura mazda ' s favours through rata. 236 she nourishes the poor. 237 sraosha is the best protector of the poor. 238 he shelters poor men and women in his mansion. 239 haoma exalts the mind of the poor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42574084015531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.863098"}
{"text": "favours through rata. 236 she nourishes the poor. 237 sraosha is the best protector of the poor. 238 he shelters poor men and women in his mansion. 239 haoma exalts the mind of the poor. 239a with uplifted hands do the ill - treated poor call mithra for help. 240 the faithful fervently pray that the spirit of charity of the religious devotee241 may drive away the demon of stinginess from the house. if one of the faith approaches another seeking goods, or a wife, or knowledge, the man of means should help him with goods, he should arrange for the marriage of this poor coreligionist, he should pay for his instruction in religious matters. 242 it is in every man ' s power to practise charity, either in thoughts, or in words, or in deeds. 233. sr. 1. 5 ; 2. 5. | the angel of peace. this female divinity is peace personified, but even though perfectly clearly recognizable as such, she is very obscurely outlined as to traits. she is invoked in company with vohu manah, or good mind, 243 for nothing can break the inner peace in which the spirit of a man of good thoughts reposes. akhshti is usually called victorious. 244 | | 243. yt2. 1 ; sr. 1. 2 ; 2. 2. 244. vsp. 7. 1 ; yt2. 1, 6 ; 11, 15 ; 15. 1 ; sr. 1. 2 ; 2. 2. the term akhshti occurs also as a common noun. this peace as well as war lies in the power of mithra to bring upon the country. 245 the rulers invoke chisti to procure peace for their countries, 246 and the faithful pray that peace and concord may drive out discord and strife from their abodes. 247 the spirit of the spells. the gathas spoke of the manthra, the sacred formula, or inspired utterance of great spiritual potency, but did not personify it. the avestan texts do so, however, under the name manthra spenta, or holy formula. the manthras generally indicate the spells of magical charms in the younger avesta. manthra spenta, the embodiment of the holy spell, is invoked along with daena, the genius of religion, and vohu manah ' s wisdom. 248 as an angel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44064436538691465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.863904"}
{"text": "spells of magical charms in the younger avesta. manthra spenta, the embodiment of the holy spell, is invoked along with daena, the genius of religion, and vohu manah ' s wisdom. 248 as an angel presiding over the formulas of the faith he wards off evil, exorcises those possessed of the demons, and heals the sick ; he is consequently invoked to heal the ninety - nine thousand nine hundred and ninety - nine diseases created by angra mainyu. 249 he is efficacious and the most glorious one, 250 and like every other angel, manthra spenta has his fravashi. 251 the twenty - ninth day of the month is sacred to him. 252 248. sr. 1. 29 ; 2. 29. 249. vd. 22. 2, 6. 250. y1. 13 ; 2. 13 ; 25. 6 ; vsp. 21. 2 ; vd. 22. 2, 6. 251. yt13. 86. the potency of the spells. the collocation manthra spenta occurs more frequently in its ordinary meaning than as the name of the angel presiding over the holy spells. the term manthra without its appellative spenta is also freely used to designate the sacred texts. it is also used for the magical spells of various degrees of efficacy. these spells are interspersed in the avestan texts, especially in the yashts and the vendidad. their conjuring efficacy is very great. they are supposed to have inherent mysterious power of their own, and the mere recital of these magical charms produces marvellous effects. the mystical compositions, as such, are credited with some kind of spiritual efficacy, some superhuman power ; and through the recitation of them man can avert the baneful influence of the demons. such spells are awful, efficacious, victorious, healing. 253 the recital of the holy spell gives easy delivery at birth, and helps in the growth of the child. 254 he who heals by the recital of the holy spells is the best healer, for he best drives away sickness from the body. 255 these magical incantations are mostly used to drive away the demons of defilement, disease, and death. the holy spell is the very soul of ahura mazda. 256 whoso pronounces the names of ahura mazda by day and by night, on leaving his bed, or while retiring for sleep, or upon leaving his home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4334980892516483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.864775"}
{"text": "and death. the holy spell is the very soul of ahura mazda. 256 whoso pronounces the names of ahura mazda by day and by night, on leaving his bed, or while retiring for sleep, or upon leaving his home or his town, is able to withstand the attacks of the demons, and will receive as much succour and help as a thousand men could jointly give to one man. 257 254 vd. 21. 6, 10, 14. 255 yt3. 6. vd. 7. 44. 256 yt13. 81 ; vd. 19. 14. the chief spells. some of the most excellent, the most mighty, the most efficacious, the most smiting, the most victorious, the most healing, the greatest, and the best of the spells are the ahuna vairya formula, the airyaman ishya prayer, the names of ahura mazda and of the amesha spentas. 258 the airyaman ishya is the greatest, best, fairest, most fearful, most firm most victorious, and the most healing of all spells. 259 saoshyant and his companions will recite the airyaman ishya prayer at the time of the renovation of the world. through its intonation angra mainyu and his evil crew shall be hidden in the earth, the dead shall rise up, and ahura mazda shall rule according to his divine will. 260 there are other sacred formulas of great importance, such as the ashem vohu and yenghe hatam. these are composed in the gathic dialect and are of rare merit. they are next in importance only to the most sacred formula of all, the ahuna vairya, which is spoken of in the following paragraph. 258 yt1. 1 - 3 ; 3. 5, 6 ; 11. 3 ; wfr. 4. 1. 260 wfr. 4. see haas, an avestan fragment on the resurrection, with translation and notes in spiegel memorial volume, p. 181 - 187, bombay. 1908. | ahuna vairya. the greatest of all the spells, the word par excellence of the zarathushtrian theology, which is constantly on the tongue of the faithful, is the ahuna vairya. it is made up of twenty - one words, every one of which corresponds to one of the twenty - one nasks which make up the complete holy writ of the zoroastrians.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4699177653101182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.865668"}
{"text": "of the faithful, is the ahuna vairya. it is made up of twenty - one words, every one of which corresponds to one of the twenty - one nasks which make up the complete holy writ of the zoroastrians. it is the quintessence of the entire scriptures. in reply to the prophet ' s inquiry about the origin of this sacred formula, ahura mazda says that before the heavens, before the waters, before the earth, before the animals, before the trees, before the fire, before men, before the archangels, before the demons. and before the entire material existence, ahuna vairya was. 261 ahura mazda pronounced it when the world was not. 262 one correct recitation of it without any omission is worth the chanting of a hundred gathas, 263 and will enable the devout to reach paradise. 264 of all the sacred formulas that have ever been pronounced or are now recited, or which will be recited hereafter, this word that the lord god has announced to the holy prophet is the best. 265 it gives courage and victory to the soul and conscience of man. 266 humanity would redeem itself from the death by embracing it in the fullness of faith. 267 | | | zarathushtra chants aloud this word when the demon buiti seeks his death, and he puts the fiend to flight by the mere recital of it. 268 with the same word does the prophet repel the evil spirit himself, when he comes to tempt him. 269 | | 268 vd. 19. 2. 269 vd. 19. 9. the value of the recitation and the intonation of the formula is greatly impaired when it is inattentively chanted with errors and omissions. 270 ahura mazda prevents the careless soul that makes such mistakes from entering paradise. 271 the number of times that the spells are recited. the tenth fargard or chapter, of the vendidad gives a list of the gathic stanzas which are to be repeated twice, three times, and four times at the beginning of the spells to repel evil. the airyaman ishya prayer is generally repeated four times. the most frequently occurring formulas that are repeated in various numbers, as the occasion demands, are the ashem vohu and the ahuna vairya. they are generally used at the opening or at the close of all prayers. the number of times which they are recited varies from one to a hundred thousand, or to be precise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47668291276906993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.867918"}
{"text": ", are the ashem vohu and the ahuna vairya. they are generally used at the opening or at the close of all prayers. the number of times which they are recited varies from one to a hundred thousand, or to be precise, the following specific numbers are found among the references to the different prayers : one, two, three, four, five, seven, eight, ten, twelve, twenty - one, one hundred, two hundred, twelve hundred, and a hundred thousand. those privileged to recite the spells. manthrans, or chanters are those who are privileged to recite the spells. 272 whoso seeks wisdom with pious intent is to be taught the holy spells. 273 the knowledge of the secret formulas is to be zealously guarded, it is to be imparted only to the veriest few in the closest circle. 274 the potency of such spells greatly lies in their careful and accurate recitation, without omitting any part of the prescribed formulas, or without violating the rigid rules of the manner of chanting. this requires that the reciter should be well versed in the art of exorcising, of healing, or in any other function he undertakes to perform with the help of the sacred spells. teaching a manthra to an infidel is equivalent to giving a tongue to the wolf. 275 272 y7. 24 ; 41. 5. 273 vd. 4. 44. 274 yt4. 10 ; 14. 46. 275 tdfr. 3 ; nr. 17. she personifies the power of benediction. each time that a righteous person offers sacrifices unto this personification of a divine blessing, she comes to him in the shape of a camel. 276 she is beautiful and friendly, she fills the empty to over - filling and restores the sick to health. 277 when the collocation is used as a common noun it means the blessings of the pious. a healer takes his fees from persons whom he heals. but when he cleanses or heals a priest he has to do so for just the \u2018 blessing of the pious ' that the priest can give. 278 276 tdfr. 64 ; 65. 277 vd. 22. 5, 12, 18. 278 vd. 7. 41 ; 9. 37. he personifies the power of anathema. this embodiment of the power to utter an awful malediction upon an offender against righteousness is generally mentioned alongside of mithra.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47511870132916495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.869920"}
{"text": "278 vd. 7. 41 ; 9. 37. he personifies the power of anathema. this embodiment of the power to utter an awful malediction upon an offender against righteousness is generally mentioned alongside of mithra. 279 when mithra goes forth on his crusade against the demons and their followers throughout the seven zones, this angel, with the dread power of uttering fatal imprecations, accompanies him in the shape of a ferocious boar. 280 this sharp - toothed and sharp - jawed frightful animal symbolizes the terrible power of the curse for injury to the wrong - doer. furthermore, when ahura mazda, the supreme heavenly judge, comes down to attend the ordeal court, damoish upamana is one of those to join among the number of his co - adjutors. 281 the contending parties were here put to self - imprecatory oaths. divine wrath fell upon him who swore falsely and the dreadful boar that typified the awful potency of dami upamana ' s curse fell upon him and killed him at a stroke. he is also seen moving in the company of the fravashis when they go out to the battlefield to help their favoured army. 282 the sacrificing priest invites him to attend the yasna - sacrifice. 283 279 yt10. 9, 66, 68, 127. 283 y1. 15 ; 2. 15. | the genius of health. this indo - iranian divinity originally conveys the idea of comradeship and occurs in the vedas as a groomsman at the wedding rites and casually in the avesta in connection with the wedding rites. the fifty - fourth chapter of the yasna is consecrated to airyaman. he is invoked to come down to the wedding for the joy of the faithful. 284 in regard to attributes given to airyaman we may add in this connection that his standing epithet is ' the beloved one. ' | | but airyaman plays a more prominent part in the iranian literature as the genius of health. he is an acolyte to asha vahishta, and is invoked together with him. 285 the third yasht, which bears the name of asha vahishta, is, in fact, mostly devoted to airyaman. ahura mazda created this earth immune from any sickness and disease, but the evil spirit introduced therein ninety - nine thousand nine hundred and ninety - nine diseases. 286 ahura mazda accordingly sends his messenger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4619495446852906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.870943"}
{"text": "in fact, mostly devoted to airyaman. ahura mazda created this earth immune from any sickness and disease, but the evil spirit introduced therein ninety - nine thousand nine hundred and ninety - nine diseases. 286 ahura mazda accordingly sends his messenger nairyosangha to airyaman with the request to go to the world with his healing remedies. airyaman quickly obeys the divine command and begins his work. 287 he smites and drives away all kinds of sickness and death, magic and sorcery. 288 airyaman does not heal by means of herbs and drugs, medicine and surgery, but by the holy spells. in fact one of the greatest of such sacred formulas, the airyaman ishya, as we have already seen, bears his name and is used to smite all manner of disease and death. 289 at the recital of the magic formula flee sickness and death, demons and infidels, the two - legged brood of wolfish and serpentine nature, pride and scorn, slander and strife, falsehood and evil eye, courtezan and sorcery. 290 it is employed to rout sorcerers, fairies, and the progeny of evil. 291 285 sr. 1. 3 ; 2. 3. 286 vd. 22. 2, 9, 15. 287 vd. 22. 7 - 20. 289 vd. 20. 11, 12. 291 vd. 20. 9 - 12 ; 21. 18 - 21. | the divinity of joint indo - iranian fame. one of the most distinctive features common to the indo - iranian peoples before their separation is the haoma - soma cult. the avestan haoma is identical with vedic soma, and both refer to the sacred drink prepared from a special plant and partaken of as a part of the ritual service. haoma has secured a prominent place in the later avestan theology and forms an essential part of the zoroastrian liturgy. haoma primarily is a plant of this world, from which the drink was quaffed as a religious act, but the idea soon evolves into an angel of the same name presiding over this plant. the two concepts are so closely interwoven that it often becomes difficult to ascertain whether the haoma occuring in a certain passage is the genius of the plant of that name, or the plant itself. the same difficulty is witnessed with reference to soma in the vedas. the anthropomorphic character of both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40961388491398215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.872096"}
{"text": "was that illustrious sons were born unto them. thus zarathushtra himself was born unto pourushaspa because the latter praised haoma. 296 zarathushtra, the poet says, thereupon paid homage to the angel, and proclaimed his cult as the most praiseworthy. 297 295 y9. 3, 4. 296 y9. 6 - 13. haoma \u2019 s titles. the standing epithet of haoma is ' far from death. \u2019 he is the powerful one, and rules according to his will. 298 he is the lord of knowledge and possesses good wisdom. 299 he is the healing one, beautiful, lordly, and of golden eyes. 300 299 y9. 27 ; 10. 2. 300 yt9. 17 ; 10. 88. 17. 37. his gifts. zarathushtra invokes haoma and asks from him intelligence, courage, victory, health, increase, prosperity, vigour of body, and power to rule at will, and to smite the wicked that he may vanquish the evil done by the wicked men and demons. 301 the prophet further prays to him for health of the body, long duration of life, the all - shining abode of the righteous, the realization of his wishes on earth, a complete triumph over the wicked and a foreknowledge of the evil intents of the wicked : 302 haoma bestows these boons upon him, haoma in like manner gives knowledge to the aspiring students, husbands to the ripening maidens, beautiful offspring and righteous progeny to women, and paradise to the righteous. 303 the devout worshipper, in return, dedicates his very body to him. 304 piety accompanied by joy enters the house in which haoma dwells. 305 301 y. 9. 17, 18. 303 y9. 22, 23 ; 11. 10. 304 y10. 14 ; 11. 10. haoma implored to rout the wicked. this angel is invoked to guard the faithful from the harm of the wicked, to take away the power of their hands and feet and to confuse their minds, so that they cannot behold the universe with both their eyes. 306 he is besought to hurl his weapons at the skulls of the wicked for the protection of the righteous, 307 and to crush the thought of the maligner. 308 haoma ' s due. haoma is to be propitiated with sacrifice. among other objects animals were sacrificed in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41491612148710677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.873973"}
{"text": "the skulls of the wicked for the protection of the righteous, 307 and to crush the thought of the maligner. 308 haoma ' s due. haoma is to be propitiated with sacrifice. among other objects animals were sacrificed in the zoroastrian ritual unto the angels, and the different parts of the consecrated flesh were allotted to the various yazatas. the pahlavi books elaborately treat the question of reserving particular parts of the animal for the various yazatas. we are told that ahura mazda has set apart for haoma as his share in the sacrifice the jaw - bone, the tongue, and the left eye of the immolated animal. 309 in general this is also in accordance with the statement of herodotus310 regarding the persian acts of sacrifice in worship. 310 herod. 1. 132. haoma ' s curse. haoma does not give good children of priestly virtues to the woman who wrongfully partakes of the sacred cake consecrated to him. 311 whosoever deprives haoma of his portion in the sacrifice, displeases him, and the penalty he pays for this slight to haoma is that a priest, a warrior, or a husbandman is not thereafter born in his house. 312 the faithful is exhorted to propitiate him with his due portion, lest the offended angel should bind him with heavy iron chains as he bound franrasyan. 313 haoma pronounces his curse of being childless and of evil name and fame against those who, like thieves, rob him of his legitimate portion in the sacrifice. 314 he hurled down the arrogant keresani from his 312 y11. 5, 6. haoma, king of plants. haoma is the sovereign lord of all plants among both the indians and the iranians. physically it is the plant that grows on the highest summits of mount hara berezaiti, the modern alburz. 316 according to the vedic texts, it grows on the mount mujavat. the birds carried it from there in all directions. 317 an eagle brought it down, says the veda. 318 the nourishing earth is its mother where it grows in vales and dales, spreading sweet perfume all around. 319 it is of golden hue, say both, and the celestial drink prepared from its branches is most invigorating and profitable for the soul of man. 319a indulgence in intoxicating beverages causes wrath and strife, quarrel and confusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45720494128991107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.875261"}
{"text": "319 it is of golden hue, say both, and the celestial drink prepared from its branches is most invigorating and profitable for the soul of man. 319a indulgence in intoxicating beverages causes wrath and strife, quarrel and confusion, but the drink of haoma is accompanied by righteousness and piety. 320 it confers immortality. it is the source of righteousness. 321 haoma grows in abundance when it is praised by man. the pounding of the haoma juice for sacrifice is tantamount to the destruction of the demons by thousands. 322 misery vanishes and happiness and health enter the house in which haoma is prepared. 323 the exhilarating drink gives inspiration and enlightenment to his supplicant and makes the beggar ' s mind as exalted as that of the rich. 324 the faithful pray that the healing remedies of haoma may reach them for the strength of their bodies. 325 there is a close affinity between the haoma - soma cults and the rituals performed to celebrate them have great resemblance to each other. we shall notice it in our chapter on rituals. 318 rv. 3. 43. 7 ; 4. 26. 6, etc. 320 y10. 8 ; yt17. 5. physically she stands for plenty, morally for piety. on the physical side ashi vanghuhi, or good sanctity, is the guardian of earthly riches. she fills the barns of men with grain and with cattle, their coffers with gold, the fields with foliage, the chests of virtuous women with ornaments and their boxes with fine garments. 326 she brings happiness, cattle, fodder, and protection to him to whom the glory cleaves. 327 on the ethical side she personifies sanctity and thus represents spiritual riches. she is also the giver of the mental riches unto men, that is, the bright understanding and the innate wisdom. 328 ahura mazda is her father and spenta armaiti, the embodiment of holy devotion, is her mother. the archangels, as well as sraosha, rashnu, and mithra, are her brothers, and daena, the genius of the holy faith of zarathushtra, is her sister. 329 as the genius of plenty she joins mithra, who increases pastures and fodder. 330 the seventeenth yasht is dedicated to her. parendi, chisti, erethe, and rasanstat are invoked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4605315898766935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.876136"}
{"text": "her sister. 329 as the genius of plenty she joins mithra, who increases pastures and fodder. 330 the seventeenth yasht is dedicated to her. parendi, chisti, erethe, and rasanstat are invoked in her company. 331 331 yt17. 62 ; sr. 1. 25. ashi ' s attributes. she is bright, exalted, well - formed, well worthy of sacrifice, possessed of the bright chariot, courageous, giver of weal and health. 332 she is beautiful, shining with joy, and far - reaching through radiance. 333 she, the exalted one, is well - made and of noble origin ; she rules at her will and is possessed of glory in her body. 334 she, the courageous one, carries all desirable things in her hands. 335 she is the protector, guardian, helper, healer, smiter of the malice of the demons and of the wicked men, the giver of good gifts, blessings, and success, and the bestower of the greatest, best, and the fairest reward unto men. 336 she comes in the shape of a well - built, beautiful, tall, high - up girded maiden of noble birth. 337 332 y2. 14 ; 57. 3 ; yt17. 1 ; sr. 2. 25. her supplicants. haoshyangha, yima, thraetaona, haoma, haosravah, before zoroaster, as well as the prophet himself and king vishtaspa, his royal patron and helper in the propagation of the new faith, are among the most illustrious of her supplicants. these worshippers severally offered her sacrifices and asked for various boons from her, which she granted in answer to their prayers. 338 the most favoured among her votaries is zarathushtra himself ; for him her loving regard is great. 339 this is because the prophet himself is the visible embodiment of sanctity on earth and the promoter of righteousness among men. 338 yt17. 24 - 26, 28 - 31, 33 - 35, 37 - 39, 41 - 43, 45 - 47, 49 - 52, 61. her work. she is ever ready to help the faithful. she leads to rectitude. 340 she goes to those who invoke her from near or afar with pious libations. 341 the house which ashi graces with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4009442521218767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.876916"}
{"text": ". her work. she is ever ready to help the faithful. she leads to rectitude. 340 she goes to those who invoke her from near or afar with pious libations. 341 the house which ashi graces with her presence becomes full of perfume. 342 happy indeed is the man whom ashi attends, for riches, abundance, and prosperity spring in his house. the kings whom she favours have kingdoms rich in snorting horses, sounding chariots, flashing swords, large tributes, and an abundance of rich food. 343 happy indeed are they whom ashi attends, for they come by well - furnished houses wherein live righteous persons, rich in cattle, who have well - adorned beds, with rich cushions, and with feet inlaid with gold. 344 their wives and daughters have square bored earrings and necklaces of gold. 345 and the men on whom ashi, the genius of fortune, smiles have hoards of silver and gold and rich garments and swift and loud neighing horses and chariots, and large - humped, fiery camels, and weapons of war. 346 glory is his whom she, in her goodness, attends. 347 the devout pray and implore her not to turn her face from them and withhold her kindness from them. 348 that ashi may not quit their houses, is the fervent prayer of the faithful ; 349 and the fravashis are invoked by the righteous to bring the blessed ashi into their abodes. 350 the householder prays that she may come and stay in his house. 351 she follows the generous man who causes joy unto the righteous poor by his liberal gifts, and the moment she puts her one foot in the house, it is filled with a thousand fold flocks and horses and virtuous offspring. 352 zarathushtra asks ashi to bestow her gifts upon king vishtaspa. 353 the twenty - sixth day of the month is sacred to her. 354 341 yt17. 2. 345 yt17. 10, 11. what offends ashi most. she is grieved at the sight of maidens who remain unmarried for a long time. 355 she does not accept the libations offered by sterile persons and wicked courtesans. 356 as the zealous guardian of the sanctity of matrimony, she abhors the wife who is untrue to the nuptial tie, the woman who violates the law of cha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42860459184892746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.877753"}
{"text": "and wicked courtesans. 356 as the zealous guardian of the sanctity of matrimony, she abhors the wife who is untrue to the nuptial tie, the woman who violates the law of chastity, and the adulteress who sells her body for profit or pleasure. 357 three times does she raise her wailing at such a shameful display of unchastity and longs either to flee to the heavens or sink into the earth, whereupon ahura mazda consoles her and leads her to his celestial abode. 358 357 yt17 ; 57, 58. ashi ' s associate. parendi, as the female genius of riches, plenty, and activity, is identical with the vedic puramdhi, the goddess of plenty. she is the constant companion of ashi vanghuhi, and is invoked with her. 359 she is active in thought, active in word, and active in deed, and gives activity to man ' s body. 360 she moves about in a light chariot. 361 as the impersonation of earthly riches parendi accompanies the celestial car of mithra, the lord of wide pastures, or again she attends tishtrya. the genius of rain, in furthering the prosperity of the earth. 362 zarathushtra invokes her to enrich king vishtaspa. 363 359 y13. 1 ; 38. 2 ; yt8. 38 ; 10. 66 ; sr. 1. 25 ; 2. 25. 360 vsp. 7. 2. 361 yt8. 38 ; 24. 9 ; sr. 1. 25 ; 2. 25. 362 yt8. 38 : 10. 66. the female genius of cattle. she is a female genius of the animal world. as the guardian of herds, she is invoked in company with geush tashan and geush urvan. 364 a yasht ( 9 ) is consecrated to her and bears her name, or more familiarly that of gosh or geush urvan. drvaspa moves about in her own chariot of sounding wheels. mazda has made her heroic and righteous. she is the bestower of health upon the cattle and kine. she watches well from afar, gives welfare and long continuing friendship. she is nourishing, courageous, well formed, possessed of weal, giver of health, and powerful helper of the righteous. 365 36", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43982835993313335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.878518"}
{"text": "the cattle and kine. she watches well from afar, gives welfare and long continuing friendship. she is nourishing, courageous, well formed, possessed of weal, giver of health, and powerful helper of the righteous. 365 364 sr. 1. 14 ; 2. 14. her sacrificers. the yasht gives a list of her supplicants who have asked her to grant them various boons. they are the same persons that invoke ashi vanghuhi and pray for the same boons that they ask from her. the only difference between the forms of invoking drvaspa and ashi is that no offering is made to ashi by any of her supplicants, whereas in the case of drvaspa we see that with the exception of haoma and zarathushtra the other heroes, haoshyangha, yima. thraetaona, haosravah, and vishtaspa, bring to her offerings of a hundred horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand small cattle, and the libations. 366 366 yt9. 3 - 5, 8 - 11, 13. 15, 17 - 19, 21 - 23, 25 - 27, 29 - 32. geush tashan and geush urvan drvaspa \u2019 s associates. we have seen above in the gathas among the impersonations of the animal world two distinct beings geush tashan, geush urvan. gav azi represented the joy - giving cattle. in the later avestan texts geush tashan appears about six times. 367 we do not hear anything more definite regarding him than the fact that he is invoked by name along with other tutelary divinities. it may indeed be emphasized that he is entirely unknown from the time of the pahlavi period onward. geush urvan is invoked in company with geush tashan and drvaspa. 368 gav azi occurs but once. the master of a house is enjoined to give a gav azi, or a three - year - old cow, to the cleanser who imparted him bodily purification. 369 verethraghna, the angel of victory, complains before zarathushtra that the mischief of the demons and their worshippers increases upon earth because men do not offer sacrifices to geush urvan. 370 367 y1. 2 ; 39. 1 ; 70. 2 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4222347648411645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.879282"}
{"text": "victory, complains before zarathushtra that the mischief of the demons and their worshippers increases upon earth because men do not offer sacrifices to geush urvan. 370 367 y1. 2 ; 39. 1 ; 70. 2 ; vsp. 9. 5 ; sr. 1. 14 ; wfr. 6. 1. 368 y1. 2 ; 39. 1 ; 70. 2 ; vsp. 9. 5 ; sr. 1. 14 ; 2. 14. 369 vd. 9. 37. | the sun deified. hvarekhshaeta is the shining sun as well as the genius presiding over him. the sixth yasht and the first nyaish are consecrated to him ; but in fact the first two nyaishes celebrate hvarekhshaeta and mithra conjointly. these two litanies, moreover, are always recited together during the day time. the treatment of the sun - yazata, like that of surya, the sun in the rig veda, and the physical sun as a phenomenon of nature is so complicated that it is difficult in many instances to distinguish the one from the other. it is not so much havarekhshaeta in the capacity of an angel that figures here, as does hvarekhshaeta, the sun itself. the writer of the hymn in honour of hvarekhshaeta is more interested in depicting the movements of the sun itself as the orb of day than in giving account of the yazata, or presiding genius of the sun. we have a vivid picture of the sun ' s movements, its rising and setting, its power to rout the fiends of uncleanness and impurity, but we have hardly anything which treats of the spiritual personality behind this great luminary of nature. the worship of the brilliant sun must have preceded the period of its deification, and the poet cannot quite rid himself of the fascination of the primitive form of nature - worship. the physical phenomenon of the sun is always present before the mind of the writer ; and there is very little attempt to address the presiding genius through his visible image, the concrete representative being the direct object of praise and glorification. the sun rises up above the mountain hara berezaiti and enters upon his daily career. 371 | | 371 yt10. 118 ; vd. 21. 5. | hvarekhshaeta is invoked by his name, and his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711511406100406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.880092"}
{"text": "up above the mountain hara berezaiti and enters upon his daily career. 371 | | 371 yt10. 118 ; vd. 21. 5. | hvarekhshaeta is invoked by his name, and his standing epithets are ' the imperishable, radiant, and the swift - horsed. ' ovid attests that a horse was consecrated to the sun for the reason that the sun itself was swift moving like the horse. 372 several classical writers write about the homage and sacrifice offered by the persians to the sun. a white horse of the best nisaean breed was selected for the sacrifice to the sun. 373 a white chariot, covered with garlands was sacred to the sun. 374 a temple consecrated to the sun, with a priestess of the royal family at its head, is mentioned. 375 | | 372 fasti, 1. 385, 386. 373 gray, op. cit., p. 85, 86 ; fox and pemberton, op. cit., p. 16, 41, 67, 69, 84. 374 xenophon, cyropaedia, 8. 3. 12 ; dio chrysostom, orationes, 36, 39. 375 flavius vopiscus, aurelianus, 5. 5. | the amesha spentas are all of one accord with the sun. 376 when the sun warms with its light, a hundred and a thousand spiritual yazatas gather its glory and distribute it upon the earth for the furtherance of the world of righteousness. 377 when the sun rises up, purification comes unto the earth and unto the standing and flowing waters and unto the waters of the wells and seas, and unto the righteous creation of the holy spirit. 378 if indeed the sun were not to rise high up, the demons would destroy all things that are in the seven regions. not even the spiritual angels would find means to withstand and repel them. 379 the offering of sacrifice unto the sun in order to withstand darkness and demons, thieves and robbers, sorcerers and enchantresses, is equivalent to sacrificing unto ahura mazda, amesha spentas, the yazatas, earthly and heavenly, and one ' s own soul. 380 the demons who, in the darkness of night, come out by the million from the bowels of the earth, glide away as soon as the sun mounts the sky and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4370318242354715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.881659"}
{"text": "yazatas, earthly and heavenly, and one ' s own soul. 380 the demons who, in the darkness of night, come out by the million from the bowels of the earth, glide away as soon as the sun mounts the sky and the world is ablaze with its. light. though they feast in the night time, as darkness is congenial to their nature, they fast during the day, for light is destructive to their being. when the light of hvarekhshaeta breaks through the darkness of night, it drives away, not only darkness, but defilement, disease, and death. like the moon and the stars, it grieves the sun to shine upon a defiled person. 381 ahura mazda has the sun for his eye. 382 in the vedic literature, the sun is similarly spoken of as the eye of mitra varuna. 383 in the litany to the sun, homage is paid to the two eyes of ahura mazda, 384 which are evidently the sun and the moon. the heavens bathed in the light of the sun form his garments. 385 the eleventh day of the month is sacred to him. 386 | | 377 yt6. 1 ; ny1. 11. 378 yt6. 2 ; ny1. 12. 379 yt6. 3 ; ny1. 13. 380 yt6. 4 ; ny1. 14. 381 vd. 9. 41. 382 y1. 11 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 16 ; 7. 13 ; 22. 13 ; 68. 22. 383 rv. l. 115. 1 ; 6. 51. l ; 7. 61. 1, 63. 1 ; 10. 37. 1. 385 yt13. 3. leprosy is especially regarded as a consequence of sinning against the sun, and herodotus tells us that persons affected with the disease were not permitted to enter a town. 387 387 herod. 1. 138. | the moon personified. herodotus writes that the moon is the tutelary divinity of persia. 388 the case of this nature divinity is analogous to that of the sun. maonghah is at one and the same time the moon and the personification of the moon. the seventh yasht and the third nyaish are dedicated to this divine personage. here also we find throughout the description of the waxing and the waning of the moon,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4906055507047481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.884126"}
{"text": "same time the moon and the personification of the moon. the seventh yasht and the third nyaish are dedicated to this divine personage. here also we find throughout the description of the waxing and the waning of the moon, the periods of the new and the full moons, and the benefit that the light of the moon imparts to the world. we hear much of the concrete moon, but very little of the abstract person of the angel. the sole - created bull, the progenitor of the animal world, is invoked along with the moon. 389 the moon waxes and wanes through ahura mazda. 390 the amesha spentas gather the glory of the moon and distribute it upon the earth. 391 when the moon warms up with its light, the golden coloured plants grow up from the earth during the spring. 392 | | 388 herod. 7. 37. 389 sr. 1. 12 ; 2. 12. 390 yt7. 2 ; ny3. 4. 391 yt7. 3 ; ny3. 5. 392 yt7. 4 ; ny3. 6. the moon is constantly spoken of as the possessor of the seed of the bull. 393 the moon is furthermore described as the bestower, radiant, glorious, possessed of water, possessed of warmth, possessed of knowledge, wealth, riches, discernment, weal, verdure, good, and the healing one. 394 the twelfth day of the month is dedicated to the moon. 395 393 see gray, in spiegel memorial volume, p. 160 - 168. 394 yt7. 5 ; ny3. 7. | deification of the endless light. anaghra raochah means the endless light. it is the celestial light as opposed to the earthly light. 396 in the order of naming the various kinds of heavenly lights, anaghra raochah comes after the stars, moon and the sun. 397 like the stars, the moon, and the sun, this supreme light stood without motion until the fravashis or the guardian spirits showed it its path of movement. 398 | | 397 y71. 9 ; yt12. 35 ; 13. 57 ; g. 3. 6. anaghra raochah is personified as a yazata, being invoked at the sacrifice, 399 and the thirtieth day of the zoroastrian calendar bears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51349137278632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.885243"}
{"text": "35 ; 13. 57 ; g. 3. 6. anaghra raochah is personified as a yazata, being invoked at the sacrifice, 399 and the thirtieth day of the zoroastrian calendar bears his name. in a couple of instances we find paradise and the bridge of judgment, likewise apam napat, haoma, dahma afriti, and damoish upamana, invoked along with anaghra raochah. 400 it is the name of the highest paradise. 401 399 y1. 16 ; 16. 6 ; 71. 9 ; sr. 1. 30 ; 2. 30 ; vd. 19. 35. 400 sr. 1. 30 ; 2. 30. firmament deified. in its original meaning asman means the sky ; it is later personified as the genius of the sky, and invoked as a yazata. 402 he is shining, exalted, and powerful. asman and vahishta ahu, or paradise, are invoked together, 403 and the twenty - seventh day of the zoroastrian month is called after the name of asman. 402 y1. 16 ; 16. 6 ; sr. 1. 27 ; 2. 27. 403 sr. 1. 27 ; 2. 27. the female divinity of dawn. ushah is identical with the vedic ushas, and is the female divinity of the dawn in both religions, thus coming down from the common indo - iranian period. it is she who announces as the first glimpse of light, to creation, the approach of dawn. ushah ' s personality is very faintly pronounced both in the rig veda and in the younger avestan texts. the vedic poets have, however, produced most exquisite lyric poetry in praise of the dawn in about twenty hymns. there is only a short avestan hymn in prose composed to celebrate the dawn and even this has but six lines devoted to the subject of the composition. here she is described as beautiful, resplendent, possessed of bright steeds, blessed, and heroic ; and her light illumines all the seven zones. 404 auxiliaries to ushah are ushahina and berejya and nmanya. in fact ushahina, who is also a male personification of dawn, is the name of the fifth period of the day, and the prayer consecrated to ushah bears his name. the priest at the sacrifice undertakes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47637498158457114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.886241"}
{"text": "all other stars, even as he has ordained zarathushtra as the spiritual lord of all mankind. 411 the creator has made him as worthy of sacrifice, as worthy of invocation, as worthy of propitiation, and as worthy of glorification as himself. 412 according to plutarch he is established as a scout over all other stars. 413 410 yt8. 12 ; ny1. 8. 412 yt8. 50, 52. 413 is. et os. 47. | the sacrificial offerings enable tishtrya to work with added vigour and strength. tishtrya smites the wicked fairies. 414 like verethraghna, he takes upon himself successive forms when he goes out for active work. he moves forward in the heavens for the first ten nights of the month in the form of a young man, for the next ten nights in the form of a bull, and then for the last ten nights in the shape of a white beautiful horse. 415 in accordance with the will of ahura mazda and the archangels, he traverses the most distant parts of the earth, 416 and the iranian countries long for his advent, for it is through him that the country will witness a year of plenty or of drought. 417 men and beasts, the waters and all, look eagerly to the rising of the star tishtrya, as he will send a flood of rain to fertilize their waste lands with water and bestow riches upon the earth, if the righteous faithfully offer him praise and worship. 418 the farmer yearns for a few drops of tishtrya ' s rain to moisten his parched fields, the gardener longs for a shower to brighten the foliage. the land smiles with rich harvests as a result of his fertilizing waters. | | 414 yt8. 8, 39, 40, 51 - 55. 415 yt8. 13, 16, 18 ; vd. 19. 37. tishtrya complains before ahura mazda about the indifference of men who do not sacrifice unto him. when invoked with sacrifice, as are the other angels, he is willing to hasten to the help of the righteous, whether for a single night, or two or fifty nights, or even a hundred nights. 419 tishtrya affirms that owing to his power to further righteousness, he is worthy of sacrifice and invocation, and if people will offer him libations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42328481512785315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.888294"}
{"text": "night, or two or fifty nights, or even a hundred nights. 419 tishtrya affirms that owing to his power to further righteousness, he is worthy of sacrifice and invocation, and if people will offer him libations and haoma in sacrifice, he will grant them heroic children, and purity unto their souls, the riches of oxen and horses. 420 he pours down water in abundance upon the earth, brings prosperity unto the whole creation, when he receives the offering of a sacrifice and is propitiated, rejoiced, and satisfied. 421 never, in that event, would the hostile horde invade the countries, nor would any calamity or evil of any kind befall them. 422 yet in spite of all this, the bounteous kindness of tishtrya grants boons to his votary whether he prays for them or not. 423 his fight with the demon of drought. tishtrya is opposed in his work of producing rain by his adversary apaosha, the demon of drought, who keeps back the rain. the tishtrya yasht gives a picturesque account of the struggle between them. in the combat with the fiend that holds the world in clutch through famine and drought, apaosha, who appears in the form of a terrifying black horse, assaults his opponent and in their opening combat succeeds in forcing tishtrya to retreat. worsted by the fiend, tishtrya mourns his defeat and complains that men do not sufficiently sacrifice unto him as they do unto other celestial powers, for had they not been sparing in their invocation, he would have been able to bring a further strength of ten horses, of ten camels, of ten oxen, of ten mountains, and of ten rivers to his side. ahura mazda himself, thereupon, offers a sacrifice unto tishtrya and thus imparts new strength to him. thus emboldened, he now, with renewed vigour, attacks his rival for the second time, and after a fierce struggle overcomes him. his triumph is hailed as the triumph of the waters, plants, and the religion of mazda, for tishtrya is now in a position to bring prosperity to the country. 424 ahura mazda, the amesha spentas, as well as mithra, ashi vanghuhi, and parendi, are among those that help tishtrya in this war of the elements for the benefit of mankind425 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5000629776177379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.889246"}
{"text": "ahura mazda, the amesha spentas, as well as mithra, ashi vanghuhi, and parendi, are among those that help tishtrya in this war of the elements for the benefit of mankind425 a star - yazata. the other important star - yazata besides tishtrya who is classed among the spiritual beings is vanant. the twentieth yasht is composed in his honour. tradition assigns to him the special work of guarding the gates of the great alburz round which the sun, moon and the stars revolve, and accounts him as the leader of a constellation in the western heavens in the war against the planets. in the avestan yasht bearing this star - yazata ' s name, vanant is specially invoked to give help to smite the noxious creatures of angra mainyu. 426 some spells to this effect, composed in the pazend language, are later appended to this particular yasht. it is elsewhere stated in the avesta that ahura mazda has created him, 427 and that the faithful ask him for strength and victory to enable them to remove distress and tyranny. 427a 427 yt8. 12 ; ny1. 8. an acolyte of tishtrya. the star satavaesa is also personified, but his individuality is very faintly pronounced. he has no yasht or hymn composed to glorify him. as an acolyte of tishtrya, he causes the waters of the sea vourukasha to flow down to the seven zones for the nourishment of plants and animals, and for the fertility and prosperity of the aryan nations. 428 428 yt8. 9 ; 13. 43 ; sr. 1. 13 ; 2. 13. another acolyte of tishtrya. this constellation, ursa major, is also raised to the position of a lesser divinity. ninety - nine thousand nine hundred and ninety - nine fravashis watch over this stellar cluster. 429 the genius of this star is invoked to enable mankind to oppose the evil caused by the sorcerers and fairies. 430 430 yt8. 12 ; sr. 2. 13. the deification of the wind. vayu, or vata, is the indo - iranian impersonation of wind. the terms vayu and vata are variously used to represent either the wind or the genius of wind in both the rig veda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4505366459670934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 77, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.890333"}
{"text": "deification of the wind. vayu, or vata, is the indo - iranian impersonation of wind. the terms vayu and vata are variously used to represent either the wind or the genius of wind in both the rig veda and in the avestan texts. yet vayu is chiefly the personification of the wind. as we have already seen, the whole of the ram yasht treats of the exploits of raman ' s comrade vayu. vayu ' s wind is divided into two parts, the good and the evil. the wind is productive of good, but it also causes harm. that part of vayu which is supposed to be the source of harm is branded as evil, and classed among angra mainyu ' s creations. hence the faithful take care to sacrifice unto that part alone of vayu which is the creation of spenta mainyu. 431 the twenty - second day of the month is named after vayu. 432 431 y22. 24 ; 25. 5 ; yt15. 5, 42, 57 ; sr. 1. 21 ; 2. 21. vayu \u2019 s attributes. the genius of wind is most frequently called ' working on high. ' he strikes terror among all, and fearlessly enters the deepest and the darkest places to smite the demons. 433 he is high - girt, of strong stature, of high foot, of wide breast, of broad thighs, and of powerful eyes. 434 he wears a golden helm and a golden crown, a golden necklace, and golden garment ; he has golden shoes and a golden girdle ; and armed with golden weapons he rides in a golden chariot rolling on golden wheels. 435 a fine image this, to immortalize vayu in a golden statue! the poet gives a long list of the names of vayu, and is very prolific in ascribing high attributes to him. in this the ancient composer follows the yasht dedicated to ahura mazda. in fact vayu is the only angel who is known, like ahura mazda, by many names. the text enumerates about forty - seven of such titles. almost all of these attributes of vayu are derived from the function of vayu as wind, rather than from his activity as the genius of wind. they pertain to the atmospheric phenomenon more than to the abstract ideas about the angel. some of the more important of the names of vayu are as follows : the overtaker, the all - van", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47255502744859257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.891329"}
{"text": "from his activity as the genius of wind. they pertain to the atmospheric phenomenon more than to the abstract ideas about the angel. some of the more important of the names of vayu are as follows : the overtaker, the all - vanquishing, the good - doer, the one going forwards and backwards, the destroyer, smiter, usurper, the most valiant, the strongest, the firmest, the stoutest, the vanquisher at one stroke, the destroyer of malice, the liberator, the pervading one, and the glorious. 436 those who offer sacrifices unto vayu. the recital of his names has a great efficacy, and vayu asks zarathushtra to invoke these names in the thick of the battle, or when the tyrant and heretic threaten him with their havocking hordes. the man in heavy fetters finds himself freed upon the recital of these names. 437 vayu is the greatest of the great and the strongest of the strong. the text briefly describes how some of the most illustrious personages invoked vayu and begged of him various boons, and in this connection we may recall that herodotus438 mentions the fact that the persians sacrificed to the winds among other divine forces in nature. the list of vayu ' s supplicants in yasht 15 is headed by ahura mazda himself, who desired the boon that he may smite the creatures of angra mainyu, but that none may smite the creation of spenta mainyu. 439 among the kings, renowned heroes. and other personages who sacrificed unto vayu, and to whom the angel granted their boons, are haoshyangha, takhma urupi, yima, thraetaona, keresaspa, aurvasara, hutaosa, and such maidens as are not yet given in marriage. 440 even the wicked azhi dahaka begged also of him a boon, but vayu rejected his sacrifice. 441 men sacrifice unto vayu with libations and prayers and ask for strength to vanquish their adversaries. 442 vayu asks zarathushtra to invoke him, in order that neither angra mainyu, nor the sorcerers, nor the demons may be able to injure him. 443 438 herod. 1. 131. 440 yt15. 7 - 17, 23 - 41. | the fire cult in iran. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43362859205590626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.892294"}
{"text": ", and wind on the summits of mountains. 448 dino, the contemporary of alexander, does not mention the fire - temples and says that the persians worshipped in the open air. 449 it may be that the early writers did not come across temples in iran, in the greek sense of the term. but there must certainly have been some kind of structures to protect the sacred fire from being extinguished. strabo450 for the first time mentions in cappadocia places dedicated to fire, and speaks of enclosures with fire altars in the centre. no sacrifices, we are told, were offered to any divinity without the accompaniment of the invocation of fire. these altars, we are further informed by strabo, were filled with ashes over which the sacred fire burned day and night. the magi, he adds, tended the holy flames, and with baresman twigs in their hands daily performed their devotions for about an hour. 451 pausanias ( a. d. 173 ) corroborates this statement from his personal observation in lydia. 452 xenophon and curtius rufus acquaint us with the practice of carrying fire on portable altars in religious processions. 453 446 y62. 3 ; ny5. 9. 447 bh. 1, 14. 448 herod. 1. 131. 449 cited by clemens alexandrinus, protreptica, 5. 65. 1. 450 60 b. c. 451 strabo, p. 733. 452 pausanias, 5. 27. 5, 6. 453 cyropaedia, 8. 3. 11 - 13 ; history of alexander 3. 3. 9 ; see edwards, altar ( persian ) in ere. 1. 346 - 348. atar is both the genius of fire and the element fire itself. as the fire dwells in every house, he is constantly spoken of in the rig veda as the lord of the house. the yasna in the manner calls him the lord of all houses. 454 he is the great yazata. 455 he is the most bountiful, 456 of renowned name457 the beneficent warrior, and full of glory and healing. 458 besides being the angel that presides over fire, atar is also fire as such. the two concepts are often so mixed up together that it becomes difficult to distinguish between the blazing fire burning upon the altar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4454229304928296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.895494"}
{"text": "full of glory and healing. 458 besides being the angel that presides over fire, atar is also fire as such. the two concepts are often so mixed up together that it becomes difficult to distinguish between the blazing fire burning upon the altar and the angel that personifies it. the difficulty is still more increased when we see the fire on the hearth conceived of as speaking and blessing as a person. the householders pray that the fire may ever burn and blaze in their houses. 459 in the vedas, agni is a friend of the man who entertains him as a guest and feeds him with fuel. 460 the fire of mazda, likewise, solicits devotional offerings from those persons for whom he cooks the evening and the morning meal, he looks at the hands of all passers - by, to see if they bring some present for him or not, even as a friend for a friend. when the faithful bring to him fuel, dry and exposed to the light, he is propitiated, and in the fulfillment of his wish blesses the votary with a flock of cattle and a multitude of men, an active mind and an active spirit, and a joyous life. 461 during the three watches of the night atar wakes up the master of the house, the husbandman, and calls sraosh for help. 462 here also it is not so much the angel atar that acts, as it is the fire itself, for the master of the house and the husbandman are asked to wash their hands and bring fuel to it, lest the demon azi should extinguish it. 463 the man who responds with alacrity, and is the first to wake up and tend the fire with dry wood, receives atar ' s blessings. 464 the man who sacrifices unto fire with fuel in his hand, with the baresman in his hand, with milk in his hand, with the mortar for crushing the branches of the sacred haoma in his hand, is given happiness. 465 phoenix of colophon ( 280 b. c. ), cited in athenaeus, speaks of the fire ritual of the magi and mentions the baresman. 466 in the litany to the fire, the faithful are enjoined to feed the fire with fuel that is dry and well exposed to the light, 467 and strabo tells us that the fire - priests fed the sacred fire with dry wood, fat, and oil ; and he further adds that some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43703817864701705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.896537"}
{"text": "of righteousness, atar in company with vohu manah opposes the malice of the evil spirit. 475 when yima, reft of his senses through the kingly glory, revolts from ahura mazda, the glory departs from him and he falls to destruction. 476 it can well be imagined that the monster azhi dahaka should strive to capture the departed glory, but atar intervenes and vanquishes him. 477 | | 473 rv. 10. 98. 11. 476 yt19. 34 - 36, 38. what causes grief to atar. angra mainyu has created the inexpiable crime of burning or cooking dead matter, 478 and the vendidad enjoins capital punishment for those who commit it. 479 we are informed that the persians considered it a mortal sin to defile fire by blowing it with the mouth, or by burning dead matter over it. 480 the achaemenian monarch cambyses roused the indignation of his countrymen when he burnt the corpse of king amasis at sais. 481 it is, therefore, a crime to bring back fire into a house in which a man has died, within nine nights in winter and a month in summer. 482 highly meritorious is the deed of bringing to the fire altar the embers of a fire desecrated by dead matter, and great shall be the doer ' s reward in the next world, when his soul has parted from his body. 483 elaborate rules are accordingly laid down for the purification of the fire defiled by the dead. 484 there is no purification for the man who carries a corpse to the fire. 485 in the case of every pollution of the pure element. atar is inexorable. 478 vd. 1. 16. 479 vd. 8. 73, 74. 480 strabo, p. 732 ; ctesias, persica, 57 ; nicolas damascenus, frag. 68 ; fhg. 3. 409. 481 herodotus, 3. 16. 482 vd. 5. 43, 44. 483 vd. 8. 81, 82. 484 vd. 8. 73 - 80. 485 vd. 7. 25 - 27. mazda ' s celestial herald. nairyosangha corresponds to the vedic narashamsa, generally applied to agni as his epithet. he is express", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43769488785586685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 84, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.898279"}
{"text": "with mithra says that her cult came to iran from the semites of assyria and arabia. 497 | | 493 yt5. 85, 88, 132. 494 art. sus. a ; ham. 495 see gray, op cit., p. 57, 58 ; fox and pemberton, op. cit., 34 - 39, 58, 66, 68, 79. 496 gray, ib., p. 57. 497 herod. 1. 131. she is celebrated in one of the longest yashts and in 65th chapter of the yasna. she is described as the most courageous, strong, of noble origin, 498 good, and most beneficient. 499 ahura mazda has assigned to her the work of guarding the creation, like a shepherd guarding his fiock. 500 the eighth of the year and the tenth day of the month are named after waters of ardvi sura. 501 499 yt5. 130, 131. 500 yt5. 6, 89. her image in words found in the texts, corresponds with her statue in stone. the text gives a fine descriptive image of the female deity. she is a maiden of fair body, well - shaped, pure, courageous, tall, bright, beautiful, and glorious. upon her head she wears a golden crown studded with a hundred stars and beautifully adorned, square golden earrings adorn her ears, a golden necklace decorates her neck, she wears a golden mantle, she has tightly girded her waist so that her beautiful breasts come out prominently, her white arms graced by elegant bracelets are stouter than a horse, she wears golden shoes, a rich garment of gold or of the skin of the beavers. 502 pliny says that a statue made of solid gold was set up in the temple of anaitis. 503 we have already seen on the authority of berosus that artaxerxes mnemon ( b. c. 404 - 358 ) introduced the worship of the images of anahita among the persians. 504 502 yt5. 7, 15, 64, 78, 123, 126 - 129. 503 historia naturalis, 33, 4 ( 24 ) 82f. 504 cited by clemens alexandrinus, protreptica, 5, 65, 3 ; jackson, images and idols ( persian ) in ere. 7. 151 - 155 ; cf. cumont, ana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41480749163429864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.903092"}
{"text": "24 ) 82f. 504 cited by clemens alexandrinus, protreptica, 5, 65, 3 ; jackson, images and idols ( persian ) in ere. 7. 151 - 155 ; cf. cumont, anahita, in ere. 1. 414, 415. ahura mazda heads the list of the sacrificers who entreat her for various boons. the yasht dedicated to ardvi sura anahita furnishes us with the names of those who have sacrificed unto her and begged of her various boons. the number of her supplicants exceeds that of any other angel. ahura mazda and zarathushtra invoke her, with haoma and baresman, with spells and libations, whereas the majority of her other votaries severally offer her a hundred stallions, a thousand oxen, and ten thousand sheep. haoshyangha, yima, thraetaona, keresaspa, kavi usa, haosravah, tusa, vafra navaza, jamaspa, ashavazdah, the son of pourudakhshti, and ashavazdah and thrita, the sons of sayuzhdri, vistauru, yoishta, the members of the hvova and naotara families, vishtaspa, and zairi - vairi are all granted their diverse boons. these ask for sovereignty over all countries, victory on the battlefield, power to smite the adversaries in battle, to rout the sorcerers and fairies, the fiends and the demons ; they pray likewise for bodily health, wisdom to answer the riddles of heretics, and for riches and swift horses. 505 the boon that ahura mazda seeks is that he may win over zarathushtra to think after his reljgion, to speak after his religion, and to act after his religion ; the prophet in turn begs of her that he may gain to his side the mighty king vishtaspa as a patron to embrace his religion. 506 the rulers and chiefs invoke her that they may defeat their enemies and smite the demons, sorcerers, and fairies, the warriors beg of her swift horses and bodily health and glory, the priests and their disciples pray for knowledge, the maids beseech her to grant them strong husbands. 507 ardvi sura anahita bestows fruitfulness to women ; she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433645496659964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.904088"}
{"text": "warriors beg of her swift horses and bodily health and glory, the priests and their disciples pray for knowledge, the maids beseech her to grant them strong husbands. 507 ardvi sura anahita bestows fruitfulness to women ; she purifies the seeds of all males and the wombs of all females for bearing. shes, as a divine bestower, gives easy childbirth to all females, and gives them right and timely milk. 508 ardvi sura likewise grants boons unto all, because it lies in her power to do so. the sacrificing priest implores her to come down from the stars to the sacrificial altar, and to grant riches, horses, chariots, swords, food, and plenty to men. 509 she gives health and increases flocks, possessions, and wealth. 510 505 yt5. 21 - 27, 33 - 39, 45 - 55, 61 - 83, 98, 108 - 114. 506 yt5. 17 - 19, 104 - 106. 508 y65. 2 ; yt5. 2, 87 ; ny4. 3 ; vd. 7. 16. 509 yt5. 130 - 132. 510 y65. 1 ; yt5. 1. she refuses to concede the wicked persons their wishes. azhi dahaka wickedly besought her to grant him a boon that he may make all the seven zones empty of men, and the turanian franrasyan sought her favour to secure the glory, and the sons of vaesaka implored her to grant that they may smite the aryan nation by tens of thousands and myriads ; arejat - aspa and vandaremainish craved for the defeat of king vishtaspa, zairivairi, and the aryan nation ; but ardvi sura anahita refused to grant the evil wishes to these national foes of iran. 511 511 yt5. 29 - 31, 41 - 43, 57 - 59, 116 - 118. the offerings of libations. ardvi sura anahita desires that men invoke her with libations and haoma ; 512 these libations are to be drunk by the priest who is well versed in religious lore, and not by any wicked and deformed person. 513 the faithful are to bring libations unto her at any time between the rising and the setting of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41408587385523454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.904928"}
{"text": "are to be drunk by the priest who is well versed in religious lore, and not by any wicked and deformed person. 513 the faithful are to bring libations unto her at any time between the rising and the setting of the sun. those brought to her after sunset do not reach her ; on the contrary, they go to the demons, who revel in these misdirected offerings. 514 we are informed that the man who dedicates these libations before sunrise or after sunset does no better deed than if he should pour them down into the jaws of a venomous snake. 515 besides invoking ardvi sura anahita as the yazata of water, the waters themselves are collectively invoked to grant boons. zarathushtra is asked to offer a libation to the waters and to ask from them riches, power, and worthy offspring, 516 a happy and a joyful abode in this world and the next, accompanied by riches and glory. 517 the faithful pray that these waters may not be for those of evil thoughts, evil words, evil deeds, and evil religion, neither for the tormentors of their friends, neighbours, relatives, and priests. 518 nor may they be for their evil - wishers, 519 nor for thieves and robbers, murderers and sorcerers, buriers of the dead, jealous and niggard, and heretics and wicked persons. 520 512 yt5. 8, 11, 123, 124. 513 yt5. 92, 93. 514 yt5. 94, 95 ; nr. 68. 515 nr. 48. 517 y68. 13, 14, 21. animal sacrifices to anahita. strabo relates the mode of sacrificing to the waters. the sacrificial animal, we are told, is taken to the bank of a river or a lake ; a ditch is formed into which the animal is killed. the pieces of meat are then placed on myrtle or laurel, and holding tamarisk twigs in his hands, the priest pours oil mixed with honey and milk on the ground and chants the sacred formulas. great care is taken that no drop of blood falls into the water while the animal is being immolated ; nor must the mixture of oil, honey, and milk be poured into water. 521 this precaution is taken lest the waters be defiled. 521 strabo, p. 732. any defile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43974885203124636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.905868"}
{"text": "animal is being immolated ; nor must the mixture of oil, honey, and milk be poured into water. 521 this precaution is taken lest the waters be defiled. 521 strabo, p. 732. any defilement of the waters evokes ardvi sura ' s displeasure. it is sinful to contaminate the waters. such an act incurs great displeasure on the part of the genius of waters. those who wilfully bring dead matter to the waters become unclean for ever and ever. 522 if a man while walking or running, riding or driving, happens to see a corpse ftoating in a river, he must enter the river and go down into the water ankle - deep, knee - deep, waist - deep, nay even a man ' s full depth if need be, and take out the decaying body and place it upon the dry ground exposed to the light of the sun. 523 herodotus informs us that the persians do not make water, wash or bathe in a river. 524 524 herod. 1. 138. ardvi sura ' s chariot. like some of the yazatas, ardvi sura anahita has a chariot of her own, in which she drives forth in majesty. she holds the reins in her own hands, and controls four great chargers who are all of white color, of the same stock, and who smite the malice of all tyrants, demons, wicked men, sorcerers, fairies, oppressors, as well as those who are wilfully blind and wilfully deaf. 525 the text enables us to understand the allegorical statement regarding the steeds that are yoked to her chariot, for we are told that the four chargers of ardvi sura are the wind, the rain, the cloud, and the sleet ; and it was ahura mazda who made them for her. 526 525 yt5. 11, 13. his nature and work. this indo - iranian divinity of waters seems very early to have been eclipsed by anahita, who remains the chief genius presiding over waters in the cult. apam napat ' s vedic counterpart has an aqueous as well as an igneous nature. in the association of the avestan apam napat with the fire angel nairyosangha, spiegel sees traces of this secondary nature. 527 apam napat literally means ' the offspring of waters, ' and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4861933189486378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.907048"}
{"text": "and grace the sacrifice with her presence and be propitiated by it. 540 she is likewise invited to come with her gifts of health, prosperity, renown, the enlightenment of thoughts, words, and deeds, and for the well - being of the soul. 541 she is asked to give offspring that will further the prosperity of the house, village, town, and country and add to the renown of the country. 542 riches and glory, endurance and vigour of body, a long life and the shining, all - happy abode of the righteous are the boons that the devout ask from her. 543 the libations offered her are the most excellent and the fairest, and are filtered by pious men. 544 good thoughts, good words, and good deeds also serve as her libations. 545 the libations offered to ahurani cause joy to ahura mazda and the amesha spentas. 546 541 y68. 3, 4. | the earth deified. the avestan term for earth is zam, from which the angel zam, or zamyat, derives her name. her personality is very insipid as compared with armaiti, who, as we have seen, has the earth under her care and is, in fact, a more active guardian genius of the earth than zamyat. the twenty eighth day of every month is sacred to zamyat. 547 the poet who composed the yasht in honour of zamyat does not sing the glory of his heroine, but occupies himself rather with a description of the mountains of the world, 548 and with the celebration of the divine glory that descends upon the aryan race, symbolizing the greatness of the kings and the consecrated piety of the sainted souls. 549 cyrus, says xenophon, sacrificed animals to the earth as the magians directed. 550 | | 550 cyropaedia, 8. 24. | avesta - - zoroastrian archives | | contents | | prev | | history3 | | next | | glossary |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4248032571614349, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba91da2e-a5bf-4f8f-8fea-f51027fdeb73>", "chunk_index": 92, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.909588"}
{"text": "reflections after 50 years of space a protege of wernher von braun, jesco von puttkamer has spent his long career working in human spaceflight. in this long essay, von puttkamer gives his perspective on humanity ' s next steps into the universe. here he discusses the lessons mars has to teach us. for the longer future, the significance of the iss for the opening of a new era of peaceful cooperation between nations will undoubtedly be of considerably greater import that the important work underway on board today. in the wake of the process of worldwide restructuring and redefinition following the cold war of yesteryear, iss is acting as a catalyst for international understanding and collaboration. it helps to foster and form new partnerships among the nations of the earth, to inspire our youth, and to stimulate and support the next generation of scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and businessmen. it cannot fail in that because, fundamentally, it represents an answer to the age - old human drive for exploration of the unknown, the push toward new goals and frontiers. i ' ll return to this aspect below. for human missions to mars, the vision discussed here, the space station assumes a key position : as residence in space it will provide a kind of early bridgehead to the new continent outside earth, to our next major goal, mars. first of all, relative to its development and operation, the iss can be considered something like an early \" demo \" model for a major international mars program in later years. even more, as an orbital research and development facility it establishes and cements, in the longer range, the scientific and technical foundations of future human planetary missions. for the latter, it could also, with appropriate extensions, serve as a transportation node and port - of - embarkation. as mentioned above, foremost among its research objectives are life sciences, particularly with regards to humans in space and all \" human factors \" associated with protection of health, well - being, and productivity of crews during extended stays in space - which do represent the toughest hurdles on the road to mars. they are : the effects of zero - g and the development of potent countermeasures, protection against radiation, maintenance of stability and productivity of small multi - cultural groups of humans in close confinement and extended isolation, and the development of reliable closed - cycle life - support systems for multi - year missions. these missions also require new technologies such as aerobraking ( to help conserve propellants by utilizing the atmospheres of mars and earth for flight maneuvers ), storage and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5322554299986916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ddb3fa2-67e7-4979-b3a3-e9f38ab84581>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.919385"}
{"text": "development of reliable closed - cycle life - support systems for multi - year missions. these missions also require new technologies such as aerobraking ( to help conserve propellants by utilizing the atmospheres of mars and earth for flight maneuvers ), storage and handling of cryogenics, ( i. e., gases supercooled to liquid form ), new spacesuits with greater flexibility and higher comfort for strenuous activity on the mars surface, solar and nuclear power systems, and local - resources utilization for producing propellants and other substances necessary for life. to shorten flight time and thus reduce the en - route exposure to microgravity and space radiation, human mars missions will also favor nuclear propulsion systems. nasa is studying advanced nuclear propulsion concepts, and our russian iss partner roskosmos is well advanced in the development of nuclear - electric propulsion. our exploration of the red planet is aimed not just at the search for life or later settlement by people but also at nearer - term objectives of quite concrete relevance for the present, motivated by fundamental questions such as why our sun has planets in the first place, how is it possible that earth and with it we humans exist, and is earth ' s and our existence an extraordinary or normal occurrence in the cosmos? why are we in this world, how did it come about, could it also have happened differently, and what will become of us? even more importantly, we are also exploring mars in order to better understand our terrestrial environment, to improve our ability to more accurately determine what we are changing on earth by our activities - on its surface and its atmosphere. mars is particularly well suited for such comparative planetology. the exploration of its topography, geology, geography, atmosphere, weather and climate conditions, developmental phases, indeed the entirety of its physical and chemical characteristics will add fundamentally to our knowledge and understanding of our own environment, thus serving considerably more than just the pure satisfaction of abstract human curiosity. mars ' formation and development still pose great riddles for science : it is the only other planet beside earth with a surface clearly marked by complex geological processes caused by ice ages, glaciers, and flowing water in niagara quantities. and that in a world which is so bone - dry today that all water in its presently considerably thinned - down carbon dioxide atmosphere would form a layer only two to five hundredths millimeter thick if it rained down to the ground all at once. mars has ice fields, mysterious dark zones, bright \" deserts \", and various types of cloud formations which are subject to continual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5647278856358189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ddb3fa2-67e7-4979-b3a3-e9f38ab84581>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.920919"}
{"text": "atmosphere would form a layer only two to five hundredths millimeter thick if it rained down to the ground all at once. mars has ice fields, mysterious dark zones, bright \" deserts \", and various types of cloud formations which are subject to continual seasonal as well as sporadic changes. it is a world full of wonders and mysteries, sculpted by processes the likes of which have been found nowhere else : it has the highest volcanoes and the greatest canyons in the solar system, with gigantic planetary sand storms, countless dry river beds, and vast, densely branched stream valley networks where water once rushed in torrents. it has polar caps of water ice and frozen carbon dioxide, and there is evidence of underground permafrost deposits and probably also reservoirs of water in liquid state. methane gas was recently discovered to exude from the ground at certain locations, which could be a sign of underground biological activity. thus, it is not completely out of the question that even today adapted alien life forms might be found there. mars, by all appearances, was created around the same time as earth. but if these neighboring worlds had the same beginnings, how could it have happened that they took such distinctly different developmental paths? if scientific research discovers what actually took place when the climate on the planet changed so drastically, how long ago it occurred and why it happened, then we will clearly gain a better understanding also of the history and future of our own climates and environment. one of the reasons for the difference is thought to be the phenomenon of plate tectonics, i. e., the shifting of the separate plates forming earth ' s solid outer shell, the lithosphere : its complete absence on mars could have been the key to the origin of its current conditions. on earth, plate tectonics causes a vertical convection process continuously mixing the materials deep in the earth ' s core, stoked by radioactive decay and the primeval heat of planetary formation ; it thereby intimately connects the complex interactions of atmosphere and oceans with the biosphere. thus, by inference, it appears possible that our plate tectonics could have brought about the earth as we know it, including our life - all terrestrial life. has mars a magnetic field like earth? or are we here, too, the exception among all earth - like planets, perhaps because earth with its iron core is the only planet in the inner solar system sufficiently large and rotating fast enough to generate a significant magnetosphere? this question is of great importance for environmental research because our magnetic field, which shields earth against energetic radiation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47459976071214155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ddb3fa2-67e7-4979-b3a3-e9f38ab84581>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.922078"}
{"text": "cell cycle pathway the cell cycle pathway is a unidirectional process that governs cell division. this process, which cannot be reversed once started, is critical for cell survival. the cell cycle typically involves four phases : s phase, in which dna is replicated, m phase, in which chromosomes are separated and two distinct cells are formed, and g1 and g2 phases during which the cell is preparing for cell division. the majority of the cell cycle pathway is regulated by two classes of proteins : cyclin - dependent kinases ( cdks ) and cyclins. cyclins and cdks form complexes that enable cdks to phosphorylate and activate specific cell cycle intermediates. in the initial stages of the cell - cycle signal, cyclin d will bind to cdk4 and this complex will phosphorylate the retinoblastoma ( rb ) gene. during a quiescent state, rb is bound to dna and blocks the transcription of specific genes. after phosphorylation, rb becomes unbound and genes necessary for the cell cycle are now accessible. the cell cycle pathway is a highly - regulated process that incorporates three major checkpoints. the first checkpoint is the g1 checkpoint, which determines whether or not a cell will enter into the cell division process. the second checkpoint, g2, will determine if the cell will enter into mitosis. both the g1 and g2 checkpoints can be affected by the presence or absence of various growth factors, dna damage, or replicative senescence. the final checkpoint, metaphase, ensures proper chromosome alignment prior to cell division. the cell cycle pathway is intrinsically linked to cell survival and cell death. for instance, failure of a cell to meet the requirements of the individual cell cycle checkpoints will result in the cell undergoing apoptosis. in cancer, the cell cycle checkpoints are often dysfunctional. checkpoint proteins, such as rb or p53, are often mutated or inactivated and this can result in cell division despite incomplete dna synthesis and segregation errors. inappropriate continuation of the cell cycle can lead to genomic instability, which is a common feature of malignant cells. 1. nigg. 1995. cyclin - dependent protein kinases : key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. bioessays. 17 ( 6 ) : 471 - 80.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.524318403930063, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fd58527-f158-4d99-8282-dbf6f577c504>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.924652"}
{"text": "a number of federal laws and ordinances protect u. s. employees from discrimination in the workplace. these laws are enforced by the u. s. equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ). the eeoc is the main entity responsible for upholding and designating all employment laws in the united states, including federal job discrimination. here ' s a look at federal job discrimination laws. civil rights act of 1964 ( title vii ). this act protects employees from job discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. all aspects of employment are covered, including hiring, firing, promotion, wages, recruitment, training, and any other terms of employment. equal pay act of 1963. this act ensures that employees receive the same pay, benefits, and opportunities as those employees of the opposite sex who perform the same work in the same establishment. age discrimination in employment act of 1967. this act protects workers who are 40 years of age or older from job discrimination that favors younger workers. title i and title v of the americans with disabilities act of 1990. this act protects qualified workers with disabilities from job discrimination in the private and state and municipal sectors. sections 501 and 505 of the rehabilitation act of 1973. this act protects qualified workers with disabilities who work for the federal government from job discrimination. civil rights act of 1991. this act clarifies some of the ambiguous sections of title vii, and provides monetary compensation for victims of federal job discrimination. if you think you are a victim of job discrimination if you think you are a victim of job discrimination under one of these federal laws, you can file a discrimination charge with the eeoc. in addition, a charge may be filed on your behalf by another person to protect your identity. you can file a charge by mail or in person at the nearest eeoc office. importantly, you must file a claim with the eeoc within 90 days of the alleged discrimination before a private lawsuit can be filed. you must provide the following information in order to file a charge with the eeoc : - the complaining party ' s name, address, and telephone number - the name, address, and telephone number of the claim ' s respondent - the date and a short description of the alleged discrimination the eeoc will then investigate the claim. it will either dismiss the case, attempt to settle the case, bring the case to federal court, or issue the charging party a \" right to sue, \" which allows the party to seek private counsel and bring suit upon the employer directly. other job discrimination laws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40443604720790344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:225174b7-88cb-4385-8008-4f65996fc0a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.928815"}
{"text": "by dr. aleksandra drizo dr. aleksandra drizo, phosphoreduc llc. ceo, 70 south winooski avenue ; burlington, vt, usa 05405. corresponding author : firstname. lastname @ example. org phosphorus pollution problem water eutrophication caused by excess nutrient loading from human activities has been recognized as one of the major water quality issues for several decades ( 1, 2 ). the world resources institute has identified 415 hypoxic coastal zones in the world. the situation is even more alarming for freshwater resources with 54 % of lakes in asia, 53 % in europe, 48 % in north america, 41 % in south america and 30 % in africa being identified as eutrophic ( 3 ). although some environments are more greatly influenced by changing levels of nitrogen, addition of just 1 g of phosphorus promotes the growth of up to 100 g algae, and as such, represents the principal trigger of eutrophication and toxic blue - green algae blooms. the effect of algae blooms these blooms can decrease the oxygen levels in the waters, resulting in fish kills and reduced biodiversity. they can also cause foul odors and tastes, diminishing the recreational appeal of the waters or their potential for use as a water supply source. some species have even been found to release chemicals that are toxic to animals and humans. sources of phosphorus pollution given the magnitude of eutrophication worldwide, solutions for reducing phosphorus loading from municipal, agricultural, industrial, urban and rural point and nonpoint sources have been sought worldwide. while point source pollution is definable and thus controllable, nonpoint ( diffuse ) pollution originates from a variety of run - off sources, and consequently, controlling this type of contamination is even more complex, requiring an integration of technological, socio - economical and educational factors. methods of phosphorus removal methods for phosphorus removal from wastewaters and storm water runoff have emerged over the past few years. however, the current absence of the governmental regulations for phosphorus discharge limits, coupled with the extremely high costs of environmental technologies verification ( etv ) programs impose insurmountable obstacles in phosphorus removal technologies applications. current regulatory framework despite the recognized need for phosphorus reduction worldwide ( 2 - 5 ), the current regulatory framework for attenuation of this type of contamination has been extremely limited. phosphorus discharge criteria have been developed only for municipal wastewater treatment facilities ( mwtf ) and, in a very few developed countries. moreover, the current phosphorus removal methods ( either chemical or biological ) used in mw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159810586610909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.942925"}
{"text": "this type of contamination has been extremely limited. phosphorus discharge criteria have been developed only for municipal wastewater treatment facilities ( mwtf ) and, in a very few developed countries. moreover, the current phosphorus removal methods ( either chemical or biological ) used in mwwtf are complex, extremely expensive, consume large amounts of energy and generate large volumes of sludge that then must be appropriately disposed of ( 5 ). phosphorus discharge criteria for other point and nonpoint pollution sources ( agricultural, industrial, or residential onsite wastewater treatment systems ( septic systems ) ), are not included in the current wastewater regulations. this situation is extremely alarming given the exponential growth of population, livestock and food production. for example, 30 - 40 % of the population in developed countries rely on septic systems consisting of a septic tank and a drain field. a hundred years ago, soil drain fields were considered natural adsorbing materials for phosphorus. however, the phosphorus retention capacity of any adsorbing material is finite and once it \u2019 s reached, the material needs to be replaced. the situation is much more disturbing in developing countries, where peri - urban settlements are not approved by the local and national governments. as a result, many rivers in third world cities are being used as large open sewers. the lack of regulatory framework greatly diminishes funding and the aspiration for scientific advancements for phosphorus removal technologies. while there has been a growing interest in investigations on phosphorus sorbing materials that could be used in onsite wastewater treatment systems, this research has been mainly performed in university laboratories, while field testing and applications remain limited to the efforts by a very few scientist in sweden and united states ( 6 ). the road from innovations to applications the biggest obstacle to any environmental technology application is in the current costs and the time required by the federal environmental technology verification ( etv ) programs. in the united states for example, the costs range from $ 120 - 140, 000 per application, lasting 24 - 36 months. this means that a small business such is phosphoreduc would have to invest a minimum of $ 360, 000 to obtain etv certification for the 3 types of wastewater, e. g. municipal, residential and agricultural effluents treatment. individual state permits do not require such large financial investments during the review process, however the process is also extremely lengthy, lasting 24 - 30 months from the moment of application. moreover, as phosphorus discharge limits currently do not exist in the regulatory framework, most of the water governmental agencies either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47454605078094403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.944046"}
{"text": "such large financial investments during the review process, however the process is also extremely lengthy, lasting 24 - 30 months from the moment of application. moreover, as phosphorus discharge limits currently do not exist in the regulatory framework, most of the water governmental agencies either reject applications or require intensive permitting processes, consisting of two different permit types : one for beneficial use of water filtration material and the other for general use of technology. each of the two permit processes require intensive water quality monitoring by accredited laboratories, thus an investment of at least $ 85 - 100, 000. and without certifications it is impossible to implement systems and bring water quality improvements. phosphoreduc innovative technologies i have dedicated over 20 years of my professional life to research and development of sustainable technologies for phosphorus pollution prevention and control. during my doctoral research at the university of edinburgh, uk, in the early 1990s, i have pioneered the research on use of various iron, aluminum and calcium based materials natural and industrial by - products that can be used as phosphorus sorbing materials in onsite treatment systems. as research professor at the university of vermont, and the director of the university constructed wetlands research center ( cwrc ), along with my research team we have developed several suites of sustainable wastewater treatment technologies including : integrated ( multistage ) constructed wetlands and phosphorus removal filter systems phosphorus removal and sequestration \u201c prs - 101 \u201d filters for the treatment of agricultural, municipal and residential wastewaters ( point pollution sources ) simple \u201c torpedo \u201d filter systems for agricultural tile drain and urban storm water outflows ( for capturing and treating phosphorus and solids pollution originating from nonpoint, diffuse pollution sources ( figure 1 ). these treatment technologies are efficient not only in phosphorus removal, but also in other pollutants reduction, including nitrogen, organic matter and suspended solids, pathogens and various metals and minerals. in addition, we have also shown that once the lifespan of the filter system is completed, the phosphorus retained by the filtration material can be re - used, instead of chemical fertilizer, to enhance soils used for agriculture, horticulture and forestry. in 2008, i applied for the agricultural innovation fund to the university of vermont college of agriculture and life sciences and the office for technology transfer ( uvm tto ). i was awarded the seed start - up funding that enabled me to establish my business phosphoreduc llc ( www. phosphoreduc. com ). the seed funding also provided necessary funding for patent applications. we currently have patents pending for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4796846213231604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.945294"}
{"text": "was awarded the seed start - up funding that enabled me to establish my business phosphoreduc llc ( www. phosphoreduc. com ). the seed funding also provided necessary funding for patent applications. we currently have patents pending for the two of our technologies, one for phosphorus removal from point pollution sources and the other for phosphorus removal from agricultural and urban drain outflows. our filtration systems are passive systems consisting of one or more filter units filled with iron ( fe ) and / or calcium ( ca ) based filtration material, modified steel slag, a recyclable by - product from the steel industry. the filtration media is packed, arranged and engaged with one another in specially - designed modules so as to form a modular composite filter, according to the method developed by phopshoreduc llc. to date, we have demonstrated that phosphoreduc filter systems reduce phosphorous, suspended solids and pathogens ( e. coli ) loads from sewage, agricultural and urban point and nonpoint pollution sources by 70 \u2013 100 percent by systems implemented in a variety of climatic regions, on 4 continents. the examples of phosphoreduc applications include : 1. agricultural runoff treatment : a simple cartridge system installed to reduce phosphorus and solids from agricultural tile drains collecting water from 30 acres in vermont achieved reductions averaging 72 % and 75 %, respectively ( figure 1 ). currently, there is no agricultural practice designed to reduce phosphorus loading from agricultural tile drains. we have showed that phosphorus concentrations measured in 6 different agricultural drains over 10 spring storm events exceeded critical 0. 1 - 0. 2 mg / l p concentrations for incipient eutrophication in each rain event. feed bunks ( silage leachate ) runoff treatment, known as one of the most toxic waste streams on farms. currently, the vegetative treatment area ( practice code 635 ) is the major \u201c best management practice \u201d recommended by the us natural resources conservation service ( nrcs ) and widely implemented to treat silage leachate runoff on farms in the us ( 7 ). while it cannot achieve more than 20 % phosphorus reduction efficiency, the current cost of this practice implementation is in order of $ 15, 220 per acre. the results from a 2 year investigation by our research team has shown that the implementation of an innovative \u201c treatment train \u201d consisting of a phosphoreduc filter, and a vegetative trench could achieve up to 90 % phosphorus reduction at half the cost of the currently recommended 635", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121060070700534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.946427"}
{"text": "by our research team has shown that the implementation of an innovative \u201c treatment train \u201d consisting of a phosphoreduc filter, and a vegetative trench could achieve up to 90 % phosphorus reduction at half the cost of the currently recommended 635 practice ( 8 ). 2. urban stormwater treatment phosphoreduc filter installed in columbus, oh to treat a golf - course stormwater pond achieved an average of 85 % reduction efficiency. several follow up installations are planned in 2012. 3. sewage treatment phosphoreduc filter has been implemented in southern taiwan to test system efficacy in sewage wastewater treatment originating from the university student residences. this system showed nearly 100 % reductions in dissolved and total phosphorus and suspended solids over 10 months of investigation ( 9 ). following successful treatment in taiwan, two filter installations are currently planned to reduce phosphorus loading originating from a mixed sewage and urban runoff effluent and causing eutrophication of tubarao lagoons in vitoria state, brazil. the future of innovative phosphorus removal technologies despite all of the above obstacles, during the past two years phosphoreduc technologies started to gain interest among governmental agencies in the us and internationally. we have contributed to eutrophication prevention and water quality improvements in over 40 laboratory, pilot, demonstration and full scale projects across 5 continents ( europe, north america, south america, asia, new zealand ). in sweden, professor gunno renman developed polonite based systems for phosphorus removal from residential septic systems. however, polonite filtration material is made from the natural calcium rich material found only in poland, which restricts systems applications beyond these two countries. in any future research and development of phosphorus removal technologies we ought to keep in mind the fact that as a key component of fertilizers, phosphorus is fundamental for the world \u2019 s food supplies, and an irreplaceable and essential element of life with its sole source as phosphate - bearing rocks ( 10 - 11 ). phosphorus resources are non - renewable with global reserves estimated to reach their peak in the next 50 - 100 years ( 10 ). the current rate of phosphate extraction is reported at 167 million tonnes per year with a growing demand that accounts for a 2 % annual increase. with continuing decline of global phosphate reserves, the impacts are likely be immense, particularly in terms of rising food prices, growing food insecurity and widening inequalities between developed and developing countries ( 10 - 11 ). thus, not only should we continue research, development and implementation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5226003745168721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.947500"}
{"text": ", the impacts are likely be immense, particularly in terms of rising food prices, growing food insecurity and widening inequalities between developed and developing countries ( 10 - 11 ). thus, not only should we continue research, development and implementation of phosphorus removal technologies but we have to invent the ways of phosphorus re - use as a soil amendment in agriculture, forestry, acid mine reclamation and horticulture. sweden is the first country in the world that has established regulatory requirement to recycle phosphorus from municipal wastewater treatment effluents by 2016. it enabled professor renman and i to start developing processes for phosphorus re - use from our phosphorus removal treatment systems. ( 1 ) ryther, j. h. and dunstan, w. m. ( 1971 ). nitrogen, phosphorus and eutrophication in coastal marine environments. science 171 : 1008 - 1013. ( 2 ) conley, d. j., paerl, h. w., howarth, r. w., boesch, d. f., seitzinger, s. p., havens, k. e., lancelot, c. and likens, g. e. ( 2009 ). constrolling eutrophication : nitrogen and phosphorus. science 323 : 1014 - 1015. ( 3 ) world resources institute ( 2012 ). eutrophication and hypoxia : nutrient pollution in coastal waters. url : http : / / www. wri. org / project / eutrophication ( 4 ) us epa ( 2012 ). water : pollution prevention and control. url : http : / / water. epa. gov / polwaste / ( 5 ) jiang, f., beck, m. b., cummings, r. g., rowles, k. and russell, d. ( 2005 ). estimation of costs of phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment facilities : adaptation of existing facilities. water policy working paper # 2005 - 011. url : http : / / aysps. gsu. edu / wp2005011estimationofcosts. pdf ( 6 ) westholm, johansson, l., drizo, a. and renman, g. ( 2011 ). the use of blast furnace and electric arc furnace steel slag in water pollution control. ferrous slag - resource development for an environmentally sustainable world. euroslag publication no. 5. pp 103 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4552087003304065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.948353"}
{"text": "renman, g. ( 2011 ). the use of blast furnace and electric arc furnace steel slag in water pollution control. ferrous slag - resource development for an environmentally sustainable world. euroslag publication no. 5. pp 103 - 11. url : http : / / www. euroslag. org / about - us / history / conferencesdetail /? tx _ ttnews [ tt _ news ] = 19 & chash = ae437d3893598f2b5faf16f5edf6a16c. ( 7 ) usda nrcs ( 2008 ). vegetative treatment area practice 635. usda, natural resources conservation service \u2015 practice code 635. url : http : / / www. nrcs. usda. gov / internet / fse _ documents / nrcs143 _ 026548. pdf ( 8 ) drizo, a., liang, k. and gorres, j. ( 2011 ). phosphorus and e. coli reduction from silage leachate via innovative phosphoreduc filtration. final report to the conservation innovations grants program, submitted december 2011. university of vermont grant agreement number : 69 - 3a75 - 9 - 121. ( 9 ) autm, the association of university technology managers ( 2011 ). academic filtration innovations aim to solve what ails a perishable resource : water. published in the 2011 edition of a better world report. respond, recover, restructure : technologies helping the world in the face of adversity, pp 78 - 83. www. betterworldrpoject. net ( 10 ) the broker ( 2009 ). peak phosphorus - the next inconvenient truth. the broker online 15, august 2009. url : http : / / globalpnetwork. net / resource / peak - phosphorus - next - inconvenient - truth ( 11 ) yoshida, h., van dijk, k., drizo, a., vanginkel, s., matsubae, k. and buehrer, m. ( 2011 ). chapter 6 : phosphorus recovery and reuse. in : dijk, k. and yoshida, h. ( ed. ). phosphorus, food and our future. frontiers in life sciences. in review.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260689730791906, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d828e220-0563-492d-9d13-d879f105c4a7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.949194"}
{"text": "your 5 - year - old now even children who parted easily at preschool sometimes turn into wailing \" cling - ons \" come the first days of kindergarten. anxiety over the unknown is at the root of it. will i make friends? is learning to read going to be hard? will i find the bus on time? do i have to talk in class? most schools offer a time to tour the classroom and meet the teacher before the first day. do a dry run. show your child where he ' ll be dropped off and how to get to his classroom. as fears surface, talk them out. the more specific he can be about what ' s bothering him, the better able you will be to strategize solutions. most importantly, don ' t minimize your child ' s fears. \" you ' ll meet new friends \" isn ' t reassuring to a scared 5 - year - old. talk instead about how to approach new playmates. role - play what he might say to start up a game. in times of upheaval, it ' s also important for kids to have structure. keep things as sane as possible at home with before - and after - school schedules. your life now many parents grapple with the question of whether to let their children play with toy guns or engage in other violent play. it ' s an individual choice. but it can help to know that at age 5, your child ' s interest is less a reflection of our violent culture than a common, healthy developmental phase. gunplay is a form of imaginative play that allows your child to feel he ' s exerting control over his world ( vanquishing \" bad guys, \" for example ). there ' s no evidence linking toy guns to future acts of violence. the phase usually passes within a few years as your child moves on to other interests. many parents ban toy guns only to find their kids creating weaponry out of a sandwich, a stick, or the state of florida in a 50 - state puzzle. you can avoid buying realistic weaponry but stopping the play altogether is more challenging. rather than shaming your child about it, ask open - ended questions about why he likes such games. play along and find subtle ways to talk about your values and nonviolence. banning guns may also give them the power of being more attractive. the less of a big deal you make about gunplay \u2014 while being sure your child has lots of other playthings, too \u2014 the more quickly this stage tends to blow over.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4427354571936176, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91428c07-2736-47ee-8a6b-ab6f4852a269>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.952946"}
{"text": "on march 12, 2002 the first results from the 2001 census - population and dwelling counts - were released by statistics canada. information on other characteristics of the b. c. population such as age, ethnicity, education, income, etc. will be released over the next two years. british columbia was the third fastest growing province in canada, increasing 4. 9 % between 1996 and 2001. on may 15, 2001, the population of b. c. was counted as 3, 907, 738, compared with 3, 724, 500 in may 1996. b. c. ' s population growth was slightly stronger than the national rate of 4. 0 %. in the previous five year period, b. c. ' s population had increased 13. 5 %, more than double the 5. 7 % increase in the canadian population. between 1996 and 2001, alberta ( 10. 3 % ) and ontario ( 6. 1 % ) had the strongest population growth among the provinces. nunavut ' s population grew by 8. 1 %. fewer than half ( 12 out of 28 ) of the regional districts in the province experienced population growth between 1996 and 2001. the regions that grew were concentrated in the southwest mainland, eastern vancouver island and okanagan areas. squamish - lillooet ( 12. 3 % ), greater vancouver ( 8. 5 % ), central okanagan ( 8. 2 % ) and fraser valley ( 6. 8 % ) regional districts registered the strongest growth. on vancouver island, most of the growth occurred in the nanaimo ( 4. 3 % ) and capital ( 2. 4 % ) regional districts. the northern and kootenay regions registered population declines over the 5 - year period, with the largest decreases in skeena - queen charlotte ( - 12. 5 % ) and mount waddington ( - 10. 2 % ). among large municipalities ( those with populations of more than 100, 000 ), the strongest growth in the 1996 - 2001 period was posted in surrey ( 14 % ), followed by coquitlam ( 11 % ) and richmond ( 10 % ). among smaller municipalities ( those with populations of more than 5, 000 ), whistler had the strongest growth ( 24 % ), although the small neighbouring community of pemberton had even stronger growth ( 91 % ). top municipalities ( > 5, 000 people ) in terms of growth from 1996 to 2000 | municipality | | 2001 population | | % change | | whistler | | 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4080910876887463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c387e3b-0186-4c0f-94d1-fd0fbf5014cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.957799"}
{"text": "small neighbouring community of pemberton had even stronger growth ( 91 % ). top municipalities ( > 5, 000 people ) in terms of growth from 1996 to 2000 | municipality | | 2001 population | | % change | | whistler | | 8, 896 | | 24. 0 % | | surrey | | 347, 825 | | 14. 2 % | | port moody | | 23, 816 | | 14. 2 % | | view royal | | 7, 271 | | 12. 9 % | | maple ridge | | 63, 169 | | 12. 5 % | | coquitlam | | 112, 890 | | 10. 9 % | | new westminster | | 54, 656 | | 10. 8 % | | richmond | | 164, 345 | | 10. 4 % | | port coquitlam | | 51, 257 | | 9. 8 % | | abbotsford | | 115, 463 | | 9. 6 % | urban and rural population between 1996 and 2001, the population has become more urbanised with 85 % of the provincial population now living in urban areas, up from 82 % in 1996 and 80 % in 1991. characteristics of population growth although information on the characteristics of the population growth between 1996 and 2001 is not yet available from the 2001 census, current population estimates provide insight into some aspects of the growth. about two thirds of the population growth between 1996 and 2001 was due to migration with natural increase ( births minus deaths ) accounting for the rest. the growth due to migration was entirely from international sources, as a large number of people left b. c. for alberta and only small numbers arrived from other parts of canada. between 1991 and 1996, a similar number of people had arrived from international sources but there had also been almost as large a net inflow from other parts of the country. more than three quarters ( 77 % ) of the immigrants to b. c. over the 1996 - 2001 period were from asian countries, followed by european sources ( 12 % ) and north and central america ( 4 % ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3940306609351028, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c387e3b-0186-4c0f-94d1-fd0fbf5014cc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.958611"}
{"text": "the walking liberty half dollar has won many praises and criticisms in its time. adolph weinman \u2019 s walking liberty design was more than an attempt to beautify the half dollar. it represented a concerted effort to revitalize the denomination and to get half dollars back into circulation in again. the mint was able to churn out plenty of walking liberty half dollars in the design \u2019 s first year. of the first years mintage couldn \u2019 t compare to the numbers that were minted in the 1940s. adolph weinman was better known as a sculptor and medal designer. as such he won the competition to design the new half dollar. the mint began producing the new walking liberty design in november, 1916. however it was january 2, 1917 before any of these dated half dollars entered into circulation. the new half dollars debut soon brought many praises and some criticisms. the jan 23, 1917, issue of the elyra, ohio evening telegram is quoted as stating the walking liberty half dollar was more \u201c elaborate \u201d than the old barber half dollar. and that both half dollars shared one thing in common \u2014 they both seemed to have been inspired by some french coin designs. for what ever reason, weinman managed to work the american flag into the walking liberty half dollar design, which does seem to set it apart and gave it a more national character than other coin designs. weinman had his own comments on the symbolism in his design : \u201c the design of the half dollar bears a full - length figure of liberty, the folds of the stars and stripes flying to the breeze as a background. progressing in full stride toward the dawn of a new day, carrying branches of laurel and oak, symbolic of civil and military glory. the hand of the figure is outstretched in bestowal of the spirit of liberty. \u201d \u201c the reverse of the half dollar shows an eagle perched high upon a mountain craig, his wings unfolded, fearless in spirit, and conscious of his power. springing from a rift in the rock is a sapling of mountain pine, symbolic of america. \u201d many bird experts were amused at the design of the eagle displayed on the half dollar. it was quite unlike any other eagle pictured on other u. s. coins. one leading ornithologist remarked the eagle looked like a \u201c turkey. \u201d very little was said about the branch of mountain pine. it did add a very dramatic touch to the design and is probably the coin \u2019 s most distinctive feature. the walking liberty is definitely the most distinctive half dollar created. in time the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4303388821732921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:317df08c-8a0f-44fa-958d-481d95ef3107>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:49.984489"}
{"text": "kids do not understand the dangers of fire and smoke and the havoc they can create if not used properly. kids consider most of the things which can trigger fire like match - boxes and sticks, lighters, electrical equipment to be toys and like playing with them. it is very important to teach children about the impacts of these things at a young age. educating children and making them aware about certain safety measures will make them responsible in the future as well. there are some basic safety tips which should be followed by children in order to keep themselves fire safe. the first and foremost thing is to tell them not to play with anything that can cause fire. they may take a match - box and lighter very lightly, but it is the parenta\u20ac\u2122s duty to make them aware about the consequences of these things if not used properly. during any festivals it is important for the parents to stay along with their children in case they play with firecrackers. children should never remain unattended during such festivals. tell the children not to use a candle when no adult person is around them. children in the process of growing up find certain things very interesting and try experimenting with them. lighting paper to see whether it catches fire is one such thing which majority of the children tries during their growing up years. it is necessary for the parents to be aware of such facts and tell their children beforehand not to resort to such things. it is also important to make them aware that fire can get out of control in seconds and hence, a simple experiment can cause an outbreak of fire. if children are made aware of the cause and effects of fire right from the beginning, they will take good care and precaution so that such incidences do not occur.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642163729788842, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94b52b96-b8f9-48fd-b881-e163acb5ac7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.010518"}
{"text": "what is iron deficiency? if you feel like your energy levels are low, you \u2019 re lacking motivation and you could fall asleep at your desk everyday, don \u2019 t blame your job right away. instead, take a close look at the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency. iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrition deficiency in the world. it occurs when the body \u2019 s stores of iron are low ( the stage prior to anemia ), and, it may or may not cause any symptoms. iron deficiency disproportionately affects those in developing countries but it is also prevalent in industrialized countries. iron deficiency anemia develops when low iron stores persist for a period of time and the body cannot make enough healthy red blood cells to deliver oxygen throughout the body. in the united states, the largest nationwide survey, the national nutrition and health examination surveys ( nhanes ) found that approximately 16 % of teenage girls aged 16 - 19 and 12 % of women aged 20 - 49 are deficient in iron. these numbers are staggering in a country with an abundant food supply and an array of multivitamin and iron supplements. - stoltzfus rj. defining iron - deficiency anemia in public health terms : reexamining the nature and magnitude of the public health problem. j nutr 2001 ; 131 : 565s - 7s. - micronutrient deficiencies. iron deficiency anaemia. world health organization. http : / / www. who. int / nutrition / topics / ida / en / index. html - iron deficiency anemia. national anemia action council. http : / / www. anemia. org / patients / faq / # ida - iron deficiency. mmwr weekly. cdc. 2002 ; 51 ( 40 ) : 897 - 899. http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm5140a1. htm # tab1 - institute of medicine. food and nutrition board. dietary reference intakes for vitamin a, vitamin k, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. washington, dc : national academy press, 2001. - monson er. iron and absorption : dietary factors which impact iron bioavailability. j am dietet assoc. 1988 ; 88 : 786 - 90. - tapiero h, gate l, tew kd. iron : deficiencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5000324899539657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58b1d00f-c114-4def-bad8-460713c5efa4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.016601"}
{"text": "dread nought biography biography dread nought, was launched in 1912 ] ] the dreadnought was the predominant type of battleship of the 20th century. the revolutionary hms dreadnought of 1906 adopted an ' all - big - gun ' armament and steam turbine propulsion ; her impact was so great that battleships built after her were referred to as ' dreadnoughts ' and earlier battleships became known aspre - dreadnoughts. the concept of an all - big - gun ship had been in circulation for several years prior to dreadnought ' s construction, and the imperial japanese navy had even begun work on an all - big - gun battleship in 1904. gibbons, p. 168 the arrival of the dreadnoughts sparked a new arms race, principally between britain and germany but reflected worldwide, as the new class of warships became a crucial symbol of national power. technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era, with rapid changes in armament, armor, and propulsion, meaning that ten years after dreadnought ' s commissioning much more powerful ships were being built. these more powerful vessels were known as super - dreadnoughts. the only pitched battle between fleets of dreadnoughts was the battle of jutland, an indecisive clash that reflected britain ' s continuing strategic dominance. most of the dreadnoughts were scrapped or scuttled after the end of world war i, though some of the most advanced super - dreadnoughts continued in service through world war ii. the term \" dreadnought \" gradually dropped from use after world war i, as the pre - dreadnoughts and the first generations of dreadnoughts were scrapped. however, all battleships built since then shared the characteristics of the dreadnought. \" dreadnought \" can also be used to encompass battlecruisers, the other type of ship resulting from the dreadnought revolution. mackay r. fisher of kilverstone, p. 326, for instance ' s satsuma ; the first ship designed as an ' all - big - gun ' battleship ] ] the distinctive all - big - gun armament of the dreadnought was developed in the first years of the 20th century as navies sought to increase the firepower and range of their battleships. most pre - dreadnoughts had a main armament of four heavy guns of 9. 4 - 13. 5 inch ( 24 - 34 cm ), a secondary armament of six to eighteen quick / rapid - firing guns of 4. 7 - 7. 5 inch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48315459372769837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.062276"}
{"text": "dreadnoughts had a main armament of four heavy guns of 9. 4 - 13. 5 inch ( 24 - 34 cm ), a secondary armament of six to eighteen quick / rapid - firing guns of 4. 7 - 7. 5 inch ( 12 - 19 cm ), supplemented by a range of smaller weapons. some american designs had an intermediate battery of four, later eight, 8 - inch ( 20. 3 cm ) guns. by 1903, however, serious proposals for an all - big - gun armament were circulated in several countries. all - big - gun designs were begun almost simultaneously in three navies. the imperial japanese navy authorised satsuma, designed with twelve 12 - inch guns, in 1904, and she was laid down in may 1905jentshura, jung, mickel p. 22 - 3. evans & peattie p. 159. the royal navy began the design of hms dreadnought in january 1905 and she was laid down in october 1905sumrall, p. 15. the united states navy gained authorisation for uss michigan, carrying eight 12 - inch guns, in march 1905sumrall, p. 15 and she was laid down in may 1906sondhaus, p. 199. the exact reasons for the move to an all - big - gun design are still a matter of some controversy. the newest, fast - firing 12 - inch guns had more long - range firepower than a gun of 10 - inch of 9. 2 - inch calibre. friedman, battleship design and development. it is often stated that mixed - calibre guns prevented accurate fire control because of the potential for confusion between shell - splashes of different calibre. however, more recent work suggests that shell - splashes and salvo firing were not of much importance in decision - making. fairbanks, c the dreadnought revolution, international history review 1991 : this debate is also expanded on below the pre - dreadnought battleships combined heavy - calibre ship - killing guns, typically of 12 in calibre, with a secondary and tertiary armament that could generate a hail of fire destroying the less protected parts of enemy ships. at the battle of the yalu river and the battle of santiago de cuba ( 1898 ], this hail of fire destroyed most of the vessels of the defeated side. at santiago, none of the four us battleships present scored a single hit with their 12 - and 13 - inch guns. the naval war between china and japan and lesson from the war in the east,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4166527002138052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.063234"}
{"text": "destroyed most of the vessels of the defeated side. at santiago, none of the four us battleships present scored a single hit with their 12 - and 13 - inch guns. the naval war between china and japan and lesson from the war in the east, pages 90 - 143, the naval annual 1895. naval aspects of the spanish - american war, pages 123 - 174, the naval annual 1899 these were short - range engagements. at the battle of the yalu river, the victorious japanese did not open fire until the range had closed to 3, 000 yards ; naval guns were still too inaccurate to score hits at a longer range. by the early 1900s, british and american admirals expected that in future battleships would engage at considerably longer ranges. this was an anglo - american trend. french battleships had been expecting to engage at 7 - 8, 000 yards since the mid - 1880s. they would need to do so, because torpedo ranges were increasing ; \" the addition of a gyroscope to the torpedo guidance mechanism in 1896, an invention perfected by 1900, overnight transformed the existing torpedo from a weapon accurate only at ranges up to 600 yards into one that could hit at three times this distance. \" page 77, lambert, nicholas a. sir john fisher ' s naval revolution, pub university of south carolina, 1999, isbn - 1 - 57003 - 277 - 7 ; for example, in 1903, the us ordered a torpedo effective to 4, 000 yardspage 53, friedman, us battleships. both british and american admirals concluded that they needed to engage the enemy at longer ranges. in 1900, mediterranean sir john a. fisher commanding the royal navy mediterranean fleet ordered gunnery practice, with the 6 - inch guns, at a range of 6, 000 yards. lambert, sir john fisher ' s naval revolution. by 1904, the us naval war college was considering the effects on battleship tactics of 7 - 8, 000 yard range torpedoes. at the short ranges expected for combat in the 1890s, lighter guns had good accuracy ; combined with their high rate of fire, this produced the lethal ' hail of fire ' effect. as ranges increased, the accuracy of light and medium - calibre guns declined more rapidly than that of heavier weapons. lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance. if all things are equal, higher velocity means higher accuracy. \" moreover at long ranges gunners had to ' spot ' the fall of shot to correct their aim... the longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45619728970762047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.064179"}
{"text": "area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance. if all things are equal, higher velocity means higher accuracy. \" moreover at long ranges gunners had to ' spot ' the fall of shot to correct their aim... the longer the range, the lower the maximum theoretical rate of spotted fire. \" page 52, friedman, us battleships. the early years of the 20th century saw the effective range of heavy guns increase. this was established on gunnery ranges by 1904, and proven in action at the battle of tsushima in 1905. \" by 1904, the gunnery of the largest weapons had improved to the point where decisive hits could be made at the greatest ranges. this conclusion was confirmed by battle experience in the russo - japanese war, but serious planning for all - big - gun ships came considerably earlier in the major navies, based on peacetime gunnery experiments. \" friedman us battlships p. 52 all - big - gun mixed - calibre ships, an all - big - gun mixed - calibre ship of the lord nelson class. she carried four 12 - inch and ten 9. 2 - inch guns. ] ] one approach to making more powerful battleships was to reduce the secondary battery, and substitute additional heavy guns : typically 9. 2 - or 10 - inch. these ships, described as ' all - big - gun mixed - calibre ' or later ' semi - dreadnought ', included the british king edward vii and lord nelson classes, the french danton class, and the japanese battleship satsuma. the design process for these ships often included discussion of a pure, ' all - big - gun one - calibre ', alternative. the june issue of proceedings of the us naval institute contained an article by us navy ' s leading gunnery expert prof p. r alger proposing a main battery of eight 12 - inch guns in twin turrets. the future chief constructor david w taylor responded suggesting that battleships of the future would be powered with steam turbines. page 51, friedman, norman, us battleships, an illustrated design history, pub naval institute press, 1985, isbn 0 - 87021 - 715 - 1 in may 1902, the bureau of construction and repair submitted a design for the mississippi class battleship with twelve 10 - inch guns in twin turrets, two at the ends and four in the wings. lt. cdr. h. c. poundstone submitted a paper to president roosevelt in december 1902 arguing the case for larger battleships. in an appendix to his paper, pounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4756868761946279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.065056"}
{"text": "guns in twin turrets, two at the ends and four in the wings. lt. cdr. h. c. poundstone submitted a paper to president roosevelt in december 1902 arguing the case for larger battleships. in an appendix to his paper, poundstone suggested a greater number of 11 - inch and 9 - inch guns was preferable to a smaller number of 12 - inch and 9 - inch. \" in an appendix he argued, as had signor, that there was little point in retaining the 8 - inch gun. better to replace the existing mix of 12 - and 8 - inch guns with 11 and 9 inch ; better, too, to save weight and gain numbers by using the smallest possible heavy - calibre weapon. poundstone ' s paper was not published by the proceedings until the june and september 1903 issues. \" page 52, friedman, us battleships. the naval war college and c & r developed these ideas in studies between 1903 and 1905. war game studies begun in july 1903 \" showed that a battleship armed with twelve 11 - or 12 - inch guns hexagonally arranged would be equal to three or more of the conventional type. \" pages 53 - 58, friedman, us battleshipsin the british navy the same trend occurred. a design had also been circulated in 1902 - 03 for \" a powerful ' all big - gun ' armament of two calibres, viz. four 12 - inch and twelve 9. 2 - inch guns. \" page 426, parkes, quoting an i. n. a. paper of 9 april 1919 by sir philip watts. however, the admiralty decided to build three more king edward ( with a mixture of 12 - inch, 9. 2 - inch and 6 - inch ) in the 1903 - 04 programme instead. page 426, parkes. the concept was revived for the 1904 - 05 programme, the lord nelson class. restrictions on length and beam meant that the midships 9. 2 - inch turrets became single instead of twin, thus giving an armament of four 12 - inch, ten 9. 2 - inch, and no 6 - inch. the constructor for this design, j. h. narbeth, submitted an alternative drawing showing an armament of twelve 12 - inch guns, but the admiralty was not prepared to accept this. page 451 - 2, parkes. part of the rationale for the decision to retain mixed - calibre guns was the need to begin the building of the ships quickly because of the tense situation produced by the russo - japanese war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4399184366611133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.066967"}
{"text": "accept this. page 451 - 2, parkes. part of the rationale for the decision to retain mixed - calibre guns was the need to begin the building of the ships quickly because of the tense situation produced by the russo - japanese war. breyer, s. battleships and battlecruisers of the world, p. 113. the switch to all - big - gun designs the replacement of the 6 - inch or 8 - inch guns with weapons of 9. 2 - inch or 10 - inch calibre improved the striking power of a battleship, particularly at longer ranges. however, making the move to a uniform calibre of heavy guns offered a number of benefits. a uniform heavy - gun armament offered advantages for logistics and damage control. when the us were considering whether to have a mixed - calibre main armament for the south carolina class, for example, sims and poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners. friedman, us battleships, p. 55. a uniform calibre of gun meant streamlined fire control. the designers of dreadnought prefered an all - big - gun design because it would mean only one set of calculations about adjustments to the range of the guns. \" additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. a mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type ; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12 - in. guns is not the range that will suit the 9. 2in. or 6 - in. guns, although the distance of the target is the same. \" first addendum to the report of the committee on designs, quoted in mackay r. fisher of kilverstone, p. 322 it is often argued that a uniform calibre was particularly important because the risk of confusion between shell - splashes of 12 - inch and lighter guns, which is held to make accurate ranging difficult. more recent investigation suggests that fire control in 1905 was not advanced enough to use the salvo - firing technique where this confusion might be importantfor the detail of this debate, see fairbanks c. the dreadnought revolution, international history review 1991 vol 13 part 2, in particular p. 250 ; confusion of shell - splashes does not seem to have been a concern of those working on all - big gun designsin britain : \" fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4800426152891636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.068087"}
{"text": "confusion of shell - splashes does not seem to have been a concern of those working on all - big gun designsin britain : \" fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. it is also very diffficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood \" ; mackay, fisher of kilverstone, p. 322. and in america : \" the possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibres as close as 10 and 12 inches was never raised. for example, sims and poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners. friedman, us battleships, p. 55. nevertheless, the likelihood of engagements at longer ranges was important in deciding that the heaviest possible guns should be adopted as standard ; hence 12 - inch rather than 10 - inch. \" in october w. l rogers of the naval war college wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10 - and 12 - inch guns became enormous \" page 55, friedman, us battleships ; \" the advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type \", report of the committee on designs, quoted in mackay fisher of kilverstone p. 322furthermore, the newer designs of 12 - inch gun mounting had a considerably higher rate of fire, removing the advantage previously enjoyed by smaller calibres. in 1902, a 12 - inch gun might fire two rounds per minute ; in 1895, one round every four minutes was more likelyfriedman, battleship design and development, p. 98. in october 1903, the naval architect vittorio cuniberti published a paper in jane ' s fighting ships entitled \" an ideal battleship for the british navy \", which called for a 17, 000 ton ship carrying a main armament of twelve 12 - in guns, protected by 12 - inch armour, and having a speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ). cuniberti, vittorio, \" an ideal battleship for the british fleet \", all the world? s fighting ships, 1903, pp. 407 - 409. cuniberti ' s idea - which he had already proposed the idea to his own navy, the regia marina - was to make use of the high rate of fire of new 12 - inch guns to produce devastating rapid -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47855365863146404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.069015"}
{"text": "- 409. cuniberti ' s idea - which he had already proposed the idea to his own navy, the regia marina - was to make use of the high rate of fire of new 12 - inch guns to produce devastating rapid - fire from heavy guns to replace the ' hail of fire ' from lighter weapons. friedman, battleship design and development 1905 - 45, p. 98 something similar lay behind the japanese move towards heavier guns ; japanese shells contained a higher than normal proportion of high explosive, and were fused to explode on contact, starting fires rather than piercing armour. evans and peattie, kaigun, p. 63 the increased rate of fire overcame the principal objection to 12 - inch guns and laid the foundations for future advances in fire control. friedman, battleship design and development, p. 98 building the first dreadnoughts in japan, the two battleships of the 1903 - 4 programme were in fact the first to be laid down as all - big - gun designs, with eight 12 - inch guns. however, the design had armour which was considered too thin, meaning a substantial redesignbreyer, battleships and battlecruisers of the world, p. 331 ; the financial pressures of the russo - japanese war and the short supply of 12 - inch guns which had to be imported from britain meant that these ships were completed as the with a mixed - calibre 10 - inch and 12 - inch armament. the 1903 - 4 design also retained traditional triple - expansion steam engines. evans and peattie, kaigun, p. 159the dreadnought breakthrough occurred in britain in 1905. the new first sea lord, jackie fisher had long been an advocate of new technology in the royal navy and had recently converted to the idea of an all - big - gun battleship. fisher first firmly proposed the all - big - gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10 - inch guns ; by november 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12 - inch guns. an 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships ' with equal fire all round ', might have meant an all - big - gun design. mackay, rfisher of kilverstone p. 312fisher is often credited as the creator of the dreadnought type and the father of britain ' s great dreadnought battleship fleet, an impression he himself did much to reinforce. however, it is now seriously suggested fisher ' s main interest was in developing the battlecruiser and not the battleship. sumida, j. sir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49239122733438867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.069928"}
{"text": "britain ' s great dreadnought battleship fleet, an impression he himself did much to reinforce. however, it is now seriously suggested fisher ' s main interest was in developing the battlecruiser and not the battleship. sumida, j. sir john fisher and the dreadnought, journal of military history vol. 59 no. 4 ; p. 619 - 21 one of fisher ' s first actions on coming to office was to set up a committee on designs to consider future battleships and armoured cruisers. the committee ' s first task was to consider a new battleship. the specification for the new ship was a 12 - inch main battery and anit - torpedo - boat guns but no intermediate calibres, and a 21 - knot speed ( two or three knots faster than existing battleships ). breyer, battleships and battlecruisers of the world, p. 115 the initial designs intended twelve 12 - inch guns, though difficulties in positioning these guns led the chief constructor at one stage to propose a return to four 12 - inch guns with sixteen or eighteen 9. 2 - inch. the committee settled on a design carrying ten 12 - inch guns as her main armament, along with twenty - two 12 - pounders ( 3 inch, 76 mm ) as her secondary armamentbreyer, battleships and battlecruisers of the world, p. 115. the committee also took the adventurous step of giving dreadnought steam turbine propulsion. this was unprecedented in a large warship. the greater efficiency of the turbines meant that the 21 - knot design speed could be achieved in a smaller and cheaper shipbreyer, p. 46, p. 115construction took place at a remarkable rate ; her keel was laid on 2 october 1905, she was launched on 10 february 1906, and she was completed on 3 october 1906? an impressive demonstration of british industrial might. sumrall, p. 15 the new ship was named dreadnought ; the previous dreadnought, having been stricken from the effective list in 1905. page 10, the naval annual 1905the first us dreadnoughts were the south carolina class. detailed plans for these were worked out in july - november 1905, and approved by the board of construction on 23 november 1905. page 62, friedman, us battleships however building progress was slow ; specifications for bidders were issued on 21 march 1906, and the two ships were laid down in december 1906, after the completion of the british dreadnought. page 63, friedman, us battleships the design of dreadnoughts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44073663455394724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.070830"}
{"text": "progress was slow ; specifications for bidders were issued on 21 march 1906, and the two ships were laid down in december 1906, after the completion of the british dreadnought. page 63, friedman, us battleships the design of dreadnoughts, like that of any warship, was a difficult struggle to provide as much protection, mobility and firepower as possible on a ship of a realistic size and costfriedman, n. battleship design and development, p. 19 - 21. the characteristic of a dreadnought was an ' all - big - gun ' armament. dreadnoughts also carried thick armour, principally in a thick belt around the waterline, though also in one or more armoured decks which became thicker over time. protection against torpedoes, secondary armament, fire control and command equipment also had to be crammed into the hull. the inevitable consequence of demands for ever greater speed, striking power and staying power meant that the displacement and hence the cost of dreadnought designs tended to increase. dreadnought size was only eventually limited by the washington naval treaty in 1922, when an upper limit of 35, 000 tons was agreed ; in subsequent years a number of treaty battleships were commissioned designed to build up to this limit. once war came on the horion again, however, the race towards bigger and bigger battleships resumed. showing the armament distribution of a typical early british dreadnoughts ; main battery is in twin turrets, with two on the ' wings ' ; secondary battery is clustered around the superstructure. ] ] the defining characteristic of the dreadnought was the ' all - big - gun ' armament : a large number of very heavy guns. the number and size of guns in the main battery could vary. dreadnought herself mounted ten 12 - inch guns ; 12 - inch armament had been standard in the pre - dreadnought and this continued the first generation of dreadnought battleships, though the german navy continued to use 11. 1 - inch guns in its first class of dreadnoughts, the nassau class. breyer, p. 54, 266as dreadnoughts developed, there were continuing demands for more firepower in the main battery to match or outpace the likely enemy. this meant either more powerful heavy guns, a greater number of such guns, or an arrangement which meant the same number of guns could be better used. position of main armament the effectiveness of the guns depended in part on the layout of the turrets. dreadnought, and the british ships which immediately followed her, carried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733747781409189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.071872"}
{"text": "guns, or an arrangement which meant the same number of guns could be better used. position of main armament the effectiveness of the guns depended in part on the layout of the turrets. dreadnought, and the british ships which immediately followed her, carried five turrets : one ahead and two astern on the centreline of the ship, and two in the ' wings ' next to the superstructure. this allowed three turrets to fire ahead and four turrets to fire broadside. nassau and the first few classes of german dreadnoughts adopted a ' hexagonal ' layout with one turret fore and aft and two wing - turrets on each side of the superstructure ; this meant that more guns were mounted in total, but the same number could fire ahead or broadside as with dreadnought. dreadnought designs experimented with different layouts of turrets. an alternative was to mount the centre turrets en echelon. the british neptune class staggered the wing turrets, so all ten guns could fire on the broadside, a feature copied by the german kaiser class. this, however, risked blast damage to parts of the ship which the guns fired over, and put great stress on the ship ' s frame. friedman, battleship design and development, p. 134the solution which imposed the least stress on the ship ' s hull was to put all the turrets on the centreline. this meant that every heavy gun could easily fire on the broadside, but fewer could fire end - on. it also meant the hull would be longer, and that the armoured belt would be heavier or thinner ; the deep, heavily - armoured magazines which served each turret also interfered with the distribution of boilers and engines. freidman, n. battleship design and development, p. 132 agincourt carried fourteen 12 - inch guns in seven centreline turrets, more heavy guns than any other dreadnought, but was not considered a success for these reasons. breyer, p. 138an improved centreline layout involved raising some turrets so they could fire over a turret immediately forward or astern of them. the u. s. navy adopted this feature with their very first dreadnoughts, the south carolina class. other navies were slower to do so, because of fears about the impact of the blast of the raised guns on the lower turret. raised turrets also raised the centre of gravity of the ship, potentially reducing stability ; for this reason it was impossible for more than two turrets to superfire, one fore and one aft. friedman, battleship design and development p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49672839660084567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.072779"}
{"text": "on the lower turret. raised turrets also raised the centre of gravity of the ship, potentially reducing stability ; for this reason it was impossible for more than two turrets to superfire, one fore and one aft. friedman, battleship design and development p. 134 the most common superfiring arrangement was eight guns, with two turrets forward and two aft, allowing four guns to fire on either end and eight on a broadside. this was adopted as early as the south carolinas, spread to the royal navy with the orion class, and could be seen as late as the world war ii designs like bismarck and vanguard. the alternative to more turrets was to put more guns into each turret. economising on the number of turrets means the ship could be shorter or could devote more space to machinery. on the other hand, it meant that a higher proportion of the main battery could be put out of action by a single lucky enemy hit. the first nation to adopt the triple turret was russia, with their first dreadnoughts of the gangut classbreyer, p. 393 - 6 ; first seen in the u. s. navy in the nevada class, triple turrets only became popular elsewhere during and after world war i. for instance, the british g3 and n3 designs of 1921 ; the first german triple - turreted capital ship was scharnhorst. several later designs used quadruple turrets, for instance the king george v. fitzsimons, volume 15, p. 1635, and volume 24, p. 2587, \" washington \". the quadruple turrets, however, often suffered from technical difficulties - most famously hms prince of wales in her engagement with the bismarck. friedman, battleship design and development, p. 132 main armament power and calibre used on super - dreadnoughts ] ] another way to increase the sriking power of a dreadnought was to increase the power of each gun. this could be done by increasing either the calibre of the weapon and hence the weight of shell, or by lengthening the barrel to increase muzzle velocity. either of these offered the chance to increase range and armour penetration. both methods offered advantages and disadvantages. as guns fire, their barrels wear out, losing accuracy and eventually requiring replacement. at times, this became a problematic ; the u. s. navy seriously considered stopping practice firing of heavy guns in 1910 because of the wear on the barrels. friedman battleship design and development, p. 129 the higher the muzzle velocity, the more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48819471553315874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.073671"}
{"text": ". at times, this became a problematic ; the u. s. navy seriously considered stopping practice firing of heavy guns in 1910 because of the wear on the barrels. friedman battleship design and development, p. 129 the higher the muzzle velocity, the more pronounced the problem of gun wear. heavier shells are also affected less by air resistance, and so retain greater penetrating power at long range. the disadvantages of heavier guns were twofold : firstly, the guns and turrets required weighed much more ; and secondly, heavier and slower shells needed to be fired at a higher angle for the same range. friedman, battleship design and development, p. 130different navies approached the decision of calibre in different ways. the german navy, for instance, generally used a lighter calibre than the equivalent british ships, e. g. 12 - inch calibre when the british standard was 13. 5 - inch. however, because german metallurgy was superior, the german 12 - inch gun was superior to the british 12 - inch in terms of shell weight and muzzle velocity ; and because the german guns were lighter than the british 13. 5 - inch, german ships could afford more armour. friedman, battleship design and development, p. 130on the whole, however, the calibre of guns tended to increase. in the royal navy, the orion class, launched 1910, used ten 13. 5 - inch guns, all on the centreline ; the queen elizabeth class, launched 1913, used eight 15 - inch guns. in all navies, the calibre of guns increased and the number of guns tended to decrease to compensate. the fewer guns needed meant distributing them became less of an issue, and centreline turrets became entirely the norm. a further step change was planned for battleships designed and laid down at the end of world war i. the japanese nagato class in 1917 carried 16 - inch guns, matched by the us navy ' s colorado class. some designs went still further : the british \" n3 \" class would have carried nine 18 - inch guns, and the japanese planned an un - named class, also with 18 - inch armament. however, the washington naval treaty meant these mammoth battleships never got off the drawing board. the trend towards larger calibres was arrested by the naval treaties. the washington naval treaty limited battleship guns at 16 - inch ( 406 mm ) calibrebreyer, p. 72. later treaties preserved this limit, though reductions of the limit to 11 - inch, 12 - inch or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.466618440902693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.074853"}
{"text": "by the naval treaties. the washington naval treaty limited battleship guns at 16 - inch ( 406 mm ) calibrebreyer, p. 72. later treaties preserved this limit, though reductions of the limit to 11 - inch, 12 - inch or 14 - inch calibre were proposed. breyer, p. 73. the only battleships to break the limit were the japanese yamato class, begun in 1937, which carried 460 - mm ( 18. 1 - inch ) main gunsbreyer, p. 84. by the middle of world war ii, britain was making use of 15 - inch guns built as spares for the queen elizabeth class to arm the last british battleship, vanguard. breyer, p. 82a number of world war ii - era designs were drawn up proposing another move towards gigantic armament. the german h - 43 and h - 44 designs proposed 508 - mm ( 20 - inch ) guns, and there is evidence that hitler wanted calibres as high as 609 - mm ( 24 - inch ) breyer, p. 214 ; the japanese ' super yamato ' design also used 508 - mm gunsbreyer, p. 367. none of these proposals went further than very preliminary design work. shows a typical dreadnought protection scheme, with very thick armour protecting the turrets, magazines and engine spaces tapering away in less vital areas ; also note the subdivided underwater compartments to prevent sinking. ] ] dreadnoughts were protected by thick steel armour around their most vital areas. an armoured warship like a battleship was only of any use in a pitched battle if it could withstand seveal hits from the heaviest weapons it was likely to face and still be able to fight. the critical areas to defend were the engines, main armament and magazines ; a hit to the magazines could result in the ship blowing up, while damage to the engines could stop the battleship in the water, making it tactically useless and a sitting duck for further attacks. the question dreadnought designers faced was how to get the most effective protection for their vessels without the weight of armour critically slowing the ship. the earliest dreadnoughts were intended to take part in a pitched battle against other battleships at ranges of up to 10, 000 yards. in such an encounter, shells would fly on a relatively flat trajectory. for this reason, the early dreadnoughts ' armour was concentrated in a thick belt around the waterline ; this had a thickness of 11 in in dreadnought. behind this belt were arranged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45732201844468184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.075956"}
{"text": ", shells would fly on a relatively flat trajectory. for this reason, the early dreadnoughts ' armour was concentrated in a thick belt around the waterline ; this had a thickness of 11 in in dreadnought. behind this belt were arranged the ship ' s coal bunkers, to further protect the engineering spaces. to protect the innards of the ship from fragments of shells which detonated on the superstructure, much thinner steel armour was applied to the decks of the ship. dreadnought carried a total f 2. 5 in of deck armour on two decks. the final element of the protection scheme of the first dreadnoughts was the subdivision of the ship below the waterline into several watertight compartments. if the hull was holed - by shellfire, mine, torpedo, or collision - then, in theory, only one area would flood and the ship could survive. to make this precaution even more effective, many dreadnoughts had no hatches between different underwater sections, so that even a surprise hole below the waterline need not sink the ship. however, there were still a number of instances where flooding spread between underwater compartments. during the evolution of the dreadnought, armour schemes changed to reflect the greater risk of plunging shells from long - range gunfire, the increasing threat from both bombs dropped by aircraft and the need to protect battleships more adequately from torpedoes and mines. the threat of plunging fire and bombing meant a greater thickness of steel on the armoured deck, and the amont of protection devoted to the deck increased much more rapidly than did the amount in the main belt. for instance, the japanese superbattleship yamato carried a 16. 5 in main belt, as opposed to dreadnought ' s 11 but a deck as thick as 9 in against dreadnought ' s 2 in. the main belt itself was increasingly angled inwards to give a greater effective thickness against low - angle shells. the greatest evolution in dreadnought protection came with the development of the torpedo bulge and torpedo belt, both attempts to protect against underwater damage by mines and torpedoes. blades, in this case from the polish destroyer wicher ] ] dreadnoughts were propelled by two to four screw propellors. dreadnought herself, and all british dreadnoughts, had screw shafts driven by steam turbines. however, the turbine was a very experimental technology ; the first generation of dreadnoughts built in other nations used the slower triple - expansion steam engine which had been standard in pre - dreadnought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47190213508157697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.076930"}
{"text": "force, which would replace the battle line. in 1897 the royal navy had 62 battleships in commission or building, a lead of 26 over france and of 50 over germany, the rise and fall of british naval mastery, paul m. kennedy, isbn 0 - 333 - 35094 - 4, p. 209. and nations as distant ( and unlikely to be met in combat ) as brazil could ( in theory ) match the best britain had. in november 1906, dreadnought had the field to herself ; there were no challengers. the new class prompted an arms race with serious strategic and economic consequences. major naval powers raced to build their own dreadnoughts to catch up with the united kingdom. possession of modern battleships was not only vital to naval power, but as with nuclear weapons today, represented a nation ' s standing in the world. germany, france, russia, italy, austria and the united states all began dreadnought programmes ; and second - rank powers including turkey, argentina, brazil and chile commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in british and american yards. the first world war, john keegan, isbn 0 - 7126 - 6645 - 1, p. 281. the anglo - german arms race see also : causes of world war ibritain and germany had for some years been locked into a strategic struggle, as germany asserted herself as a colonial as well as a european power. it was this threat which prompted the building of dreadnought and made a naval arms race between the two nations inevitable. while fisher ' s reorganisation of the navy in 1904 and 1905 actually cut the naval estimates, the rise and fall of british naval mastery, paul m. kennedy, isbn 0 - 333 - 35094 - 4, p. 218. the pressing need for more and better ships to ensure naval superiority caused friction in the british government. the costs of maintaining the royal navy at a level capable of taking on the next two navies at the same time were immense. greger, rene, schlachtschiffe der welt, pp. 11 & 15. the first german response to dreadnought came with the nassau - class, laid down in 1907, followed by the helgoland - class in 1909. together with two battlecruisers \u2014 a type for which the germans had less admiration than fisher, but which could be built under authorisation for armored cruisers, rather than capital ships \u2014 these classes gave germany a total of ten modern capital ships built or building in 1909. while the british ships", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47304880401289934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.079358"}
{"text": "a type for which the germans had less admiration than fisher, but which could be built under authorisation for armored cruisers, rather than capital ships \u2014 these classes gave germany a total of ten modern capital ships built or building in 1909. while the british ships were somewhat faster and more powerful than their german equivalents, a 12 : 10 ratio fell very short of the 2 : 1 ratio that the royal navy wanted to maintain. in 1909, the british parliament authorised an additional four capital ships, holding out hope germany would be willing to negotiate a treaty about battleship numbers. if no such solution could be found, an additional four ships would be laid down in 1910. even this compromise solution meant ( when taken together with some social reforms ) raising taxes enough to prompt a constitutional crisis in britain in 1909 - 10. in 1910, the british eight - ship construction plan went ahead, including four orion - class super - dreadnoughts, and augmented by battlecruisers purchased by australia and new zealand. in the same period of time, germany laid down only three ships, giving britain a superiority of 22 ships to 13. the british resolve demonstrated by their construction programme led the germans to seek a negotiated end to the arms race. while the admiralty ' s new target of a 60 % lead over germany was near enough to tirpitz ' s goal of cutting the british lead to 50 %, talks foundered on the question on whether british commonwealth battlecruisers should be included in the count, as well as non - naval matters like the german demands for recognition of her ownership of alsace - lorraine. the pace of the dreadnought race stepped up in both nations ' 1910 and 1911 budgets, with germany laying down four capital ships each year and britain five. the tensions came to a head following the german naval law of 1912. this proposed a fleet of 33 german battleships and battlecruisers, outnumbering the royal navy in home waters. to make matters worse, the austro - hungarian fleet was building 4 dreadnoughts, while the italians had four and were building two more. against such threats, the royal navy could no longer guarantee vital british interests. britain was faced with a choice of building more battleships, withdrawing from the mediterranean, or seeking an alliance with france. further naval construction was unacceptably expensive at a time when social welfare provision was making calls on the budget. withdrawing from the mediterranean would mean a huge loss of influence, weakening british diplomacy in the mediterranean and shaking the stability of the british empire. the only acceptable option,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4637335710333548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.080328"}
{"text": "the usa. japanese theorist sato tetsutaro developed the concept of a fleet at a minimum 70 % of the u. s. ' s. this would enable the japanese navy to win two decisive battles, the first early in a war, against the us pacific fleet, and the second against the us atlantic fleet which would inevitably be despatched as reinforcements. evans and peattie, kaigunjapan ' s first priority was to refit the pre - dreadnoughts she had captured from russia, and to complete satsuma and aki. like the south carolinas, the satsumas were designed before dreadnought, but gun shortages in britain ( which supplied them ) delayed her completion and resulted in her carrying a mixed armament, so she was known as a semi - dreadnought. these were followed by a modified aki - type : kawachi and settsu, which were laid down in 1909 and complete in 1912, and were armed with four 12 - inch / 50, eight 12 - inch / 45, ten 6 - inch / 45, and eight 4. 7 - inch / 40. \" although nominally dreadnoughts, these ships did not have a really uniform main battery, since the guns differed in length, and therefore in performance, particularly at very long range. \" page 229, gardiner, robert and gray, randal ( ed ) conway ' s all the world ' s fighting ships 1906 - 1921, conway maritime press, london, 1982. isbn 0 - 85177 - 245 - 5. this would have made fire control very difficult. dreadnoughts in other countries, a bretagne - class battleship. ] ] compared to the other major naval powers, france was slow to start building dreadnoughts, instead finishing the planned danton - class of pre - dreadnoughts, laying down five in 1907 and 1908. it was not until september 1910 the first of the courbet - class was laid down, making france the eleventh nation to enter the dreadnought race. the dreadnought race saw france drop from second to fifth in terms of naval power ; however, the closer alliance with britain made these reduced forces more than adequate for french needs. even though cuniberti had promoted the idea of an all - big - gun battleship in italy well before dreadnought, it took until 1909 for italy to lay down one of her own. the construction of dante alighieri was prompted by rumours of austro - hungarian dreadnought building. a further five dread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5014741601679334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.082532"}
{"text": "big - gun battleship in italy well before dreadnought, it took until 1909 for italy to lay down one of her own. the construction of dante alighieri was prompted by rumours of austro - hungarian dreadnought building. a further five dreadnoughts of the cavour - and andrea doria - class followed as italy sought to maintain its lead over austria - hungary. these ships remained the core of italian naval strength until world war ii. the subsequent caracciolo - class were cancelled on the outbreak of wwi. in january 1909, austro - hungarian admirals circulated a document calling for a fleet of four dreadnoughts. however, a constitutional crisis in 1909 - 10 meant no construction could be approved. in spite of this, two dreadnoughts were laid down by shipyards on a speculative basis, and later approved along with an additional two. the resulting ships, all tegetthoff - class, were to be accompanied by a further four ships, but these were cancelled on the outbreak of world war i. in june 1909, the russian empire laid down four dreadnoughts of the gangut - class for the baltic fleet and in 1911 three more imperatritsa mariya - class dreadnoughts for the black sea. gibbons, p. 205 taking lessons from tsushima and influenced by cuniberti, they ended up more closely resembling fisher ' s battlecruisers than dreadnought and proved badly flawed. fitzsimons, bernard, editor. \" gangut \", in the encyclopedia of twentieth century weapons and warfare, volume 10, p. 1086. spain commissioned three dreadnoughts of the espana - class, laying the first down in 1909. the espanas were the lightest dreadnoughts ever built. while built in spain, the construction was reliant on british assistance. gibbons, p. 195brazil managed the remarkable achievement of being the third country with a dreadnought under construction, laying down two in british shipyards in 1907. this sparked off a small - scale arms race in south america, as argentina and then chile commissioned dreadnoughts. argentina placed orders in american yards and chile in britain, meaning that both of chile ' s two battleships were purchased by the british on the outbreak of war. one of them was later returned to the chilean government. turkey ordered two dreadnoughts from british yards which were seized by the british while greece ' s, ordered from germany, was taken over by the germans. the main", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4021636383737345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.085426"}
{"text": "the outbreak of war. one of them was later returned to the chilean government. turkey ordered two dreadnoughts from british yards which were seized by the british while greece ' s, ordered from germany, was taken over by the germans. the main armament, ordered in the united states, consequently equipped a class of british monitors. greece in 1914 purchased two pre - dreadnoughts from the united states navy, renaming them kilkis and limnos in royal hellenic navy service. the seizure of the two turkish dreadnoughts, reshadiye and sultan osman i ( hms erin and agincourt ) nearing completion in 1914 in britain, resulted in far - reaching international repercussions. the turks were outraged by the british move and the germans saw an opening. through skillful diplomacy and by handing over the battlecruiser goeben and the cruiser breslau, the germans maneuvered the ottoman empire into the central powers. greger, rene : schlachtschiffe der welt, p. 252 in line ] ] even after dreadnought ' s commission, battleships continued to grow in size, guns, and technical proficiency as countries vied to have the best ships. by 1914 dreadnought was obsolete. the arrival of super \u2013 dreadnoughts is not as clearly identified with a single ship in the same way that the dreadnought era was initiated by hms dreadnought. however, it is commonly held to start with the british orion - class, and for the german navy with the konig. what made them \" super \" was the unprecedented jump in displacement of 2, 000 \u2013 tons over the previous class, the introduction of the heavier 13. 5inch ( 343 mm ) gun, and the distribution of all the main armament on the centreline. thus, in the four years between the laying down of dreadnought and orion, displacement had increased by 25 %, and weight of broadside had doubled. british super - dreadnoughts were joined by other nations as well. in japan, two fuso - class super - dreadnoughts were laid down in 1912, followed by the ise in 1914, with both classes carrying twelve 14 - inch ( 356 mm ) guns. in 1917, the nagato - class was ordered, the first dreadnoughts to mount guns, possibly making them the most powerful warships in the world. all were increasingly built from japanese rather than imported components. in france, the courbets were followed by three super -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4419529922295817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.086945"}
{"text": "class was ordered, the first dreadnoughts to mount guns, possibly making them the most powerful warships in the world. all were increasingly built from japanese rather than imported components. in france, the courbets were followed by three super - dreadnoughts of the bretagne - class ; another five normandie were cancelled on the outbreak of world war one. the later super - dreadnoughts, principally the queen elizabeth - class, dispensed with the \" q \" turret amidships, so weight and volume were freed up for larger, oil - fired boilers. oil had many advantages as a fuel over coal. it had more energy density than coal, and its liquid form vastly simplified refuelling arrangements ; oil required no stokers, and emitted much less smoke, aiding gun laying and making the ships less visible on the horizon. the new 15 inch gun ( 381 mm ) gave greater firepower in spite of the loss of a turret, and there was a thicker armour belt and improved underwater protection. the class had a 25 knot ( 46 km / h ) design speed and they were considered the first fast battleships. the design weakness of super - dreadnoughts, which distinguished them from post - world war i designs, was armor disposition. their design placed emphasis on vertical protection, needed in short range battles. these ships were capable of engaging the enemy at 20, 000 metres, but were vulnerable to the high angle ( \" plunging \" ) fire at such ranges. post - war designs typically had 5 to 6 inches ( 130 to 150 mm ) of deck armor to defend against this. the concept of zone of immunity became a major part of the thinking behind battleship design. lack of underwater protection was also a weakness of these pre - world war i designs which were developed only as the threat of the torpedo became real. the united states navy ' s \" standard \" - type battleships, beginning with the nevada - class, or \" battleship 1912 \", were designed with long - range engagements and plunging fire in mind ; the first of these was laid down in 1912, five years before the battle of jutland taught the dangers of long - range fire to european navies. important features of the standard battleships were \" all or nothing \" armor and \" raft \" construction, a philosophy under which only the parts of the ship worth giving the thickest possible protection were worth armoring at all, and enough reserve buoyancy should be contained within the resulting armored \" raft \" to keep afloat the entire ship in the event the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918202312958534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.088471"}
{"text": "philosophy under which only the parts of the ship worth giving the thickest possible protection were worth armoring at all, and enough reserve buoyancy should be contained within the resulting armored \" raft \" to keep afloat the entire ship in the event the unarmored bow and stern were thoroughly riddled and flooded. this design was proven in battle at the battle of guadalcanal, when an ill - timed turn by uss south dakota silhouetted her to japanese guns. though she suffered a terrible battering and her bow and stern were riddled and thoroughly flooded, her \" raft \" remained untouched and she remained both afloat and fully operational at the end of action. during world war i ] ] the first world war was almost an anticlimax for the great dreadnought fleets. there was no decisive clash of modern battlefleets to compare with the battle of tsushima. the role of battleships was marginal to the great land struggle in france and russia ; and it was equally marginal to the first battle of the atlantic, the battle between german submarines and british merchant shipping. by virtue of geography, the royal navy could keep the german high seas fleet bottled up in the north sea with relative ease. both sides were aware that, because of the greater number of british dreadnoughts, a full fleet engagement would result in a british victory. the german strategy was therefore to try to provoke an engagement on favourable terms : either inducing a part of the grand fleet to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the german coastline, where friendly fields, torpedo - boats and submarines could be used to even the odds. the first world war, john keegan, isbn 0 - 7126 - 6645 - 1, p. 289the first two years of war saw conflict in the north sea limited to skirmishes by battlecruisers at the battle of heligoland bight and battle of dogger bank and raids on the english coast. in the summer of 1916, a further attempt to draw british ships into battle on favourable terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets in the battle of jutland : an indecisive engagement. ireland, bernard : jane ' s war at sea, pp. 88 - 95in the other naval theatres there were no decisive pitched battles. in the black sea, russian and turkish battleships skirmished, but nothing more. in the baltic, action was largely limited to convoy raiding and the laying of defensive minefields ; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons was the battle of moon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825131853744208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.089539"}
{"text": "pitched battles. in the black sea, russian and turkish battleships skirmished, but nothing more. in the baltic, action was largely limited to convoy raiding and the laying of defensive minefields ; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons was the battle of moon sound at which one russian pre - dreadnought was lost. the adriatic was in a sense the mirror of the north sea : the austro - hungarian dreadnought fleet remained bottled up by british and french blockading fleets. and in the mediterranean, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault on gallipoli. the course of the war also illustrated the vulnerability of battleships to cheaper weapons. in september 1914, the u - boat threat to capital ships was demonstrated by successful attacks on british cruisers, including the sinking of three british armored cruisers by the german submarine u - 9 in less than an hour. sea mines proved a threat the next month, when the recently commissioned british super - dreadnought audacious struck a mine. by the end of october, british strategy and tactics in the north sea had changed to reduce the risk of u - boat attack. massie, robert. castles of steel, london, 2005. pp127 - 145 while jutland was the only major clash of battleship fleets in history, the german plan for the battle relied on u - boat attacks on the british fleet ; and the escape of the german fleet from the superior british firepower was effected by the german cruisers and destroyers closing on british battleships, causing them to turn away to avoid the threat of torpedo attack. further near - misses from submarine attacks on battleships and casualties amongst cruisers led to growing paranoia in the royal navy about the vulnerability of battleships. by october 1916, the royal navy had essentially abandoned the north sea, instructing the grand fleet not to go south of the farne islands unless adequately protected by destroyers. for the german part, the high seas fleet determined not to engage the british without the assistance of submarines ; and since the submarines were more needed for commerce raiding, the fleet stayed in port for the remainder of the war. the rise and fall of british naval mastery, paul kennedy, isbn 0 - 333 - 35094 - 4, pp. 247 - 249 other theatres equally showed the role of small craft in damaging or destroying dreadnoughts. the two austrian dreadnoughts lost in 1918 were the casualties of torpedo boats and of frogmen. after world war i the great dreadnought fleets came to an end a few years after world war i. the german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4255187638475828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.090519"}
{"text": "dreadnoughts. the two austrian dreadnoughts lost in 1918 were the casualties of torpedo boats and of frogmen. after world war i the great dreadnought fleets came to an end a few years after world war i. the german dreadnought fleet was scuttled in its entirety scapa flow by its crew in 1919. britain, the usa and japan planned another bout of naval expansion including bigger and more powerful battleships than ever before : ' n3 ', kii, and south dakota classes. instead of this cripplingly expensive expansion programme, the major naval powers concluded the washington naval treaty in 1922. the treaty laid out a list of ships, including most of the older dreadnoughts and almost all the newer ships under construction, which were to be scrapped or otherwise put out of use. it furthermore declared a ' building holiday ' during which no new battleships or battlecruisers were to be laid down. the ships which survived the treaty, including the most modern super - dreadnoughts of all three navies, formed the bulk of international capital ship strength through the 1920s and 1930s and, with some modernisation, into world war ii. from this point on, ' dreadnought ' became less widely used. the pre - dreadnought battleships, long obsolete, were almost without exception scrapped in the 1920s to comply with the washington treaty, so the term ' dreadnought ' became less necessary. many capital ships, both battleships and battlecruisers, were rebuilt as ' fast battleships '. while still sometimes referred to as dreadnoughts, these ships were the battleships which came to be used in world war ii. all text is available under the terms of the 0 dread nought biography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4173187356006669, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eb0c777-87b9-4f6f-b36a-ebe146e29434>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.091184"}
{"text": "- for other places called lodi, see lodi. lodi is a town in lombardy, italy, on the right shore of the river adda. it is the capital of the province of lodi. the commune has an area of 41, 42 sq. km ; population ( 2001 ) 40, 805. its name is pronounced by italians as law - dee. it was a celtic village that in roman times was called in latin laus pompeia ( probably in honor of the consul gnaeus pompeius strabo ) and was known also because its position allowed many gauls of gallia cisalpina to obtain roman citizenship. it was in an important position at the crossing of vital roman roads. in became a catholic diocese and its first bishop, saint bassiano, ( 319 - 409 ), is the patron saint of the town ( celebrated on january 19 ). a free comune ( municipality ) around 1000, it fiercely resisted the milanese, who destroyed it in april 24 1158. frederick barbarossa re - built it on its current location. starting from 1220, the lodigiani ( inhabitants of lodi ) spent some decades in realizing an important work of hydraulic engineering : a system of miles and miles of artificial rivers and channels ( called consorzio di muzza ) was created in order to give water to the countryside, turning some arid areas into one of the ( still now ) most important agricultural areas of the region. lodi was ruled by the visconti family, who built a castle. in 1423, the antipope antipope john xxiii, from lodi ' s duomo, launched his bolla by which he convened the council of constance ( end of the great schism ). in 1454 representatives from all the regional states of italy met in lodi to sign the treaty known as the peace of lodi, by which they intended to work in the direction of italian unification, but this peace lasted only 40 years. the town was then ruled by the sforza family, france, spain, austria. in 1786 it became the eponymous capital of a province that included crema. on may 10, 1796 : battle of lodi : the young corsican general napoleon bonaparte won on the river adda his first important battle, defeating the austrians and later entering milan. this is why in many towns there are streets dedicated to the famous bridge ( for instance in paris 6th arrondissement, rue du pont de lodi ). in 1945, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3818565535182192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3de8023-c4eb-43a2-b824-c31a8b54402c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.093876"}
{"text": "they are both nest - building social insects, but paper wasps and honey bees organize their colonies in very different ways. in a new study, researchers report that despite their differences, these insects rely on the same network of genes to guide their social behavior. the study appears in the proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences. honey bees and paper wasps are separated by more than 100 million years of evolution, and there are striking differences in how they divvy up the work of maintaining a colony, said university of illinois entomology professor gene robinson, who led the study with postdoctoral researcher amy toth. \" honey bees have a sharp division of labor between queens, which reproduce, and workers, which care for the brood and forage for food, while among paper wasps social roles are much more fluid, \" he said. \" and yet the same genes can be used by these different organisms to do similar kinds of things. this is the genetic toolkit idea : the same genetic elements are used for different types of division of labor. \" a genetic toolkit already has been found for physical traits, such as the development of eyes, said robinson, who is also a professor in the institute for genomic biology. for example, the same gene, called pax - 6, is involved in eye development in mammals and insects, even though it is virtually certain that these structures did not evolve from a similar structure in a common ancestor. for the new study, the researchers compared the activation of genes in the brains of four groups of female paper wasps ( polistes metricus ) that have different roles in the nest, with some more active in reproduction and others more active in provisioning the brood. the purpose of the study was to determine if differences in brain gene activity between the wasps rely on the same networks of genes that in the honey bee ( apis mellifera ) drive their division of labor. a previous study of paper wasps by robinson, toth and their colleagues obtained a partial sequence of the wasp genome and looked at the expression of 32 genes. that analysis, published in science in 2007, showed that \u2013 as in honey bees \u2013 most of the targeted genes are activated differently in different groups of paper wasps. but those genes were hand - picked because they were important to honey bees, robinson said. for this reason, the team wanted to take a second look at the broad array of genes in the wasp \u2013 to be sure that the pattern they had identified was indeed special to wasps as well as bees. crop sciences professor matt hudson, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.464695394059697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c515e6d2-19b4-4614-92dc-90e2a7529cd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.096923"}
{"text": "observations on zugunruhe in spring migrating eared grebes. | abstract : | | about 200 north american eared grebes ( podiceps nigricollis californicus ) at tule lake refuge in northern california were observed engaging in successive waves of mass pattering and pattering flights on 25 may 2011. most grebes present in a part of a canal were involved in this activity. counts of grebes on the morning of 26 may suggest an important portion of the eared grebes seen in pattering could have left the area over night. the behavior was characterized as zugunruhe. directed mass pattering of eared grebes may contribute to synchronization of the onward migration of the birds involved. | migratory birds ( research ) animal flight ( research ) | publication : | | name : the wilson journal of ornithology publisher : wilson ornithological society audience : academic format : magazine / journal subject : biological sciences copyright : copyright 2012 wilson ornithological society issn : 1559 - 4491 | | issue : | | date : march, 2012 source volume : 124 source issue : 1 | | topic : | | event code : 310 science & research | | geographic : | | geographic scope : united states geographic code : 1usa united states | north american eared grebes ( podiceps nigricollis californicus ) are seldom seen in flight, except when they migrate ( bent 1919, gaunt et al. 1990 ). the migration of the species has been well studied ( storer and jehl 1985, gaunt et al. 1990, jehl 1997, cullen et al. 1999, jehl and mckernan 2002, jehl and henry 2010 ). cullen et al. ( 1999 ) indicate migration flights begin around dusk and end before dawn. jehl and henry ( 2010 ) note strict correspondence of departure with near - total darkness. grebes tend to gather as the time for departure nears ( jehl and mckernan 2002 ). predeparture activities include group diving, and submerging and surfacing in near unison. a unique call is given as grebes prepare to depart and immediately before actual take - off ( jehl and henry 2010 ). daytime flights are possibly observed only when grebes rebuild their flight muscles prior to migration when they may perform one or two short practice flights ( jehl and henry 2010 ) or race across the surface in short practice flights, often in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47680363322892294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.111388"}
{"text": "henry 2010 ). daytime flights are possibly observed only when grebes rebuild their flight muscles prior to migration when they may perform one or two short practice flights ( jehl and henry 2010 ) or race across the surface in short practice flights, often in small groups ( jehl and mckernan 2002 ). i was surprised to observe a mix of pattering and flight by larger groups of eared grebes in northern california during daylight conditions. i describe these common pattering flight maneuvers and discuss their possible meaning. a study of courtship of eared grebes was undertaken at upper klamath lake, oregon, and lower klamath refuge and tule lake refuge, both in northern california, from 14 to 27 may 2011. this region is known to support thousands of eared grebes each year for nesting, water levels permitting. the california refuges hosted 7, 397 and 3, 700 nests, respectively, in 2003 and 2004 ( shuford et al. 2006 ). fieldwork was from 0700 to 1700 hrs each day using a car as a blind. the car was parked at suitable places along roads near bodies of water and remained immobile for up to 3 hrs. the behavior and displays of grebes were documented either by photograph, video film or immediate voice recording. all observations of pattering flights are from tule lake refuge, part of the klamath basin national wildlife refuges, an artificial water impoundment of mostly open water covering ~ 5, 200 ha at an altitude of 1, 200 m and surrounded by croplands. the observations were in an area called the english channel ( 41 [ degrees ] 51 ' 202 n, 121 [ degrees ] 29 ' 727 w ) in the central part of the wildlife tour into the refuge. this is an l - shaped canal, < 50 m in width. it opens at its northern end into large sump la, an open and shallow area of the lake. it takes a left turn after ~ 1. 6 km in a straight line from north to south ( ns canal or ns part of the english channel ) and continues east for another 0. 5 km ( ew canal or ew part of the english channel ) until ending at a dam - levee that separates it from the adjacent larger sump 1b ( fig. 1 ). the entire canal is devoid of emerging vegetation. i differentiate between pattering ( a grebe with flapping wings runs with paddling feet or even partially glides over the water surface, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4923364061190397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.112362"}
{"text": "adjacent larger sump 1b ( fig. 1 ). the entire canal is devoid of emerging vegetation. i differentiate between pattering ( a grebe with flapping wings runs with paddling feet or even partially glides over the water surface, but remains in constant contact with the water ), pattering flight ( after an initial pattering, a grebe is airborne for a distance limited to a few meters during which it does not touch the water surface ), and real flight ( the distance covered while airborne exceeds 10 m ). it is well established that eared grebes use pattering in the retreat display and during escape / pursuit or more generally during aggression ( mcallister 1958, cullen et al. 1999 ) ; these occurrences are not included. my objectives in this paper are to provide a full description of pattering and pattering flights by larger numbers of grebes, and to discuss possible reasons for their occurrences. observations in the southern english channel on 25 may started at 0900 hrs. over 200 eared grebes were scattered partially in loose groups all over the ew part of the english channel around midday when about three quarters of them engaged in pattering. the grebes did so in consecutive waves, all into a western direction towards the connection to the ns canal. the sudden take - off by one or two grebes seemed to cause others in their immediate vicinity and on their way to move in the same direction. groups of 10 - 30 birds pattered over a short distance ( 20 - 30 m ), some briefly loosing contact with the water surface in a pattering flight. grebes getting briefly airborne possibly did so to avoid collision with conspecifics that remained stationary on the water surface. grebes landed ahead of others that started similar maneuvers in their wake, perhaps carrying along some of those that had just stopped pattering. a few additional waves of pattering were launched. some birds dived after landing ; others elevated their necks, remained alert, and looked around without changing their westward orientation. most of the population, including subgroups closer to the ns canal which were not observed to patter, was swimming in the direction of the ns canal. the eastern and central parts of the ew canal were rather empty of eared grebes after some 2 - 3 rain, leaving only a few westem ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clark ' s grebes ( a. clarkii ) and a few ducks remaining. fewer than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49450607701600113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.114190"}
{"text": "eared grebes after some 2 - 3 rain, leaving only a few westem ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clark ' s grebes ( a. clarkii ) and a few ducks remaining. fewer than 100 eared grebes were still swimming in the western part of the ew canal towards the connection with the ns canal when they encountered about 40 birds swimming in a group to reenter the ew canal. a rough count less than 10 min later indicated that > 200 eared grebes had again spread over this canal. pattering and pattering flights started anew only ~ 20 min after the start of the first general movement by the eared grebes. take - off by one or two eared grebes incited others in their surroundings to join as before. the birds moved westward in several waves and continued swimming into the same direction after landing. more grebes left the ew canal where only about 30 remained, all towards its western end. a first group of swimming grebes returned ~ 1 min later. it was followed by other loose groups. i counted 130 grebes 5 rain later and soon > 240 birds were again present inside the ew canal. a longer period without group pattering, but with continuous calling, occasional displays and much surface feeding on phantom midges ( chaoborus crystillinus ) followed until ~ 1400 hrs. individual grebes performed feeding dives, but no group diving, or submerging and surfacing in near unison was observed. the general pattering in waves and westward swimming towards the connection with the ns canal started again and most eared grebes finally left the ew canal. the first grebes had turned and swam to return to the ew canal when a sudden simultaneous eastward pattering of > 50 re - entering grebes occurred. two or three more waves by other groups followed immediately. five minutes later, 232 grebes were counted inside the ew canal. only the continuous and contiguous calls of the birds were heard for ~ 20 min. ten birds then initiated a fourth round of pattering in waves. this time, the grebes had no common general direction. the grebes more in the central part of the observed area moved towards the dam, those already closer to the eastern end pattered into a more southwestward to westward direction. the population present divided into two groups. about 100 grebes were clustered near the dam and another 100 were scattered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46570512760812216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.117868"}
{"text": "of the observed area moved towards the dam, those already closer to the eastern end pattered into a more southwestward to westward direction. the population present divided into two groups. about 100 grebes were clustered near the dam and another 100 were scattered over the upper western third of the ew canal. the space in between both groups remained mostly empty. the western group started immediately to swim eastward while the eastern group slowly dispersed. the groups soon melted and spread over the empty space that had separated them. perhaps five additional pattering flights of up to 4 - 5 grebes were observed in between the different mass pattering and pattering flights. it was not known whether these were premature attempts to initiate a wave or whether they were unrelated to the mass movements. the observations ended at ~ 1700 hrs and 257 grebes were counted in the ew canal ( 26 in the connecting corner square to the ns canal ), 65 were present in the lower half of the ns canal and 347 in the upper half. only five additional eared grebes were detected at the mouth to sump 1a. other parts of the sump close to the english channel were empty of eared grebes. a count of the birds at 0700 hrs on the following day totaled exactly 400 individuals, 269 less than the previous count. only 77 grebes were observed inside the ew canal ( 28 in the connecting corner square ) while the ns canal had 323 grebes. three hours later, 126 eared grebes were recorded in the ew canal and 337 in the ns canal. the two counts on 26 may revealed quite differing numbers of grebes. the ew canal held 131 to 180 grebes less and the entire english channel held 206 to 269 grebes less than on the afternoon of 25 may. eared grebes had arrived at tule lake refuge in the course of the previous 2 - 3 weeks. i assume that shortly after arrival, their wing muscles were still in good flight condition on 25 may and intense practicing could not have explained the mass pattering. most birds were actively courting, but the group pattering did not appear to be related to pair bonding. there is also no reason to believe the grebes tried to divert an aerial predator with common flight activity as several instances of bald eagles ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) appearing in flight over the grebes or even trying a catch in the canal did not trigger much reaction. birds pattering to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735563204417054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.118961"}
{"text": "aerial predator with common flight activity as several instances of bald eagles ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) appearing in flight over the grebes or even trying a catch in the canal did not trigger much reaction. birds pattering to escape a pursuing conspecific or to flee possible danger incited alarm at the most to a handful of other eared grebes in their immediate vicinity. the generalized pattering by larger groups of eared grebes observed appeared unrelated to courtship, aggression, fear or predator presence. a similar or comparable behavior by black - necked grebes ( p. n. nigricollis ) in europe has not been reported. there is comparable agitation in silvery grebes ( p. occipitalis ) during migration towards breeding areas. fjeldsa ( 1982 ) noted that silvery grebes show high restlessness and form long lines that move back and forth on a lake from where, in the subsequent night, at least part of the population departed. he termed this pre - migratory restlessness. movements of a group of 70 silvery grebes at laguna las encadenadas, argentina, in december 2006, were not limited to swimming, but included sudden quasi - simultaneous take - offs of individuals more at the rear end of the line. some flew up, reaching a height of ~ 2 m, possibly to avoid collision with the birds preceding them. they landed again in front of the group that was moving in one direction. the grebes at the rear end acted similarly. the group changed direction as it approached the shore, but continued swimming in a line, and pattering and flying from the back to the front ( konter 2009 ). eared grebes at tule lake refuge all swam actively into the same direction, although they did not form one line. they showed pattering and pattering flights in waves and repeated the directed group movements. a priori the comparison of total counts of grebes inside the english channel on the following day strongly suggests at least a major portion of the population had left the area. zugunruhe seems an appropriate characterization for the eared grebes ' behavior. additional pre - departure activities at tule lake refuge including group diving, submerging and surfacing in near unison as reported by jehl and henry ( 2010 ) were not obvious. the grebes ' diving and swimming seemed to be predominantly related to feeding, except the dives after mass pattering involved only a minority of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47481913158274297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.120166"}
{"text": "and surfacing in near unison as reported by jehl and henry ( 2010 ) were not obvious. the grebes ' diving and swimming seemed to be predominantly related to feeding, except the dives after mass pattering involved only a minority of a group. active vocalization may have helped group cohesion, but it could not be distinguished from advertising by solitary birds or from contact calling by partners momentarily separated. it is not known to where the departing grebes flew and whether they targeted breeding areas in the region or flew a long distance. eared grebes can move to other sites used for breeding, even after arrival in a breeding area, or emigrate from the region ( cullen 1998 ). it is also unknown whether the grebes departed in flocks from the english channel and whether they headed in one or different directions. i assume they were migrants and the extent of their pattering flight maneuvers suggests an eagerness to move on. the counts of 25 and 26 may show that not all eared grebes had left the english channel over night. grebes present in the ns part were not observed on 25 may and they may not have engaged in group pattering. the first count on 26 may showed that low numbers of grebes were present inside the ew canal and the higher later count suggests that new grebes were continuously settling there. over 200 eared grebes left the english channel during the night and this number corresponds as an order of magnitude to the numbers involved in the group pattering. thus, most pattering grebes could have left over night and it is likely their zugunruhe contributed to a simultaneous departure. they were gradually replaced by conspecifics moving into the ew canal on the following day. eared grebes often do not arrive within a short lapse of time inside a breeding region where numbers generally build up over several weeks. they synchronize, however, nest establishment ( mcallister 1956, boe 1994 ). in this context, it is of interest to further investigate how a conspicuous pre - migratory group pattering as observed at tule lake refuge may contribute to a coordinated onward flight inside a breeding region that would facilitate simultaneous colony establishment by large numbers of pairs. unfortunately, the data from tule lake refuge do not permit any conclusion to be drawn. i am grateful to michele nuss from the tule lake refuge headquarters who was of great help in the preparation of my fieldwork. i thank j. r. jehl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4737566031248274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.121963"}
{"text": "data from tule lake refuge do not permit any conclusion to be drawn. i am grateful to michele nuss from the tule lake refuge headquarters who was of great help in the preparation of my fieldwork. i thank j. r. jehl jr and c. e. braun for critical review and constructive comments on the first draft. received 13 july 2011. accepted 19 september 2011. bent, a. c. 1919. life histories of north american diving birds, order pygopodes. u. s. national museum bulletin 107 : 1 - 47. boe, j. s. 1994. nest site selection by eared grebes in minnesota. condor 96 : 19 - 35. cullen, s. a. 1998. population biology of eared grebes in naturally fragmented habitat. thesis. simon fraser university, burnaby, british columbia, canada. cullen, s. a., j. r. jehl, and g. l. nuechterlein. 1999. eared grebe. the birds of north america. number 433. fjeldsa, j. 1982. some behaviour patterns of four closely related grebes, podiceps nigricollis, p. gallardoi, p. occipitalis, and p. taczanowskii, with reflections on phylogeny and adaptive aspects of the evolution of displays. dansk ornithologisk forenings tidsskrift 76 : 37 - 68. gaunt, a. s., r. s. hikida, j. r. jehl jr., and l. fenbert. 1990. rapid atrophy and hypertrophy of an avian flight muscle. auk 107 : 649 - 659. jehl jr., j. r. 1997. cyclical changes in body composition in the annual cycle and migration of the eared grebe podiceps nigricollis. journal of avian biology 28 : 132 - 142. jehl jr., j. r. and a. e. henry. 2010. the postbreeding migration of eared grebes. wilson journal of ornithology 122 : 217 - 227. jehl jr., j. r. and r. l. mckernan. 2002. biology and migration of eared grebes at salton sea. hydrobiologia 473 : 245 - 253. konter, a. 2009. observations on diving times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724808179189299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.124751"}
{"text": "r. and r. l. mckernan. 2002. biology and migration of eared grebes at salton sea. hydrobiologia 473 : 245 - 253. konter, a. 2009. observations on diving times, on pre - migratory restlessness and on some displays of silvery grebes podiceps occipitalis. regulus wissenschaftliche berichte 24 : 67 - 71. mcallister, n. 1958. courtship, hostile behavior, nest - establishment and egg laying in the eared grebe ( podiceps caspicus ). auk 75 : 290 - 311. shuford, w. d., d. l. thomson, d. m. mauser, and j. beckstrand. 2006. abundance and distribution of nongame waterbirds in the klamath basin of oregon and california from comprehensive surveys in 2003 and 2004. prbo conservation science, petaluma, california, usa. storer, r. w. and j. r. jehl jr. 1985. moult patterns and moult migration in the black - necked grebe podiceps nigricollis. ornis scandinavica 16 : 253 - 260. andre konter ( 1 ) ( 1 ) museum of natural history, 25, rue munster, luxembourg l - 2150, luxembourg ; e - mail : email @ example. com | gale copyright : | | copyright 2012 gale, cengage learning. all rights reserved. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4524741046588681, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2aeeaf9e-3230-4652-98f2-c49e22d6bc2b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.125253"}
{"text": "drone hijacking? that \u2019 s just the start of gps troublesjuly 8, 2012 on the evening of june 19, a group of researchers from the university of texas successfully hijacked a civilian drone at the white sands missile range in new mexico during a test organized by the department of homeland security. the drone, an adaptive flight hornet mini, was hovering at around 60 feet, locked into a predetermined position guided by gps. then, with a device that cost around $ 1, 000 and the help of sophisticated software that took four years to develop, the researchers sent a radio signal from a hilltop one kilometer away. in security lingo, they carried out a spoofing attack. \u201c we fooled the uav ( unmanned aerial vehicle ) into thinking that it was rising straight up, \u201d says todd humphreys, assistant professor at the radionavigation laboratory at the university of texas. deceiving the drone \u2019 s gps receiver, they changed its perceived coordinates. to compensate, the small copter dove straight down, thinking it was returning to its programmed position. if not for a safety pilot intervening before the drone hit the ground, it would have crashed. but for humphreys playing the part of an evil genius in a thriller movie, everything worked exactly to plan. \u201c it was beautiful, \u201d he tells danger room.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47218939736714194, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4b5e7a1-e335-4e53-9938-4322756ac6f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.129974"}
{"text": "sport education : international perspectives presents a series of studies of the innovative pedagogical model that has taken the physical education world by storm. since the emergence of the sport education model in the mid - 1990s it has been adopted and adapted in physical education programs around the world and a new research literature has followed in its wake. this book offers a review of international sport education schemes and projects, and documents what it takes to run a successful sport education program. exploring sport education across all levels of education, from the elementary school to the university, the book provides answers to key question such as : with contributions from leading international scholars and practitioners from the us, europe and asia, this book offers a more thoughtful and critical set of perspectives on sport education than any other. it is essential reading for any student, pre - service teacher, classroom teacher or university instructor working in se, pe, youth sport, sports coaching or related disciplines about the author : peter hastie is a professor in the department of kinesiology at auburn university, usa. his research interests focus on examining various aspects of sport education in the attempt to find ways in which the model can be most effective in school and sports settings. table of contents : 1 the nature and purpose of sport education as an educational experience - peter hastie part 1 contexts of adoption of sport education 2 sustainable sport education in primary education : an english case study - toni o \u2019 donovan, ann mcphail and david kirk 3 sport education in korean schools - jinhee kim 4 the emergence of sport education in scottish primary schools - mike jess, nicola carse, paul mcmillan and matt atencio 5 applying the sport education model in university basic instruction courses - wesley meeteer, lynn housner, sean bulger, andrew hawkins and robert wiegand part 2 students and teachers responses to sport education 6 sport education in the elementary school : a report from cyprus - niki tsangaridou 7 sport education through the eyes of a teacher researcher and his students - ashley casey 8 a spanish teacher \u2019 s experience with sport education : a narrative account - diego martinez de ojeda, antonio calderon luquin and peter hastie 9 pursuing social and emotional learning outcomes through sport education : an australian case study - swee chong ang, dawn penney and karen swabey 10 explaining the attraction : understanding the motivational responses of students to sport education - tristan wallhead part 3 professional development for sport education 11 preparing preservice physical education teachers to teach sport education - matthew curtner - smith 12 learning sport education through reflective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4968495366990278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faaa64cb-dbf6-4c82-b083-d386e36a88b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.139254"}
{"text": "explaining the attraction : understanding the motivational responses of students to sport education - tristan wallhead part 3 professional development for sport education 11 preparing preservice physical education teachers to teach sport education - matthew curtner - smith 12 learning sport education through reflective inquiry : four case studies - gary kinchin 13 professional learning of primary generalist teachers in ireland : modelling sport education - ann macphail and deborah tannehill 14 within school, in - depth professional development for sport education : a russian model - oleg sinelnikov | book : | | sport education : international perspectives | | publisher : | | taylor & francis, inc. | | number of pages : | | 248 | please note - * we sell only new book and do not sell old or used books. * the book images and summary displayed may be of a different edition or binding of the same title. * book reviews are not added by bookadda. * price can change due to reprinting, price change by publisher / distributor. bookadda ( www. bookadda. com ) is a premier online book store in selling books online across india at the most competitive prices. bookadda sells fiction, business, non fiction, literature, aieee, medical, engineering, computer book, etc. the books are delivered across india free of cost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4886355376515222, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faaa64cb-dbf6-4c82-b083-d386e36a88b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.140515"}
{"text": "how machine learning can help to understand brain signals if a neurotechnological prosthesis should act upon commands from the brain, these have to be interpreted correctly. it is a challenging task because the amount of data is huge and the signals that the brain emits also change over time. computer scientists therefore want to leave it to learning machines to solve this ever - changing puzzle. | gunnar grah talked to martin riedmiller, machine learning lab | the usual way to make a computer do something goes like this : you decide what problem the machine is supposed to solve for you, then you write a programme that does exactly this. modern washing machines work that way. they have been told exactly what to do at what moment. this approach works very well for clearly defined problems, like getting dirt out of laundry. but there are many problems where solutions are not obvious, and the point of departure might always be a little bit different and require different solutions. in this case, computer scientists opt for letting the computer figure out the optimal solution for itself, an approach that is called \u201c machine learning \u201d. the human as trainer, not programmer machine learning resembles somewhat how humans acquire new skills, i. e. through examples, the structuring of a problem, and gaining experience. if, for instance, a computer is supposed to learn the different appearances of a broad - leaved tree and a conifer, a human \u201c trainer \u201d would provide the learning machine with examples of both classes, telling it in each case which class the tree on the picture belongs to. after some time, the computer will be able to correctly classify the presented trees, even though no human ever provided it with an actual list of things to look out for in order to master the task. if a problem requires not only a classification, but learning a complex procedure, like a robot walking on two legs without falling over, a trainer will at first be required to tell the machine whether an approach was \u201c good \u201d or \u201c bad \u201d. after sufficient training, the machine will master the problem and show some robustness in its solution, even if the situation varies slightly. also, a trained machine will be able to solve a new situation \u2013 e. g. the robot carrying something and therefore changing its weight distribution \u2013 faster than if it was starting from scratch. learning from the brain the secret of machine learning lies in the nature of the software that is at work at its base. a solution to a problem does not exist as specific lines of code that govern how the input from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5207719549893229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98a69b41-9edb-4abe-9d66-1ea163f05967>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.147716"}
{"text": "it was starting from scratch. learning from the brain the secret of machine learning lies in the nature of the software that is at work at its base. a solution to a problem does not exist as specific lines of code that govern how the input from the environment is dealt with in order to reach a desired outcome. instead, it employs an \u201c artificial neural network \u201d. this is a kind of programme that took its inspiration from the structure of the brain, where many individual items ( the nerve cells ) solve relatively simple problems ( like adding or multiplying values ), but are able to tackle much more complex tasks by being connected and existing in large numbers. an artificial neural network takes this concept into the realm of bits and bytes, but plays by the same rules. learning, just as in the real brain, manifests itself in the change of connections between individual neurons. these connectivity patterns between a multitude of mathematically represented nerve cells are where the solution to a given problem is stored. in consequence, there exists no neat equation that provides the solution, even though the final answer that the machine provides to a given problem is simple. the biological brain has acted as an inspiration, but computer scientists take this metaphor only as far as it is useful to them. to date, making the individual artificial neuron more and more complex, and thus ever more life - like, has not provided any real advantages, and software engineers therefore tend to go for what works best, not necessarily what comes closest to a real nerve cell. in terms of the general architecture however, natural evolution has led to time - tested concepts that are being exploited. machine learning programmes that analyse images, for instance, draw upon the structure of the visual cortex and the way how it breaks down the task into extracting individual features from a scene. using artificial networks to understand real ones within brainlinks - braintools, the task is a formidable one : machine learning is destined to help analysing signals recorded from brain activity. there is no intrinsic connection though that makes this link between a real and an artificial neural network something special : neither is machine learning the only approach to make sense of the activity of billions of nerve cells, nor is it less suitable to analyse completely different sets of data, like stock market developments. ultimately, machine learning should make it possible to read out movement commands from the brain \u2019 s surface. these could then be sent to a prosthesis or an assistive device like a robot \u2013 the use - case which the strategy \u201c linc \u201d within the cluster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5558126332863141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98a69b41-9edb-4abe-9d66-1ea163f05967>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.151745"}
{"text": "learning should make it possible to read out movement commands from the brain \u2019 s surface. these could then be sent to a prosthesis or an assistive device like a robot \u2013 the use - case which the strategy \u201c linc \u201d within the cluster aims for. so far, it is an open question what kind of commands could actually be discriminated within the patterns of signals that electrodes can read out from the brain \u2019 s surface. could machine learning reliably identify the difference between different grasp movements, for instance as they are necessary to grab either a pen or a bottle? will the computer look for individual movements, or will it be able to extract whole intentions like \u201c i want to put the bottle back into the fridge \u201d? such higher concepts would be an elegant way to steer a prosthetic arm. the user would not have to think all commands in the right order and with the right extent, but could leave it to the autonomously planning prosthesis to figure out the best way after sending a general command. however, there is a pitfall : in abstract concepts, it might become even more difficult to know what the activity pattern actually stands for. we might find an activity pattern that appears every time that the person thinks \u201c fridge \u201d, but it might actually stand for an association that the person makes, like \u201c cold \u201d. between the infinite number of possible thoughts and possible connections, this will be an ambitious challenge for data analysis by machine learning. furthermore, it remains to be seen how many activity patterns are identical between individuals. ideally, a patient should not have to go through lengthy training sessions to teach the system all manners of different movements from scratch, but the device should arrive with some pre - installed knowledge of the most basic patterns. even then, there would be enough that the system would have to learn in order to adapt to the individual patient. after all, no two brains \u2013 not even those of twins \u2013 are identical. and it is very likely that the same holds true for the brain \u2019 s activity patterns. but computer scientists are optimistic that these training sessions would not take too long \u2013 rather minutes or hours than days and weeks. but machine learning is not only a useful tool on the user \u2019 s end. likewise, artificial neural networks could come in handy to help a robotic arm or other assistive device to execute movements and find the ideal action to reach a certain goal. what makes machine learning an attractive candidate for this task it that its artificial neural network learned the solution to a problem and wasn \u2019 t spoon -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5601059499108549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98a69b41-9edb-4abe-9d66-1ea163f05967>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.152903"}
{"text": "brazil ' s national department of mineral production ( dnpm ) is coordinating an analysis of the largest brazilian sylvite beds found in the state of amazonas, with the objective of establishing partnerships for exploration. sylvite is a mineral from which potassium chloride ( kcl ) is extracted to be used as a fertilizer. currently, brazil imports 85 % of the total potassium chloride consumed in the country. the remaining 15 % come from the taquari - vassouras mine, located in the state of sergipe, in the northeast of the brazil. amazon sylvite beds were found in the 1980s, by petrobras. estimated reserves are to the order of 1 billion tons, more than twice the 450 million - ton beds found initially in sergipe, where sylvite is explored by the companhia vale do rio doce. current annual production of potassium chloride is 600 thousand tons, which supplies part of the center - south of the country. one of brazil ' s government priorities is to invest in mineral research and exploration, says minister of mines and energy, dilma rousseff. according to the minister, if brazil is to have development in mining, the government has to have an updated and modern mining department. brazil was told last year that canadian mining interests could invest as much as us $ 2 billion in gold, nickel, copper and diamond operations in brazil. last year the dnpm inaugurated a data bank network connecting its 25 districts nationwide at a cost of us $ 25 million. translation : andrea alves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44754960469936883, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c687b22d-bb35-412d-9f43-941047ff1e91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.154436"}
{"text": "by raji edayathumangalam, phd the answer to that question depends on whether your daily vitamin d intake is adequate or whether you have any risk factors for vitamin d deficiency and adverse effects on bone health. factors that place individuals in the high - risk category include obesity, very dark skin, not spending adequate time in the sun daily, habitually wearing sunscreen ( which reduces skin \u2019 s capacity to make vitamin d ), always wearing protective clothing, osteoporosis, taking anti - seizure medications that accelerate vitamin d clearance from the body, inflammatory bowel disorder with distal small bowel removed ( where much of the vitamin d is absorbed ), and other vitamin d malabsorption disorders. if one or more of these risk factors applies to you, then the institute of medicine ( iom ) and expert researchers collectively recommend that your healthcare provider measure your blood vitamin d levels to determine what your daily vitamin d intake should be. further, they recommend that your clinician re - measure levels every couple of months and adjust your daily supplement accordingly to make sure that your blood vitamin d reaches optimum levels. the vitamin d debate last year, the iom announced an increased daily recommendation of 600 international units ( iu ) for children and adults less than 70 years, 800 iu for adults over age 70, and an increased daily, safe upper limit from 2, 000 iu to 4, 000 iu. at a recent lecture and panel discussion at brigham and women \u2019 s hospital, vitamin d researchers disputed the iom \u2019 s conclusion that most of the us population has adequate vitamin d levels. the featured speaker was bess dawson - hughes, md, senior scientist and director of bone metabolism laboratory at tufts university, who was joined by a panel of bwh vitamin d experts including scott t. weiss, md, joann manson, md, and meryl s. leboff, md, who moderated the discussion. based on her scientific evidence, dr. dawson - hughes recommended that individuals at average risk for vitamin d deficiency should take 800 - 1000 iu of vitamin d daily and need not be clinically tested. she also pointed out that a significant proportion of the us population satisfies one or more of the above - mentioned high - risk criteria ( like obesity ) and cautioned that the iom \u2019 s public recommendations are therefore still too dangerously low for the high - risk individuals. despite the ongoing debate between the iom and the scientific community on what daily vitamin d intake levels should be and precisely what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4254809748505108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbd6a3dd-9235-48d0-a6d6-36db5c77a3d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.157020"}
{"text": "thomas archerarticle free pass thomas archer, ( born c. 1668 \u2014 died may 23, 1743, whitehall, london, eng. ), british architect and practitioner of what was, for england, an extraordinarily extravagant baroque style, marked by lavish curves, large scale, and bold detail. archer, the son of a warwickshire squire, was educated at trinity college, oxford, and then spent four years abroad. after receiving several lucrative royal appointments, he bought the manor of hale, hampshire, in 1715 and rebuilt the house and church. archer \u2019 s dynamic work borrowed much from the 17th - century italian architects gian lorenzo bernini and francesco borromini. although he was not as original as some of the prominent english architects of his time, he was considered important. most of his designs were executed from 1705 to 1715, including the north front of chatsworth house ( c. 1705 ) in derbyshire, heythrop house ( 1707 \u2013 10 ) in oxfordshire, a garden pavilion at wrest park ( 1709 \u2013 11 ) in bedfordshire, roehampton house ( c. 1712 ) in surrey ( now in wandsworth, london ), and the churches of st. philip ( c. 1710 \u2013 15 ) in birmingham, st. paul ( 1712 \u2013 30 ) in deptford, and st. john ( 1713 \u2013 28 ) in westminster. the last two resulted from his appointment in 1711 as a commissioner for the building of 50 new churches. what made you want to look up \" thomas archer \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3754555365868624, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7515a6bc-b503-44fc-a06c-244cf98917b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.162249"}
{"text": "gotthold ephraim lessingarticle free pass gotthold ephraim lessing, ( born jan. 22, 1729, kamenz, upper lusatia, saxony [ germany ] \u2014 died feb. 15, 1781, braunschweig, brunswick [ germany ] ), german dramatist, critic, and writer on philosophy and aesthetics. he helped free german drama from the influence of classical and french models and wrote plays of lasting importance. his critical essays greatly stimulated german letters and combated conservative dogmatism and cant while affirming religious and intellectual tolerance and the unbiased search for truth. education and first dramatic works. lessing \u2019 s father, a highly respected theologian, was hard put to support his large family even though he occupied the position of pastor primarius ( chief pastor ). at the age of 12, lessing, even then an avid reader, entered the famous furstenschule ( \u201c elector \u2019 s school \u201d ) of st. afra, in meissen. a gifted and eager student, lessing acquired a good knowledge of greek, hebrew, and latin, while his admiration for the plays of the latin dramatists plautus and terence fired him with the ambition to write comedies himself. in the autumn of 1746 lessing entered the university of leipzig as a student of theology. his real interests, however, lay toward literature, philosophy, and art. lessing became fascinated by the theatre in leipzig, which had recently been revitalized by the work of a talented and energetic actress, caroline neuber. neuber took an interest in the young poet and in 1748 successfully produced his comedy der junge gelehrte ( \u201c the young scholar \u201d ). the play is a delightful satire on an arrogant, superficial, vain, and easily offended scholar, a figure through which lessing mocked his own bookishness. the other comedies belonging to this leipzig period of 1747 \u2013 49 ( damon, die alte jungfer [ \u201c the old maid \u201d ], der misogyn [ \u201c the misogynist \u201d ], die juden [ \u201c the jews \u201d ], der freigeist [ \u201c the free thinker \u201d ] ) are witty commentaries on human weaknesses \u2014 bigotry, prejudice, nagging, fortune hunting, matchmaking, intrigue, hypocrisy, corruption, and frivolity. set against this background are virtuous men and women who are considerate and selfless, sensitive and helpful, forthright, and faithful in love", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4421522399752777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6ee432-e81f-49f3-9359-7e6469743b95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.168768"}
{"text": ", matchmaking, intrigue, hypocrisy, corruption, and frivolity. set against this background are virtuous men and women who are considerate and selfless, sensitive and helpful, forthright, and faithful in love. in die juden lessing praised unappreciated nobility of mind and thus struck a blow against bigotry toward the jews at a time when they were still confined to a ghetto life. lessing had set himself the goal of becoming the german moliere : in these comedies he most interestingly begins to draw his characters as recognizable individuals, breaking away from the traditional dramatic \u201c types. \u201d early in 1748 lessing \u2019 s parents, who disapproved of his association with the theatre in leipzig, summoned him home. but he managed to win their consent to begin studying medicine and was soon allowed to return to leipzig. he quickly found himself in difficulties because he had generously stood surety for some members of the neuber company \u2014 although himself heavily in debt. when the company folded, he fled from leipzig in order to avoid being arrested for debt. he eventually reached berlin in 1748, where he hoped to find work as a journalist through his cousin mylius, who was by this time an established editor. in the next four years he undertook a variety of jobs, mainly translating french and english historical and philosophical works into german. but he also began to make a name for himself through his brilliant and witty criticism for the berlinische privilegierte zeitung, on which he was book review editor. he also launched a periodical of his own, beitrage zur historie und aufnahme des theaters ( \u201c contributions to the history and improvement of the theatre \u201d ), which was discontinued in 1750. what made you want to look up \" gotthold ephraim lessing \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48227979900110995, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c6ee432-e81f-49f3-9359-7e6469743b95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.169735"}
{"text": "stressarticle free pass stress, in physical sciences and engineering, force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces, uneven heating, or permanent deformation and that permits an accurate description and prediction of elastic, plastic, and fluid behaviour. a stress is expressed as a quotient of a force divided by an area. there are many kinds of stress. normal stress arises from forces that are perpendicular to a cross - sectional area of the material, whereas shear stress arises from forces that are parallel to, and lie in, the plane of the cross - sectional area. if a bar having a cross - sectional area of 4 square inches ( 26 square cm ) is pulled lengthwise by a force of 40, 000 pounds ( 180, 000 newtons ) at each end, the normal stress within the bar is equal to 40, 000 pounds divided by 4 square inches, or 10, 000 pounds per square inch ( psi ; 7, 000 newtons per square cm ). this specific normal stress that results from tension is called tensile stress. if the two forces are reversed, so as to compress the bar along its length, the normal stress is called compressive stress. if the forces are everywhere perpendicular to all surfaces of a material, as in the case of an object immersed in a fluid that may be compressed itself, the normal stress is called hydrostatic pressure, or simply pressure. the stress beneath the earth \u2019 s surface that compresses rock bodies to great densities is called lithostatic pressure. shear stress in solids results from actions such as twisting a metal bar about a longitudinal axis as in tightening a screw. shear stress in fluids results from actions such as the flow of liquids and gases through pipes, the sliding of a metal surface over a liquid lubricant, and the passage of an airplane through air. shear stresses, however small, applied to true fluids produce continuous deformation or flow as layers of the fluid move over each other at different velocities like individual cards in a deck of cards that is spread. for shear stress, see also shear modulus. reaction to stresses within elastic solids causes them to return to their original shape when the applied forces are removed. yield stress, marking the transition from elastic to plastic behaviour, is the minimum stress at which a solid will undergo permanent deformation or plastic flow without a significant increase in the load or external force. the earth shows an elastic response to the stresses caused by earthquakes in the way it propagates seismic waves, whereas it undergoes plastic deformation beneath the surface under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5815895554728802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79e0dfc6-44f0-433d-bdf7-1f27c991027e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.174240"}
{"text": "rene waldeck - rousseauarticle free pass rene waldeck - rousseau, in full pierre - marie - rene waldeck - rousseau ( born dec. 2, 1846, nantes, france \u2014 died aug. 10, 1904, corbeil ), politician who, as premier of france, settled the dreyfus affair. he was also responsible for the legalization of trade unions in france ( 1884 ). a rising conservative lawyer, known for his eloquence and mastery of legal detail, waldeck - rousseau was elected a deputy in 1879. in 1881 he became minister of the interior in the cabinet of leon gambetta, one of the founders of the third republic, and he filled the same post, under jules ferry, from 1883 to 1885. in 1884 he sponsored the loi waldeck - rousseau, which made trade unions legal, though with important restrictions. after another term as deputy ( 1885 \u2013 89 ), he retired to make his fortune at the bar. in 1894, however, he became a senator. in june 1899, when demonstrations and counterdemonstrations over the dreyfus affair threatened public order, waldeck - rousseau was asked to form a \u201c government of republican defense. \u201d his cabinet was based on pro - dreyfus moderates but included members of both the right and the left, such as alexandre millerand, the first socialist to hold cabinet office. when a military court persisted in finding alfred dreyfus guilty of treason ( september 1899 ), though some of the evidence against him was known to be forged, the government persuaded the president to pardon him in the hope of avoiding further controversy. the most important measure of the later part of waldeck - rousseau \u2019 s administration was the associations act of july 1901, which abolished all restrictions on the right of association for legal purposes. this freedom was withheld from religious associations, however, because they were directed from abroad. waldeck - rousseau personally thought the act too severe to the religious congregations. he resigned because of ill health in june 1902 but emerged from retirement to protest against the interpretation of the law by his successor, the militantly anticlerical emile combes, who refused to authorize any religious associations and was responsible for the closing of thousands of roman catholic schools. what made you want to look up \" rene waldeck - rousseau \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40275416553130094, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67fd9b15-0044-4be2-a567-5fdb3136fe58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.176709"}
{"text": "hittite, 14th - 13th century bc probably from anatolia ( modern turkey ) this beautiful figurine of a young hittite girl is made of ivory. her hair is drawn back and hangs in a pig - tail down her back. she stands in a formal pose with her hands by her sides. the proportions of the figure, lacking curves, show her youth. the treatment is naturalistic except for the stylized ears and the triangles indicating the knees. the pubic triangle was originally inlaid, and other parts of the ivory may have been covered in precious metal. the function of the figurine is unknown, but ivory was widely used in the ancient world to decorate furniture the dowel hole in the square base of the figure suggests it was once attached to something. from around 1650 bc a hittite king rebuilt hattusa ( modern bogazkoy ) and made it his capital. between about 1400 and 1200 bc the hittites established one of the great empires of the ancient near east, extending into western anatolia and south into syria. they adopted many of the traditions of syria and mesopotamia, including the cuneiform writing system, and vied with the egyptians for control of the wealthy canaanite cities on the coast. d. collon, ancient near eastern art ( london, the british museum press, 1995 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38115205326242196, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a91db8b-9052-4762-a3f1-6ccaf27b61e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.179538"}
{"text": "published by bupa ' s health information team, october 2011. this factsheet is for people who are having a bone marrow or stem cell transplant, or who would like information about the procedure. a bone marrow or stem cell transplant is where stem cells from a person ' s bone marrow are destroyed and replaced with new ones, either from themselves or from a donor. you will meet the doctor or nurse carrying out your procedure to discuss your care. it may differ from what is described here as it will be designed to meet your individual needs. bone marrow is a spongy substance in the centre of your bones. your bone marrow contains stem cells, which are a type of cell from which other cells in your body can develop. the stem cells in your bone marrow mature into three types of cells. these are : the cells are then released into your bloodstream. although it ' s often called a bone marrow transplant, this procedure is really a transplant of your bone marrow stem cells. if you have a bone marrow transplant, your unhealthy bone marrow will be replaced with healthy stem cells. the healthy stem cells are fed into your blood through a drip and find their way to your bone marrow to make new cells. the stem cells can come from another person ( a donor ) \u2013 this is called an allogeneic transplant. alternatively the cells can come from your own bone marrow \u2013 this is called an autologous treatment. however, this can only happen if the stem cells were removed at a time when they were healthy. if you have stem cells from another person, they can come from the bone marrow or the blood of the donor. when they come from the blood, this is called peripheral stem cell harvest. if they come from the bone marrow, your donor will usually be a close relative because they are likely to have the best match. after a blood test, your doctor will compare both of your blood cells to see how well they match. this is called tissue typing. sometimes, doctors can find a matching donor who isn ' t related to you through the national blood service or a charity, such as the anthony nolan trust. stem cells can also come from babies ' umbilical cords, although this treatment is only suitable for children and small adults, and is still being tested. bone marrow transplantation is used to treat conditions that stop your stem cells working. you may have a bone marrow transplant if : doctors usually consider a bone marrow transplant only if other treatments don \u2019 t work or aren \u2019 t suitable for you. a bone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48471832838065115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cc72ef-0061-4682-8590-55b9959902d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.190525"}
{"text": "bone marrow transplantation is used to treat conditions that stop your stem cells working. you may have a bone marrow transplant if : doctors usually consider a bone marrow transplant only if other treatments don \u2019 t work or aren \u2019 t suitable for you. a bone marrow transplant is a very intensive treatment. your doctor will take your age and general health into consideration when deciding whether it ' s right for you. if you \u2019 re having a stem cell transplant from a donor, you generally need to be under 55. doctors are researching new, alternative treatments to a bone marrow transplant. mini transplants involve giving a standard dose of chemotherapy because the person isn ' t fit enough or young enough for a high dose. it ' s given over five days and then donor stem cells or bone marrow are transplanted. tandem transplants are when high - dose chemotherapy is given followed by a stem cell transplant, which is then repeated after several weeks or months. your doctor and nurse will discuss with you what will happen before, during and after your transplant. this is your opportunity to understand what will happen, and you can help yourself by preparing questions to ask about the risks, benefits and any alternatives to a bone marrow transplant. this will help you to be informed, so you can give your consent for the procedure to go ahead, which you may be asked to do by signing a consent form. you may need to have chemotherapy, and possibly radiotherapy, before a bone marrow transplant if your cancer or leukaemia isn ' t in remission. this is because the cancer needs to be at the lowest possible level for a bone marrow transplant to work. the first step is to collect, or ' harvest ', the stem cells. the exact process depends on whether the stem cells are coming from a donor or from you. peripheral blood stem cell harvest you or your donor will be given injections of growth factors for around four days. these help the bone marrow to make lots of stem cells for harvesting. growth factors can also help your stem cells to make blood cells more quickly to help you recover from the transplant. harvesting the stem cells from blood takes three to four hours. you or your donor will lie down on a bed and have a drip connected to each arm, or sometimes an arm and a leg. blood is taken from one arm and goes through a machine called a cell separator. this separates out the stem cells from the other blood cells. it will keep the stem cells and return any other blood cells to the bloodstream through the drip in the other arm or leg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45382414447433345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cc72ef-0061-4682-8590-55b9959902d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.191614"}
{"text": "and goes through a machine called a cell separator. this separates out the stem cells from the other blood cells. it will keep the stem cells and return any other blood cells to the bloodstream through the drip in the other arm or leg. sometimes the stem cells are cleaned or ' purged ' to kill off any last cancer cells, although this is a new treatment and is still being tested. the stem cells are then frozen until you have had your high dose of chemotherapy. harvesting stem cells directly from the bone marrow stem cells can also be harvested by taking them out of the bone marrow through a needle inserted into your own or your donor ' s pelvic bones, or sometimes breast bone. you will have usually have a general anaesthetic or an epidural before this procedure, and will feel sore for a few days afterwards. if you have a general anaesthetic, it means you will be asleep during the procedure. you will then have a high dose of chemotherapy to completely destroy your own bone marrow and any remaining cancer cells in your body. this treatment may take several days and can make you feel sick or vomit, and generally unwell. your doctor or nurse will give you medicines to help relieve this. a day or more after chemotherapy, your own or your donor ' s stem cells are fed through a drip into your bloodstream. it will take between two and four weeks before there are enough new stem cells in your bone marrow to start making new blood cells. while your levels of blood cells are low, you will need blood and platelet transfusions. you will also need to take antibiotics to protect you from infection because of a lack of white blood cells. you may need to stay in hospital until your blood cells have gone back up to a safe level. autologous treatment usually causes fewer side - effects than a donor ( allogeneic ) transplant, because your body is less likely to reject stem cells that have come from your own body. donor stem cell transplants are physically and emotionally demanding. you may need to stay in hospital for four to six weeks and you will probably feel very ill for some of the time. you will have your own room to help protect you from infections. once the levels of your blood cells have returned to a safe level, you will be able to leave the hospital. you will have regular outpatient appointments afterwards. your doctor will tell you symptoms to look out for, such as fever, which may be a sign of a complication. as with every procedure, there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46069940419526045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cc72ef-0061-4682-8590-55b9959902d9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.192584"}
{"text": "you will be able to leave the hospital. you will have regular outpatient appointments afterwards. your doctor will tell you symptoms to look out for, such as fever, which may be a sign of a complication. as with every procedure, there are some risks associated with bone marrow transplantation. we have not included the chance of these happening as they are specific to you and differ for every person. ask your doctor or nurse to explain how these risks apply to you. side - effects are the unwanted, but mostly temporary, effects you might get after having the procedure. straight after a bone marrow transplant, the levels of blood cells in your body will be very low. side - effects of this include : complications are when problems occur during or after the procedure. one possible complication of receiving bone marrow cells from a donor is graft versus host disease. this happens when the white blood cells of the donor attack the tissues of your body. you will be given medicines to prevent this so usually the symptoms are mild, although in some people they may be more serious. the new stem cells that have been fed into your blood may not produce enough blood cells. if this happens, you will need another stem cell transplant. for answers to frequently asked questions on this topic, see faqs. for sources and links to further information, see resources. the bone marrow is a spongy substance in the centre of your bones. your bone marrow contains stem cells, which are the most basic kind of blood cell. these stem cells in your bone marrow mature into three types of cells. these are : the cells are then released into your bloodstream. bupa can offer nhs and private patients professional cancer care and support at home including iv and oral chemotherapy via our chemotherapy at home service. already a member? find a bupa approved cancer unit near you including breast, bowel and gynaecological specialist units. this information was published by bupa ' s health information team and is based on reputable sources of medical evidence. it has been reviewed by appropriate medical or clinical professionals. photos are only for illustrative purposes and do not reflect every presentation of a condition. the content is intended only for general information and does not replace the need for personal advice from a qualified health professional. for more details on how we produce our content and its sources, visit the about our health information page. publication date : october 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44887028060395723, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74cc72ef-0061-4682-8590-55b9959902d9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.193520"}
{"text": "by michael f. potter, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture paper wasps, hornets and yellowjackets are a potential health threat to kentuckians. hundreds ( perhaps thousands ) of people in the united states die each year from allergic reactions to the venom of these insects. wasps, hornets and yellowjackets are more dangerous and unpredictable than honey bees and should be treated with respect ; nests should be eliminated with great care and in a specific manner. paper wasps, hornets and yellowjackets construct nests of a paper - like material which is a mixture of finely chewed wood fragments and salivary secretions of the wasps. paper wasps typically build their umbrella - shaped nests under eaves and ledges. these wasps are not as aggressive as yellowjackets or hornets, and can be eliminated rather easily with a wasp and hornet spray sold at most grocery and hardware stores. these formulations have an added advantage in that they often spray as far as 20 feet. treatment of wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets is best performed at night ; paper wasps can be eliminated during the daytime provided you do not stand directly below the nest during treatment. most wasp and hornet sprays cause insects to drop instantly when contacted by the insecticide. standing directly below a nest increases one ' s risk of being stung. following treatment, wait a day to ensure that the colony is destroyed, then scrape or knock down the nest. this will prevent secondary problems from carpet beetles, ants and other scavenging insects. hornets are far more difficult and dangerous to control than paper wasps. the nests resemble a large, inverted tear - drop shaped ball which typically is attached to a tree, bush or side of a building. hornet nests may contain thousands of wasps which are extremely aggressive when disturbed. the nests are often located out of reach and removal is best accomplished by a professional pest control firm. a full wasp suit sealed at the wrists, ankles and collar is recommended when disposing of a hornet nest. treatment can be accomplished by applying a wasp freeze - type, aerosol insecticide or dust formulation ( sevin, or ficam, ) directly into the nest opening. hornet nests have a single opening, usually toward the bottom, where the wasps enter and exit. it is essential that the paper envelope of the nest not be broken open during treatment or the irritated wasps will scatter in all directions, causing even greater problems. following treatment, wait at least a day before removing the nest to ensure that all of the wasps are killed. if hornets continue to be observed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44197632493270683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2901cc8f-179a-4f0c-8a67-ff4adb28b0db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.198485"}
{"text": "be broken open during treatment or the irritated wasps will scatter in all directions, causing even greater problems. following treatment, wait at least a day before removing the nest to ensure that all of the wasps are killed. if hornets continue to be observed, the application may need to be repeated. experienced pest control operators will sometimes remove a hornet nest which is attached to a branch by slipping a plastic garbage bag over the intact nest and clipping it at the point of attachment. this technique should not be attempted by anyone else and should only be done at night with a wasp suit. yellowjackets are another dangerous wasp encountered around homes and buildings. nests are often located underground in an old rodent burrow, beneath a landscape timber, or in a rock wall or wall of a building. if the nest can be located, it can usually be eliminated by carefully applying a wasp spray insecticide into the nest opening. sevin ( tm ), or ficam ( tm ), dust is also very effective provided a handduster or similar type applicator is used to dispense several puffs of the insecticide dust in to the nest opening ( an empty, dry liquid detergent bottle, filled no more than halfway with dust and shaken before dispensing works well ). treatment should be performed late at night after all yellowjackets are in the nest and less active. it ' s best to pinpoint the nest opening during the daytime so you will remember where to direct your treatment after dark. approach the nest slowly and do not shine the beam of the flashlight directly into the nest entrance as this may startle the wasps ; instead, cast the beam to the side to illuminate the nest indirectly and place the light on the ground rather than in your hand. similar to hornets, yellowjackets are extremely aggressive when the nest is disturbed. it may be prudent to call a professional pest control company, particularly when access to the nest is difficult. an alternative solution if the nest is located away from high traffic areas, another option is to wait and do nothing. in kentucky, wasp, hornet and yellowjacket colonies die off naturally after the weather turns cold, and the paper carton disintegrates over the winter months. people who are allergic to the venom wasp, hornet and yellowjacket stings can be life - threatening to persons who are allergic to the venom. people who develop hives, difficulty breathing or swallowing, wheezing or similar symptoms of allergic reaction should seek medical attention immediately.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4535042485126568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2901cc8f-179a-4f0c-8a67-ff4adb28b0db>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.200517"}
{"text": "canada and belgium are two officially multilingual countries with federal political systems. for a great many years, our countries have maintained excellent bilateral relations based on bonds of friendship and trust, as well as the shared values of liberty, democracy, solidarity and tolerance. these bonds were strengthened by canada \u2019 s contribution to the liberation of belgium in the first and second world wars and the major convergences between the foreign policies of our two countries, based on a strong commitment to multilateralism on the basis of international law, the promotion of good governance and the maintenance of strong transatlantic ties. canada and belgium have both deployed troops to afghanistan in order to support that country ' s security, governance and development. both countries are also actively seeking solutions to crises and conflicts, notably in africa, and the fight against arms build - up and the recruitment of child soldiers. we also collaborate on issues of natural resource development in situations of conflict. canada and belgium cooperate, in particular, in the context of the united nations ( un ), the north atlantic treaty organisation ( nato ), the organisation internationale de la francophonie ( oif ), the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ), and the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ). belgium ' s role in the european union is another important aspect of our bilateral political dialogue. in recognition of the importance of strengthening the ties between our two countries and of establishing a \" privileged dialogue \", the canadian and belgian departments of foreign affairs signed a joint declaration on december 16, 1999, concerning the strengthening of bilateral relations. belgium and canada also signed bilateral agreements in the areas of taxation, social security, judicial cooperation on crime, air transportation, reciprocal recognition of drivers \u2019 licences, as well as in scientific, industrial and technological cooperation. in 2005, belgium and canada signed an agreement on youth mobility. the agreement, which came into force january 1, 2007, allows young belgians to travel to canada and young canadians to belgium, for no more than a year, in order to visit the country and discover its culture while having the opportunity to work there. the government of canada maintains three diplomatic missions in belgium : the embassy of canada to the kingdom of belgium and the grand - duchy of luxembourg, the mission of canada to the european union, and the canadian joint delegation to nato. canada also has an honorary consul for flanders. moreover, the province of quebec is represented by the delegation generale du quebec in brussels. in canada, belgium is represented by its embassy in ottawa and its consulates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48131244100247805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:586227b3-3cdb-4d9a-8692-27f6c17bf7ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.207016"}
{"text": "and the canadian joint delegation to nato. canada also has an honorary consul for flanders. moreover, the province of quebec is represented by the delegation generale du quebec in brussels. in canada, belgium is represented by its embassy in ottawa and its consulates in montreal and toronto ; it also has a network of honorary consuls in halifax, edmonton, quebec city, vancouver and winnipeg. the three belgian regions ( walloon region, brussels - capital region and flemish region ) have separate economic and trade offices in montreal and a shared office in toronto. the walloon region and the french community of belgium also have a delegation in quebec city. canadian exports to belgium were close to cad 2. 4 billion in 2011. it is important to note that the port of antwerp is a major point of entry for canadian goods in europe. belgium also serves as a point of entry to europe as 70 % of belgium \u2019 s trade is conducted with its european union ( eu ) partners. in 2011, canada ' s imports from belgium were valued at nearly cad 1. 7 billion. bilateral investment is very important for both countries. canadian investments in belgium totalled nearly cad 2. 75 billion in 2011, ranking 26th among canadian direct investment destinations globally. the stock of belgian direct investment in canada was worth cad 4 billion in 2011, making belgium the 14th largest foreign direct investor in canada on a global basis. there are over 70 belgian subsidiaries in canada and about the same number of canadian subsidiaries in belgium. canadian and belgian institutions and companies enjoy collaborative relations in science and technology, mostly based on similar approaches to development and synergies in a range of sectors, including life sciences, microelectronics, environmental and imaging technologies. numerous cooperative agreements have been signed in this area between the three belgian regions and the provinces of quebec, ontario and alberta. for more information on canada - belgium trade and investment, please see the following pages. canadian companies interested in doing business in belgium should consult the section entitled \" services for canadian companies. \u201d belgian companies interested in canadian business opportunities are invited to consult the section entitled \u201c services for non - canadian companies \u201d ( information available in french and dutch ). cultural relations between canada and belgium have grown and diversified over the past 30 years. belgian programmers frequently host canadian artists, both anglophone and francophone, in the areas of theatre, music, cinema and literature, the visual arts, and dance. every year, there are several dozen cultural events, featuring individual artists or groups of artists, particularly in contemporary arts, new technologies and new media. conversely,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42649420051251785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:586227b3-3cdb-4d9a-8692-27f6c17bf7ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.208267"}
{"text": "in the areas of theatre, music, cinema and literature, the visual arts, and dance. every year, there are several dozen cultural events, featuring individual artists or groups of artists, particularly in contemporary arts, new technologies and new media. conversely, many belgian artists perform in canada, whether in the plastic arts, music, children \u2019 s theatre, and especially dance, as part of festivals or in art centres in major cities ( montreal, quebec city, ottawa, toronto, vancouver ). belgian and canadian universities have been developing cooperative and exchange agreements and relations for many years. about 20 canadian universities work with belgian universities in areas as varied as pure sciences, the humanities and social sciences, health, etc. the north american studies centre ( cena ) at the universite libre de bruxelles is a reference not only in canadian studies, but also for belgium \u2019 s knowledge of canada. in flanders, studiegenootschap canada ( the flemish association for canadian studies ) supports teaching and research on canada by organizing and participating in colloquiums, seminars, courses and publications. the universite de liege has a centre for quebec studies. belgian research centres also cooperate in bilateral or multilateral programs through framework agreements with the european union. occasionally, there are even direct collaborations between belgian centres and canadian businesses ( ex. the metallurgy research centre at the universite de liege or imec, a microelectronics centre affiliated with the university of leuven ( kul ). * note : to view the pdf version of a document you may require acrobat reader available free of charge from adobe or other software capable of viewing pdf files. an accessible version of acrobat reader, which includes support for screen readers, is also available. alternatively, you can convert a pdf file to html or ascii text by using one of adobe \u2019 s conversion services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47052244343640953, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:586227b3-3cdb-4d9a-8692-27f6c17bf7ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.208972"}
{"text": "upper house of tennessee ' s general assembly is called the senate. the state is divided into 33 senatorial districts, from each of which one senator is elected. senators are elected to four - year terms with those from even - numbered districts being elected in the same general election, and those representing odd - numbered districts being elected two years later. thus, about half of the 33 senators are standing for election at the same time. re - election to the senate is constitutionally permissible, as it is in the house, and there is no limit on the number of terms a legislator may serve. to qualify for election to the senate, one must be 30 years old, a u. s. citizen, a state resident for three years and a resident of the district in which he is elected for one year immediately preceding his election. the leader of the senate, or speaker, is also the state ' s lieutenant governor. the speaker of the senate is elected by the senate at each organizational session of the general assembly. the lieutenant governor stands in immediate succession to the governorship if such is necessary. other leaders in the senate include the speaker pro tem, deputy speaker and the majority and minority leaders, who are the primary spokesmen for their respective parties concerning senate matters. two other key senate officers are the democratic and republican caucus chairmen, who preside over meetings of their political parties to consider and formulate party policy. the senate has certain powers and obligations that are different from those of the house of representatives. the senate is given the power to try impeachment proceedings initiated by the house. any officer of the state may be impeached, but two - thirds of the senate must concur before removal from office occurs. political makeup of the senate of the 108th general assembly is 26 republicans and 7 democrats. the 108th general assembly will convene on january 8, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41868165527292356, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0878b9e-86bc-404c-829c-7adb810ea43e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.210804"}
{"text": "the village of waterloo, on the elkhorn and platte rivers, was founded by two men : john logan, who came in 1863 right after his discharge from the second nebraska volunteer cavalry, and elias kelsey, who arrived in 1867. logan established a post office in 1864, and a school in 1865. designated a station on the union pacific railroad in 1870, the town ' s future was assured. named \" waterloo \" [ presumably for a battlefield in belgium ], an attempt to incorporate in 1871 failed, as did a second attempt. the third petition in 1883 was successful, by which time an addition had already been made. history notes \" a spectacular train wreck \" near waterloo in 1873, when a $ 30, 000 cargo of fish bound for california fell into the elkhorn river just east of the town. for many years waterloo was the world ' s largest producer of vine and seed corn. coy & sons, started in 1879, became cornhusker seed in the 1950s. other companies were : emerson seed, omaha elevator, hively seed, hopper grain, waldron seed, western seed & irrigation, waterloo elevator and stimmel seed. the j. c. robinson seed company was established in 1888 and is still owned and managed by the family. it became the biggest, most prominent, and is the only one at this location today. the largest single vine seed sale occurred in the 1920s when eight railcar - loads of cucumber seeds were shipped. some well - known citizens include : - - william denton, territorial representative in 1866 - 67, who later opened one of the first stores in town. - - isaac noyes, state senator from 1892 - 1900. - - james riggs, state senator in 1903. - - mabel wilson ( known throughout the state for her knowledge of nebraska indians and wild flowers ) and her husband, otto, who were awarded second place in the national yard and garden contest in 1931. - - aunt eckie teal, a great christian woman who had no children of her own, raised 15 orphans. - - an inventor, p. h. dubois, who patented a horse collar fastener in 1899. - - john douglas pederson, with patents in 1905 - 06 dealt mostly with slide or pump action and repeating shotguns manufactured by remington armory. - - hiland noyes and richard fies who invented a bank coin counter. - - eugene jacobson who designed and patented the marsh buggy and muskeg tractor. he also spearheaded research and development of the technology for measuring gasoline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4347928878704567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47934959-3962-4f3d-80be-8ad4089c2dde>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.214424"}
{"text": "armory. - - hiland noyes and richard fies who invented a bank coin counter. - - eugene jacobson who designed and patented the marsh buggy and muskeg tractor. he also spearheaded research and development of the technology for measuring gasoline and other liquid hydrocarbons for gulf oil. - - dan shepherd who invented and patented a telescopic gun sight in 1981, sold as the shepherd scope. several shootings in the 1880s, and a promotional fight between a bulldog and bobcat in 1889, brought notoriety to the town. as a recreation area, waterloo had a small excursion boat called \" the swastika, \" owned by h. a. simmons. a humorous note in our history is a 1910 ordinance prohibiting barbers from eating onions. in 1903 the waterloo women ' s club started our library. carrie nation, the kansas saloon smasher, visited waterloo in 1908. in 1920 it was reported that 26 women voted. governor franklin d. roosevelt visited the sumnick family farm south of waterloo in 1932. they visited him in washington when he became president. a viaduct built over the union pacific mainline near waterloo in 1936 was often called \" cochran alps, \" because of the efforts by governor robert l. cochran to have it constructed. it was replaced by a new one in 1986. because of its location on two very unpredictable rivers, waterloo has been ravaged by many floods. a bond issue in 1965 resulted in a levee to help protect the town. waterloo has a fine fire and rescue department. chief john love, after 36 years of service, retired in 1987. the current population of waterloo is about 450. while we have lost some businesses, we boast of having more celebrities visit our town than any other community this size in nebraska. we are justly proud of our fine eating establishments. stop by and check them out. by ralph c. wilson, 501 jefferson street, waterloo, ne 68069.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4493303814379545, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47934959-3962-4f3d-80be-8ad4089c2dde>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.215234"}
{"text": "chapter vi - c. sacred vessels 289. among the requisites for the celebration of mass, the sacred vessels hold a place of honor, especially the chalice and paten, which are used in presenting, consecrating, and receiving the bread and wine. 290. vessels should be made from materials that are solid and that in the particular region are regarded as noble. the conference of bishops will be the judge in this matter. but preference is to be given to materials that do not break easily or become unusable. 291. chalices and other vessels that serve as receptacles for the blood of the lord are to have a cup of nonabsorbent material. the base may be of any other solid and worthy material. 292. vessels that serve as receptacles for the eucharistic bread, such as paten, ciborium, pyx, monstrance, etc., may be made of other materials that are prized in the region, for example, ebony or other hard woods, as long as they are suited to sacred use. 293. for the consecration of hosts one rather large paten may properly be used ; on it is placed the bread for the priest as well as for the ministers and the faithful. 294. vessels made from metal should ordinarily be gilded on the inside if the metal is one that rusts ; gilding is not necessary if the metal is more precious than gold and does not rust. 295. the artist may fashion the sacred vessels in a shape that is in keeping with the culture of each region, provided each type of vessel is suited to the intended liturgical use. 296. for the blessing or consecration of vessels the rites prescribed in the liturgical books are to be followed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4207414375554722, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cec7182e-9766-4a03-bf18-e252dce703c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.218456"}
{"text": "what can i do to help prevent traumatic brain injury? there are many ways to reduce the chances of sustaining a traumatic brain injury, including : - buckling your child in the car using a child safety seat, booster seat, or seat belt ( according to the child ' s height, weight, and age ). - rear - facing child safety seat. for the best possible protection, infants and children should be kept in a rear - facing child safety seat, in the back seat buckled with the seat \u2019 s harness, until they reach the upper weight or height limits of their particular seat. the weight and height limits on rear - facing child safety seats can accommodate most children through age 2, check the seat \u2019 s owner \u2019 s manual for details. - forward - facing child safety seat. when children outgrow their rear - facing seats ( the weight and height limits on rear - facing car seats can accommodate most children through age 2 ) they should ride in forward - facing child safety seats, in the back seat buckled with the seat \u2019 s harness, until they reach the upper weight or height limit of their particular seat ( usually around age 4 and 40 pounds, many newer seats have higher weight limits - check the seat \u2019 s owner \u2019 s manual for details ). - booster seat. once children outgrow their forward - facing seats ( by reaching the upper height and weight limits of their seat ), they should ride in belt positioning booster seats. remember to keep children in the back seat for the best possible protection. - seat belts. children should use booster seats until adult seat belts fit them properly. seat belts fit properly when the lap belt lays across the upper thighs ( not the stomach ) and the shoulder belt fits across the chest ( not the neck ). when adult seat belts fit children properly they can use the adult seat belts without booster seats. for the best possible protection keep children in the back seat and use lap - and - shoulder belts. - all children younger than 13 years should ride in the back seat. airbags can kill young children riding in the front seat. never place a rear - facing car seat in the front seat or in front of an air bag. know the stages - wearing a seat belt every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle. - never driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. - wearing a helmet and making sure your children wear helmets when : - riding a bike, motorcycle, snowmobile, scooter, or all - terrain vehicle ; - playing a contact sport, such as football,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46022457148087936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:258dab4c-7749-4e3f-943e-cee27d1e429f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.223416"}
{"text": "the influence of alcohol or drugs. - wearing a helmet and making sure your children wear helmets when : - riding a bike, motorcycle, snowmobile, scooter, or all - terrain vehicle ; - playing a contact sport, such as football, ice hockey, or boxing ; - using in - line skates or riding a skateboard ; - batting and running bases in baseball or softball ; - riding a horse ; or - skiing or snowboarding. - making living areas safer for seniors, by : - removing tripping hazards such as throw rugs and clutter in walkways ; - using nonslip mats in the bathtub and on shower floors ; installing grab bars next to the toilet and in the tub or shower ; - installing handrails on both sides of stairways ; - improving lighting throughout the home ; and - maintaining a regular physical activity program, if your doctor agrees, to improve lower body strength and balance. 1, 2, 3 - making living areas safer for children, by : - installing window guards to keep young children from falling out of open windows ; and - using safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs when young children are around. - making sure the surface on your child ' s playground is made of shock - absorbing material, such as hardwood mulch or sand. 4 - judge jo, lindsey c, underwood m, winsemius d. balance improvements in older women : effects of exercise training. physical therapy 1993 ; 73 ( 4 ) : 254 \u2013 265. - lord sr, caplan ga, ward ja. balance, reaction time, and muscle strength in exercising older women : a pilot study. archives of physical and medical rehabilitation 1993 ; 74 ( 8 ) : 837 \u2013 839. - campbell aj, robertson mc, gardner mm, norton rn, buchner dm. falls prevention over 2 years : a randomized controlled trial in women 80 years and older. age and aging 1999 ; 28 : 513 \u2013 518. - mack mg, sacks jj, thompson d. testing the impact attenuation of loose fill playground surfaces. injury prevention 2000 ; 6 : 141 \u2013 144.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5128660823044215, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:258dab4c-7749-4e3f-943e-cee27d1e429f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.224164"}
{"text": "evidence suggests that life originated in extreme environments, for example, at high temperatures. the national science foundation ( nsf ) has initiated a program called life in the extreme environment ( lexen ) that is dedicated to finding new and exciting organisms that live in harsh environments. the extreme 2000 research expedition, at hydrothermal vent sites in the sea of cortes, is led by marine scientists george luther and craig cary from the university of delaware and anna - louise reysenbach from portland state university. their chief objective is to make real - time chemical measurements at the vents using microsensors developed by dr. luthers group, which will guide the microbiologists and molecular biologists in dr. carys and dr. reysenbachs groups in finding organisms that are descendants of early chemical detective work at the bottom of the sea hydrothermal vents home to the closest relatives of the oldest life on earth? using special tools housed in a wand on the sub alvin, researchers will be testing the chemistry of vent water in search of microscopic organisms. the wand houses a thermometer, an apparatus called the sipper to collect small water samples, and a super - sensitive the analyzer is like a sophisticated underwater snooper. it can be used near the vents and, from its chemical readings, tell scientists what kind of microbes might live there. while our food chain is based on energy from the sun, the suns rays never reach the deep sea. there, organisms must rely on a different energy source : the chemicals that rocket out of the vents. during a previous expedition, the extreme 2000 scientific team found that the presence of two compounds hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) and iron monosulfide ( fes ) may be an important indicator of the oldest microscopic vent life. these compounds react to form the mineral pyrite ( fools gold ) and hydrogen gas. the hydrogen provides the energy that these microbes need to grow. with the analyzers help, marine scientists may be able to track down the nearest descendants of the first life on earth, and perhaps on other planets. europa, one of the moons of jupiter, is covered in ice. however, recent findings suggest that portions of the ice move, which is strong evidence that liquid water lies beneath the ice. the water may be maintained in its liquid state by hydrothermal vents. if hydrothermal vents exist on europa, theres a possibility that ancient microbes could live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.534468998960331, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34eb878c-35eb-443f-b0b8-8f0942552023>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.226427"}
{"text": "in march 2011, the u. s. computer security company rsa announced that hackers had gained access to security tokens it produces that let millions of government and private - sector employees, including those of defense contractors such as lockheed martin, connect remotely to their office computers. most critical information systems in the united states are operated by the private sector and remain vulnerable to cyber attacks. newly proposed legislation would require businesses to meet minimum standards of protection, but has raised concerns about regulatory overreach. grounded in a realistic assessment of technology, matthew c. waxman and kenneth anderson outline a practical alternative with which to evaluate the use of autonomous weaponry that incorporates codes of conduct based on traditional legal and ethical principles governing weapons and warfare. adam segal says the recent chinese cyberattacks on bloomberg and the new york timeshighlights both the willingness of beijing to shape the narrative about china, as well as the vulnerability the top leadership feels about how they are portrayed. cyber weapons are different from conventional weapons in that their effects do not directly manifest themselves in the \" real world. \" there are three broad categories of potential effects of cyberattacks : personal, economic, and physical. adam segal, cfr ' s maurice r. greenberg senior fellow for china studies, leads a conversation on u. s. - china relations through the lens of cybersecurity issues, as part of cfr ' s academic conference call series. linda robinson discusses her recently released council special report, the future of u. s. special operations forces, which calls for conceptual, institutional, and operational changes to reorient u. s. special operations forces to ensure that they are employed to best effect. foreign governments, non - state actors, and criminal networks are targeting the digital networks of the united states with increasing frequency and sophistication. u. s. cybersecurity has made progress, but relies heavily on the private sector to secure infrastructure critical to national security. cybersecurity expert knake recommends the united states use international forums to promote mechanisms that address security concerns in cyberspace while ensuring the internet remains open for the free exchange of ideas across national boundaries. the council on foreign relations ' david rockefeller studies program \u2014 cfr ' s \" think tank \" \u2014 is home to more than seventy full - time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners ( called \" fellows \" ). their expertise covers the world ' s major regions as well as the critical issues shaping today ' s global agenda. download the printable cfr experts guide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5495550554577859, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6108796c-68a6-4245-8eb0-08f7ebf1cb28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.230088"}
{"text": "an ambulatory electrocardiogram ( ekg or ecg ) records the electrical activity of your heart while you do your usual activities. ( ambulatory means that you are able to walk. ) ambulatory monitors are referred to by several names, including ambulatory electrocardiogram, ambulatory ekg, holter monitoring, 24 - hour ekg, or cardiac event monitoring. many heart problems become noticeable only during activity, such as exercise, eating, sex, stress, bowel movements, or even sleeping. a continuous 24 - hour recording is more likely to detect any abnormal heartbeats that occur during these activities. many people have irregular heartbeats ( arrhythmias ) from time to time. the importance of irregular heartbeats depends on the type of pattern they produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the same time you have symptoms. because arrhythmias can occur off and on, it may be hard to record an arrhythmia while you are in the doctor ' s office. there are several different types of ambulatory monitors. your doctor will choose the type that is most appropriate for you and is most likely to help diagnose your heart problem. why it is done ambulatory ekg monitoring is done to : - look for and record irregular heartbeats that occur intermittently or during certain activities. - find out what is causing chest pain, dizziness, or fainting. these are symptoms of possible heart problems. - look for poor blood flow to your heart muscle ( ischemia ). - check to see if treatment for an irregular heartbeat is working. how to prepare many medicines may change the results of this test. be sure to tell your doctor about all the nonprescription and prescription medicines you take. since an ekg is often used to monitor a preexisting heart condition, such as an irregular heartbeat ( arrhythmia ), make sure that your doctor has copies of any previous ekg results. take a shower or bath before the discs are put on. you will not be able to get the discs wet during the test. wear a loose blouse or shirt. do not wear jewelry or clothes with metal buttons or buckles, because these can interfere with the recording. women should not wear an underwire bra for the same reason. if your doctor asks you to keep a symptom and activity diary, be sure you have a method. in this diary, you will record", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5114473816021505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.241783"}
{"text": "because these can interfere with the recording. women should not wear an underwire bra for the same reason. if your doctor asks you to keep a symptom and activity diary, be sure you have a method. in this diary, you will record activities and symptoms and the times they occurred. the accuracy and usefulness of your test depend on how carefully you keep this record. if you are getting a monitor implanted under your skin, you will receive instructions on how to prepare for the procedure. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done continuous recorders are the most common type of ambulatory electrocardiogram monitor. this type includes the holter monitor. a continuous recorder provides a 24 - to 72 - hour record of the electrical signals from your heart. a standard ekg monitors only 40 to 50 heartbeats during the brief period you are attached to the machine. a continuous recorder monitors about 100, 000 heartbeats in 24 hours and is likely to find any heart problems that happen with activity. for this test, you wear a lightweight, battery - operated tape recorder ( monitor ) on a strap over your shoulder or around your waist. the recorder is connected by wires to small metal discs ( electrodes ) taped to your chest. the electrodes detect the electrical signals from your heart. a clock is connected to the recorder so you can note what time it is when you have any symptoms. see a picture of a holter monitor. you will be fitted with the recorder and electrodes by a technician in a doctor ' s office or hospital room. - several areas on your chest may be shaved and cleaned, and then a small amount of electrode paste or gel will be applied to those areas. - the electrode pads will then be attached to the skin of your chest, with thin wires connecting the electrodes to the monitor. - you may be hooked up briefly to a standard ekg machine to ensure that the electrodes are working properly. while wearing the continuous recorder, you will also be asked to keep a diary of all your activities and symptoms, including the type of activity you were doing and the time your symptoms started. in the diary, write down the exact times when you exercise, climb stairs, eat, urinate, have a bowel movement, have sex,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45393753289643607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.242820"}
{"text": "your activities and symptoms, including the type of activity you were doing and the time your symptoms started. in the diary, write down the exact times when you exercise, climb stairs, eat, urinate, have a bowel movement, have sex, sleep, get emotionally upset, take medicine, or perform other activities. if you have any symptoms of heart problems, such as dizziness, fainting, chest pain, or palpitations, push the event - marker button on the recorder to mark it and write down the exact time and how long the symptom lasts. for example, you might write : \" 12 : 30 p. m. ate lunch. 1 : 00 p. m. argument with boss, had chest tightness for several minutes. \" when you sleep, try to stay on your back with the recorder carefully positioned at your side so that the electrodes are not pulled off. if one of the electrodes or lead wires comes loose, a light on the monitor will flash. press on the center of each electrode to see if you can restore the contact. call your doctor if one of the electrodes comes off and you can ' t get it to stay on. while you are wearing a monitor, try to stay away from magnets, metal detectors, high - voltage areas, garage door openers, microwave ovens, and electric blankets. do not use an electric toothbrush or shaver. signals from these types of electronic equipment can sometimes interfere with the recording. at the end of the recording period ( usually 24 to 72 hours ), you will return to the doctor ' s office or hospital to have the electrodes removed, or you may be able to remove the electrodes yourself. you will return the holter monitor to your doctor ' s office or hospital. the recorded tape will be read by computer to provide information about your heart rate, the frequency of your heartbeats, and any irregularities. your doctor will also look at your records of activities and symptoms and times they occurred. your doctor will compare the timing of your activities and symptoms with the recorded heart pattern. implantable continuous recorders another type of continuous recorder can be implanted under the skin of the chest. this recorder can be kept in your chest for more than a year to record the electrical signals from your heart. another kind of ambulatory ekg monitoring is the intermittent recorder, which is used when symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm do not occur very often. an intermittent recorder can be used for a longer time than a continuous recorder. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4790309088015828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.243931"}
{"text": "from your heart. another kind of ambulatory ekg monitoring is the intermittent recorder, which is used when symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm do not occur very often. an intermittent recorder can be used for a longer time than a continuous recorder. the information collected by an intermittent recorder can often be sent over the phone to a doctor ' s office, clinic, or hospital. you may be instructed to call your doctor, clinic, or hospital while you are having symptoms or soon after you record your heart rhythm so that the information on the monitor can be analyzed right away. the procedure for intermittent recording depends on the type of monitor used. loop recorder. a loop recorder constantly records your heartbeats. this recorder lets you indicate when you have symptoms. loop recorders also save a small amount of information about how your heart was beating when you pressed the recording button ( presymptom recording ). this feature is especially useful for people who lose consciousness when their heart problems occur and can press the button only after they wake up. - electrodes will be attached to your chest in the same way as a continuous recorder. when you have symptoms, you press a button on the monitor to record your heart rhythm. if you pass out, you should start the recorder as soon as you wake up. also, be sure a friend or family member knows how to start the recorder if you pass out. - an implantable form of the loop recorder can be worn for several weeks and may be a good choice for people who have symptoms that occur rarely, such as once every 6 months. it is surgically placed under the skin of the chest. the recorder might automatically start recording when it detects an arrhythmia. or, you might use a handheld device to start the monitor when symptoms occur. event monitor. this small device records your heartbeats only when symptoms of the heart problem occur. you are not attached to the machine. there are two types of event monitors. - one type is worn on the wrist like a watch. when symptoms occur, you press a button to start the ekg recording. - the other type is a device that you carry where you can reach it easily, such as in your purse or pocket. when symptoms occur, you press the back of the device against your chest and then press a button to start the recording. the back of the device has small metal discs that work like electrodes. these handheld monitors can be very small ( some are about the size and shape of a credit card ). the event monitor records heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49740968530626084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.244916"}
{"text": "then press a button to start the recording. the back of the device has small metal discs that work like electrodes. these handheld monitors can be very small ( some are about the size and shape of a credit card ). the event monitor records heart signals only when you are holding it against your chest. how it feels if you have electrodes placed on your skin, the electrode sites may itch slightly during the ambulatory ekg recording, and the skin on your chest may look or feel irritated when the electrodes are removed. the recording unit is very lightweight, so carrying it usually is not uncomfortable. there is no risk from ambulatory ekg monitoring. the electrodes placed on your skin detect only the electrical signals from your heart. no electricity is sent through your body, and there is no possibility of receiving an electric shock. an ambulatory electrocardiogram ( ekg or ecg ) is a test that records the electrical signals that control your heartbeat while you do your everyday activities. no abnormal heart rhythms are found in the ekg information collected by the recorder. your heart rate may go up when you are active and go down when you are sleeping. many kinds of irregular heartbeats can be detected by ambulatory monitoring. the results of ambulatory heart monitoring are compared with your medical history, symptoms, and other test results. you may need to have the test repeated if the results aren ' t clear. what affects the test you may not be able to have the test or the results may not be helpful if : - you do not keep a detailed diary of your daily activities and symptoms. the intermittent recorder will give accurate results only if you remember to start the recorder when symptoms of possible heart problems occur. - the electrodes are not in the right spot. ambulatory heart monitoring is most effective when you are able and willing to carefully follow instructions throughout the monitoring period. if you tend to pass out from a heart problem, your doctor will choose a monitor that will record these episodes. the continuous recorder and the loop recorder work best for people who pass out when they have symptoms of a heart problem. the loop recorder is not useful if you lose consciousness for more than a few minutes or if you are so confused when you wake up that you are unable to start the recorder. what to think about - many people have irregular heartbeats from time to time. what this means depends on the type of pattern these heartbeats produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45223488473912776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.246295"}
{"text": "start the recorder. what to think about - many people have irregular heartbeats from time to time. what this means depends on the type of pattern these heartbeats produce, how often they occur, how long they last, and whether they occur at the same time you have symptoms. irregular heartbeats that occur at the same time you have other symptoms, such as dizziness or chest pain, may mean that the irregular heartbeats are causing your symptoms. - because a standard 12 - lead electrocardiogram ( ekg ) is safe, inexpensive, and provides valuable information, your doctor will try it first before using an ambulatory monitor to test your heart function. a continuous recorder generally has 5 leads and provides less complete information than a 12 - lead ekg. but a continuous recorder is more effective than a standard ekg for evaluating heart symptoms that occur intermittently. for more information, see the topic electrocardiogram. other places to get help | american heart association ( aha ) | | 7272 greenville avenue | | dallas, tx 75231 | visit the american heart association ( aha ) website for information on physical activity, diet, and various heart - related conditions. you can search for information on heart disease and stroke, share information with friends and family, and use tools to help you make heart - healthy goals and plans. contact the aha to find your nearest local or state aha group. the aha provides brochures and information about support groups and community programs, including mended hearts, a nationwide organization whose members visit people with heart problems and provide information and support. | heart rhythm society | | 1400 k street nw | | washington, dc 20005 | the heart rhythm society provides information for patients and the public about heart rhythm problems. the website includes a section that focuses on patient information. this information includes causes, prevention, tests, treatment, and patient stories about heart rhythm problems. you can use the find a specialist section of the website to search for a heart rhythm specialist practicing in your area. | national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) | | p. o. box 30105 | | bethesda, md 20824 - 0105 | the u. s. national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47069013427236267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.247293"}
{"text": "( nhlbi ) information center offers information and publications about preventing and treating : - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. other works consulted - chernecky cc, berger bj ( 2008 ). laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, 5th ed. st. louis : saunders. - fischbach ft, dunning mb iii, eds. ( 2009 ). manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests, 8th ed. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. - pagana kd, pagana tj ( 2010 ). mosby \u2019 s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests, 4th ed. st. louis : mosby elsevier. | primary medical reviewer | | rakesh k. pai, md, facc - cardiology, electrophysiology | | specialist medical reviewer | | george philippides, md - cardiology | | last revised | | december 9, 2011 | last revised : december 9, 2011 author : healthwise staff to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4617107923566054, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e26f290-d228-47d0-aa27-1d4b7ba58516>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.247794"}
{"text": "| tests and services inhalation therapy instruction what is a peak flow meter? a peak flow meter ( pfm ) is a device used to measure how well your child ' s asthma is under control. the device measures air flowing out of the lungs, called peak expiratory flow rate ( pefr ), as a child with asthma forcefully blows into the device. a peak flow meter, when used properly, can reveal narrowing of the airways well in advance of an asthma attack. used mainly by children with moderate to severe and persistent asthma, peak flow meters can help determine : why should a peak flow meter be used? - when to seek emergency medical care. - the effectiveness of your child ' s asthma management and treatment plan. - when to stop or add medication, as directed by your child ' s physician. - what triggers the asthma attack ( such as exercise - induced asthma ). the pfm removes a lot of guesswork out of managing your child ' s asthma. it can provide you, your child ' s physician, or even the school teachers with information about how open the airways are in your child ' s lungs. the pfm can detect small changes in the large airways before your child starts to wheeze. using a pfm every day will let you know when your child ' s peak flows are starting to drop. this allows you to make early changes in your child ' s medication or routine to help prevent your child ' s asthma symptoms from getting worse. the pfm can also identify the value at which you will need to call your child ' s physician or go to the emergency room. how to use a peak flow meter : what are peak flow zones? - use the pfm once daily and whenever your child is experiencing early warning signs. always use the pfm before taking reliever medication. - hold the pfm by the handle. - before each use, make sure the pointer is reset to zero. - have your child stand up straight. remove chewing gum or any food from your child ' s mouth. - have your child take a deep breath and put the mouthpiece in his / her mouth. seal his / her lips and teeth tightly around the mouthpiece. - let your child blow out as hard and as fast as he / she can. remember a fast blast is better than a slow blow. - note the number where the pointer has stopped on the scale. - reset the pointer to zero. - repeat this routine three times. you will know your child has done the technique correctly when the numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5138705319964882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.259763"}
{"text": "a fast blast is better than a slow blow. - note the number where the pointer has stopped on the scale. - reset the pointer to zero. - repeat this routine three times. you will know your child has done the technique correctly when the numbers from all three tries are close together. - record the highest of the three readings on a graph or in a notebook. do not average these numbers together. this is called your peak flow. - use the peak flow meter once a day. measure peak flows about the same time each day. a good time might be when your child first wakes up or at bedtime. peak flow zones are based on the traffic light concept : red means danger, yellow means caution, and green means safe. these zones are different for each person. your child ' s physician will help determine your child ' s peak flow zones. the three peak flow zones include : the goal of the peak flow zones is to help recognize when the asthma may start to become uncontrolled. - green : this is the go zone! this zone is from 80 to 100 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. this is the zone your child should be in every day. this is a signal that air moves well through the large airways and that your child can do the usual activities and go to sleep without trouble. when the peak flow readings are in this zone, your child should : avoid asthma triggers. - use controller medications every day. - use the reliever medications 15 to 20 minutes before exercise if your child has exercise - induced asthma, as directed by your child ' s physician. - yellow : this is the caution or slow down zone! this zone is from 50 to 80 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. this is a clue that the large airways are starting to narrow. your child may begin to have mild symptoms. your child may be coughing, feeling tired, feeling short of breath, or feeling like his / her chest is tightening. these symptoms may keep your child from his / her usual activities or from sleeping well. to keep your child ' s peak flow numbers from getting worse and get your child ' s asthma back under control, you will need to : continue to use the controller medication as your child ' s physician has ordered and avoid asthma triggers. - use the reliever medication as ordered by your child ' s physician. - make sure you are using the proper technique with your child ' s metered - dose inhaler and spacer. red : this is the stop zone!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4944125583061414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.260746"}
{"text": "triggers. - use the reliever medication as ordered by your child ' s physician. - make sure you are using the proper technique with your child ' s metered - dose inhaler and spacer. red : this is the stop zone! this zone is less than 50 percent of your child ' s highest peak flow reading. readings in this zone are a medical emergency and you will need to get help right away. this means severe narrowing of the large airways has occurred. your child may now be coughing, very short of breath, wheezing both when breathing in and out, or having retractions. your child may also have problems walking and talking. have your child take his / her reliever medication now and call your child ' s physician. how is a personal best peak flow measured? each child ' s peak flow zones are based on his / her personal best peak flow number. to establish your child ' s personal best peak flow, have your child take his / her peak flow measurement each day at the same time for two to three weeks, when the asthma is under control. after recording your child ' s peak flow measurements for two to three weeks consistently, your child ' s physician may also measure the optimum lung function with a spirometer ( a device that can check lung function by measuring both the amount of air expelled and how quickly the air was expelled ). the spirometer measurement may then be compared with the peak flow meter record to help set up an asthma management and treatment plan. your child ' s personal best peak flow measurement may change over time. consult your child ' s physician as to when to check for a new personal best peak flow measurement. when should a peak flow meter be used? peak flow meters should be used regularly to check how well the asthma is being controlled. in addition, the peak flow meter may be a valuable tool during an asthma attack, because it can help determine how well the short - term, quick - relief asthma medication is working. the national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) recommends measuring lung function during the following times : the peak flow meter is a tool to help collect information. the key to successful asthma management is communicating this information ( the peak flow meter recordings, the severity of your child ' s symptoms, and the effectiveness of your child ' s medications ) to your child ' s physician. - every morning, before taking asthma medications - during asthma symptoms or an asthma attack - after taking medication for an asthma attack - other times as recommended by your child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4535652934978283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.261831"}
{"text": ", and the effectiveness of your child ' s medications ) to your child ' s physician. - every morning, before taking asthma medications - during asthma symptoms or an asthma attack - after taking medication for an asthma attack - other times as recommended by your child ' s physician how can i obtain a peak flow meter? consult your child ' s physician about obtaining a peak flow meter and for step - by - step instructions on how to use the device. if you are using more than one peak flow meter, be sure they are the same brand. what are oximeters? an oximeter is a small machine that measures oxygen saturation ( the amount of oxygen ) in your child ' s blood. to get this measurement, a small sensor ( similar to an adhesive bandage ) is taped onto your child ' s finger or toe. when the oximeter is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. what is a spirometer? a spirometer is a device used by your child ' s physician that assesses lung function. spirometry, the evaluation of lung function with a spirometer, is one of the simplest, most common pulmonary function tests and may be necessary for any of the following reasons : after taking a deep breath, your child forcefully breathes out into the spirometer as completely and forcefully as possible. the spirometer measures both the amount of air expelled and how quickly the air was expelled from the lungs. the measurements are recorded by the spirometer. - to determine how well the lungs receive, hold, and utilize air - to monitor a lung disease - to monitor the effectiveness of treatment - to determine the severity of a lung disease - to determine whether the lung disease is restrictive ( decreased airflow ) or obstructive ( disruption of airflow ) the normal, healthy values measured by the spirometer for the amount of air exhaled vary from child to child. your results are compared to the average expected in someone of the same age, height, sex, and race, according to the national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ). however, if the values fall below 85 percent of the average, it may indicate a lung disease or other airflow obstruction. if a child has abnormal spirometer measurements, he / she may be referred for other lung tests to establish a diagnosis. hand - held nebulizer treatments a nebulizer is a type of inhaler that sprays a fine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5198733338711576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.262826"}
{"text": "obstruction. if a child has abnormal spirometer measurements, he / she may be referred for other lung tests to establish a diagnosis. hand - held nebulizer treatments a nebulizer is a type of inhaler that sprays a fine, liquid mist of medication. this is done through a mask, using oxygen or air under pressure, or an ultrasonic machine ( often used by persons who cannot use a metered - dose inhaler, such as infants and young children, and persons with severe asthma ). a mouthpiece is connected to a machine via plastic tubing to deliver the medication. the medications used in nebulizers help your child by loosening the mucus in the lungs so it can be coughed out more easily, and by relaxing the airway muscles so that more air can move in and out of the lungs. breathing the medication straight into the lungs works better and faster than taking the medication by mouth. nebulizer treatments take about 15 to 20 minutes to give the medication. giving a treatment : the following steps are recommended when giving a treatment to your child. however, always consult your child ' s physician for specific instructions. after each treatment : gather supplies needed, including : - medication to be nebulized - nebulizer set ( nebulizer cup, mouthpiece or mask, tubing to connect to nebulizer machine ) - find a quiet activity to do while your child sits up for the treatment ( i. e., reading a book or playing a quiet game ). - place the nebulizer on a flat surface ( i. e., table or the floor ). - plug the unit into a wall outlet. - connect the air tubing to the nebulizer machine. - put the medication into the nebulizer cup and screw the cap on securely. - connect the other end of the air tubing to the nebulizer cup. - connect the mouthpiece or face mask to the nebulizer cup. - turn the machine on. - check to make sure a fine mist of medication is coming through the face mask or mouthpiece. - place the mouthpiece in the child ' s mouth with the lips sealed around the mouthpiece. - encourage your child to take slow deep breaths in and out of their mouth. the mist should disappear with each breath. - place the mask over your child ' s mouth and nose. the adjustable elastic band may be used to hold the mask in place. - encourage your child to take deep breaths in and out for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5050163573391766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.263842"}
{"text": "mouth. the mist should disappear with each breath. - place the mask over your child ' s mouth and nose. the adjustable elastic band may be used to hold the mask in place. - encourage your child to take deep breaths in and out for the duration of the treatment. - encourage your child to continue slow, deep breaths until all the medication in the nebulizer cup is gone. you may need to tap the sides of the nebulizer cup to ensure all medication is given. - turn the nebulizer off. - if the child ' s treatment plan orders peak flow measurements, obtain these before the treatment starts and after the treatment is completed. notes for parents : - disconnect the nebulizer cup from the tubing. - open the cup and wash all pieces in a mild dish soap and water. ( do not wash or rinse the tubing. ) - rinse all pieces. - air dry on a clean towel. - store the dried nebulizer cup and tubing in a plastic bag. - once a week rinse the nebulizer cup in a vinegar / water solution, as directed by you physician, after washing. - stay with your child throughout the nebulizer treatment. - if your child should vomit or have a severe coughing spell during the treatment, stop the treatment, let the child rest for a few minutes, then resume the treatment. - check the filter on the nebulizer machine once a week. when it becomes discolored, replace with a new filter. - always keep a spare nebulizer kit at home. when you are down to your last two kits, contact your medical equipment company to deliver more. what medications are commonly used for children with asthma? the use of medications in children is highly individualized, based on the severity of the child ' s symptoms, the age of the child, and the ability of the child to take inhaled medications. the following are the most commonly used medications : inhalation therapy instruction - departments & programs - children ' s national medical center these medications are used to help open the narrowed lungs and may relieve coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or difficulty in breathing. these are usually considered rescue medications for acute attacks of asthma. types of bronchodilators are beta - agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics. these medications come inhaled, in pill form, liquid, or injectables. the short - acting bronchodilators are used as needed as symptoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45367165702036594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.264759"}
{"text": "beta - agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics. these medications come inhaled, in pill form, liquid, or injectables. the short - acting bronchodilators are used as needed as symptoms occur. longer acting bronchodilators may be used for maintenance or on a daily basis to help control flare - ups from occurring. - anti - inflammatory medications these medications help to decrease the inflammation that is happening in the airways with asthma. these include two types of medications : - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications ( nsaids ) cromolyn and nedocromil are two types of nonsteroidal medications that are usually inhaled by the child. these medications can be given in a variety of ways. some of them are inhaled, while others may be taken as a pill or liquid, or even as an injection. the steroids taken by mouth can have more side effects than those that are inhaled. inhaled steroids are safe and effective controller medications and should be taken every day. consult your child ' s physician about the best choice for your child. these are a relatively new type of medication being used to help control the symptoms of asthma. these medications help to decrease the narrowing of the lung and to decrease the chance of fluids in the lungs. these are usually given by mouth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3965312466433819, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb858fb-b248-45d9-922f-fb16a67c071f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.265265"}
{"text": "adolescent medicine : : orthopaedic problems what is scoliosis? a normal spine, when viewed from behind, appears straight. however, a spine affected by scoliosis shows evidence of a lateral, or sideways, curvature, and a rotation of the back bones ( vertebrae ), giving the appearance that the person is leaning to one side. the scoliosis research society defines scoliosis as a curvature of the spine measuring 10 degrees or greater on x - ray. scoliosis is a type of spinal deformity and should not be confused with poor posture. four common types of curve patterns seen in scoliosis are : what causes scoliosis? in most ( 80 to 85 percent ) cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown - a condition called idiopathic scoliosis. scoliosis is more common in females than males. according to the national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, three to five out of every 1, 000 children develop spinal curves that are considered large enough to require treatment. the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons, in cooperation with the scoliosis research society, describe three different types of scoliosis that can occur in children - congenital ( present at birth ), neuromuscular, or idiopathic. other causes of scoliosis may include : what are the symptoms of scoliosis? the following are the most common symptoms of scoliosis. however, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : back pain, leg pain, and changes in bowel and bladder habits are not commonly associated with idiopathic scoliosis. a adolescent experiencing these types of symptoms requires further medical evaluation by a physician. the symptoms of scoliosis may resemble other spinal conditions or deformities, or may be a result of an injury or infection. always consult your adolescent ' s physician for a diagnosis. how is scoliosis diagnosed? the physician makes the diagnosis of scoliosis with a complete medical history of the adolescent, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. the physician obtains a complete prenatal and birth history of the adolescent and asks if other family members are known to have scoliosis. the physician will also ask about developmental milestones since some types of scoliosis can be associated with other neuromuscular disorders. developmental delays may require further medical evaluation. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, x - rays ( a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5012617469031312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3015d518-b751-47a8-8743-524680dab7ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.269933"}
{"text": "some types of scoliosis can be associated with other neuromuscular disorders. developmental delays may require further medical evaluation. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, x - rays ( a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film ) are the primary diagnostic tool for scoliosis. in establishing a diagnosis of scoliosis, the physician measures the degree of spinal curvature on the x - ray. the following other diagnostic procedures may be performed for nonidiopathic curvatures, atypical curve patterns, or congenital scoliosis : early detection of scoliosis is most important for successful treatment. pediatricians or family physicians, and even some school programs, routinely look for signs that scoliosis may be present. treatment of scoliosis : specific treatment of scoliosis will be determined by your adolescent ' s physician based on : the goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the curve and prevent deformity. treatment may include : according to the scoliosis research society, there is no scientific evidence to show that other methods for treating scoliosis ( i. e., manipulation, electrical stimulation, and corrective exercise ) prevent the progression of the disease. long - term outlook for an adolescent with scoliosis : the management of scoliosis is individualized for each adolescent depending on his / her age, amount of curvature, and amount of time remaining for skeletal growth. scoliosis will require frequent examinations by your adolescent ' s physician to monitor the curve as your adolescent grows and develops. early detection is important. if left untreated, scoliosis can cause problems with heart and lung function. click here to view the it is important to remember the health information found on this website is for reference only not intended to replace the advice and guidance of your healthcare provider. always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. if you think you may have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately. \u00a9 children ' s hospital of orange county", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4962008316904368, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3015d518-b751-47a8-8743-524680dab7ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.270752"}
{"text": "the one thing that most people know about don carlo gesualdo, prince of venosa, is that in 1590 he caught his wife and her lover in bed together and murdered them both. indeed, his biography, rather than his music, kept his name alive for a number of centuries and even revived it in the first twentieth - century biography \u2013 heseltine and gray ' s carlo gesualdo, prince of venosa : musician and murderer. what is less known, however, is that gesualdo probably had been aware of the affair for two years. this has led some scholars to speculate that the murder was political, rather than a crime of passion. after his trial ( he was acquitted ), gesualdo kept mainly to his estate. music, heretofore a semi - secret passion ( he published a book of madrigals under the name gioseppe pilonij ), became almost the only thing he cared about. contemporary writers talk about his \" mad passion \" for music. in 1594, gesualdo visited the court of ferrara, mainly to sample the music there. he picked up a second wife, leonora d ' este, niece of ferrara ' s duke, an illustrious marriage which rehabilitated him in italian society. his musical obsessions grew. poems and musical treatises were dedicated to him. he published a grand total of seven books of madrigals, as well as a great deal of sacred music. as he grew older, severe depression seemed to overcome him, in the end to the point of psychopathy. he also became increasingly ill. contemporaries describe him as caring for nothing but making music and money. his second marriage proved unhappy, but fortunately not as unhappy as the first. husband and wife essentially separated. musically, gesualdo is an example of musical mannerism, seen in such figures as early monteverdi, marenzio, and luzzaschi. the portrayal of emotional extremes \u2013 melancholia, tormented love, for example \u2013 tends to attract this group. gesualdo goes to the extreme of the extremes. his dissonance often reaches the border of tonality \u2013 and his sadness plumbs ever - blacker depths of self - pity. his counterpoint \u2013 unlike monteverdi ' s, clumsy and even primitive \u2013 often seems to result from noodling around the keyboard. however, one cannot deny the power of his harmonies. a great artist not only discovers new things, he discovers and keeps things that others might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41637567568425454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c104e20-e1df-46d5-8867-79e6a399f9ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.274170"}
{"text": "polonium : deadly radioactive substance whether a radioactive substance called polonium - 210 was involved in yasser arafat ' s death is under investigation. the body of the former palestine liberation organization leader was exhumed tuesday for this purpose and reburied. arafat died in 2004. a murder inquiry into his death was opened this year after high levels of polonium - 210 were found on arafat ' s toothbrush, clothing and keffiyeh, the black - and - white headscarf he often wore. tawfiq tirawi, head of the palestinian investigation committee, said forensic experts from france, switzerland and russia took their own samples for independent analysis. polonium - 210 is not a radioactive substance that emits gamma particles, which can travel through walls at extremely high energies. instead, as polonium - 210 decays, it releases alpha particles, which can ' t even pass through a piece of paper. but alpha particles are still dangerous. they travel short distances and retain a high amount of energy. in nature, it takes about 138 days for half of a given quantity of polonium - 210 to decay. but because biological processes also work to eliminate the substance, it takes about 50 days for half of it to disappear while inside the body, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( pdf ). polonium - 210 is a problem to humans only when it gets into the body. the international atomic energy agency says that careful hand - washing and showering can eliminate most traces of this substance. the radioactive substance can enter body by eating or drinking contaminated things, breathing contaminated air, or inhaling or ingesting bodily fluids from someone contaminated with it. a wound can also become contaminated. \" radiation, just like with any toxic chemical, is related to dose, \" said cham dallas, a professor and toxicologist at the university of georgia ' s institute for health management and mass destruction defense. \" if you get a big dose, then you ' ll die sooner. \" and with polonium - 210, a dangerous dose can be a matter of micrograms : smaller than a single speck of pepper, he said. if you ingest polonium - 210, about 50 % to 90 % of the substance will exit the body through feces, according to a fact sheet from argonne national laboratory ( pdf ). what is left will enter the bloodstream. about 45 % of polonium ingested gets into the spleen, kidneys and liver, and 10 % is deposited in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49461072836971764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9daa629a-faa8-4b34-883b-603f53af0a95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.280035"}
{"text": "according to a fact sheet from argonne national laboratory ( pdf ). what is left will enter the bloodstream. about 45 % of polonium ingested gets into the spleen, kidneys and liver, and 10 % is deposited in the bone marrow. radiation poisoning from polonium - 210 looks like the end stage of cancer, dallas said. liver and kidney damage ensue, along with extreme nausea and severe headaches. victims often experience vomiting, diarrhea and hair loss. the alpha particles emitted from the decaying substance get absorbed in the body, which is what causes harm. death may come in a matter of days, sometimes weeks. there is no cure for severe radiation poisoning, dallas said. a few experimental treatments are in the works for people who are able to stay on the edge of potential survival, but they have not been approved by the u. s. food and drug administration. arafat died at age 75 at a paris military hospital after he suffered a brain hemorrhage and slipped into a coma. palestinian officials said in the days before his death that arafat had a blood disorder - - though they ruled out leukemia - - and that he had digestive problems. rumors of poisoning circulated at the time, but palestinian officials denied them, and then - foreign minister nabil sha ' ath said he \" totally \" ruled them out. over the course of a year, through natural sources and medical tests, the average american gets an effective radiation dose of 6. 2 millisieverts ( msv ). a potentially lethal dose of polonium - 210 is 5 sieverts ( sv ), dallas said, which is about 1, 000 times more powerful than that average year ' s worth of exposure. low concentrations of polonium are all around the environment. additionally, tobacco contains polonium, and about twice as much of the radioactive substance has been found in the ribs of smokers than non nonsmokers, according to the argonne report. as for investigating a polonium poisoning, there are instruments that can detect low concentrations of polonium, dallas said. but there ' s also a background level of polonium found in nature, so if an alleged poisoning happened many years ago, the remaining quantity in the body may be close to the background level. another tricky part about investigating a situation like this years after a potential poisoning : it would be relatively easy for someone to contaminate evidence after the fact with a small amount of the substance, dallas said. so it ' s possible that someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4653311525659167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9daa629a-faa8-4b34-883b-603f53af0a95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.281077"}
{"text": "since african americans fought for freedom from slavery in the 19th century, many have called for reparations \u2013 financial compensation for the years of chattel slavery. although former slaves were promised 40 acres and a mule to help them rebound from being enslaved, the program was short - lived, and many have been wondering if african americans \u2013 like their jewish counterparts \u2013 would ever see proper compensation for suffering such heinous atrocities in this country. while we will probably never see financial compensation for slavery, many have argued that blacks in america should receive reparations in the form of a free college education or student loan debt forgiveness, while other still hold fast to the \u201c 40 acres and a mule \u201d philosophy and want land. in june, the national coalition of blacks for reparations in america ( ncobra ) is holding a conference to examine why african americans should still be granted reparations more than 150 years after slavery ended. \u201c after the passage of the 13th and 14th amendments, laws were passed to re - enslave people of african descent through jim crow laws. the new jim crow is a result of the low - intensity war against the black community under the guise of a \u2018 war on drugs, \u2019 in addition to ongoing discrimination, and an extension of the slavery experience for black people, \u201d ncobra writes. ncobra \u2019 s reparations conference takes place in philadelphia june 22 - 24. what are your thoughts on reparations? do you think african americans will ever see some form of reparations by the u. s. government?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42856488430870154, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83c02c9c-c84e-47e1-b4bd-75c8e7be2fe7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.284117"}
{"text": "the success of a concurrent system depends on well designed hardware, flexible software that controls the hardware, and clear marketing vision. to adapt the changing marketing requirement, hardware and software need to have flexible architectures. this article is focused on software development issues, and discusses concurrency design at application layer as opposed to concurrency inside the operating system. any multi - threaded system can be considered a concurrent system ; for example, a lengthy task can be implemented as a background thread so that it will not block the graphical user interface. here, we are discussing concurrent systems which can be characterized by the following traits : - system input and output can be clearly identified. - system internal consists of system resources, such as hardware modules, which are used to process system input and generates system output. - one or more execution steps are needed for a system input to be processed by system resources and to become a system output. - the system resources and their relationship are identified by system analysis. the concurrency properties of system resources determine the constraints between execution steps, which ultimately define the system concurrency behavior. the above description can be illustrated in figure 1. the system consists of three resources : 2 inputs and 2 outputs. each input needs to go through two steps to become output. resources 1 and 2 are independent and can be parallel. the output of resources 1 and 2 are the input of resource 3, which is independent of 1 and 2. figure 1. a sample concurrent system most concurrent systems have these design goals : - have an easy to understand software architecture so that the desired concurrency can be implemented and verified quickly. - have a solid system concurrency kernel to adapt system environmental changes such as inconsistent hardware responses, and still achieve high system reliability. - have a good scalable architecture to adapt new requirement changes. - system concurrency and throughput are well understood by all teams involved in the system specification and design, not just by a few key software engineers. therefore, the concurrent software should expose how the current system internally works with minimum cost, so that the team communications can be conducted effectively. - different system concurrencies can be achieved with different execution configurations without major interruption to the system reliability. for a complex concurrent system, the design cost to achieve such goals could be very high for inexperienced engineers. most systems end up with only a few engineers who can understand and maintain the fragile concurrent kernels. what is needed to meet the concurrent system design goal from a management perspective? - to have the capability to quickly understand the marketing or hardware concurrency requirement, and to provide a clear road map on how to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5461131619875549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.305858"}
{"text": "can understand and maintain the fragile concurrent kernels. what is needed to meet the concurrent system design goal from a management perspective? - to have the capability to quickly understand the marketing or hardware concurrency requirement, and to provide a clear road map on how to achieve the desired software system concurrency at an early stage of development, not when delivering the alpha or beta product. this requires the software engineer to have a clear understanding of the system resource concurrency at the very beginning. - to shorten the cycle of turning the desired concurrency into a real functioning software system. - to communicate the achievable concurrency goal to other teams frequently, and to adjust the concurrency accordingly based on new marketing input, or new resource constraints improvements or limitations, such as hardware. the followings are common issues found in a concurrent software design : - the software team member is not very experienced in concurrency design. most teams have engineers knowing threads, critical sections, semaphores, and events. but, this usually does not guarantee achieving the design goals listed above. - the understanding of system concurrency is very slow. the software engineer could not present a full picture of how the system concurrency design is going to be working until the alpha or beta stage. therefore, nobody will question how the system concurrency is designed since there is no good method to communicate the software design. the engineer usually gives you his / her understanding of the system concurrency on small pieces, which is hard to convince the software team manager or other teams that the software team has fully understood the system and will be able to deliver on schedule. - the marketing group has a wrong system throughput assumption and commitment at the beginning of a project, with false understanding of the system resource constraints, or the complexity for available engineers to achieve the desired high throughput without sacrificing software system reliability. the marketing group might assume that software engineers could just achieve it, but have no way to verify it during the process until it is too late. - almost all designs do not have a clear distinction between the code controlling the system resource operation and the code performing the system resource concurrency. this architecture makes it very hard to enhance upon new concurrency requirements. by simply using a synchronization object, such as a critical section, event, or semaphore from the operating system, it ' s almost impossible to perform such a partition without a major investment on the system architecture design. unfortunately, most applications do not separate the two domains and let one engineer handle all of them, who is already overwhelmed by the concurrency choreography. the software", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5190436861895836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.307100"}
{"text": "it ' s almost impossible to perform such a partition without a major investment on the system architecture design. unfortunately, most applications do not separate the two domains and let one engineer handle all of them, who is already overwhelmed by the concurrency choreography. the software manager usually does not understand the importance of such a design, or they don ' t have the time to spend on infrastructure building, and just want to see something is beginning to work. the result is that more time will be wasted during debugging and the feature enhancement period. - the fragile concurrency architecture is hard to understand. it is almost impossible for new engineers to take over the design, except to abandon the old one, and then propose a \" better architecture \" which usually goes through the same design cycle and delays the schedule. the software manager usually is not aware of the engineer ' s redesign approach except to accept it, since both the engineer and manager have no choice to improve the old architecture. - the manager and software engineer mistakenly think that object oriented analysis of the concurrent hardware modules will guarantee a good concurrent software design which delivers a flexible concurrent software architecture. most ooa just help engineers to identify objects in a system without concurrency analysis, and engineers have to use a synchronization object in the operating system to address concurrency. if this approach is used, it will not help achieve the concurrent system design goals listed above. unfortunately, most systems are designed with such approach. - engineers begin to experience an unexplained hang, and begin to put a sleep function somewhere to solve weird timing problems, simply because the understanding of system resource concurrency is not complete at the beginning, and the design can not adapt to a different running environment. when switching to different platforms, such as a faster machine, software needs major retest, or a possible overhaul. and the engineer and the manager begin to hide facts from the upper manager. the development cost goes up, and the software always needs major \" improvements \" to adapt to a new hardware with a newly tuned concurrency, which should not happen if it is well designed at the beginning. - typically, the design of a system concurrency is architected by a senior person in a team, and it is very hard for other people to challenge the delicate design. system maintenance and enhancement for the concurrency part is a major issue with such a design approach. how to address those issues the cost of making a complex concurrent system flexible and reliable is extremely high for average engineers who simply use the operating system ' s critical section, semaphore, event, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5036453637592703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.308519"}
{"text": "a major issue with such a design approach. how to address those issues the cost of making a complex concurrent system flexible and reliable is extremely high for average engineers who simply use the operating system ' s critical section, semaphore, event, and thread. to address the above problems, we need to develop a platform to help engineers in modeling a concurrent system with an easily understood object model, communicating the design by a user friendly graphical user interface, and verifying the internal concurrency of the design quickly by simulation. - a simple concurrent object model is needed. an object oriented analysis method based on the model should be easy to perform. - an inter - task communication mechanism is provided based on the object model to allow task synchronization. - a design development toolkit is needed to support the object oriented analysis, and helps software engineers to spend more time on understanding the system concurrency, and system resource controlling during implementation, instead of struggling with multithreaded code that is implemented with operating system synchronization objects such as critical sections, semaphores, and events. - the design platform provides a graphic presentation of the system concurrent execution status that helps software engineers to present and to validate a design effectively. eventually, it will help the whole team, even different groups, to understand the system concurrency internals. - the object model and its development toolkit allow separation of the code performing system resource concurrency and the code performing system resource control. in figure 1, the code controlling resource 1 is a resource control domain. the code controlling independent resources 1 and 2 to operate in parallel is a system resource concurrency domain. this architecture helps the manager to partition the concurrent system design work into two domains so that it can be assigned to different engineers to improve team productivity and product reliability. usually, a manager will not offer a resource to implement above the environment to help the design long term, since it is very time consuming and no immediate results can be seen. jek platform is designed to address these issues with the above concurrent system design goals, and makes concurrent problems easier to model for software engineers. jek sdk automatically turns a modeled application job into a concurrent execution engine. the object model also separates the resource synchronization code and the resource control code, so that the engineer can spend more time understanding system concurrency, instead of dealing with operating system synchronization objects, which is used by most software engineers. it will also help the engineer to spend more time communicating their understanding of the system concurrency within a team, or with other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5320659411376939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.309997"}
{"text": "more time understanding system concurrency, instead of dealing with operating system synchronization objects, which is used by most software engineers. it will also help the engineer to spend more time communicating their understanding of the system concurrency within a team, or with other teams. here, two samples are presented ( please go to www. jekplatform. com / codeprojectsamples. htm to get the source code ) to demonstrate how the jek platform works : - sample 1 : philosophers dining problem. - sample 2 : automated coffee machine. sample 1. philosophers dining problem the philosophers dining problem is five philosophers sitting around a table doing what they do best : thinking and eating. in the middle of the table is a plate of food, and in between each philosopher is a fork. the philosophers spend most of their time thinking, but when they get hungry, they reach for the two forks next to them and start eating. a philosopher cannot begin eating until he has both forks. when he is done eating, he puts the sticks down and continues thinking. to solve the problem with jek platform, five routes are defined to represent the actions of five philosophers. each route has two tasks : eat and think. obviously, eat task of each philosopher ' s route can not be active at the same time because of resource constraints. a mutex synchronization resource is used to restrict the eat task of each philosopher. the resource allocation scheduling algorithm in the jek kernel has an important feature to avoid a deadlock in this sample : if one philosopher gets a fork and finds another is already taken, it will release the one and notify other tasks in other routes so that other philosopher can continue to eat. the following diagram, figure 2, illustrates the philosopher dining job execution engine ' s timing diagram. the application code is pretty simply since it does not need to handle threads and thread synchronization that is handled in the jek sdk, but simply describes the resources ( forks ) and tasks ( philosophers ' actions ). figure 2. jek studio monitors the philosophers dining job execution in figure 2, jek studio gui has four components illustrated by four yellow bubbles : - the task matrix presents the application engine internal structure and the real - time execution activity status. - the task timing diagram presents a more detailed real - time execution status for tasks, which helps developers to understand and to validate concurrent system behavior quickly. - the activity resource matrix presents real - time task activity resource status. - the synchronization resource matrix presents real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5685590984679626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.311274"}
{"text": "presents a more detailed real - time execution status for tasks, which helps developers to understand and to validate concurrent system behavior quickly. - the activity resource matrix presents real - time task activity resource status. - the synchronization resource matrix presents real - time task occupy status. - the task trace window displays log status, which is also saved in a log file. in jek studio, five routes are shown in the task matrix. its execution is shown in the task execution timing diagram. the four blue bubbles are explained as follows : - blue bubble 1. job execution engine starts to execute job. philosophers 1 and 4 start to eat. - blue bubble 2. philosophers 3 and 5 start to eat at the same time. philosophers 1 and 4 start to rest at the same time. the reason that philosopher 3 and 5 can start to eat at the same time is because the application code is configured so that the eat time for all philosophers are the same. the rest times are also the same for all philosophers. - blue bubble 3. it ' s interesting to observe the job execution status after a few loops. philosophers 1, 2, 4 are resting. philosophers 3 and 5 are eating. if observed carefully, philosophers 3 and 5 are not starting to eat at the exact same time. philosophers 1, 2, 4 do not rest at the same time. - blue bubble 4. this is another interesting job execution status. only one philosopher, # 2, is eating at this moment. philosophers 1, 3, 4, 5 are all resting. the reason, the resting times of all philosophers are longer than eating times. - another observation is that fairness is not guaranteed for each route. it ' s unpredictable which philosopher will get a chance to eat next time based on the scheduler used. - route starvation is possible. in other words, some philosophers might never get a chance to eat. this is not demonstrated in the graph since the result is random. you can try to start the engine a few times and the results could be different each time. if not using simulation, it is very hard for a software engineer to answer : if scenarios marked by the blue bubbles 3 and 4 are possible. sample 2. automated coffee machine an automated coffee machine mixes milk, sugar, and coffee into a cup, and serves the cup to customer when it is done. figure 3. coffee machine model analysis the coffee machine has five robots : - platform robot. it holds the coffee cup, so that milk, sugar, and coffee can be poured into it and gets mixed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5584946900136581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.313107"}
{"text": "serves the cup to customer when it is done. figure 3. coffee machine model analysis the coffee machine has five robots : - platform robot. it holds the coffee cup, so that milk, sugar, and coffee can be poured into it and gets mixed. after the coffee is mixed, it moves the cup with the mixed coffee to a customer. - cup robot. it puts an empty cup onto the platform robot. - milk robot. it pours milk into the coffee cup on the platform robot. - sugar robot. it pours sugar into the coffee cup on the platform robot. - coffee robot. it pours coffee into the coffee cup on the platform robot. coffee machine operating procedure : - all robots are in initial positions. - cup robot puts an empty cup onto the platform cup. - milk robot pours milk into cup. - sugar robot pours sugar into cup. - step 3 and step 4 can be parallel. - coffee robot pours coffee into cup. - platform robot moves mixed coffee to customer. important operating requirements of the coffee machine are as follows : - above operating procedures have to be followed. otherwise, the robot ' s positions might be in wrong places, and results in robot damages. - milk and sugar need to be poured into the cup before coffee, so that the coffee can be mixed properly without requiring adding a coffee stir robot that increases the complexity of the machine. to solve the problem with jek platform, two routes are defined. one route is designed to control the cup robot and the platform robots. another route is designed to control milk, sugar, and coffee robots. the reason to define these routes is that the task steps inside each route are sequential. the synchronization resource between routes is the platform robot. for detailed analysis and code, please go to http : / / www. jekplatform. com / codeprojectsamples. htm to download the complete jek platform and to look for sample section 7 : machine control. figure 4 is the coffee machine execution timing diagram implemented with the jek sdk and presented with the jek studio. x axis is time. y axis is tasks. a bar is the execution time for a task. tasks within one route are displayed with one color. different tasks in one route are displayed with different y axis values. multiple bars in the same y axis represent the same task executed at different times. route 1 controlling milk, sugar, and coffee robot ( orange color ) has three tasks from bottom to top : - task1 _ 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4866307046283372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.315674"}
{"text": "displayed with different y axis values. multiple bars in the same y axis represent the same task executed at different times. route 1 controlling milk, sugar, and coffee robot ( orange color ) has three tasks from bottom to top : - task1 _ 1 : control milk robot to pour milk. - task1 _ 2 : control sugar robot to pour sugar. - task1 _ 3 : control coffee robot to pour coffee. route 2 controlling cup robot ( blue ) has two tasks from bottom to top : - task2 _ 1 : control cup robot to put cup onto platform robot. - task2 _ 2 : control platform robot to serve mixed coffee to customer. the six blue bubbles in figure 4 are explained as follows : - blue bubble 1. task2 _ 1 puts a cup onto the platform robot. - blue bubble 2. task1 _ 1 and task1 _ 2 pour milk and sugar into an empty cup at the same time. - blue bubble 3. task1 _ 2 finishes pouring sugar and task1 _ 1 is still pouring milk. - blue bubble 4. task1 _ 3 starts pouring coffee. - blue bubble 5. task2 _ 2 controls the platform robot to serve mixed coffee. - blue bubble 6. repeat the same process. figure 4. coffee machine execution status of solution 1 this robot is not very efficient. route 1 is idle after blue bubble 5. to increase the throughput, another independent platform robot is added to make route 1 as busy as possible. the position of platform robot 1 is different from that of platform robot 2. therefore, the control code for pouring milk, sugar, and coffee is different in context, but have the same structure. figure 5 is a new robot diagram. figure 5. platform 2 robot is added route 3 ( burgundy red color ) is added to serve second cup, which is presented as red in figure 6. it has identical tasks as defined in route 2. since a new platform robot is added, route 2 and 3 are redefined as follows : route 2 controlling cup robot ( blue ) has two tasks : - task2 _ 1 : control cup robot to put cup onto platform robot 1. - task2 _ 2 : control platform robot 1 to serve mixed coffee to customer 1. route 3 controlling cup robot ( burgundy red ) has two tasks : - task3 _ 1 : control cup robot to put cup onto platform robot 2. - task3 _ 2 : control platform robot 2 to serve mixed coffee to customer 2. figure 6. solution 2 coffee machine has two platform robots the five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031308401861252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.318163"}
{"text": "tasks : - task3 _ 1 : control cup robot to put cup onto platform robot 2. - task3 _ 2 : control platform robot 2 to serve mixed coffee to customer 2. figure 6. solution 2 coffee machine has two platform robots the five blue bubbles in figure 6 are explained as follows. - blue bubble 1. task3 _ 1 puts the cup onto platform robot 2. both routes 2 and 3 are started at the same time, but only one route can use the cup robot. it is random that route 2 gets the cup robot. - blue bubble 2. task1 _ 1 and task1 _ 2 pour milk and sugar into an empty cup at the same time after a cup is put on platform robot 2. note : the execution context of route 2 is platform robot 1 since it has a different location than platform robot 2. in other words, the control code is different when the context is different. - blue bubble 3. task2 _ 1 starts to put a cup on platform robot 1. coffee robot uses task1 _ 3 to pour coffee into the cup on platform robot 1. both tasks are started at the same time. - blue bubble 4. platform robot 2 uses task3 _ 2 to serve mixed coffee to customer 2. task1 _ 1 and task1 _ 2 pour milk and sugar into an empty cup on platform robot 1. the route 1 execution context ( pouring milk, sugar, and coffee into which platform robot ) is not visible from the timing diagram. it is only visible from the trace window or log file. - blue bubble 5. task1 _ 3 pours coffee into platform robot 1. comparing figures 4 and 6, route 1 is almost busy all the time. therefore, the throughput of the coffee machine with two platform robots is increased. but, if looking carefully, the machine with two platform robots can be even faster. the reason is that the coffee robot can serve another platform robot while milk and sugar robots are serving one platform robot, if the time of putting one cup on the platform is shorter than the time of pouring coffee by the coffee robot. to increase the speed of the coffee machine, an engine design with different route configuration is used. route 1 represents the actions of serving sugar, milk, and coffee to platform robot 1. route 2 represents the actions of serving sugar, milk, and coffee to platform robot 2. the design of route 3 and 4 are the same as before. figure 7 is the timing diagram of a new coffee machine. figure 7. new concurrency of higher system throughput", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4844803987818612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.319396"}
{"text": "the actions of serving sugar, milk, and coffee to platform robot 2. the design of route 3 and 4 are the same as before. figure 7 is the timing diagram of a new coffee machine. figure 7. new concurrency of higher system throughput for the coffee machine with 2 platform robots the five blue bubbles in figure 7 are explained as follows : - blue bubble 1. task4 _ 1 puts cup onto platform robot 1. - blue bubble 2. task1 _ 1 and task1 _ 2 pour milk and sugar into empty cup at the same time to the cup platform robot 1. the cut robot starts to put a cup on platform 2 since it is free at this time. - blue bubble 3. task2 _ 2 starts to add sugar into cup 2 on platform robot 2. the reason that this action can happen is that the sugar robot just finishes adding sugar for cup 1 on platform robot 1. it is also clear that the milk robot is still busy pouring milk into cup 1. therefore, cup 2 only has sugar for now. - blue bubble 4. task2 _ 1 starts to pour milk into cup 2 since it just finishes pouring milk for cup 1 on platform robot 1. coffee robot begins to add coffee into cup 1 on platform robot 1. - blue bubble 5. cup robot begins to serve cup 1 to customer since coffee is done for cup 1. it is obvious that the choreography of this new coffee machine is different from that of the previous coffee machine. it appears to a user that its robots are smarter and works more intelligently since it starts to do the next job more promptly. the above three samples demonstrate the following : - it is easy to model and to analyze the concurrency of machine control with the jek platform. - to adapt to a new hardware configuration, the jek sdk helps achieve new system concurrency with minimum code changes. - jek studio can visually identify system throughput potential quickly so that better throughput can be achieved. - the samples demonstrated in these solutions have a pretty simple architecture ( see downloaded code ). if not using the jek platform, can we solve the problem quickly? a few questions are raised here. - if several teams, such as marketing, hardware, and software, are working on the product, they might stop when solution 2 is working. do they know that solution 3 is the best solution? can they figure it out quickly? - team members might be satisfied when they see that robots are working in parallel. if it is found that improvements can be made, how much code change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5046618483900622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e284b760-a01f-49e4-8cf1-71388aedbea7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.320484"}
{"text": "this multimedia lesson for grades 7 - 10 explores the physical forces that act in concert to create snowflakes. students build an apparatus that creates conditions similar to a winter cloud and produce their own snow crystals indoors. by watching the snow crystals grow, they learn about how snowflake size and shape is determined by the forces that act on water molecules at the atomic and molecular levels. digital models and snowflake photo galleries bring together a cohesive package to help kids visualize what ' s happening at the molecular scale. editor ' s note : this lab activity calls for dry ice. see related materials for a link to the noaa ' s \" dry ice safety \" guidelines, and for a link to snow crystal images produced by an electron microscope. lewis structures, vsepr, condensation, covalent bond, crystals, electron sharing, ice, physics of snowflakes, snow formation, valence electrons, valence shell metadata instance created january 2, 2013 by caroline hall january 2, 2013 by caroline hall aaas benchmark alignments ( 2008 version ) 4. the physical setting 4b. the earth 6 - 8 : 4b / m15. the atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. 4d. the structure of matter 6 - 8 : 4d / m1a. all matter is made up of atoms, which are far too small to see directly through a microscope. 6 - 8 : 4d / m1cd. atoms may link together in well - defined molecules, or may be packed together in crystal patterns. different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances and determine the characteristic properties of substances. 6 - 8 : 4d / m3cd. in solids, the atoms or molecules are closely locked in position and can only vibrate. in liquids, they have higher energy, are more loosely connected, and can slide past one another ; some molecules may get enough energy to escape into a gas. in gases, the atoms or molecules have still more energy and are free of one another except during occasional collisions. 9 - 12 : 4d / h2. the number of protons in the nucleus determines what an atom ' s electron configuration can be and so defines the element. an atom ' s electron configuration, particularly the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. atoms form bonds to other atoms by transferring or sharing electrons. 9 - 12 : 4d / h7a. atoms often join with one another in various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6002061293106195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbafed73-0f12-4aa3-a008-e9f488788ed7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.326017"}
{"text": "electron configuration, particularly the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. atoms form bonds to other atoms by transferring or sharing electrons. 9 - 12 : 4d / h7a. atoms often join with one another in various combinations in distinct molecules or in repeating three - dimensional crystal patterns. 12. habits of mind 12c. manipulation and observation 6 - 8 : 12c / m3. make accurate measurements of length, volume, weight, elapsed time, rates, and temperature by using appropriate devices. < a href = \" http : / / www. compadre. org / precollege / items / detail. cfm? id = 12568 \" > wgbh educational foundation. teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes?. boston : wgbh educational foundation, 2010. < / a > teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes? ( wgbh educational foundation, boston, 2010 ), www document, ( http : / / www. teachersdomain. org / resource / lsps07. sci. phys. matter. lpsnowflakes / ). teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes?. ( 2010 ). retrieved may 21, 2013, from wgbh educational foundation : http : / / www. teachersdomain. org / resource / lsps07. sci. phys. matter. lpsnowflakes / wgbh educational foundation. teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes?. boston : wgbh educational foundation, 2010. http : / / www. teachersdomain. org / resource / lsps07. sci. phys. matter. lpsnowflakes / ( accessed 21 may 2013 ). teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes?. boston : wgbh educational foundation, 2010. 21 may 2013 < http : / / www. teachersdomain. org / resource / lsps07. sci. phys. matter. lpsnowflakes / >. % t teachers ' domain : why do snowflakes come in so many shapes and sizes? % d 2010 % i wgbh educational foundation % c boston % u http : / / www. teachersdomain. org / resource / lsps07.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5711335646922044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbafed73-0f12-4aa3-a008-e9f488788ed7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.326916"}
{"text": "the irian jaya training rap was made possible with funding from the smart family foundation, the macarthur foundation, and usaid. special thanks to ci ' s irian jaya and indonesia programs, the university of cenderawasih, the irian jaya environmental foundation, and dewan adat mamberamo raya. irian jaya training rapid assessment program ( rap ) the biological diversity of irian jaya is extremely high and unique, but virtually unstudied. to collect biodiversity data to fill this knowledge gap and contribute to conservation planning, ci ' s rap program is conducting its second expedition to irian jaya. on this expedition they will also conduct a training course for local scientists. expert biologists will train indonesian participants in rapid biodiversity assessment methods for six taxonomic groups. the hands - on training course will lead to an actual scientific survey of birds, insects, freshwater fish, mammals, herpetofauna and vegetation. yongsu and the mamberamo river basin, irian jaya, indonesia located in the western portion of the world ' s highest and largest tropical island, irian jaya is considered the last great rainforest wilderness in indonesia. the province ' s range of altitudes ( from sea level to the highest mountains in the asia - pacific region ) helps to create an extraordinary array of ecosystems, biodiversity, and endemic species ( those species found nowhere else in the world ). this island treasure is at risk, however, from land conversion, which is ascribed to logging, transmigration, plantation agriculture, mining, oil and gas operations, the introduction of alien ( non - native ) species, and infrastructure projects such as dams and roads. august 19 - september 15, 2000 from august 19 to august 30, more than 20 participants will take part in the training course. then six participants will join the expert biologists in the mamberamo river basin to conduct a rapid biodiversity assessment from september 1 - 15. august 19 - 30, 2000 : yongsu research camp august 31, 2000 : jayapura september 1 - 7, 2000 : furu river site in the mamberamo river basin september 8 - 15, 2000 : tiri river site in the mamberamo river basin september 16 - 18, 2000 : sentani international team of scientists and indonesian participants conservation biologists from indonesia, papua new guinea, australia, the netherlands, and the united states will teach participants from indonesian universities, non - government organizations ( ngos ), and government organizations. meet the team > > objectives of the biological rap training in irian jaya - to build capacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292201908528658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99272340-e892-406e-abfc-fd76cc29f4d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.331504"}
{"text": "jordan table of contents figure 5. population of the east bank by age and sex, 1987 source : based on information from jordan, department of statistics, statistical yearbook, 1987, amman, 1988, 18. figure 6. united nations relief and works agency camps in jordan, 1989 source : based on information from united nations relief and works agency for palestine refugees in the near east, jordan. official jordanian statistics gave a 1987 population figure of 2, 896, 800 for the east bank. a 1982 population of 2, 399, 300 thus indicated an annual growth rate of between 3. 6 and 4 percent. united nations statistics projected a peak in the annual growth rate at 4. 11 percent in the period from 1990 to 1995, followed by a steady decline to 2. 88 percent in 2020. rapid development in the provision of health care services during the 1970s and 1980s led to a decline in the crude death rate from 17 per 1, 000 population in 1965 to 7 per 1, 000 population by 1986 ( see health and welfare, this ch. ). during the same period, the infant mortality rate, a major indicator of a country ' s development and health status, dropped from 115 to 46 per 1, 000 live births. in 1986 life expectancy at birth was sixty - five years ( sixty - three for males and sixty - seven for females ). the lowered death rate, a high birth rate, and lowered infant mortality rate combined to generate a major demographic problem in the late 1980s. at the end of the decade, more than half jordan ' s population was below fifteen years of age ( see fig. 5 ). this situation strained the country ' s already limited resources, and employment for the burgeoning group of young people became increasingly difficult to provide. accurate demographic figures were difficult to compile because of the substantial number of jordanians residing and working abroad and the continuous flow of west bank palestinians with jordanian passports back and forth between the east and west banks. according to the united nations relief and works agency ( unrwa ) for palestine refugees in the near east, about 224, 000 people were admitted to unrwa refugee camps in the east bank immediately after the june 1967 war. in 1986 unrwa cited 826, 128 registered refugees living on the east bank, of whom about 205, 000 were living in refugee camps. the exact number of palestinians living on the east bank was unknown. estimates usually ranged from 60 to 70 percent of the total population. official government statistics did not distinguish between east bank and west bank jordanians (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4467333182199453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e654a2-7222-4d15-a7ec-7de2f36103e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.342432"}
{"text": "205, 000 were living in refugee camps. the exact number of palestinians living on the east bank was unknown. estimates usually ranged from 60 to 70 percent of the total population. official government statistics did not distinguish between east bank and west bank jordanians ( see palestinians, this ch. ). the government did not have an officially articulated population policy or birth control program. rather, in 1979 it adopted a \" child spacing program \" that was designed to improve the health of mother and child, and not specifically to lower the fertility rate. this noninterventionist approach considered family planning to be one component of an integrated maternal - child health and primary health care program. government clinics and private medical services delivered family planning services upon request and contraceptives were widely available at low cost. in 1987 there were 116 maternal - child health care centers - - up from 93 in 1983 - - providing prenatal and postnatal care and a wide range of birth control information. jordan ' s high population growth can be attributed primarily to high fertility rates. in 1986 the world bank ( see glossary ) calculated this rate as 6. 0 births for each woman over the span of her reproductive years, one of the highest fertility rates in the region. this rate was projected to decline to 4. 2 births by the year 2000. the fertility rate varied, however, between women residing in rural and urban areas and according to educational attainment. educated women tended to marry at a slightly older age than uneducated women, and this delay contributed to a lower fertility rate. urban women achieved lower fertility rates through modern methods of contraception, particularly the pill. fertility rates were lowest in amman, higher in smaller urban areas such as irbid and az zarqa, and highest in rural areas. in rural areas modern contraceptive usage was lower, although breast - feeding, which serves to delay the return of fertility, was extended for a longer period than in the cities. world bank data indicated that 27 percent of married women of child - bearing age were using contraception in the 1980s. a woman was expected to have to bear five children, including at least two sons, in fairly rapid succession. women gained status and security in their marital household by bearing children. according to a study conducted in the early 1980s by jordanian anthropologists seteney shami and lucine taminian in a poor, squatter area in amman, reproductive behavior was subject to several factors. if a woman had given birth to two or more sons, she might begin to space her pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45918748579959195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e654a2-7222-4d15-a7ec-7de2f36103e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.344840"}
{"text": "jordanian anthropologists seteney shami and lucine taminian in a poor, squatter area in amman, reproductive behavior was subject to several factors. if a woman had given birth to two or more sons, she might begin to space her pregnancies or stop bearing children for a while. household structure - - nuclear, extended, or multiple family - - also appeared to be a crucial factor in determining fertility. the presence of other women in a household encouraged women to bear more children to improve their relative position in the household. the overall population density for the east bank in 1987 was established at about thirty persons per square kilometer. there was wide regional variation and the rate of urbanization was high. east of al mafraq, in an area encompassing almost two - thirds of the country, no towns had a population of more than 10, 000. the bulk of jordan ' s population was centered in the governorate of amman and the smaller urban areas of irbid, as salt, and az zarqa. the 1987 population totals of the eight governorates ranged from 1, 203, 000 in amman to 101, 000 in the maan governorate. according to world bank figures, about 70 percent of the population lived in urban areas. the nation ' s capital, amman, accounted for more than one - third of the total population. rapid urbanization appeared to be the result of a high fertility rate and rural - urban migration. if urbanization continued at the high annual rate of 4 to 5 percent, it was estimated that by the year 2000, nearly three - fourths of the population could be living in amman, az zarqa, irbid, as salt, and ar ramtha. the remainder of the population resided in villages scattered in an uneven pattern throughout jordan. the nomadic and seminomadic population was very small, at most 2 to 3 percent of the population. the clearest concentrations of villages were in the fertile northwest corner and the jordan valley. village size varied markedly from region to region. at one time, size related to the productive capacity of the surrounding farmland. larger villages were located in the more fertile, generally irrigated regions where family members could reach their fields with relative ease. while village populations continued to grow, rural - urban migration drained off a steady stream of young men and sometimes whole families. villages provided little employment for their residents, and agriculture as a way of life had declined precipitously since the 1950s. camps of nomadic and seminomadic beduins still existed in the late 1980s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667149592980719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e654a2-7222-4d15-a7ec-7de2f36103e4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.346109"}
{"text": "of young men and sometimes whole families. villages provided little employment for their residents, and agriculture as a way of life had declined precipitously since the 1950s. camps of nomadic and seminomadic beduins still existed in the late 1980s. nomadic tribes were found mainly in the desert area east of a line from al mafraq to maan. the area, about 400 kilometers long and 250 kilometers wide, is known as the badiya ( pl., bawaadi, meaning desert or semidesert ). seminomadic beduins were located in the al ghawr and near irbid. these seminomads descended to the jordan valley in the winter because of its warm climate and grazing ground for their herds. traditionally, many of these seminomads also farmed plots of land in the valley. in the summer, they moved their herds up into the hills to avoid the intense heat. the native inhabitants of the jordan valley are known as al ghawarna, or people of al ghawr. prior to the june 1967 war, the valley was home to about 60, 000 people engaged in agriculture and pastoralism. in 1971 the population had declined to 5, 000 as a result of the june 1967 war and the 1970 - 71 conflict between the palestinian guerrillas and the jordanian armed forces ( see the guerrilla crisis, ch. 1 ). by 1979, however, the population had reached 85, 000 as a result of government development efforts designed to attract people to settle in this area. refugee camps emerged in the wake of the arab - israeli war of 1948. the original refugee settlements were tent camps, but in most places tents were replaced by rows of galvanized steel, aluminum, and asbestos shelters. there were initially five refugee camps - - irbid, az zarqa, amman new ( al wahdat ), al karamah ( later dismantled ), and jabal al hussein - - but six additional emergency camps were established for refugees from the june 1967 war - - al hisn, suf, jarash, baqah, talbiyah, and marka. most of the camps were located near major cities in the northwest ( see fig. 6 ). data as of december 1989 jordan table of contents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470453912204974, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e654a2-7222-4d15-a7ec-7de2f36103e4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.347145"}
{"text": "discover our shared heritage travel itinerary places reflecting america ' s diverse cultures explore their stories in the national park system walnut canyon national monument the rugged terrain in the flagstaff, arizona area was home to the ancestral puebloans from whom the present day hopi are descended. known by their descendants as hisatsinom, meaning people of long ago, the hopi ancestors lived in this region for more than 800 years. although they were not the first to inhabit the flagstaff area, the hopi ancestors were the first residents to establish permanent dwellings in a 20 - miles long, 400 - feet deep, and \u00bc - mile wide canyon. walnut canyon national monument preserves these cliffside homes, which tell the story of the ancestral puebloans of flagstaff and their influence on hopi culture today. believed to have lived in the flagstaff area from 600 until 1400 ad, the hopi ancestors were an innovative people who managed to sustain their community in an arid region. archeologists named this group of ancestral puebloans the sinagua, meaning without water, to embody their lifestyle and stand as a testament to the culture \u2019 s exemplary agricultural skills. like many pueblo communities of the american southwest, the sinagua employed dry - farming techniques to harvest corn, squash, and beans in volcanic terrain. otherwise known as the \u201c three sisters, \u201d these crops were drought - resistant and ideal for dry farming, since corn can tolerate the sun and shade its lower growing sister crops, squash and beans, which do not require direct sunlight in order to thrive. to irrigate these crops in the semi - arid climate, the sinagua built terraces and small rock check dams that allowed them to conserve rainwater. they also collected water from walnut creek, but this source of water was not reliable since the creek did not flow all year. although the crops grown on the canyon rims provided most of their food, the sinagua also took advantage of the region \u2019 s wild life and natural resources. to add protein to their diet, the sinagua hunted deer, bighorn sheep, and several smaller animals that lived within and around walnut canyon. they also ate wild grapes, berries, yucca, and the arizona black walnut. other plants used for food and medicinal purposes grew on the canyon rims, where they cultivated their crops and established the first sinagua homes. when the ancestral puebloans first settled the region in about 600 ad, the sinagua people around flagstaff lived in pithouses and freestanding pueblos scattered along the canyon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42619070799772746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f04fb1a-5b07-4aae-85f8-fd190dff096c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.354367"}
{"text": ", where they cultivated their crops and established the first sinagua homes. when the ancestral puebloans first settled the region in about 600 ad, the sinagua people around flagstaff lived in pithouses and freestanding pueblos scattered along the canyon rims. eventually, as the community expanded, sinagua pithouse architecture changed. by the 1100s, the sinagua were living in alcoves below the canyon rim, where the women constructed unique cliff dwellings still visible throughout the canyon today. using limestone rocks cemented with golden colored clay, the women formed walls around the eroded limestone caves and reinforced their doorways with wooden beams. traditionally, they located most of their dwellings in the southern and eastern parts of walnut canyon to take advantage of the sunlight, but some were also on the north and west sides for use during warmer periods. although the sinagua only lived in these alcoves for approximately 125 years, the walnut canyon cliff dwellings are the most visible ruins of the national monument \u2019 s 232 prehistoric sites. when the sinagua moved to nearby villages in 1250, they left behind over 80 dwellings with three to four rooms each. together, the six meters long by three - meter deep enclosures house up to 300 rooms, but only 25 of these cliff dwellings are visible to tourists traveling along the canyon footpaths, since pothunters in the 1880s dynamited the cliff dwellings in search of sinagua possessions. this resulted in the loss of some sinagua artifacts, but the surviving cliff dwellings, pithouses, and finds from archeological excavations throughout flagstaff offer great insight into the sinagua farming community \u2019 s life in walnut canyon. visitors may begin their tour of walnut canyon national monument at the visitor center, where native artifacts and museum exhibits are on display. the bookstore is also at the visitor center, and in the lobby, visitors can enjoy the panoramic views of the canyon and distant mountains. to tour the canyon, visitors can follow the island and rim trails, two paved footpaths that begin at the visitor center. the island trail is a mile long loop to the sinagua cliff dwellings, and the rim trail is a self - guided tour that takes visitors on a half hour trip along the canyon \u2019 s perimeter and through the ponderosa forest. on the rim trail, visitors will also see two canyon overlooks, a pithouse, and other pueblo ruins. walnut canyon national monument also offers two ranger - guided hikes, which require reservations. the ledge hike lasts four hours, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189284539369065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f04fb1a-5b07-4aae-85f8-fd190dff096c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.355421"}
{"text": "modern programming languages have little support for writing secure software, making it all too easy to write programs with exploitable vulnerabilities. in these lectures, we explore a general technique based on type qualifiers that allows programmers to write down, in their souce code, their intentions with respect to security. we will describe how to mechanically verify that annotated code adheres to the policy. we will discuss the theoretical foundations and practical implementation issues. as a particular example, we show how to use type qualifiers to find format - string vulnerabilities in widely - deployed c programs and to find other security vulnerabilites in the linux kernel. we will also look at alias analysis, another important program analysis problem, and show how a must - alias analysis system corresponds to a system for statically checking access control. this series of lectures will discuss the requirements, protocols, and components of network security software on the internet. topics will include secure tunnels, security for web services, privacy constraints, design features that create or address dos threats, and the use of programmable security tokens in network protocols. the primary emphasis will be the relationship between models and design, including topics like the quantification of dos threats, models for code security in programmable tokens, strategies for composition and interoperation, and practical strategies for formal analysis of network protocol designs and software. in these lectures, we will analyze the security infrastructure in current, main - stream programming systems and platforms such as the java virtual machine and common language runtime. we will explain how byte code verification collaborates with the class loader and security manager to provide a secure run - time environment. we will also use theoretical tools to determine what properties current security systems based on stack inspection have and provide concrete proposals for improving the infrastructure for next - generation programming languages and systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.618616691995667, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c22fb70a-8efe-41d8-8a5e-de429096e99f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.359406"}
{"text": "cancer patients often eat less food than they did before getting sick as a result of the effects of the disease and the treatments used to fight it. not surprisingly, though, according to experts at cancer treatment centers of america\u00ae ( ctca ) cancer - associated malnutrition not only has a negative impact on quality of life, but it also negatively impacts a patients \u2019 response to therapy, increasing the risk of complications and shortening survival time. many cancer patients \u2013 especially those battling lung, pancreatic, gastric, colon, or head and neck cancer \u2013 are susceptible to this significant weight loss as a result of tumor burden causing malnutrition. and the consequences can be serious. known medically as cancer cachexia, this severe form of malnutrition is characterized by progressive, involuntary weight loss depleting lean body mass and muscle tissue. left untreated, patients will eventually waste away. \u201c quite simply, the bodies of cancer patients suffering from cachexia are using up calories faster than they are able to take them in, \u201d said danielle bach, registered dietician at the cancer treatment centers of america western regional medical center. some patients might have fluid building up around the stomach suppressing hunger. their stomachs feel full sooner, so they stop taking in the amount of food their body really needs. for other patients, taste changes due to medication result in a decreased desire to eat. \u201c the implications of reduced food intake can have a direct impact on the patients \u2019 overall treatment program, \u201d said bach. according to several research studies, losing as little as five percent of a patients \u2019 weight within a one - month period could be a risk to the patients \u2019 ability to tolerate treatment and, therefore, the treatment program should be delayed. other studies have shown that losing 10 percent of a patients \u2019 overall weight from the date of diagnosis through treatment can also put the patient at risk. weight gain isn \u2019 t always the goal, however. in hormone sensitive cancers, for instance, like prostate cancer and most types of breast cancer, weight loss helps in the prevention of recurrence. \u201c weight loss and weight gain goals are specific for each cancer patient \u2019 s case, so weight gain isn \u2019 t necessarily recommended for everyone with cancer, \u201d said bach. ctca has several tips to help patients maintain their weight without stuffing themselves full of sugary cookies or decadent holiday chocolates. \u2022 eating smaller meals more frequently. as long as patients are getting the recommended calories per day, it doesn \u2019 t matter how many meals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44810835227221896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3d01f30-3645-4fcf-8cfb-010089d56b9e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.364874"}
{"text": "tips to help patients maintain their weight without stuffing themselves full of sugary cookies or decadent holiday chocolates. \u2022 eating smaller meals more frequently. as long as patients are getting the recommended calories per day, it doesn \u2019 t matter how many meals they eat. \u2022 consider smoothies or nutrition supplement drinks to get the recommended daily calories. most people don \u2019 t feel full as quickly when they are drinking calories versus eating them. nutrition supplement drinks can also be used as the milk base in smoothies to provide more variety for those experiencing taste fatigue. \u2022 add nuts, seeds, and dried fruits to desserts, salads, or breads. \u2022 nut butters or avocado are great to add to smoothies or spread on bread. \u2022 gravies and sauces can add calories, as well as protein powders, granola, olive oil and vegetable oils. \u2022 drink water in between meals so that less volume in the stomach is taken up during mealtime, leaving more room for food to be eaten. \u201c last but certainly not least, never underestimate the power of exercise, \u201d said bach. \u201c for any cancer patients that get hungry quickly, i always recommend walking 30 minutes prior to eating a meal as the exercise can help increase their hunger. \u201d additional healthy eating tips from bach and ctca include the following. in addition to providing patients with supportive care that includes nutrition guidance, ctca also provides state - of - the - art technologies and treatment options, naturopathic consultation, acupuncture, massage, physical therapy, occupational therapy and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41995737271334244, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3d01f30-3645-4fcf-8cfb-010089d56b9e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.365556"}
{"text": "amherst \u2013 what was once a sure thing is now not so sure. with a week to go before christmas, it \u2019 s still too early to tell if the area will have a white or green christmas. \u201c the long - term forecast looks warmer than normal, \u201d environment canada senior climatologist david phillips said. \u201c when it comes down to it it \u2019 s going to be touch and go. there \u2019 s not anything obvious. \u201c it \u2019 s hard to make a call. flipping a coin is just as accurate as reading the models on this one. \u201d even if some snow falls this week across the central maritimes, phillips said there \u2019 s no guarantee it \u2019 s going to remain until christmas morning. he said milder weather and rain is forecast for later in the week. a white christmas is defined as having two centimetres or more on the ground on dec. 25. last year, phillips said there were two centimetres of snow on the ground on christmas, while in 2010 there were eight centimetres. historically, he said, the chances of a white christmas are becoming less. \u201c there \u2019 s something about our winters. they \u2019 re not as wintery as they used to be, \u201d he said. \u201c thirty years ago there was normally about an 80 per cent chance of a white christmas. now, it \u2019 s more like 65 per cent. \u201d phillips said snow depth at christmas has really dropped. just 20 years ago, he said, the average depth was 20 cm on christmas morning. today, the average is 10 cm. \u201c what we \u2019 re seeing is less snow and more rain. we \u2019 re seeing warmer temperatures and winters are just not like they used to be, \u201d phillips said. \u201c that means a reduced chance of having a white christmas. \u201d the loss of a white christmas, he said, resonates more with canadians than skinny polar bears and the shrinking ice cap in the north. climate change is guiding this, he said. \u201c even people who hate snow sort of like to have some on christmas morning. that \u2019 s why we should appreciate white christmases more when we get them because the time is going to come when they become fewer than more, \u201d he said. \u201c we should enjoy it when we get one. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3835772761777285, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22c5a88f-16e7-4c94-b02a-b19f02125060>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.370402"}
{"text": "( bpt ) - the start of the school year is a time of great anticipation for parents and kids alike. new teachers. new classes. new and old friends. it ' s a time for fun and learning. parents expect schools to be safe havens, but the reality is that children face a host of dangers all day long. bullying, taunting and teasing are only some of the hazards that kids must deal with it every day at even the best schools in america. about 30 percent of middle and high school students say they ' ve been bullied. among high school students, one out of nine teens reported they had been pushed, shoved, tripped or spit upon during the last school year, according to a national institute of child health and human development research study. findlaw. com, the nation ' s leading website for free legal information, offers the following tips on how to keep your children safe at school : * talk to your kids about school safety. talk about bullying and make sure your child understands what is and is not acceptable behavior. also discuss when and how to report bullying. * go to the bus stop. if your schedule allows, go to the bus stop with your child and get to know the other kids and parents, along with the bus driver. * get to know your kids ' teachers. send your child ' s teacher an email to introduce yourself and regularly check in on your child ' s academic and social progress. learn how his or her teacher approaches bullying and other issues that may distract from the school ' s learning environment, such as the use of cell phones and ipods. * read the school ' s policy on bullying. become familiar with school policies about bullying - particularly the protocols for identifying and reporting bullying behavior. pay careful attention to policies regarding cyberbullying, which can take place outside of school. * watch and listen for the cues. many kids don ' t want to reveal to their parents that they ' re being bullied, taunted or teased by other kids. if your child is withdrawn, not doing homework, sick more often than normal or demonstrating other out - of - the - ordinary behavior, talk about what seems to be bothering him or her. * know where your kids are at. sometimes bullying and other unsafe situations take place outside of school grounds, such as at other students ' houses. telling your kids that you want to know where they are and that they need permission to visit a friend ' s house shows them you care. it also reassures them that they can contact you if they need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4063324380655005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be252f6c-849c-43a6-a09e-a67e38971d3f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.374489"}
{"text": ", such as at other students ' houses. telling your kids that you want to know where they are and that they need permission to visit a friend ' s house shows them you care. it also reassures them that they can contact you if they need help. * monitor internet use and texting. put the home computer in a public place and don ' t allow your kids to use a computer in their bedroom by themselves. * talk to other parents. you may learn that their children also have been bullied or have been involved in activities on and off school grounds that you should be concerned about. you stand a much better chance of obtaining changes and creating a safer environment for your student by acting together rather than alone. * put it in writing. if you suspect your child is being bullied or sexually harassed by another student ( or a teacher or staff member ), ask for a face - to - face meeting with the school ' s principal. if the principal does not act, hire an attorney and escalate your complaint to the superintendent and school board. putting your complaint in writing about the specific types of negative behavior affecting your child is necessary if you need to litigate the complaint in court. * take appropriate action when bullying becomes assault. if your child is physically assaulted on the bus, in school or on school grounds, contact the local police department, particularly if there is a school liaison officer assigned to the school, about whether a police report or assault charges should be filed. do not wait to let the school handle the situation. for more information about how to keep your kids safe at school, visit findlaw. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42980255397047384, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be252f6c-849c-43a6-a09e-a67e38971d3f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.375146"}
{"text": "invasive species are a natural disaster waiting to happen. in some cases, there is a very real danger to humans, such as the burmese python in south florida. in many cases, the threat to humans is indirect, yet no less important, such as saltcedar ' s ability to drain waterways. in all cases, the biggest risk is to wildlife habitats, as invasive species are experts in pushing out native plants and animals. especially in the last couple of decades, many invasive species have made headlines, warning the public to watch for and help prevent their spread, from the emerald ash borer to the zebra mussel to the asian carp. all the while, another species has been stealthily avoiding this radar, spreading to all but three of the mainland states, and keeping mostly out of sight until their local populations grow larger than the available food sources. feral hogs are the cockroach of the wilderness, multiplying quickly, highly destructive, disease - carrying, and resilient to control efforts. conservation and agricultural experts alike are calling for more attention to this mostly silent invader of the nation ' s woodlands, including those in parts of south dakota and nebraska. \" there are only three states that list these things [ wild or feral hogs ] as game animals, \" said john mayer, environmental services manager at the u. s., department of energy ' s savannah river national laboratory in aiken, s. c., and the nation ' s leading expert in feral hogs. \" typically, these things are listed as an invasive species. \" when people think of feral hogs, what comes to mind is the wild hog - usually the eurasian wild boar - which is common in the southern united states, but the feral hogs that are more likely to cause problems here are domesticated pigs that either escaped or were released into the wild and have adapted to living without human influence. wild boar and feral pigs also readily breed, creating hybrids that grow larger than the typical wild boar but with the same notorious mean streak. in south dakota, there have been reports of a feral pot - bellied pig population at big stone lake on the minnesota border. usually kept as a pet, pot - bellied pigs can grow as large as 300 pounds and the males will grow tusks. there is also an incident of a lone feral pig shot near madison. in nebraska, both wild - hybrid and feral hogs have been a problem in various central and southern counties. according to the university of georgia ' s national feral swine mapping system,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4051329492566982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2f8ffc3-9721-426a-9364-42d10931460f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.380978"}
{"text": "is also an incident of a lone feral pig shot near madison. in nebraska, both wild - hybrid and feral hogs have been a problem in various central and southern counties. according to the university of georgia ' s national feral swine mapping system, the largest populations of wild or feral hogs are in texas, california, florida, oregon, arkansas, louisiana, alabama, georgia, missouri, tennessee, south carolina, and kansas. but wild or feral hogs have been spotted in all of the mainland states except delaware, rhode island, and oddly wyoming. wyoming is particularly concerned about feral hogs migrating into the state from the platte river, but nebraska game and parks commission ' s control efforts have so far been adequate. thirty - six states have verified breeding populations. \" they are so adaptable to environments, from cold canada to the hot, humid southern forests to downtown cities like fort worth [ texas ], \" mayer said. wild hogs were first introduced to the united states by european settlers, but the rapid spread occurred in the 20th century when zoo stock was sold to wild game ranches in arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma. ranches in michigan imported stock from canada in the 1980s and 1990s. according to mayer, wild boar is among the most popular big game species in the united states, second only to whitetail deer. \" as we all know, wild boar is hard to hold and these ranches were all leaking wild boar through the fences, \" mayer said, adding that by 1990, there were 2 million wild hogs nationwide. \" basically, they ' re taking over the country. \" feral hogs can quickly get out of hand once they become established in an area. they are gregarious, living in small family groups although groups of 100 - plus hogs have been reported if there is easy access to food ; aggressive, able to inflict injury or even kill animals and humans in their four - square - mile home range ; and opportunistic omnivores, meaning that they eat mostly plants but, at times, animals. \" basically, if they can get their mouth around it, they will eat it, \" mayer said. \" they have been known to kill lambs, rummage through garbage cans, and eat sticks. all kinds of objects have been found in their stomachs. \" feral and wild hogs are also prolific breeders, raising two litters of six to 12 piglets a year. they are able to get pregnant as young as three months of age, and to breed again", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38841008209402095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2f8ffc3-9721-426a-9364-42d10931460f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.381891"}
{"text": "when a major earthquake strikes, seconds count. in the devastating 2011 japan earthquake, a sensor embedded in the ground detected the first signs of movement and immediately sent out an alert at the speed of light. within seconds, text messages warning of impending shaking went out to roughly 50 million people. many people in tokyo, 200 miles away from the epicenter, knew the quake was coming before they felt the shaking about 30 seconds later. trains were able to slow down or stop, and not a single car derailed. for the record : earthquake warning system : an article in the jan. 29 section a about a proposal to create an earthquake early warning system in california said that a study published in january was the latest to predict a catastrophic quake on the san andreas fault. the study did not make that prediction, but it did raise the possibility that a quake along that fault line could be large enough to be felt across the entire state. join our live video discussion here at 3 p. m. pt on monday, a group of california ' s top geophysicists and seismologists announced an $ 80 - million plan to create a similar earthquake early warning system in california. it would be the first such network in the united states and marks an ambitious new safety initiative by some of california ' s top state and federal earthquake experts. the u. s. is behind japan as well as mexico, taiwan, turkey and even romania in creating early alert systems. last year, residents in mexico city were warned shortly before the shaking from a 7. 4 quake that began near acapulco arrived. state sen. alex padilla ( d - pacoima ) is proposing legislation to create the statewide network. california already has hundreds of ground sensors measuring earth movement, but experts said another $ 80 million is needed to expand and upgrade the monitors. they said the system could be up and running in two years if funding is found. an early warning system could be particularly beneficial in southern california, which is at risk of a major temblor on the san andreas fault. the san andreas is located far enough away from metropolitan los angeles that officials believe residents would have a one - minute warning of the huge quake. if a temblor erupted near the salton sea, for instance, underground sensors along the san andreas would send off an alert to points north and west, covering population centers in los angeles and san diego. experts said this would give time to shut off utilities, prepare emergency response personnel and slow trains. a study released in january was the latest of many to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48365348997648855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eefc8260-d50e-49f4-9972-a24add6d50be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.389184"}
{"text": "send off an alert to points north and west, covering population centers in los angeles and san diego. experts said this would give time to shut off utilities, prepare emergency response personnel and slow trains. a study released in january was the latest of many to predict a catastrophic quake on the san andreas. this report, for the first time, raised the possibility of a mega quake across the entire fault line that would be felt from san francisco to san diego. padilla said it ' s time for california to build its own system, adding that $ 80 million is a bargain compared with the billions of dollars in damage the system could prevent. \" think of the lives we could save. the injuries we can reduce. and the billions upon billions of damage.... if we can just reduce that by a small percentage, or a fraction, the system would more than pay for itself, \" padilla said. at a demonstration monday at caltech, seismologists showed how the system would work. the simulation recreated the 1933 long beach quake off the coast of huntington beach. a person in pasadena, 40 miles away, would have about 18 seconds to prepare if an alert was issued. in the demonstration, scientists showed the earthquake waves moving toward pasadena from orange county as an alarm sounded with a computerized voice repeating : \" earthquake! earthquake! earthquake! \" officials said the idea would be for people to install a quake warning program on their computers and mobile devices. if a large earthquake occurred, the warning would take over the screen. alerts would also be tied to automatic systems that could tell elevators to stop, open firehouse doors and flash notifications on freeways. the early warning system would build upon the existing california integrated seismic network that produces online maps after quakes showing their epicenter. officials said california already has almost 1, 000 earthquake sensors across the state, but the network needs an additional 200 machines and upgrades to 400 stations for the system to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4060940785475262, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eefc8260-d50e-49f4-9972-a24add6d50be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.389983"}
{"text": "a study led by researchers at the university of colorado has determined that the pace of planet warming in the first decade of this century was slowed by volcanic activity, and not by industrial activity in asia, as was previously believed. previous research in 2009 had suggested that an increase in stratospheric aerosols tied to a 60 percent increase in sulfur dioxide emissions over china and india had negated about 25 percent of the global warming that scientists attribute to greenhouse gas emissions. that cooling effect occurs when sulfur dioxide emissions rise 12 to 20 miles to the stratospheric aerosol layer of the atmosphere. there, chemical reactions create sulfuric acid and water particles that reflect sunlight back into space. now, research led by study author ryan neely, conducted as part of his doctoral thesis at cu, has shown that global warming from 2000 to 2010 was tamped down by sulfur dioxide from volcanic eruptions, not industrial emissions in china and india, where such activity has greatly increased in recent years. \" it ' s good to know this is coming from volcanoes ; its a natural thing, and it ' s not something we ' re doing as a planet, \" said neely, who is now a post - doctoral fellow in the advanced study program at the national center for atmospheric research. the 10 - year window addressed by the study did not see massive activity on the scale of mount pinatubo in the philippines, which erupted in 1991 in the second - largest volcanic event of the 20th century. still, there was sufficient volcanic activity in the 2000s from the tropics to alaska that made an impact in the stratosphere. the new research piggybacks on a 2011 study led by susan solomon, a former scientist at the national oceanic and atmospheric administration who is now at the massachusetts institute of technology, which showed that stratospheric aerosols - - without isolating their source - - offset about one - quarter of the greenhouse - effect warming of earth in the past 10 years. to determine what was contributing to that, neely said he realized, \" you couldn ' t do it from observations alone. it ' s all intermingled, and you can ' t separate the two sources easily. it was going to take a very specialized model that no one has done before. \" cu ' s janus supercomputer was pressed into service to conduct seven computer runs, each of them simulating 10 years of atmospheric activity linked to both coal - burning activities in asia and to volcanic emissions around the world. each run required about a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4502167896012397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8694d936-0085-4edd-a6e6-c8493988c285>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.395369"}
{"text": "' s janus supercomputer was pressed into service to conduct seven computer runs, each of them simulating 10 years of atmospheric activity linked to both coal - burning activities in asia and to volcanic emissions around the world. each run required about a week of computer time, utilizing 192 processors, enabling the team to isolate coal - burning pollution in asia from aerosol contributions tied to volcanic eruptions. neely said the work would have taken a single computer about 25 years to complete. the fact that the emissions from industrial activity on the other side of the planet is not affecting temperature fluctuations tied to particulates in the stratosphere, neely said, does not mean that all those human - caused emissions are good for the environment. \" a lot of people would take it that way, \" he said, \" but it ' s bad for other reasons - - for acid rain reasons, and just for putting pollution into the atmosphere, and not to mention all the carbon dioxide they ' re emitting, when they burn all the coal, \" he said. in a news release, study co - author and cu professor brian toon said, \" the biggest implication here is that scientists need to pay more attention to small and moderate volcanic eruptions, when trying to understand changes in earth ' s climate. \" but overall, these eruptions are not going to counter the greenhouse effect. emissions of volcanic gases go up and down, helping to cool or heat the planet, while greenhouse gas emissions from human activity just continue to go up. \" contact camera staff writer charlie brennan at 303 - 473 - 1327 or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49323521526834324, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8694d936-0085-4edd-a6e6-c8493988c285>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.396265"}
{"text": "landsat, the 40 - year - old earth - observing satellite program jointly managed by the u. s. geological survey and nasa, saw its eighth mission launch monday morning from vandenberg air force base in california. the landsat data continuity mission was launched atop an atlas v rocket, built by centennial - based united launch alliance, and includes two scientific instruments, one of which is the operational land imager instrument that was designed and built by ball aerospace & technologies of boulder. since 1972, the landsat missions have provided a continuous picture of earth and its natural resources using multispectral imagery that can be used for agricultural, water management, disaster response, scientific and national security purposes. the oli will use visible, near infrared and short wave infrared wavelengths to take images of the earth every 16 days. landsat images were recently used by usgs in the colorado wildfires in the summer of 2012. the previous mission in the program, landsat 7, was launched in 1999 and is still in orbit. the 2013 mission \u2014 scheduled to observe the earth from about 400 miles above the ground for five years \u2014 is the first time ball has participated in a landsat mission. kristen leigh painter : 303 - 954 - 1638, email @ example. com or twitter. com / kristenpainter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47686135374885585, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fdd4bcc-2c91-4306-9be2-ed7f5bebdcdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.397596"}
{"text": "asian american and pacific islander heritage month 2013 our country \u2019 s cultural richness stems from the many immigrant and native legacies which bind us as one nation from many peoples. our strength as a nation resides in the hearts and minds and spirit of our people, united in preserving freedom and justice, and in our willingness to work hard to earn our own way. asian and pacific islander americans have contributed enormously through language, the arts, music, literature, science, and medicine, adding their own hopes and dreams, to the countless threads that give color and resilience to the fabric that is america. asian and pacific islander american heritage month commemorates both the arrival of the first immigrant japanese to the united states on may 7, 1843, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad on may 10, 1869, linking our nation \u2019 s east and west coasts. so many chinese immigrants were instrumental to this uniting of the continent. and so many asian and pacific islander americans since have likewise served and sacrificed for our country. more than 292, 000 of them have defended this nation. over 67, 000 men and women of asian and pacific islander descent currently serve on duty in our armed forces around the world. america is safer, and our democracy is stronger, because of their service in uniform. these asian and pacific islander americans, from the first brave immigrants to today \u2019 s generation of vibrant americans, have made positive and lasting contributions to the greater good of our society. their impact has been truly significant \u2014 from operating small businesses to leading multinational corporations ; from teaching in our most rural classrooms to lecturing in our greatest universities ; from volunteering to care for the sick and homeless to commanding the formations which defend us, preserving peace in a dangerous world. asian and pacific islander americans are fully interwoven into every aspect of american life, bringing with them the hopes and dreams to build an ever - greater america. on behalf of the department of veterans affairs, it is a privilege to celebrate the rich histories of all asian and pacific islander americans, including over 22, 000 of our co - workers, during this month which honors their heritage. eric k. shinseki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43337467575794775, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1853f705-6fab-4d03-8bd5-162d9856a034>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.401646"}
{"text": "thai national marine parks an overview for thailand diving there are presently a total of 26 marine national parks in thailand, of which 21 are formally legislated, while 5 are in different stages of the process of legislation. the 21 legally - recognised parks cover area about 5, 810 km\u00b2. 4 national parks are proposed for world heritage status ; they are mu koh tarutao, mu koh surin, mu koh similan, all 3 of which are popular thailand scuba diving destinations, and phang nga bay. all thee parks are located in the andaman sea. a part of mu koh phayam has been declared a biosphere reserve. park management and legislation the overall responsibility for national marine parks in thailand lies with the royal forest department ( rfd ). previously, the national park division administered the terrestrial and marine parks. however, following a reorganisation within the royal forestry department ( rfd ) in 1993 a separate marine national park division ( mnpd ) became responsible for protection, management and operation of the marine national parks. the major responsibilities of the mnpd are : - implementation of the thai national park act ( 1961 ), the national forest reserve act ( 1964 ), the wildlife reservation act ( 1992 ), forest act ( 1941 ), fishery act ( 1994 ) and other relevant laws ; - application of the principles of marine management in promotion and development of guidelines for conservation of natural resources and rehabilitation of ecosystems and environment ; - prevention, protection and recommendations regarding natural resources to gain the greatest possible benefits and achieve sustainability according to the principles of national marine park management and government policy ; and - research of natural resources in the marine national parks and information dissemination to the public, especially children to promote understanding and awareness of the need for protection of natural resources. while the natural resources conservation office develops the general policies for the marine national parks, it is the marine national parks themselves that are directly responsible for the administration of parks. at the local park level, the park superintendent, supported by 2 assistants, administer the parks. ranger teams composed of 1 ranger and 11 temporary workers carry out the day - to - day work. the superintendent reports directly to the director of the mnpd. in accordance to the national park act, national park management is supervised by a committee at national level, called the national park committee. the protection and management of the marine national parks requires legislation for implementation and enforcement. the national park act is the major legislation regulating the marine national parks. the act covers all land, which has been determined as national parks. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38987568945121776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.420937"}
{"text": "the national park committee. the protection and management of the marine national parks requires legislation for implementation and enforcement. the national park act is the major legislation regulating the marine national parks. the act covers all land, which has been determined as national parks. it covers areas such as mountains, creeks, swamps, canals, marshes, basins, waterways, lakes, islands and seashore. the law describes the protection of the parks. according to the law, the park flora and fauna is protected, and any trade or transport of species out of the park is not allowed. the act also provides the legislative means to establish a national park. a national park may be declared over any public land where there are natural features or scenic areas that are of interest, to preserve it for the benefit of research, public education and pleasure. the rfd has a set of criteria for the declaration of a national park area in thailand : - the coverage area of park should be not less than 10 km\u00b2, which is large enough to preserve the ecological process within the area. however, it is also flexible for areas containing valuable or unique resources ; - those areas that contain high biodiversity or threatened species, scenic areas, geological phenomenon or of historical value ; - those areas that contain educational value which can provide nature educational opportunities for the public ; - those areas that are suitable for recreation and ecotourism development. normally, the process of establishment of national parks takes at least 2 years and many parks took more than 5 years to establish. the management of conservation areas is crucial and significant for the national environment and ecological systems. the objectives are to preserve existing flora and fauna for research and educational purposes, recreational purposes such a scuba diving, snorkeling and sailing, and for improved living conditions of the people, since natural resources also help people to generate an income. the national park management plan is to : - be a tool for operation, control and supervision, and be a framework for officials, related agencies such as ngos, local agencies, and governmental organisations to follow ; - help develop the efficiency and continuity of management and implementation ; - be a standard for decision making in problem solving processes and management processes in the national parks ; - help to develop an educational system, in terms of nature conservation knowledge and awareness for the public ; - be a framework and directional instrument for natural resource research and study. revenues are generated by the parks through the collection of entrance fees, user fees such as for diving, accommodation, fines, fees on tourist vessels anchoring or staying overnight, concession from any private tourist service activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46612415688825914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.422076"}
{"text": "directional instrument for natural resource research and study. revenues are generated by the parks through the collection of entrance fees, user fees such as for diving, accommodation, fines, fees on tourist vessels anchoring or staying overnight, concession from any private tourist service activities such as food shops, souvenir shops, canoe services etc. income is transferred into a fund handled by the revenue national park committee in rfd, chaired by the general director. the committee disburses funds to terrestrial and marine parks. there is a separate budget for the marine national parks. the funds provided by the committee are disbursed to finance park project proposals. these proposals comprise activities in the fields of nature conservation and protection, technical research, and park service provision. only legally established parks are able to collect fees from any activities within the parks. in the last decade, the amount of parks revenue has risen to approximately 0. 35 million us dollars a year. benefits of the marine national parks the marine national park system provides both direct and indirect benefits to the thai society. these protected areas contain diverse and important ecosystems and biological resources. such habitat as mangrove forests, coral reefs, sea grass beds, soft sediment communities and beaches not only provide a home for many important marine species such as turtles and dugongs, but also form the basis for several subsistence benefits to the local people and contribute to the valuable thailand dive and tourism industries, research and education. over 50 percent of all coral reefs in thailand are included in existing marine national parks. according to many studies, notably by phuket marine biological research centre, the parks ' coral reefs are in better condition than those in other areas, although they are not as healthy as they were 10 - 15 years ago. such parks, as mu koh surin ( which contains the surin islands and richelieu rock ), mu koh similan ( which contains the similan islands, koh bon island and koh tachai ), mu koh lanta ( which contains hin daeng and hin muang ) and mu koh chang in the gulf of thailand, contain some of the finest coral reefs in the country in term of size, species diversity and condition and these sites are of international significance. coral reef areas in marine parks play an important role in the economic development of thai society. not only do they offer critical habitat to numerous marine species, which support fisheries activities and provide a significant food source for people, they also generate huge incomes for the country in term of tourism activities. about 70 % of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4405852097274517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.423100"}
{"text": "the economic development of thai society. not only do they offer critical habitat to numerous marine species, which support fisheries activities and provide a significant food source for people, they also generate huge incomes for the country in term of tourism activities. about 70 % of total incomes from tourism are generated by marine tourism activities. several coastal and marine parks of thailand were established in order to protect the mangrove habitat which has been declining at an alarming rate throughout thailand ' s coastal zone. only one - 6th of about 160, 000 hectares of mangrove forests are included in coastal parks. similar to coral reefs, mangrove forest offer critical habitat to an abundance and variety of marine life, which in turn support fisheries and other traditional activities. the mangrove forest in ao phang - nga, tarutao, and newly established parks such as mu koh chumphon and kraburi, have better habitat conditions than the rest. mangrove forest is also becoming popular with ecotourism for both domestic and international tourists. seagrass habitat, another significant coastal habitat for marine life, provides great benefits for people, especially local communities along the coastline. the largest seagrass beds are found in coastal protected areas, particularly along the andaman sea coast. dugong and many other marine species use these areas for feeding. other marine resources most coastal and marine parks in thailand are either permanent or seasonal habitats for several important marine flora and fauna. the most common species of flora found in park are algae and phytoplankton. many species of fish mollusks, sponges, worms, crustaceans and echinoderms can be found abundantly in most parks. some notable species such as dugongs, dolphins and whale sharks appear frequently in some of the parks where their habitats is less disturbed. at least 4 species of sea turtle come to the parks beaches for their annual egg laying. these are important drawcards for divers, and generate large amounts of income for the economy. because the coastal area of thailand is influenced by high intensity monsoon rainfall, most coastal areas and many islands established as marine national parks are carpeted in lush evergreen forest. the forests contain both high diversity and endemic species of flora and fauna. scenery and beaches many of the country ' s most spectacular coastal scenery and beaches, such as ang thong and mu koh phi phi, occur within the boundaries of the coastal and marine national park system. as such, marine national parks serve as prime destinations for millions of domestic and international tourism visitors annually. decreasing of illegal fishing fishing within the marine parks is an important issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43697763523420186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.424314"}
{"text": "expansion. current issues and challenges at present, the mnpd faces a number of management challenges. fishery activities are considered a central problem in many of the marine national parks, especially for the coastal parks. the conflict between parks and people on marine resource utilisation is increasing. fishing within the park boundaries is prohibited. it is noted that when it comes to enforcement, this aspect is treated in a flexible way, with some marine national parks even allowing fishing. however, local fishermen in general feel that marine parks put unnecessary constraints on local fishing activities. the use of illegal and inappropriate fishing gear has negatively impacted the marine national parks environment. thailand ' s coast is especially rich in seagrass species with as many as 12 species found. the use of inappropriate fishing gear, including finely woven fishing nets, is very damaging to the seagrass. in this way the habitat for numerous marine animals is destroyed. moreover, destructive fishing practices can be very damaging to the coral reefs. it is especially the use of explosives and use of fine nets which have negatively impacted upon the coral reefs. trawling has also had a very negative impact on marine resources both in the andaman sea and the gulf of thailand. in particular, the use of push nets and explosives along the shallow coast of thailand has resulted in the severe decline in fish resources. the number of tourists coming to thailand is rapidly growing and this increases the pressure on the marine national parks. 8 of the existing parks have attendances exceeding 100, 000 visitors per year. during visitation in parks, tourists will rely on various services and infrastructure provided at the parks, including overnight accommodation, guided boat tours, and other nature interpretation services. tourism demand for coastal and marine parks is quite high for both the natural resources being used and the tourism infrastructure of the park. both physical and environmental carrying capacity is being exceeded at several locations, thereby leading to congestion, the deterioration of the nature - oriented recreational experience and resource degradation. at present, the park management is in a weak position to control the entry of tourists to the marine parks, especially the island parks such as mu koh samet, mu koh chang, and mu koh phi phi. consequently, a large number of tourists do not pay entry fees and are unregistered. the tourism problem also relates to the control of tourist activities within the park. the marine national parks base a zoning system mainly on the terrestrial park model and marine areas of park are not properly zoned. the pressure from tourists is therefore localised to certain sites in the parks, especially coral reefs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4429176009880499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.426783"}
{"text": "of tourist activities within the park. the marine national parks base a zoning system mainly on the terrestrial park model and marine areas of park are not properly zoned. the pressure from tourists is therefore localised to certain sites in the parks, especially coral reefs. this has also resulted in the mnpd having to close reefs that were frequently visited by thai divers in mu koh similan, such as east of eden. the quality of recreational and educational experiences at the marine national parks is not reaching its potential. several parks are destination for visitors from around the world such as mu koh surin, mu koh similan, khao leam ya, mu koh samet and mu koh chang. but not many park officials are trained in coastal and marine environmental education. the expansion of coastal and offshore island resorts, the extension of cruise ship services to new locations, improved transportation to former remote locations are all expected to have considerable influence on coastal and marine parks and impact on the environment. low quality tourist vessels also create an environmental impact on natural habitat, especially coral reefs. almost all thai tourist vessels do not have proper storage system for waste water, and sewage is therefore flushed directly into the sea. oil is commonly released from the tourist boat engines, particularly the boats that are converted from fishing boats. this is polluting the marine environment and thereby threatening the reef. marine parks also face problems as a result of land encroachment. the parks have in particular faced problems because people involved in shrimp farming have encroached into the marine protected areas and destroyed mangrove forests and occupied the land. shrimp farming constitutes a serious problem, threatening the ao phang - nga national park. ( however, in this park the current problem mostly relates to pollution from shrimp farms located in areas neighbouring the park ). several parks, including hat nopparat thara - mu koh phi phi, khao leam ya and mu koh samet, face serious difficulties because of encroachment and land disputes. the conflicts are ever more complicated due to the high benefits gained from the tourism business in the parks. the thai national park act is outdated and the law was not developed specifically for marine parks. a key issue is the unresolved problem concerning the open seas. there are still uncertainties about how sea water can be designated as a part of a park. attempts have been made to interpret ' land ' to include the sea bordering islands and seashore. these unresolved legal issues put severe constraints on the national parks ' ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47265811015230397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.427827"}
{"text": "uncertainties about how sea water can be designated as a part of a park. attempts have been made to interpret ' land ' to include the sea bordering islands and seashore. these unresolved legal issues put severe constraints on the national parks ' ability to regulate economical and recreational activities in sea areas. the parks have, for example, been unable to properly zone the aquatic areas of the parks. moreover, neither the national park act nor other relevant acts under rfd, including the national forest reserve act or wildlife reserves act, give the parks any legal authority to create buffer zones surrounding the protected areas. the parks are therefore unable to regulate environmentally unfriendly activities taking place in areas neighbouring the parks, including shrimp farms and resort construction. management and capacity gaps besides the legal constraints, there are several other factors that significantly constrain the mnpd to effectively operate and manage its marine national parks. some of these factors relate directly to capacity constraints within rfd and the mnpd. there are certain financial limitations on park management in thailand which severely constrain the parks in developing pragmatic annual financial proposals. the parks face capacity problems with regards to staff skills. the park superintendents and chief assistants all have forestry backgrounds, and they receive only sporadic training related to marine park management. there is a lack of technical and professional skills in areas such as environmental education and interpretation, social science and marine science. moreover, most park guards are low paid temporary employees. they have no job security and incentives. the performance of the temporary staff is therefore relatively poor. there are also important challenges concerning data collection and general management of data relating to the natural environments of the parks. currently the parks lack baseline data and have not developed a uniform system for habitat and biodiversity monitoring. back to reefs and parks index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46544749143834374, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df588f4b-8595-4702-b80e-27b608b05ab3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.428754"}
{"text": "more in outdoors careful soil preparation can make the difference between a green, healthy lawn and a poorly grown one. timing is key \u2014 start several weeks before you intend to lay turf or sow seed to give the soil enough time to settle. gardening fork or spade preparation for laying a lawn or sowing grass seed should begin a few weeks before you plan to sow seed or lay turf. use a fork or spade to turn over the soil to a depth of 12 inches. remove any weeds or stones. leveling is important on small lawn areas, but you may want to leave gentle undulations on large, informal sites because natural contours can look attractive. once the soil has been leveled, it should be lightly firmed down to knock out large air pockets and prevent the soil level from dropping too much later. do this by treading on it with your feet or by using a light roller. simple steps to success : lawns and groundcover \u00a9 2012 dorling kindersley limited all fields are required. remember me on this computer please enter your email address and we will send your password your password has been sent and should arrive in your mailbox very soon. sign up with diy network to share tips with other do - it - yourselfers and comment and ask questions on projects. it ' s free and easy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3591252930710058, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d4c2ec0-4bc1-46eb-bc41-223a24694b8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.430263"}
{"text": "- blood sugar - clinical studies - complementary medicine - diabetes and men - erectile dysfunction - food and nutrition - insulin pumps - meters and test strips - product recalls - type 1 - type 2 - weight loss surgery archive - 12 - 2009 december 30, 2009 ( newswise ) - need a little extra incentive to kick the habit? just in time for new years resolutions, a ucla study finds that even after age 80, smoking continues to increase ones risk for age - related macular degeneration ( amd ), the leading cause of blindness in americans over 65. the american journal of ophthalmology publishes the findings in its january edition. the take - home message is that its never too late to quit smoking, said lead author dr. anne coleman, professor of ophthalmology at the jules stein eye institute at ucla. we found that even older peoples eyes will benefit from kicking the habit. amd causes progressive damage to the macula, the center of the retina that allows us to see fine details. when the macula degenerates, people experience darkness or blurring in their central vision, preventing them from being able to read, drive and recognize faces. after age, smoking is the second most common risk factor for amd. this study sought to determine whether age influences the effects of smoking on amd risk. coleman and her colleagues followed a group of 1, 958 women who underwent retinal photographs at five - year intervals, starting with a baseline exam at age 78. four percent, or 75 of the women, smoked. the researchers compared the retinal images at ages 78 and 83 to check for the appearance of amd, and evaluate whether smoking affected the womens likelihood of developing the disease. age is the strongest predictor for amd, yet most of the research in this field has been conducted in people younger than 75, explained coleman. our population was considerably older than those previously studied. this research provides the first accurate snapshot of how smoking affects amd risk later in life. overall, women who smoked had 11 percent higher rates of amd than other women their same age. in women over 80, however, those who smoked were 5. 5 times more likely to develop amd than women their age who did not smoke. we saw a slightly higher rate of amd in women after age 80, but the rate was dramatically higher in older women who smoked, said coleman. the bottom line is that amd risk increases with age. and if you smoke, your risk of developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46989246215038327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf239f10-6b17-4d13-8449-c0ebb80c2f29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.440094"}
{"text": "saw a slightly higher rate of amd in women after age 80, but the rate was dramatically higher in older women who smoked, said coleman. the bottom line is that amd risk increases with age. and if you smoke, your risk of developing the disease rises even more. cigarette smoking has been hypothesized to increase amd risk by reducing serum antioxidant levels, altering blood flow to the eyes and decreasing retinal pigments. this study provides yet another compelling reason to stop smoking and suggests that it is never too late to quit, said dr. paul sieving, director of the national eye institute. the national eye institute and national institute on aging funded the research. about 1. 75 million u. s. residents suffer from advanced amd with vision loss ; the number is expected to grow to almost 3 million by 2020. colemans coauthors included carol mangione, robin seitzman and fei yu of ucla ; steven cummings and katie stone of the california pacific medical center research institute ; jane cauley from the university of pittsburgh ; kristine ensrud from the university of minnesota ; marc hochberg from the university of maryland ; kathryn pedula from the kaiser permanente center for health research ; and edgar thomas from the retina vitreous associates medical group. december 29, 2009 ( ub ) - the role of pharmacists hasn ' t received much attention in the debate on the cost of health care. but national and regional studies show that when pharmacists directly participate in patient care, they significantly reduce treatment costs and improve outcomes. a study on diabetic patients by the university at buffalo school of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences identified cost savings with improvements in a key indicator of glucose control in diabetes patients, the hemoglobin a1c measurement. the a1c provides a three - month average of the amount of excess glucose in the blood. higher a1cs indicate that a patient is at higher risk for developing long - term complications associated with diabetes, such as kidney disease or vision problems. published last spring in the journal of the american pharmacists association, the ub study of 50 patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated that in just six months clinical pharmacists, in collaboration with primary care providers, were able to significantly reduce patients ' a1c levels. in the ub study, patients ' a1c levels were reduced by an average of 1. 1 percent, from an average of 8. 5 percent to 7. 4 percent, one year after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47934141796927865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf239f10-6b17-4d13-8449-c0ebb80c2f29>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.441142"}
{"text": "were able to significantly reduce patients ' a1c levels. in the ub study, patients ' a1c levels were reduced by an average of 1. 1 percent, from an average of 8. 5 percent to 7. 4 percent, one year after being enrolled in the program, while also improving the overall metabolic profile. \" our results show that enhancing the patient ' s access to care through collaborative physician - pharmacist relationships can yield lower blood glucose levels, improve the overall metabolic profile and reduce costs to the payer, \" says erin slazak, pharmd, ub clinical assistant professor of pharmacy practice and board certified pharmacotherapy specialist. these clinical improvements occurred while monthly costs per patient went down by approximately $ 212, around $ 2, 500 per year, even though there were nominal increases in the cost of medications prescribed. the key to success? \" patients had unlimited access to pharmacists throughout the year, \" says slazak. patients referred to the ub program had been identified by their primary care providers as having difficulty controlling their blood sugar. slazak notes that it was not uncommon to see patients with glucose levels as high as 400 mg / dl ( normal levels are below 100 mg / dl ). the ub pharmacists spent an initial one - hour appointment with each patient, where they worked up detailed health records covering dietary information and all medications and disease conditions, and then reviewed them with each patient. after that, patients could call or make appointments with pharmacists at will. \" we did extensive education with patients about how to manage their conditions, \" says slazak. \" in many cases, we were instrumental in getting them to start insulin. there is a lot of resistance to that, and not just because it ' s an injection. \" for patients in the initial stages of administering insulin, she says it was common to be contacted once every few days. the pharmacists then made suggestions to physicians about changes in medications, dosages or lifestyle that might be beneficial to their patients. that kind of individualized attention is far from the norm for diabetic patients. \" nationwide, the standard of care is that the primary care provider manages diabetes alone, \" says slazak. \" pharmacists typically do not have direct involvement. \" that is partly because some states, including new york, have not yet approved collaborative practice agreements between physicians and pharmacists. in the buffalo study, for example, physicians were required to review pharmac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4382365413788888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf239f10-6b17-4d13-8449-c0ebb80c2f29>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.442106"}
{"text": "typically do not have direct involvement. \" that is partly because some states, including new york, have not yet approved collaborative practice agreements between physicians and pharmacists. in the buffalo study, for example, physicians were required to review pharmacists ' recommendations and approve all interventions first. completion of the review process and approval occurred in only half of the cases, potentially limiting the overall benefit to the patient. \" we know there ' s a long - term clinical and economic benefit to pharmacists working directly with patients and we think that can continue to grow, \" says scott v. monte, pharmd, ub clinical assistant professor of pharmacy practice and director of diabetes and cardiovascular research, cpl associates, llc, in buffalo. \" pharmacists can help achieve better outcomes if given the chance. \" the study was conducted through medsense, part of the pharmacotherapy research initiative, a collaborative effort between lifetime health medical group and ub, to study how pharmacists impact patient care. medsense is one of many program sites that are part of the ub pharmacotherapy research initiative in the school of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, which was established to study how pharmacy medication management can improve the health of patients while cutting costs through patient - centered pharmacotherapy. in addition to slazak and monte, other co - authors on the paper include nicole paolini albanese, pharmd, ub clinical assistant professor ; martin adelman, phd, chief information officer at cpl associates, llc ; gauri rao, a student in the ub school of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, and joseph a. paladino, pharmd, ub professor of pharmacy and director of outcomes research at cpl associates, llc. the program is jointly funded by lifetime health medical group and the ub school of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. the university at buffalo is a premier research - intensive public university, a flagship institution in the state university of new york system and its largest and most comprehensive campus. ub ' s more than 28, 000 students pursue their academic interests through more than 300 undergraduate, graduate and professional degree programs. founded in 1846, the university at buffalo is a member of the association of american universities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45029115298368616, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf239f10-6b17-4d13-8449-c0ebb80c2f29>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.443069"}
{"text": "microsoft windows 8 and windows server 2012, the latest operating system and windows makeover, were released in fall 2012. for programmers, many new apis were included in the features added. several of the new features focus on the venerable sockets interface, the basic network paradigm first introduced in berkeley software distribution ( bsd ) unix in the early 1980s. sockets still form the basis for networking on all of the major platforms including windows, mac os, linux, ios, and android. you might want to consider these new windows socket apis for your next project when writing new apps or refactoring older applications for windows. new windows 8 features for sockets programming are found at both ends of the network spectrum : - window runtime ( winrt ) sockets : used for low - level networking in windows store apps. - high - performance sockets : used in writing network servers for desktop apps that need low network latency and the highest performance. - websockets : the other new networking apis are socket - related, at least in name ; these are extensions to the http protocols for the creation of a special web socket that is fully bidirectional once the connection is established, either endpoint can initiate or send packets. herein i provide a brief introduction to these new networking socket features available on windows 8 and windows server 2012. the focus will be more on winrt sockets, since these will appeal to a larger set of developers. sockets and windows the original berkeley socket implementation developed in 1983 was very simple, based on the design of unix file i / o. a network socket became a special type of file handle. bsd networking functions were basic : socket ( open or create ), connect ( for tcp ), close. several types of sockets were supported including tcp ( stream ), udp ( datagram ), and later unix domain sockets. for tcp servers and applications receiving udp packets, the listen functions would bind to a network address and listen for incoming packets. for use with udp, there were the recvfrom functions. a few other functions were provided for getting and setting socket options, getting a host by name or address ; and there were the poll functions to check on the state of a socket. with the adoption of windows sockets ( winsock ) in 1993, microsoft added support for sockets to windows. the initial winsock 1. 1 api was relatively modest with calls similar to bsd unix plus a number of windows - specific extension functions. over time, the winsock api has grown larger and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5116686765900493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f80579b0-5235-4f64-af29-9584f19939d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.448975"}
{"text": "in 1993, microsoft added support for sockets to windows. the initial winsock 1. 1 api was relatively modest with calls similar to bsd unix plus a number of windows - specific extension functions. over time, the winsock api has grown larger and larger. the current reference documentation for windows sockets for desktop apps lists more than 140 functions and 80 structures along with several hundred ioctls and socket options. this doesn ' t include functions used by the winsock service provider interface ( spi ). the existing winsock api has become very large, complex, and challenging for new users. the new socket apis introduced with windows 8 / windows server 2012 provide much simpler, stripped - down apis for sockets programming closer to the spirit of the original bsd sockets. windows 8 : two for the money windows 8 and windows server 2012 introduce a new graphical user interface ( gui ) that represents a major redesign of the windows user experience. the changes are targeted primarily for touch - enabled devices, with tiles used to represent apps and new system navigation features ( charms, settings, etc. ). on traditional intel / amd x86 / x64 hardware, windows 8 can be thought of as an operating system for two different types of apps : - windows store apps : new apps that run on windows 8 only. these apps are limited to using the winrt apis and a few other apis ( some classes from the. net framework along with a few desktop functions ) that are exposed for use by windows store apps. - windows desktop apps : traditional windows apps that provide developers access to all of the windows apis except the winrt apis ( unless the winrt class has a special dualapipartitionattribute ). these represent the traditional applications that ran on windows 7 and older versions of the os. if you use new windows 8 desktop apis, then the app will only be able to run on windows 8 and windows server 2012 or later versions. on arm - based hardware ( in the original microsoft surface tablet, for example ), windows 8 has been stripped down so only windows store apps can be installed and used. windows 8 apps using winrt are installed by purchasing and downloading them from the microsoft app store ( many apps are free ). windows and app upgrades are also downloaded and installed from the microsoft store. sideloading apps on these winrt - based devices is mostly restricted, except when visual studio 2012 is installed. sideloading allows developers to test apps they write before submitting them for publication on the windows app store", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4515560591929066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f80579b0-5235-4f64-af29-9584f19939d8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.452526"}
{"text": "downloaded and installed from the microsoft store. sideloading apps on these winrt - based devices is mostly restricted, except when visual studio 2012 is installed. sideloading allows developers to test apps they write before submitting them for publication on the windows app store. ( note : the windows app store is not the microsoft. com online store that sells versions of windows, office, other microsoft software, and some hardware. there is also a separate windows phone app store for purchasing and downloading apps for windows phones. ) windows runtime and sockets the winrt apis used by windows store apps provide a set of managed apis that are designed for several different languages and presentation schemes : - c # / vb. net with xaml : designed for existing c # / vb. net developers and others using managed code ( java developers ). - c + + with xaml : designed for core c + + desktop and com developers as well as others using similar languages ( objective - c developers ). developers are free to choose whatever language and presentation they prefer. in fact, the same app can be written in any of these languages. microsoft provides downloadable samples for windows store apps, many of which are implemented in multiple languages for illustration. for example, the downloadable streamsocket sample and the datagramsocket sample are implemented in all three language combinations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47847051615420927, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f80579b0-5235-4f64-af29-9584f19939d8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.453071"}
{"text": "drunk drivers kill. they kill themselves, but more often than not, they kill innocent people, sometimes family, friends, other drivers and their passengers, pedestrians and two - wheeled riders as well. the death toll across canada each year is slightly more than 1, 000 persons killed by drinking drivers. this is a terrible tragedy, but a significant reduction from the much higher numbers recorded in the preceding decades. groups such as madd ( mothers against drunk driving ) have had an enormous impact on both the public - and private - sector attitudes toward impaired driving. employers, licensed establishments, clubs, neighbours, friends and even family have a duty to make accommodations to prevent the incidence of impaired driving. governments have increased penalties and administrative prohibitions to deter drunk driving in most every jurisdiction in our country. insurance companies, schools, and many other groups have targeted programs to reduce the occurrence of drunk driving. individuals planning a social event now must, by law, make arrangements to get people home safely. but though there have been some reductions in drinking driver crash rates, the problem persists. enforcement and punishment are tools used to combat the carnage on our roads caused by drunk drivers. ninety per cent of the people convicted of driving while intoxicated in the u. s. are repeat offenders. ten per cent of the population who consume alcohol in the u. s. consume 50 per cent of the alcohol. the same stats likely apply to canada. it is time to target repeat offenders with the strength of purpose demonstrated by madd. when society deems certain bad behaviour to be socially unacceptable, bad behaviour is usually discontinued. a good example of this socially undesirable behaviour, which came to an abrupt end, is the use of the spittoon. today, no one i know would look for a spittoon to use while at the dinner table - - not because there is a law which forbids the use of a spittoon, but rather since the use of the spittoon has long since become socially unacceptable. socially, there have been gains made in the last few decades to make drinking and driving unacceptable. almost everyone understands the problem and wants to be part of the solution. one social circumstance that i witnessed a few years ago had a profound effect on four families. four fathers had agreed to take turns taking their hockey - playing offspring, all of elementary school age, to practice very early each saturday morning. all went well until one of the parents was convicted of impaired driving and given a three - month licence suspension. the convicted driver offered to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.425152674204902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c962da01-16c5-4cbc-91d6-18deb2ffe445>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.456591"}
{"text": "turns taking their hockey - playing offspring, all of elementary school age, to practice very early each saturday morning. all went well until one of the parents was convicted of impaired driving and given a three - month licence suspension. the convicted driver offered to make up for his absence once the suspension was finished. the offer was declined - - the other parents no longer trusted their friend to drive their kids. the social stigma of an impaired driving conviction had a lasting effect on the relationship of the four men and their families. many convicted drivers do not abstain from drinking and driving because of the law. they change their behaviour because of social pressure. bad behaviour can go the way of the spittoon. peer pressure is an extremely powerful weapon against drinking drivers. it is the kind of pressure we should all be willing to exert in order to end the senseless slaughter on our roads. steve wallace is a longtime teacher and owner of the wallace driving scool in victoria. there i am, in my garage, standing face to fascia with the 2011 porsche carrera gts. i ' m gazing intently into its sultry bi - xenon headlights. it keenly... oh come on, santa. surprise the big boy with a big toy this christmas. how about a porsche boxster? fun to drive takes on new meaning when you slide behind... porsche used last week ' s opening of the los angeles auto show to take the wraps off its second - generation boxster roadster and its coupe sibling, the...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485679157993161, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c962da01-16c5-4cbc-91d6-18deb2ffe445>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.457275"}
{"text": "there is another reason for men to quit smoking \u2014 it can increase risk of death due to prostate cancer by 61 %. in a study made at the harvard university, data showed that men who smoke up their chances of dying of prostate cancer and recurrence of prostate cancer. in a feature from the voice of america, researcher stacy kenfield said \u201c we looked at the amounts that current smokers were smoking, and we did see an increase in prostate cancer mortality if you smoked more cigarettes. \u201d every year, there are 900, 000 prostate cancer cases all over the world, and about a quarter of this figure eventually die of the disease. the study also relates prostate cancer and former smokers. those who quit for at least ten years before they were diagnosed to have the illness were performing as people who never smoked did. kenfield suggests the probable reasons why smokers are more likely to die of this type of cancer. she says the cancer - causing chemicals in cigarettes are to blame as well as hormones that are disrupted by smoking. \u201c studies have found an association between current smoking and increased testosterone, which is known to stimulate prostate cancer growth. and other studies have shown that nicotine induces angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels. \u201d it was also observed that smokers have a more dangerous form of prostate cancer than those who do not smoke. tags : prostate cancer, smoking cancer, smoking prostate cancer, smoking risks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4016721247311451, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01550d17-b437-4f1a-bb64-b733882e8a7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.459541"}
{"text": "technological development in teaching and learning 23 feb 2012 10 : 49 the second day of the ngl conference opened with a presentation by charles crook, professor at the university of nottingham, and docent in information and communications technology. professor charles crook, university of nottingham. he spoke about how the latest technology creates new situations, which in turn lead to new experiences in terms of student learning. the interpersonal dynamic in teaching and learning has changed. in his presentations, charles crook talked about his work examining what actually happens with learning when people use technology and learn alongside others instead of individually. he makes comparisons with earlier ideas within pedagogy, referring to piaget and vygotsky. \" there exists an undeniable tension between teaching and learning and technology, \" he states. charles crook mentions two symptoms of e - learning at institutes of education. one is the many students per teacher and the other is a changed pedagogy. what does it mean to be educated? he has looked at quality in communication and interaction between students in their work. he has also examined the significance of place and students ' study environment. the presentation provided an interesting insight into the research that requires a position alongside the technological developments within the world of teaching. it is important to establish in what ways social situations create new grounds for teaching and learning. translation based on the original text by annette skogsjo. photo by annette skogsjo. ngl pa hogskolan dalarna next generation learning conference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5322769231014406, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0716762-136a-4a0f-bc28-9caf7b502607>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.461233"}
{"text": "the winter months have been highly variable in terms of precipitation and temperature. one week would bring a winter thaw ; the next, a cold spell. minimum daily temperatures were - 45 c or lower in northern ontario. meanwhile, southern ontario had maximum temperatures above 15 c, and new record highs were set january 11 - 13, and again on january 29 and 30. winter precipitation can be summed up as below - average snowpack conditions coupled with above - average rainfall events. large rainfall totals were observed across southwest and central areas. in fact, for a number of locations throughout south central ontario, this was the second - wettest january on record. snowfall amounts for locations in the typical snowbelts off georgian bay were well below average in january and below average in february. habitat conditions are rated as fair in south central and southwest areas due to poor frost seal and moderate snowpack conditions. northern ontario has variable snowpack conditions but wetland levels appear to be good. inland wetlands are still covered in ice and snow, while some great lakes coastal zones have a combination of shallow ice cover or open water. of greatest concern, water levels are very low throughout the great lakes. levels on lakes huron and michigan are the lowest they \u2019 ve been since record keeping began in 1918. the lakes are about 1 meter below their long - term average, which is drying out emergent coastal wetlands and revealing extended mudflats. lakes superior, erie and ontario are not as low but are still well below average for this time of year. the chief cause of these water level declines is a combination of reduced precipitation throughout their watersheds, as well as increased evaporation due to higher ambient temperatures over the last two decades. the short - term result could be poor migratory habitat for waterfowl using the great lakes for resting and feeding during their migration northward. continue reading > > due to relatively poor ice development throughout the nearshore areas of the great lakes, more waterfowl than normal overwintered in the area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4383174688515183, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ddfbcfd-0bb1-4fcf-a64f-1dd3d6b13ef8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.464280"}
{"text": "unprecedented sea - level rise over 20th century pins down future of rising oceans sea - level rises from global warming remain one of the big unknowns in the jostling crowd of climate threats. we know that warming water expands - and so coastal communities will be threatened, as the sea swells in response to rising temperatures. but what about the melting of the land - based ice - sheets of greenland and antarctica? and the disappearing mountain glaciers of the rockies and the andes? how will a warming world spill these frozen waters into the sea, and so back onto our low - lying cities? those questions are something that climate scientists try to model, but which they still find difficult to predict. one way to help knock down that uncertainty is to turn to past records of sea - level fluctuations, to see if they can point to the future. tie these records tightly enough to detailed temperature records, and scientists may get a better grasp on what their models should be showing. that ' s what a research team, including penn state ' s michael mann, have done - looking to north carolina ' s salt marshes for a fresh insight into the sea - level conundrum. the results are published online in today ' s proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the international team of scientists turned to north carolina, in part because this area of the world has been geologically quiet for many millennium. previous sea - level reconstructions are in those parts of the world still on the move - due to tectonic shifts, or where the land is rebounding from the burden of the last ice age. that makes deciphering which sea - level changes are down to temperature fluctuations more difficult. but the marshes off of the us east coast have had a much simpler history - so taking account of the slow resettling of the earth ' s foundations is much easier here. in order to work out the level of the sea over the last two - thousand years, the team looked at thick slices of muddy sediment in the sheltered waters of the pamlico sound. these contain foramnifera, microscopic fossils which can tell scientists the depth of the overlying waters. they were dated accurately using a combination of radiocarbon and pollen sequences. the results tallied well with other reconstructions, and with local and global tidal gauge records. ' the temperature and sea level reconstructions were determined independently from each other, and yet each shows what we would expect based on the other, \" said mann. \" higher temperatures correspond with higher rates of sea level change and vice versa. \" the story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4588834832277356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66c1334a-f2a1-4bea-a6b3-481e80977839>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.475763"}
{"text": "' the temperature and sea level reconstructions were determined independently from each other, and yet each shows what we would expect based on the other, \" said mann. \" higher temperatures correspond with higher rates of sea level change and vice versa. \" the story of sea level changes fitted a reasonably well - known narrative - and emphasized the suddenness of the most recent changes ascribed to man ' s tinkering with the climate. from 100 years bc until 950 ad, sea levels held fairly constant, but with the regional warming of the northern hemisphere, known as the medieval warming period, sea levels rose by 2 inches per century. that rise halted with the onset of the ' little ice age ' when sea - levels fell slightly. but once the industrialization of the 19th century was well underway, the tide turned firmly back to rising sea levels - and dramatically so. over the last century, sea - levels rose at the equivalent of 8 - inches per century - a rate unprecedented in the 2000 year - old record. the paper concludes \".. in north carolina the mean rate of rise was 2. 1 mm / y in response to 20th century warming. this historical rate of rise was greater than any other persistent, century - scale trend during the past 2, 100 years, ' the researchers report. that can be seen as an ominous pointer to the future for low - lying communities. top image credit : \u00a9 wollwerth imagery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4676352312683434, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66c1334a-f2a1-4bea-a6b3-481e80977839>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.477739"}
{"text": "| the salmon - challis national forest covers over 4. 3 million acres in east - central idaho. included within the boundaries of the forest is 1. 3 million acres of the frank church - - river of no return wilderness area, the largest wilderness area in the continental united states. rugged and remote, this country offers adventure, solitude and breathtaking scenery. panoramic vistas highlight travel atop the continental divide ; northwest - southeast trending mountain ranges culminate in the jagged heights of mount borah, idaho ' s tallest peak. the sagebrush slopes of the forest are covered with a colorful display of wildflowers in the spring. for over 8, 000 years, ancestors of the shoshone - bannock people have lived in this region. white settlement began shortly after the lewis and clark expedition traveled through the territory in 1805. initially, fur trappers then miners worked this area. the development of salmon, challis, and their surrounding communities followed and by the 1880 ' s were flourishing. traces of the past can be found throughout the salmon - challis national forest. most roads within the salmon - challis national forest branch off main highways and turn to gravel or dirt surfaces, with many being suitable for sedans, while others require 4 - wheel drive vehicles. recommended travel precautions are to have a full tank of gas and a good spare tire. three popular road tours : the custer motorway loop, the lewis and clark backcountry byway, and the salmon river road, take visitors through the salmon river mountains, to the crest of the continental divide, and along the scenic salmon river. visitors will discover historic mining towns and share their history of mining life. steps can be traced back to the 1805 expedition that changed the west. there is abundant wildlife in the salmon - challis national forest. species include rocky mountain sheep, mountain goat, bald eagles, and river otter, among other wildlife who call the forest home. known as the \" white water capital of the world, \" the salmon and middle fork rivers offer adventures to provide a lifetime of memories. permit applications for the wild section of the main salmon river and for the middle fork river are available at the north fork and middle fork range districts. nearly 3, 292 miles of trails transverse the salmon - challis national forest, almost half of which are located in the wilderness. hiking season is generally between april and october, with elevations above 7, 500 feet usually clear of snow by july 4. trails range from moderate to difficult. many non - wilderness trails are designated for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3821593599656273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac728d17-b08b-402e-88b1-f731efe85416>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.485010"}
{"text": ", almost half of which are located in the wilderness. hiking season is generally between april and october, with elevations above 7, 500 feet usually clear of snow by july 4. trails range from moderate to difficult. many non - wilderness trails are designated for motorized use. hunting opportunities for deer, elk, bighorn sheep, moose, mountain goat, black bear, and mountain lion exist on much of the salmon - challis national forest. opportunities for hunting chukar, grouse, and goose are also available. most streams and lakes on the salmon - challis national forest are home to trout. steelhead average 4 - 6 pounds, with and occasional one weighing in at 15 - 20 pounds. mackay reservoir, situated on neighboring bureau of land management land, offers good angling for kokanee salmon. winter anglers may try their skills at jimmy smith and williams lake, a 30 - minute drive from salmon. there are a wide variety of opportunities for beginners to advanced downhill skiers and snow boarders within the salmon - challis national forest. williams creek summit offers 22 miles of moderate to difficult cross - country ski trails. copper mountain allows visitors to practice their backcountry ski skills. gentler, groomed trails at chief joseph pass on the idaho - montana border provide fun for the whole family. local snowmobile clubs maintain a number of groomed routes on the ridge road to the stanley - landmark snowmobile trail system. there are over 40 campgrounds within the salmon - challis national forest, ranging from primitive to developed. most campgrounds have at least one wheelchair accessible campsite. | | facilities : salmon - challis national forest provides over 40 campgrounds. most of the campgrounds have restrooms. | best time to visit : salmon - challis national forest is open year round for a variety of recreational opportunities. hiking season is generally between april and october, with elevations above 7, 500 feet usually clear of snow by july 4. cross - country skiing and snowmobiling is available during the winter months. fees : parking, camping, and / or entrance fees may be charged at some of the recreation sites within salmon - challis national forest. accessibility : most campgrounds have at least one wheelchair accessible campsite. williams lake provides wheelchair accessible spots for both fishing and picnicking. rules : recommended travel precautions are to have a full tank of gas and a good spare tire. check the local fishing, hunting, and fire regulations. do not leave campfires unattended. fireworks and explosives are prohibited in the forests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37093748568523427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac728d17-b08b-402e-88b1-f731efe85416>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.486087"}
{"text": "critical analysis of eve merriam ' s onomatopoeia critical analysis of eve merriam ' s \u201c onomatopoeia \u201d \u201c onomatopoeia \u201d by eve merriam allows the reader to enter a world of reality by expressing sounds with the use of vivid words along with graphic imagery. the poem makes the reader envision an old, leaky faucet, dripping droplets of water. it continues to drip one after another, smacking the bottom of a metal sink. suddenly, after anxiously waiting, the water begins to pour out in full force and flows freely. \u201c onomatopoeia \u201d contains several different themes. first, \u201c a healthy dose of reality is needed for fun \u201d ( ruby 136 ). absurdity is a very important concept in this poem. it helps brighten up the reading instead of it being dull. the poem is absurd because it goes into full detail to just describe a leaky faucet. for example, it is like writing five pages of instructions for someone just to teach them how to throw a ball. but nevertheless, it is fun without being boring or confusing at all. another theme in this poem is language and meaning. poets often use words that extend beyond their apparent meaning in order to connect to people through as many words as possible. poetry can become challenging for the poet and the reader when they realize that a word can have more than one connotation. these connotations came about because various cultures use the word differently throughout the years. to a poet with acute hearing, every word sounds like something it represents ( ruby 135 ). the sounds and the words we use are \u201c intrinsically related \u201d to what they are trying to say ( 135 ). this poem lacks structure and is not very complex at all. but it is still an extremely powerful and interesting poem. as the reader looks at the poem, \u201c the words drip one by one down the page, occasionally becoming a sputter of smattering drops \u201d ( ruby 136 ). there is no real rhyme scheme either but many of the words do rhyme such as utter, sputter, and splutter. out of the twenty - nine words in this poem, twenty - four of them are related by one or more rhyming elements. merriam uses many literary devices also. the main device she uses...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493634963267475, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c22fd9-f904-41df-a2b8-7223939a20dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.488985"}
{"text": "we consider a simple pure substance under hydrostatic conditions described by the following fundamental equation : where the extensive variables u, v and n are the internal energy, the volume, and the number of particles respectively, and the intensive variables t, p and are the temperature, the pressure and the chemical potential respectively. equation ( ) corresponds to the choice of the variables u, v and n as independent variables of the entropy s ( u, v, n ). these variables are precisely those which are fixed and determine the macrostate of the members of the microcanonical ensemble and consequently s is the relevant potential in this statistical ensemble. it is useful to define the following quantities :, and so that eq. ( ) can then be written in the dimensionless form : in general, for other thermodynamic systems with degrees of freedom, one will have : where are extensive variables, and the corresponding entropic conjugate variables. massieu - planck functions are entropic thermodynamic potentials defined as legendre transformations of the entropy. in the case of a pure substance, the following ( dimensionless ) potentials can be formally defined : the function was first introduced by massieu, and it is called massieu ' s potential. the function was introduced by planck and is called planck ' s. potential. given the extensivity of, and using euler ' s theorem for homogeneous functions, it is easy to see that. therefore the legendre transformation of all variables redefines the entropy, substituting eq. ( ) into the differentials of the potentials defined above one gets : from eq. ( ) one obtains : the above equations allow a re - derivation of all the standard thermodynamic equations in terms of, and. for instance, maxwell relations can be deduced, by imposing that the equations ( ) - ( ) are exact differentials ( equality of crossed derivatives ). moreover, eq. ( ) is the gibbs - duhem equation which states that the complete set of intensive variables of the system are not all independent. on the other hand, the extremal condition of leads us to deduce that, and are homogeneous at equilibrium.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6606314115842777, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f64a9fe0-fb27-407b-891a-d7ab31581e3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.491360"}
{"text": "with solar and wind energies maturing as recognized alternative - power sources, there are other alternatives providing clean power on scales both large and small. these power generators are distinctive in how they create electricity and are a growing business for electrical contractors ( ecs ) that take note of them. biomass is the most commercially established \u201c other \u201d alternative energy. popularly used to create biofuels, such energy sources are being used for on - site power cogeneration or distributed generation. biofuel is sustainable, offering carbon - neutral emissions output. a nonfossil - fuel source, its most popular \u201c feedstocks, \u201d as they are called, include wood waste, agricultural residues ( straw, manure, grasses ) and municipal solid waste. when used to create energy, feedstocks become the fuel for biopower. biofuel is certainly not a new idea. wood was north america \u2019 s primary heating source until coal. by the 1950s, electricity and natural gas displaced wood heat. the energy crisis of the 1970s brought new attention, research and new ideas to biomass as an alternative - energy source. by the 1980s, biomass power plants were being built in north america. today, the biomass power association ( bpa ) in portland, maine, represents 80 biomass power plants in 20 states across the country. biopower systems are typically direct - fired, co - fired, gasification or modular ( transportable ). a growing sector industrial info resources ( iir ) in texas, a provider of global market intelligence for industrial, heavy manufacturing and energy markets, reports more than $ 3 billion in u. s. biomass power - generation projects are scheduled to begin construction this year. research by biomass power and thermal magazine reveals a 20 percent increase in proposed biomass projects going into this year. the top 10 states with the most operating plants and proposed projects are california ( 22 ), florida ( 16 ), new york ( 14 ), new hampshire ( 14 ), maine ( 11 ), michigan ( 11 ), massachusetts ( 10 ), minnesota ( 9 ), pennsylvania ( 9 ) and connecticut ( 8 ). in addition, the california energy commission has set an ambitious goal to add as much as 2, 200 megawatts ( mw ) of biomass power by 2020, part of that state \u2019 s goal to achieve 33 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by that year. though biomass currently plays a relatively small role in the u. s. electric power - generation market - \u2014 it represents about 10 gigawatts ( gw ) of electricity generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5083913736253732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41ad99a3-ef6c-47ee-9350-a09ee85b995c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.502707"}
{"text": "to achieve 33 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by that year. though biomass currently plays a relatively small role in the u. s. electric power - generation market - \u2014 it represents about 10 gigawatts ( gw ) of electricity generation, according to the u. s. department of energy \u2019 s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy \u2014 the bpa reports biomass supplies more than half of the united states \u2019 renewable electricity. this niche will continue to grow along with other alternative energies, at a pace partially dictated by the price of natural gas. in its annual energy outlook 2011, the u. s. energy information administration projects renewables will constitute 14 percent of all electric - power generation, just behind nuclear ( 17 percent ) by 2035. in the u. s. consumption of liquid fuels, biofuels are projected to make up 3 percent. success in landfill gas though a niche market, ecs are finding competitive work in alternative - power generation. some contractors have been involved in such work for years. o \u2019 connell electric co. inc., victor, n. y., entered the world of landfill gas - to - energy some 20 years ago when it was approached by representatives from a county landfill. \u201c in new york, landfills are required to flare off the gas they produce or do something with it, \u201d said tim ehmann, senior manager for o \u2019 connell electric. \u201c some choose to generate electricity, capturing and reprocessing the gas from the landfill. \u201d producing wholesale power for utilities is a major application. but there are others, too. interface, a carpet tile manufacturer based in lagrange, ga., uses the city \u2019 s landfill gas to supplant its facility \u2019 s natural gas usage by 20 percent. landfill gas is about 40 \u2013 60 percent methane, with the remainder being mostly carbon dioxide ( co2 ). typical landfill - to - gas projects use compressors, blowers, switchgear, engine controls, gas compression controls, power distribution, lighting and a utility substation. such operations offer many opportunities for the savvy electrical contractor. \u201c the gas has to be conditioned before it goes into a generator, \u201d ehmann said. \u201c there are mechanical concerns and specialty engineering that goes into the gas preparation. essentially, you collect, pressurize and regulate the gas flow. we needed to partner with specialty engineers to design the mechanics. \u201d ehmann said today \u2019 s major landfill gas - to - energy customers are larger waste generators, such as waste management", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45304128722046605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41ad99a3-ef6c-47ee-9350-a09ee85b995c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.504619"}
{"text": "essentially, you collect, pressurize and regulate the gas flow. we needed to partner with specialty engineers to design the mechanics. \u201d ehmann said today \u2019 s major landfill gas - to - energy customers are larger waste generators, such as waste management inc. that company asserts that its landfill gas projects create enough energy to power 400, 000 homes every day and offsets almost 2 million tons of coal per year. waste management currently has 110 landfill gas facilities. \u201c in the last six years, we \u2019 ve seen an increase in alternative - energy developers ( private or co - op, biomass people ) working to install power generators for landfill gas and utilize the carbon credits, \u201d ehmann said. \u201c they are calling us. \u201d o \u2019 connell electric also is performing other biopower work involving large dairy farms. central vermont public service calls it \u201c cow power. \u201d it has six vermont farms providing power to the grid that are estimated to produce between 0. 78 and 3. 5 megawatt - - hours of electricity per year. the process is simple. an anaerobic digester creates biogas from dry, processed manure. the biogas fuels a modified natural gas engine - powered generator that, in turn, creates electricity that is fed into the grid. o \u2019 connell electric is involved in two such projects providing the wiring for the biofuel process and power generators and the interconnections and relay work to the grid. a farm might generate more power than it can use and would then sell the power back to the utility. \u201c our work in biogas and landfill gas is really side work for us, \u201d ehmann said. \u201c it falls in between two existing divisions : line and alternative - energy work. relay work and power protection and testing are services we provide to pull this project work together. we \u2019 ve seen a rebirth in this work, in part due to rates going up and its rediscovery as an alternative - energy green power. \u201d ehmann said his company has to compete. \u201c the electrical interconnection business competition is maybe one in 10 instead of one in 100 for us, \u201d he said. \u201c we have the history, which helps us win the work. we also have our technicians earn their certification in the commissioning of the electrical interconnection ( relays and utility \u2019 s relay testing ). this has helped open the doors for new and repeat business. ultimately, our customers turn to us to help maintain their systems. \u201d in new york, landfill gas operations need to be certified through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45517924830194134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41ad99a3-ef6c-47ee-9350-a09ee85b995c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.506042"}
{"text": ", to design and construct a biogas - upgrading skid that takes a manure digester \u2019 s raw biogas and cleans and compresses it for use in natural gas burning vehicles. the dairy \u2019 s semi trucks are the first cow - powered trucks in the united states. \u201c biopower holds some advantages over solar and wind. it doesn \u2019 t have the intermittent power dips and has no need for energy storage, \u201d carter said. \u201c it is also available 24 / 7. \u201d while biopower is a small market for newkirk electric, like o \u2019 connell electric, it is still a key sector for the company and has grown significantly in the past 5 years. the firm does business across the country and has completed projects in 34 states from california to florida, where newkirk electric has an office. the company is currently involved in 10 projects outside michigan. \u201c for interested ecs, it depends on what role they want to play in this green - energy work, \u201d carter said. \u201c if it \u2019 s just electrical install, power is power. at the very least, develop partnerships with mechanical contractors. if you want to be an added resource to your customer, you have to develop specialized skills. for us, its electrical controls, switchgear, facility interface, line work, substation design and build, and helping fill out paperwork for the cogeneration connection with the utility. knowing the behind - the - scenes required to successfully running biomass and landfill gas projects puts you ahead of the pack as go after this work. \u201d gavin is the owner of gavo communications, a marketing services firm serving the construction, landscaping and related design industries. he can be reached at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4502570675124616, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41ad99a3-ef6c-47ee-9350-a09ee85b995c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.509210"}
{"text": "the west nile virus infectious diseases are creeping in from abroad in 1999 crows in new york started dying in unusual numbers. but it took weeks of further clues, including the deaths of two flamingos and a cormorant at the bronx zoo, for officials to find the culprit. the west nile virus had invaded new york. it was the first time the virus had been recorded in the western hemisphere. since then, west nile has reappeared each summer. as of august 29th cases were up 40 % from a week earlier, reaching 1, 590, with 66 deaths. mosquitoes contract the virus when they bite infected birds. then, with their typical generosity, they give the virus to humans. eighty per cent show no symptoms. the rest may get a fever, nausea or a rash. about one in 150, however, will develop a serious illness, such as inflammation of the brain. this year \u2019 s outbreak is notable mainly for its scale, and the apprehension that future years will unleash equal havoc. nearly half of the cases have been in texas, no stranger to vaguely biblical events. the winter was mild, the spring and summer hot. throughout the year, it has rained intermittently \u2014 in short, ideal conditions for mosquitoes. the centre of the outbreak is dallas. by august 15th county leaders had reported some 200 west nile infections and ten deaths. the mayor declared a state of emergency and authorised aerial spraying \u2014 the first time dallas has done so since 1969, according to the dallas morning news. health officials started fogging, distributing larvicide and bug repellent, and scouting for standing water. complicating matters, dallas county also includes 30 or so smaller towns ; some were wary of aerial spraying. west nile is not the only developing - country disease that has seeped into america. since 2001 three states have seen outbreaks of dengue fever. the centres for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimate that 300, 000 people in the united states, overwhelmingly immigrants, are infected with chagas disease, caught from parasites that feed on the face and are usually found in central and south america. a cdc survey found that 14 % of americans have been exposed to toxocara, roundworms that often cause no symptoms, but which can damage inner organs and the eye. worryingly, the cdc found higher rates among those who are poor and black. a study of houston observed that west nile was more common among the homeless. in general, mosquitoes find the poor inviting hosts, explains peter hotez", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4204343718436858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7207e3d8-302d-412a-9eed-86acc79d4de1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.512717"}
{"text": "eden mekabu is the ruffled, flowering sprout located at the base of the sea vegetable, wakame undaria pinnatifida just above the root. mekabu is also known as the sporophyll of the wakame plant. eden wakame grows wild in the environmentally protected ise ( ee - say ) bay, located in the central eastern area of the main island, honshu. mekabu has a pleasant, mellow sweet flavor and is highly regarded in japan and other parts of asia. the wakame is hand harvested by fishermen in boats using long bamboo poles with a sickle attached that cuts the wakame loose. as the wakame floats to the surface, the fishermen pull the plants into the boats. after bringing the wakame to shore, the upper wavy fronds are removed and used to make whole dried wakame, like eden wakame, or instant dried flakes, like eden wakame flakes. the root is removed and the remaining section, mekabu is washed before undergoing a two step drying process using both sun and slow oven drying techniques for several more hours. after sun drying thoroughly, the mekabu is misted with pure water, very finely shredded and then oven dried. after soaking mekabu is usually seasoned and eaten as is or added to salads, without further cooking or simply added toward the end of cooking for soups. a sticky substance in mekabu, called fucoidan, is believed to be more beneficial to health in raw mekabu. modern science affirms that fucoidan, a natural complex contained in the viscous and sticky sporophyll of mekabu, is a beneficial polysaccharide that breaks down when the seaweed is cooked. this was determined when studies were performed on the japanese island of okinawa, known for it ' s highest degree of health in japan. fucoidan is believed to be of benefit to the immune system as well as digestive and thyroid health. for those using sea salt, sea vegetables are a source of iodine. the fda says, \" diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of hypertension or high blood pressure, a disease associated with many factors. \" eden mekabu is very low in sodium, fat free, and cholesterol free. mekabu is usually eaten in small amounts, like a condiment, rather than a side dish. one teaspoon ( about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4876178420794528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8223ebd7-24d0-4993-a48f-79689edceeba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.522386"}
{"text": "there are certain types of people that are just naturally caregivers. these people are generally compassionate, motivating and kindhearted. nursing is a popular career option for these types of people. for those thinking of becoming a nurse the research process can be quite overwhelming. bachelors and associates nursing education the first step to starting a nursing career starts with the preliminary research. becoming a nurse requires an advanced education. although you do not need a college degree to become a nurse, those who have a nursing degree will make more money and have more career options in the future. there are many options to obtaining a nursing degree. the most common is a bachelor of science nursing which is a 4 year degree at a traditional university. usually a bachelor of science nursing degree is required for admission to a masters of nursing program. by completing a college degree individuals will become a registered nurse and will have many career paths they could take. individuals choosing not to become rn \u2019 s can also obtain an associates degree from a community college and work taking care of the sick, injured or elderly in special needs programs. make sure the nursing program is accredited with the national league for nursing accrediting commission and commission on collegiate nursing education before enrolling. advanced nursing education licensed practical nurses care for the sick, injured and disabled under the direct supervision of physicians and registered nurses. an lpn is responsible for taking basic care, taking vital signs, monitoring equipment and changing dressings. getting an lpn degree usually takes 1 year and can be found at vocational schools. some universities offer accelerated programs for students who already have some other degree but wish to pursue nursing. these programs usually last 1. 5 - 2 years in length. there are many advanced degrees as well such as degree completion programs for rns, master, doctoral and post - doctoral programs. getting a degree is the first step in a meaningful nursing career. once you have a degree in nursing there are many different certification programs available to further ones career. some registered nurses are required to complete certification classes on a regular basis to show competence of their job skills. there are no set standards for every hospital or clinic but rather each employer can choose to participate in ongoing training / certification. online programs do exist and our gaining in popularity due to their reduced cost and time. it pays to be a nurse a nursing career is one of the most popular and most needed jobs in america. currently there are more than 100, 000 rn openings in the united states. by 2020 there will be a need for 800, 000 rns. the increased need is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46140338603823916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1534dd85-7334-478c-9bf0-e768efefdce5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.527406"}
{"text": "description from flora of china shrubs, shrublets, perennial herbs, or rarely annual herbs or small trees ; trichomes typically medifixed ( t - shaped ), equally to very unequally 2 - branched and sometimes crisped, or rarely simple multicellular hairs present with glandular tips. stipules persistent or caducous. leaves usually imparipinnate but for some species simple or reduced to 1 leaflet ; stipels present or absent ; leaflet blades usually opposite but sometimes subopposite or alternate, rarely with glands, margin entire. racemes axillary ; bracts usually caducous. calyx campanulate or cup - shaped ; teeth 5, subequal or abaxial one longer. corolla usually reddish, sometimes white or yellow ; standard usually covered outside with appressed trichomes but occasionally glabrous, base shortly clawed, apex usually obtuse to emarginate and mucronate ; wings narrow, base auricled ; keel falcate or spatulate, with spur adnate to wings. stamens 10, diadelphous, only vexillary one free ; anthers uniform, basifixed or subbasifixed, sometimes both ends hairy, apex apiculate ; pollen 3 - colporate. ovary sessile, with 1 to many ovules ; style linear, usually glabrous ; stigma capitate. legume linear, oblong, or ovoid, cylindric or 4 - sided in cross section, 2 - valved, septate, dehiscent ; endocarp often spotted with tannin deposits. seeds globose to rectangular ; hilum small ; cotyledons unequal ; radicle oblique. a single collection has been seen from yunnan of what appears to be an additional species closely related to indigofera laxiflora craib ( kew bull. 1912 : 148. 1912 ), otherwise only known from thailand. about 750 species : tropics and subtropics worldwide ; 79 species ( 45 endemic, two introduced ) in china. ( authors : gao xinfen ( \u9ad8 \u4fe1 ) ; brian d. schrire )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48180533048471197, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9ae8c8c-f4c5-438c-91d2-f23cd74d2200>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.530477"}
{"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. blood or body fluids may contain pathogens ( germs ) that can cause disease. if there is an accident at work involving blood or body fluids, these germs can be spread. the most common and serious bloodborne pathogens are the hepatitis b virus ( hbv ), hepatitis c virus ( hcv ), and human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ). other bloodborne germs include syphilis and malaria. once these germs infect you, they can spread to your loved ones. the three bloodborne germs described below are the most common causes of infections in the workplace. hepatitis b can cause severe damage to the liver and can even lead to death. a vaccine is available to help prevent hepatitis b infection. this vaccine is given as several injections over a period of time. like hepatitis b, hepatitis c can cause severe damage to the liver and can lead to death. there is no known vaccine for hcv. hiv makes it harder for the body to fight infection. hiv causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids ), which is a serious illness that can lead to death. there is no known vaccine for hiv. how you could get infected at work bloodborne diseases can infect you when : you help an injured person without using a protective barrier between you and the infected person ' s blood or body fluids. an object or surface with infected blood or body fluids on it touches your broken skin. you smoke, eat, or touch your eyes, nose, or mouth after getting someone else ' s infected blood or body fluids on your hands. you are pricked or scratched by a sharp object ( such as broken glass ) that has infected blood or body fluids on it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4413000298640988, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ca0eda3-b9b6-45f7-bed8-9df5ba7377f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.532460"}
{"text": "recently, i had a family member consult me regarding the prescription of medication for her son who has been diagnosed with a \" mild form of add \". the physcian recommended that he be given a low dose of medication to treat his symptoms. immediately her mother ' s intuition sparked and she felt that this may not be the best course of action, however, she didn ' t know what her options were. interestingly enough, many physicians may not tell you, but diet plays a huge role in symptomology produced by add or adhd. many times it is not considered in treatment, but the british medical journal stated recently that properly supervised trial eliminating colors and preservatives from the diet of hyperactive children should be considered a part of the standard treatment. if your child is experiencing symptoms consistent with add or adhd consider the following dietary changes : 1. eliminate artificial colors and flavors from their diet. 2. make sure that the child is eating some protein with every meal and snack. helps to regulate blood sugar. 3. eliminate sodas and juices.... even natural sugars can cause blood sugar spikes if the whole fruit is not eaten ( the fiber of the fruit is the important part! ). 4. consider eliminating wheat and gluten from their diet. there are several links to gluten sensitivity and / or allergy in add / adhd 5. a good quality multivitamin and omega 3 supplement is a must! all user - generated information on this site is the opinion of its author only and is not a substitute for medical advice or treatment for any medical conditions. members and guests are responsible for their own posts and the potential consequences of those posts detailed in our terms of service.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778340578689264, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9146c104-8a02-406b-a2fb-1ab148afaafd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.538199"}
{"text": "phthalates action plan summary - what chemicals are addressed in the action plan? - why is epa concerned about these chemicals? - what action is epa taking? what chemicals are addressed in the action plan? eight chemicals are included : dibutyl phthalate ( dbp ), diisobutyl phthalate ( dibp ), butyl benzyl phthalate ( bbp ), di - n - pentyl phthalate ( dnpp ), di ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( dehp ), di - n - octyl phthalate ( dnop ), diisononyl phthalate ( dinp ), and diisodecyl phthalate ( didp ). phthalates are high production volume chemicals used primarily as plasticizers in polyvinylchloride ( pvc ) products. why is epa concerned about these chemicals? epa is concerned about phthalates because of their toxicity and the evidence of pervasive human and environmental exposure to these chemicals. phthalates are used in many industrial and consumer products, many of which pose potentially high exposure. phthalates have been detected in food and also measured in humans. adverse effects on the development of the reproductive system in male laboratory animals are the most sensitive health outcomes from phthalate exposure. several studies have shown associations between phthalate exposures and human health, although no causal link has been established. recent scientific attention has focused on whether the cumulative effect of several phthalates may multiply the reproductive effects in the organism exposed. what action is epa taking? on the basis of existing information, epa included the the following actions in its action plan : - epa intends to initiate rulemaking in autumn 2010 to add these eight phthalates to the concern list under tsca section 5 ( b ) ( 4 ) as chemicals that present or may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. - epa also intends to initiate rulemaking in late 2010 to add the six phthalates not already on the toxics release inventory ( tri ). - in preparation for rulemaking in 2012 under tsca section 6 ( a ), epa intends to cooperate with the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) and the food and drug administration ( fda ) to more fully assess the use, exposure and substitutes for these chemicals. epa plans to consider the results of the cumulative assessment currently being developed and due to be completed by cpsc in 2012 pursuant to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4808891223054522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16d37843-86a4-4bfd-ae89-856ecb3610fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.545759"}
{"text": ") and the food and drug administration ( fda ) to more fully assess the use, exposure and substitutes for these chemicals. epa plans to consider the results of the cumulative assessment currently being developed and due to be completed by cpsc in 2012 pursuant to the consumer product safety improvement act of 2008 ( cpsia ), as well as the ongoing review of phthalates at fda and the assessment for epa \u2019 s iris program, due to be completed in 2011. these assessments will inform epa \u2019 s decision on future action to address these chemicals. epa \u2019 s potential control measures may include a ban of all or several of these chemicals, as appropriate. - epa may consider pursuing additional rulemaking under tsca section 5 ( a ) ( 2 ) in late 2010 or early 2011 to require manufacturers and processors of dnpp to notify epa before manufacturing or processing dnpp for a significant new use. the most recent inventory update reporting ( iur ) data contains no reports of this phthalate being produced or imported into the united states, and thus it is possible that any use of dnpp may be a significant new use. - epa intends to conduct a design for the environment and green chemistry alternatives assessment by 2012. the information developed could be used to encourage industry to move away from phthalates in a non - regulatory setting to expand risk management efforts beyond whatever regulatory action might be taken under tsca, or it could be used as input to a regulatory action. the alternatives assessment would build upon existing knowledge and would consider exposures to all human subpopulations, including children, as well as environmental exposure. - august 2011 : epa began the dfe alternatives assessment. download the complete phthalates action plan ( pdf ), 16 pages, 80 kb, about pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44383701524757635, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16d37843-86a4-4bfd-ae89-856ecb3610fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.546652"}
{"text": "armenian literature. the armenian church fostered literature, and the principal early works are religious or hagiographical, most of them translations. the first major armenian literary work is a 5th cent. translation of the bible ; its language became the standard of classical armenian. early mesopotamian influence resulted in syriac translations ( aphraates and st. ephraem syrus ). armenia then turned to the west for literary inspiration, producing translations of many religious works ( athanasius, basil the great, gregory of nyssa, gregory nazianzen, and john chrysostom ). among secular works are renderings of aristotle and of the romance of alexander. the original writings of the golden age are confined to saints ' lives and histories. the 5th - century history of moses of khorni contains practically all that is known of pre - christian armenia, its folklore and epics. later historians include thomas ardzruni ( 10th cent. ), matthew of edessa, who described the crusades, and stephanos orbelian, who wrote of the mongol hordes ( 13th cent. ). a tradition of nationalistic epic poetry, influenced by muslim form, emerged ; the best - known example is david of sassoun. the principal figure of the 12th cent. is catholicos narses iv, a prelate and poet notable for his literary style. after the decline of armenian cultural centers in the 14th cent., the literature of armenians abroad was heavily influenced by their host countries. in 18th - century constantinople, mechitar ( 1676 \u2013 1749 ), a monk of the catholic armenians, founded a community ( the mechitarists ) to cultivate armenian letters. their headquarters are now in venice, and they are the principal armenian publishers. anticipated by the late 18th - century folk poetry of sayat nova ( = haroutioum sayadian ), the 19th cent. saw a considerable revival of armenian letters and the establishment of a modern literary language. the major novelists of the 19th cent. were khachatur abovian and hagop melik - agopian ( called \" raffi \" ). the 1915 turkish massacres sent many armenian writers ( including hagop ochagan, nigoghos sarafian, and zareh vorpuni ) into exile, which became the subject of their writing. after the incorporation of part of armenia into the soviet union in 1921 the poet leguiche tcharentz and novelist alexander bakountz perished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4061801789340158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13a64a47-a3ff-4f0a-b411-060c2e3b239e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.552359"}
{"text": "galago - bush baby, tiny african primate the galago or bush baby is a small primate which can be found across many countries, mainly in africa. no one is really sure how the term \" bush baby \" came to be used but it has been suggested that the name is either due to their appearance or their sharp cry. this species is a very small primate which has an average size of approximately 5 inches ( 13 cm ). the bush baby has long, fuzzy wool - like fur which can be either a shade of silvery gray or brown. their ears are very large with four ridges which allow them to bend back easily and wrinkle up. they also have characteristically large eyes. other interesting characteristics of this species include its advanced hearing, thickened pads on its toes to allow it to cling and climb safely and also its second tongue. this second tongue is situated below their normal tongue and is used specifically in conjunction with their front teeth for grooming. it \u2019 s interesting to think the bush baby has evolved to have an actual appendage designed solely for grooming! the bush baby is especially well known for its amazing jumping abilities. in fact, this species can jump up to 6. 6 feet ( 2 m ) in the air and it is believed this is due to elastic energy stored in the tendons of their lower legs. without these special tendons, they would not be able to jump as high as they can because of their comparatively small size. bush babies have a gestation period of between 110 and 130 days. the young are born with their eyes half - closed and for the first few days of their life they cannot move independently. after the first few days of life, the mother will carry the infant round in their mouth and puts it down on branches when it is time to feed. there are many different subspecies of bush baby including the rondo bush baby and dusky bush baby. they can be found all across africa and they are a really cuddly looking creature. of course as a wild animal they are very timid and shy but it can \u2019 t hurt to look at them!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44047282398217813, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:accd6c0b-01a3-4226-acde-a273f288fabd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.557206"}
{"text": "[ this section may require several minutes to download ] please click on underlined categories to view : [ to search for subject matter, depress ctrl / f ] : plants yielding fibers have been second only to food plants in their usefulness to humans and their influence on the furthering of civilization. primitive humans in their attempts to obtain the three most important necessities for life : food, shelter & clothing, focused on plants. even though animal products were available, some form of clothing was needed that was lighter and cooler than skins and hides. it was easier to obtain from plants such items as bowstrings, nets, snares, etc. also plant products were available from the leaves, stems and roots of many plants to construct shelter. very early on plant fibers have had a more extensive use than silk, wool and other animal fibers. gradually as humans \u2019 needs multiplied, the use of vegetable fibers increased greatly until presently they continue to be of great importance even after the onset of plastics. it is impossible to estimate the number of species of fiber plants, but over a thousand species of plants have yielded fibers in america alone, and over 800 occur in the philippines. however, plant fibers of commercial importance ore relatively few, the greater number being native species used locally by primitive peoples in all parts of the world. their durability often exceeds those of synthetic manufacture, one example being sisal & manila hemps. the most prominent fibers of the present are of great antiquity. the cultivation of flax, for example, dates back to the stone age of europe, as discovered in the remains of the swiss lake dwellers. linen was used in ancient egypt and cotton was the ancient national textile of india, being used by all the aboriginal peop0les of the new world as well. ramie or china grass has been grown in the orient many thousands of years. plastic materials are often used instead of natural products because they cost less and sometimes tend to be more durable. however, natural plant products continue to have some superior attributes and are used when materials are readily available. there are six principal groups of fibers distinguished according to the way in which they are used. textile fibers are the most important in that they are used for fabrics, cordage and netting. to make fabrics and netting flexible fibers are twisted together into thread or yarn and then either spun, knitted, woven or in some other way utilized. fabrics include cloth for wearing apparel, domestic use, awnings, sails, etc., and also coarser materials such as gunn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5183885053556715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.612476"}
{"text": "are twisted together into thread or yarn and then either spun, knitted, woven or in some other way utilized. fabrics include cloth for wearing apparel, domestic use, awnings, sails, etc., and also coarser materials such as gunny and burlap. fabric fibers are all of some commercial value. netting fibers that are used for hammocks, lace and all forms of nets include many of the commercial fabric fibers and a number of native fibers as well. both commercial and native fibers are used for cordage. for this the individual fibers are twisted together instead of being woven. binder twine, fish lines, hawsers, rope and cables are among the many types. brush fibers are stiff tough fibers including small stems and twigs that are utilized for making brooms and brushes. rough weaving & plaitling fibers. plaits are fibrous, flat and pliable strands that are interlaced to make straw hats, baskets, sandals, chair seats, etc. the most elastic strands are woven together for mattings and the thatched roofs of houses. the supple twigs or woody fibers are for making chairs, baskets and other wickerwork. filling fibers are used for stuffing mattresses, cushions and in upholstery ; for caulking seams in boats and in casks and barrels ; as stiffening in plaster and as packing material. natural fabrics are usually obtained from tree basts that are extracted from bark in layers or sheets and pounded into rough substitutes for lace or cloth. fibers for paper manufacture includes textile fibers and wood fibers that are used in either the raw or manufactured state. a plant cannot be restricted absolutely to any single group because the same fiber may be used for different purposes. also, a plant may yield more than one kind of fiber. thus the following discussion includes species that are considered in the group in which they are of the greatest importance. all fibers are similar in that they are sclerenchyma cells that serve as part of the plant skeleton. they are predominantly long cells with thick walls and small cavities and usually pointed ends. the walls often contain lignin as well as cellulose. fibers occur singly or in small groups, but they are more apt to form sheets of tissue with the individual cells overlapping and interlocking. fibers may occur in almost any part of a plant : stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. the four main types grouped according to their origin include bast fibers, wood fibers, scleren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5214422487516904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.613587"}
{"text": "the individual cells overlapping and interlocking. fibers may occur in almost any part of a plant : stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. the four main types grouped according to their origin include bast fibers, wood fibers, sclerenchyma cells associated with the vascular bundle strands in leaves, and surface fibers that are hair like outgrowths on the seeds of the plants. the term \u201c bast fiber \u201d is subject to criticism, as it gives no indication as to the particular tissue or region in which the fibers occur. it might be preferable to designate those fibers that occur in the outer parts of the stem as cortical fibers, pericyclic fibers or phloem fibers. but \u201c bast \u201d is a term that has been in use for a long time and is so established in commerce that it will be used in this discussion. fibers of economic importance occur in many different plant families, especially those from the tropics. some of the more important families are the palmaceae, gramineae, liliaceae, musaceae, amaryllidaceae, malvaceae, urticaceae, linaceae, moraceae, tiliaceae, bromeliaceae, bombacaceae, and luguminosae. these fibers must be long and possess a high tensile strength and cohesiveness with pliability. they must have a fine, uniform, lustrous staple and must be durable and abundantly available. only a small number of the different kinds of fibers possess these traits and are thus of commercial importance. the principal textile fibers are grouped into three classes : surface fibers, soft fibers and hard fibers, with the last two often referred to as long fibers. surface or short fibers include the so - called cottons. the soft fibers are the bast fibers that are found mainly in the pericycle or secondary phloem of dicotyledon stems. bast fibers are capable of subdivision into very fine flexible strands and are used for the best grades of cordage and fabrics. included are hemp, jute, flax and ramie. hard or mixed fibers are structural elements found mainly in the leaves of many tropical monocots, although they may be found in fruits and stems. they are used for the more coarse textiles. sisal, abaca, henequen, agaves, coconut and pineapple are examples of plants with hard fibers. cotton is one of the greatest of all industrial crops. it is the principal fiber plant as well as one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178207372627682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.614738"}
{"text": "coarse textiles. sisal, abaca, henequen, agaves, coconut and pineapple are examples of plants with hard fibers. cotton is one of the greatest of all industrial crops. it is the principal fiber plant as well as one of the oldest and most economical. it was known since ancient times and well before written records. there are references to cotton by the ancient greeks and romans. cotton was found in india before 1, 800 b. c. the hindus were believed to be one of the first people to weave cloth in the eastern hemisphere, although reference to nordic traders of woven goods in north america during the bronze age has been made by fell 1982 ( http : / / faculty. ucr. edu / ~ legneref / bronze / fell2. htm ). cotton was introduced to europe by the arabs who called the plant \u201c qutn. \u201d the plant had several origins because columbus found it in cultivation in the west indies, and it was known to the amerindians of neotropical america in pre - columbian times. cotton became a commercial crop in the united states after 1787.. several species of the genus gossypium provide what we call cotton. the fine fibrous hairs that occur on the seeds constitute the raw material. these hairs are flattened, twisted and tubular. they compose the lint, floss or staple. their length and other qualities vary with the different varieties. the plant is a perennial shrub or small tree naturally, but under cultivation it is treated as an annual. it branches freely and grows to a height of 4 - 8 ft. cotton thrives in sandy soil in humid regions that are near water. this environment is typified in the southern united states and in the river valleys of india and egypt. cotton matures in 5 - 6 months and is ready to harvest soon after. hundreds of varieties have been developed from wild ancestors or produced by breeding during the long period of cultivation. varieties differ in fiber character as well as other morphological features. cotton is a difficult group to classify and the exact number of species is subject to argument. cultivated cottons of commercial importance are usually referred to one or another of four species : gossypium barbadense and g. hirsutum in the western hemisphere and g. arboreum and g. herbaceum in the eastern hemisphere. 1. - - gossypium barbadense probably originated in tropical south america. the flowers are bright yellow with purple spots. the fruit, or boll, has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088556947347618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.616131"}
{"text": "g. arboreum and g. herbaceum in the eastern hemisphere. 1. - - gossypium barbadense probably originated in tropical south america. the flowers are bright yellow with purple spots. the fruit, or boll, has three valves, and the seeds are fuzzy only at the ends. two distinct types exist : sea - island cotton. this type has never been found in the wild as it was already being cultivated at the time of columbus. it has fine, strong and light cream - colored fibers that are regular in the number and uniformity of the twists and they have a silky appearance. these characteristics are valuable and sea - island cotton was formerly in great demand for the finest textiles, yarns, and lace and spool cotton. sea - island cotton was brought to the united states from the west indies in 1785. the finest types were developed on the islands off the south carolina coast and adjacent mainland. here strong and firm stables of two inches or more in length were produced. another form of sea - island cotton was grown along the coast in georgia to florida and in the west indies and south america. this has a staple of 1. 5 - 1. 75 in. in length. the yield of sea - island cotton was lower than other kinds of cotton, but this was compensated for by the greater value of the fiber. the boll weevil almost completely eradicated production of sea - island cotton before control measures were discovered. egyptian cotton this cotton is grown in the nile basin of egypt where it was introduced from central america. the plant is similar in appearance to sea - island cotton and is believed to be a hybrid. however, the staple is brown in color and shorter. its length, strength, and firmness make this cotton suitable for thread, undergarments, hosiery, and fine dress goods. egyptian cotton was brought to the united states in 1902 as an experimental crop and 10 years later it was recommended to farmers in the semiarid regions that were under irrigation. it was then grown in the western states of california, new mexico and arizona. repeated selection and breeding resulted in the development of new strains of which pima cotton is of highest quality. 2. - - gossypium hirsutum is a native american species that was grown by pre - columbian civilizations. it is usually called upland cotton, and is the easiest and most economical kind of cotton to grow. it constitutes the greater part of the cultivated cotton of the world. the flowers are white or light yellow and unspotted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43997227944290157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.617820"}
{"text": "by pre - columbian civilizations. it is usually called upland cotton, and is the easiest and most economical kind of cotton to grow. it constitutes the greater part of the cultivated cotton of the world. the flowers are white or light yellow and unspotted. the bolls are four - or five - valved, and the seeds are covered with fuzz. upland cotton thrives under a variety of conditions but does best in a sandy soil with abundant moisture during the growing and fruiting season and dryness during the time of boll opening and harvest as well as a temperature of 60 - 90 deg. fahrenheit. the northern limit of economic growth is 37 deg. n. lat. the cotton belt of the southern united states grows mostly upland cotton. the fibers are white with a wide range in staple length ( 5 / 8ths to 1. 3 / 8ths in. ). there are over 1210 named varieties, many of which were developed through breeding experiments. the species probably originated in guatemala or southern mexico and spread northward to its present limits in north america. a well - marked variety, often recognized as a distinct species, occurs in the west indies and along the dry coastal areas of south america as far as ecuador and brazil. another variety occurs in central america, northward along the gulf of mexico to florida and the bahamas and in the greater antilles. 3. - - gossypium arboreum is the perennial tree cotton of africa, india and arabia. it was most likely the first to be used commercially, but production is now confined to india. the staples are coarse and very short ( 3 / 8ths to 34 in. long ), but they are strong. 4. - - gossypium herbaceum is the principal cotton of asia. it was grown in indian in ancient times and continues to be used locally there and in iran, china and japan. its chief use is for fabrics, carpets and blankets and is often blended with wool. there are additionally several wild species of gossypium in some tropical and subtropical areas. cotton used to be an expensive material because it was difficult to remove the fibers from the seed. the cotton gin developed by eli whitney in 1793 changed this situation and a revolution of the industry was started. cotton then assumed a very prominent position in world commerce. the economics of cotton has had a profound effect on both the producing and purchasing nations. it is well accepted that slavery was perpetuated in america because of this crop. there are several steps necessary in the preparation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4537184672404242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.618886"}
{"text": "a very prominent position in world commerce. the economics of cotton has had a profound effect on both the producing and purchasing nations. it is well accepted that slavery was perpetuated in america because of this crop. there are several steps necessary in the preparation of raw cotton fiber in order to prepare it for the textile industry. these operations involve ginning in either a saw - tooth or a roller gin, baling, transporting to the mills, picking to remove any foreign matter and delivers the cotton in a uniform layer, lapping where three layers are combined into one, carding, combing and drawing where the short fibers are extracted and the others straightened and evenly distributed, and finally twisting the fibers into thread. cotton is used either by itself or in combination with other fibers in the manufacture of all types of textiles. unspun cotton is extensively used for stuffing purposes. treating the fibers with caustic soda, which imparts a high luster and silky appearance, makes mercerized cotton. absorbent cotton consists of fibers that have been cleaned and from which the oily covering layer has been removed. it is almost pure cellulose and makes up one of the basic raw materials of various cellulose industries. a noteworthy advance in the cotton industry was the utilization of what were formerly waste products. in the early stages of the industry the cotton seed along with its fuzzy covering of short hairs or linters was discarded. however, all parts of the plant are now conserved to yield products that are valuable. the stalks contain a fiber that can be used to make paper or fuel and the roots possess a crude drug. the seeds are used for oil extraction and for livestock feed. the linters give wadding, stuffing for pads, cushions, pillows, mattress, etc ; absorbent cotton ; low grade yarn for twine, ropes and carpets ; and cellulose. the hulls are also livestock feed ; fertilizer ; lining oil wells to prevent cave - ins of the sides ; as a source of xylose, a sugar that can be converted into alcohol or various explosives and industrial solvents. the kernels yield an important fatty oil, cottonseed oil ; and oil cake and meal are used for fertilizer, livestock feed, and flour and as a dye. once the most valuable and useful of fibers, flax gradually became less important as synthetics and cotton assumed more prominent roles. flax is more durable than cotton and can yield a very fine fabric. the plant has been under cultivation for so long that its point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4860084623107389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.619803"}
{"text": "valuable and useful of fibers, flax gradually became less important as synthetics and cotton assumed more prominent roles. flax is more durable than cotton and can yield a very fine fabric. the plant has been under cultivation for so long that its point of origin is unknown. it was used by the swiss lake dwellers and was known to the ancient hebrews and is frequently noted in the bible. the ancient egyptians wore linen and used it for the burial cloths. they carved pictures of the flax plant on their tombs. long before the christian era the greek imported flax, and it is believed that the plant was being cultivated prior to 3, 000 b. c. flax is in the genus linum that contains several wild species of no economic importance as well as linum usitatissimum, the source of the commercial fiber. the plant is an annual herb with blue or white flowers and small leaves. it grows to a height of from 1 - 4 ft. the fibers are formed in the pericycle and are made up of very tough, stringy strands from 1 - 3 ft. long that are aggregates of many long pointed cells with very thick cellulose walls. flax does best in soil that is rich in organic matter and moisture and in temperate regions, but it may be grown elsewhere. preparation of the fibers is a more expensive procedure than for cotton. the crop is harvested and a process known as rippling breaks the stems. the fibers may then be rotted out by submerging the stems in water or by exposing them to dew. during this process called retting and enzyme dissolves the calcium pectate of the middle lamella, which holds the cells together, and frees the fibers. after retting the straw is dried and cleaned and the fibers are completely separated from the other tissues of the stem by an operation known as scutching. finally the shorter fibers that constitute the tow are separated from the longer fibers. the long fibers are the only ones suited for spinning. the fibers of flax have great tensile strength, staple length, durability and fineness. they are used in the manufacture of linen cloth and thread, canvas, duck, strong twine, carpets, fish and seine lines, cigarette paper, writing paper and insulating materials. fibers from the stalks of flax grown for seed are too harsh and brittle for spinning but may be used for other purposes. the principal production area was northern europe, with russia producing around 70 percent of the world crop. some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4560439365558949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.620715"}
{"text": "insulating materials. fibers from the stalks of flax grown for seed are too harsh and brittle for spinning but may be used for other purposes. the principal production area was northern europe, with russia producing around 70 percent of the world crop. some of the finest flax is grown in belgium. the pilgrims introduced flax into north america and these and other colonists were growing sufficient amount for domestic use until 1900. flax is a good crop with which to reclaim native soil and for a long time its cultivation was confined to the frontier. flax is grown for its seed in areas with low rainfall. the seed is used in medicine and as a source of linseed oil. the term \u201c hemp \u201d is applied loosely to include a number of very different plants and fibers. the true hemp is cannabis sativa, a plant native to central and western asia but has spread worldwide where it often occurs as a troublesome weed. the plant is a stout, bushy, branching annual that varies from 5 - 15 ft in height. it is dioecious with hollow stems and palmate leaves. the best grade of fiber is obtained from male plants. hemp requires a mild humid climate and a rich loamy soil with an abundance of humus. calcareous soils are especially suitable. the fiber is white bast that develops in the pericycle. it is valuable because of its length that varies from 3 - 15 ft, its strength and great durability. however, it lacks the flexibility and elasticity of flax because of its lignification. yields are usually high with one acre producing 2 - 3 tons of stems, 25 percent of which is fibrous material. the plants are harvested and shocked and dried. the fibers are separated from the rest of the bark by retting, either in dew or in water. they are then broken, scutched and hackled. hemp must be harvested when the male flowers are in full bloom or the fibers are too week or too brittle to be of value. hemp is an ancient crop that had been grown in china before 2, 000 b. c. it was introduced into europe around 1, 500 b. c. it reached north america in early colonial days and became a viable industry in kentucky and wisconsin. by the 21st century very little of the crop was being grown in north america. hemp has been used to make ropes, carpets, twine, and sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, sacks, bags and webbing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48724390128641154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.621675"}
{"text": "by the 21st century very little of the crop was being grown in north america. hemp has been used to make ropes, carpets, twine, and sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, sacks, bags and webbing. the waste and woody fibers of the stem were sometimes used to make paper. the finer grades can be woven into a cloth that resembles coarse linen. the short fibers or tow and ravelings constitute oakum. this is used for caulking the seams between the plants in shipbuilding, in cooperage and as packing for pumps, engines, etc. in the tropics hemp is grown for its seed, and also for a drug that is gotten from the flowering tops and leaves. the seeds contain oil that is useful in the soap and paint industries as a substitute for linseed oil. the drug, known as hashish, is a resinous substance that contains several powerful alkaloids. in america this type of hemp is known as marijuana. ganja is a specially cultivated and harvested grade of hemp used for smoking and in beverages and candies. it has high resin content. jute has been used almost extensively as cotton even though it is much less valuable than either cotton of flax. it is a bast fiber obtained from the secondary phloem of two species of corchorus of asia. the best quality is from c. capsularis, a species with round pods that is grown in lowland areas subject to flooding. the plant is a tall, slender, somewhat shrubby annual with yellow flowers that grows to a height of 8 - 10 ft. it requires a warm climate and a rich, loamy alluvial soil. fiber from c. olitorius, and upland species with long pods, is somewhat inferior but the two are not separated in commerce. harvest occurs within 3 - 4 months after planting and while the flowers are still in full bloom. the stems are retted in pools or tanks for several days to rot out the softer gummy tissues, and whipping the stems on the surface of the water then loosens the jute, or gunny, strands. the pale - yellow fibers are very long, from 6 - 10 ft. in length, and they are very stiff being highly lignified. they have a silky luster. they are produced in abundance, but are not especially strong and they tend to deteriorate when exposed to moisture. despite these disadvantages they are economical and easily spun. plastics have replaced many of the products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47517630538409567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.622531"}
{"text": "green on both sides. rhea fiber is included under ramie in industry. crotalaria juncea is an important fiber plant in asia. it has been cultivated since ancient times and there are no known wild ancestors. it is the earliest fiber to be mentioned in sanskrit writings ( hill 1952 ). it is a shrubby annual legume from 6 - 12 ft tall with bright yellow flowers. it is grown primarily in southern india. almost all the members of the malvaceae yield bast fibers that can be used in textiles. some of the most important are as follows : china jute or indian mallow ( abutilon theophrasti ) is an annual plant that yields a strong, coarse, grayish - white lustrous fiber with characteristics similar to jute. it has been extensively grown in china and was introduced into north america where it can thrive. the fibers have great tensile strength, take dyes readily and are used in china for making rugs and paper. kenaf ( hibiscus cannabinus ) is a tall herb that yields a fiber with has over 129 names, among them deccan, ambari or gambo hemp, java jute and mesta fiber. it is a substitute for hemp and jute in the manufacture of coarse canvas, gunnysacks, cordage, matting and fishing nets. the plant is adapted to a wide range of climates and soils. harvest is right after the flowers come into bloom. the fibers are 5 - 10 ft. long and are usually extracted by retting. kenaf seed yields up to 20 percent of edible oil on being refined. roselle or rama ( hibiscus sabdariffa ) is cultivated in india, southeastern asia and some pacific islands as a substitute for jute and for its edible fruit. the light - brown fibers are silky, soft and lustrous. roselle is adapted to well - drained fertile soil where there is a 20 - in. rainfall. it grows fast and can be harvested 90 days after planting. retting is accomplished in 10 - 12 days, and the fibers are easily slipped from the bark. the red fleshy calices and involucels surrounding the young fruits are acid and provide a sour relish. the juice is used for flavoring and in making jellies, jams and wine. aramina or cadillo ( urena lobata ) occurs as a weed in most tropical countries. it provides a yellowish - white fiber that is more durable than ju", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771454589740287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.624306"}
{"text": "used for flavoring and in making jellies, jams and wine. aramina or cadillo ( urena lobata ) occurs as a weed in most tropical countries. it provides a yellowish - white fiber that is more durable than jute and is used as a substitute in some industries. it has been grown commercially in cuba, madagascar, nigeria, the congo and brazil where it is made into coffee sacks. other malvaceous species that yield fibers but which are of minor importance include okra, hibiscus esculentus, majagua, hibiscus tiliaceus, and several species of the genus sida. sida acuta is an extremely easy plant to harvest and prepare and the fibers are twice as strong as jute. the amerindians used the bast fibers of different plant for their bowstrings, nets, etc. colorado river hemp, sesbania exaltata, was widely used by the western groups, while indian hemp, apocynum cannabinum, and milkweed, asclepias syriaca, yielded important fibers for eastern groups of amerindians. this is a premier cordage material that is obtained from several species of wild plantain or banana. musa textilis is the principal source. it resembles the true banana but has narrow more tufted leaves and inedible fruits. the plant forms a clump of 12 - 30 sheathing leafstalks 10 - 20 ft. high with a crown of spreading leaf blades 3 - 6 ft long. the fiber is secured from the outer portion of the leafstalks. mature stalks are cut at the roots and split open lengthwise. the pulp and the fiber strands are removed, and the strands are washed and dried. individual fibers are 6 - 12 ft. long, lustrous and variable in color from white to light ocher. they are light, elastic, stiff and very strong, durable and resistant to both fresh and salt water. therefore, the main use of abaca has been in the manufacture of high - grade cordage, especially marine cables. plastic cables are frequently substituted but they are not as easy to manage on ships as true abaca. other products made from this kind of hemp are binder twine, bagging, strong tissue paper, papier - mache, wrapping paper and manila paper for sacks. in japan manila hemp was used in making movable partitions in houses. the individual fibers cannot be spun, but strands of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43798152222567355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.625179"}
{"text": "peninsula produced most of the crop. the leaves bear spines that make them difficult to handle. the light straw colored fiber is scraped out from the leaf tissue. it is hard, elastic and wiry, measuring 2 - 5 ft. in length. it was used mainly for binder twine, lariats and durable mats. it is not suited for marine or hoisting cables, as it is heavy and weak. tablemats constructed from this fiber have a beautiful luster and are resistant to stains. agave letonae from el salvador is a related species. production declined dramatically by the 21st century. this is very similar in appearance to henequen but the leaves bear few spines. native to mexico and central america it was cultivated in hawaii, the east and west indies and in several parts of africa. the plant is very drought resistant and will grow where other species fail. little cultivation is required. the coarse, stiff, light yellow to white fibers are removed, cleaned, dried and packed in bales for shipment. synthetic fibers also largely replaced sisal by the 21st century. in ancient times there were several fibers used in mexico under the names of istle, ixtle or tampico fiber. three species of most importance are jaumaveistle, agave funkiana, tula istle, a. lecheguilla, and palma istle, samuela carnerosana. several species of yucca were also grouped under the category of istle. the fibers are obtained from immature leaves of wild plants. although these fibers are shorter than those of sisal and henequen, they are very strong and durable. they were formerly used for brushes and as a cheap substitute for sisal and abaca to make bagging, twine and rope. manila maguey or cantala, agave cantala, is a species from mexico that was introduced into india and southeastern asia. it was grown commercially in the philippines, java and elsewhere as a substitute for sisal. mexican maguey is obtained from different species of agave and the fibers are valued only locally by the inhabitants of the region in which it grows. it was nevertheless a highly valued plant by amerindians who used it to make the fermented beverages of pulque and mescal. leaves of the green aloe, furcraea gigantea, are the source of mauritius hemp. the plant is native to tropical america but is grown worldwide, where local inhabitants use its fiber. it has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4072537931441295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.627186"}
{"text": "of tropical africa, s. roxburghiana of india and s. zeylanica of sri lanka. several species were introduced into north america among which is the florida bowstring hemp, s. longifolia. this is a term applied to the short, coarse and rough fibers that make up a large part of the husk of coconut fruits, cocos nucifera. it is the only prominent fiber that is obtained from fruits. unripe coconuts are soaked in salt water for several months to loosen the fibers. they are then beaten to separate the fibers that are then washed and dried. the product has varied uses. in tropical asia and pacific islands it is the source of sennit braid that is used for cables, small cordage and hawsers. coconut fibers are superior to all others for this purpose because they re very light and elastic and resistant to water. coir has also been used for brush bristles, doormats, sacks, floor coverings, some textiles, upholstery, and stuffing for the bearings of railroad cars and as a substitute for oakum. sri lanka has been the center for commercial production. in puerto rico coir was used in horticulture as a substitute for peat. pineapple, ananas comosus, is the source of fibers of great strength and fine qualities. they are shiny white, very durable and flexible and are not harmed by water. when grown for the fiber pineapples are planted closer together and develop longer leaves. the best fibers are gathered from leaves that have not attained their maximum length. two - year old leaves are usually harvested and the fibers scraped out by hand, which is an expensive process. after drying and combing, the fibers are tied end to end and can be woven. in the philippines pina cloth is one of the most delicate and expensive of fabrics made from these fibers. aechmea magdalenae is a plant that resembles pineapple. it is native to the dry alluvial soils from southern mexico to ecuador. the long leaves have a fiber of high quality known as pita floja or pita. these fibers are the basis of one of the most ancient and most important native industries in oaxaca and have also been used in central america and colombia. the fibers are 5 - 8 ft. long, white or light cream colored, lustrous, finer and more flexible than other hard fibers and with a high tensile strength. they are very resistant to salt water so they are used to make fish lines and nets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550665995799826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.631529"}
{"text": "5 - 8 ft. long, white or light cream colored, lustrous, finer and more flexible than other hard fibers and with a high tensile strength. they are very resistant to salt water so they are used to make fish lines and nets. they are also used for sewing leather. this fiber is a substitute for jute. it is from neoglaziovia variegata a bromeliad of the dry, hot arid areas of northeastern brazil. the leaves yield a soft, flexible, white elastic fiber three times as strong as jute. caroa is used for rugs, sacks, textiles, cordage, twine and paper. brushes, brooms and whisks are made from various vegetable fibers. these fibers need to be strong, stiff and elastic with a high flexibility. sometimes whole twigs, fine stems or roots are used, or the fibers are secured from leafstalks. several important brush fibers are as follows : a few species of palms that grow in tropical america and africa are the source of brush fibers called commercially piassava, piassaba or bass fiber. these trees have leaf stalks or leaf sheaths that yield the stiff, coarse, brown or black fibers in making brushes for sweeping large areas such as sidewalks and streets west african piassava is obtained from a wine palm, raphia vinifera that grows in profusion in the tidal bayous and creeks of liberia and other parts of west africa. the leafstalks are retted and the bundles beaten. the long fibers are used to make mats and brushes. a wine is fermented from the palm tree sap. brazilian piassava is from two species of palm found in profusion in the lowlands of the amazon and orinoco regions. attalea funifera is the source of bahia piassava. the fibers are wiry, stiff and brown and almost like bristles. they are removed from the swollen bases of the leafstalks with an ax. they have been used primarily for street - cleaning machine brushes because the fibers are very durable and retain their resiliency even when wet. para piassava fibers are formed on the margins of the leaf petioles of leopoldinia piassaba. they are used not only for brushes and brooms but also for hats, baskets and ropes. some other coarse fibers such as palmyra and kittul fiber are classed as piassava in commerce. palmyra fiber is from the palmyra palm, borassus flabellifer, of the east indies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490751082735314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.632948"}
{"text": "hats, baskets and ropes. some other coarse fibers such as palmyra and kittul fiber are classed as piassava in commerce. palmyra fiber is from the palmyra palm, borassus flabellifer, of the east indies. this palm is one of the most useful as all parts of the plant are used for some purpose. the fibers are made into twine, paper, rope and machine brushes. kittul fiber is finer, softer and more pliable. it is obtained from the leaf sheaths of the toddy palm, caryota urens, of sri lanka and the east indies. the black bristles are made into strong ropes or into soft brushes. they also are substitutes for horsehair and oakum. cabbage palm, sabal palmetto, of coastal southeastern north america yields a valuable fiber called palmetto fiber. the highest - grade fiber is obtained from young leaf stalks that are still in the bud. coarser fibers come from mature leaves or the bases of old leaf stalks surrounding the bud. there was one an industry in florida that processed this fiber for use as a substitute for palmyra in brushes. palmetto fibers are reddish tan in color and 8 - 20 in. long. the bud of the palm is edible and the roots contain tannin. the sorghum, sorghum vulgare var. technicum, differs from other sorghums by having a panicle with long straight branches. this inflorescence or seed head is the \u201c brush \u201d that is made into brooms. a dwarf variety exists that furnishes fiber for whiskbrooms, while the normal sized variety is used for carpet brooms. harvest is before the end of flowering season by cutting the stems a few inches below the head. the heads are sorted, threshed and dried. another species, spartina spartinae, is a native grass of the southern coastal plain from florida to mexico that has been used in combination with the sorghum. brooms often consist of as much as 50 percent spartina surrounded by broomcorn. broomroot or zacaton, muhlenbergia macroura, is used to manufacture cheaper brushes. the plant is a grass found from texas to central america, especially in the mountainous regions of mexico. it is a perennial with tufted wiry culms and coarse roots. the roots are the plant part utilized. they are harvested year - round, washed, cleaned and dried. they are then cut from the tops, graded according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4485004447116221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.634932"}
{"text": "of mexico. it is a perennial with tufted wiry culms and coarse roots. the roots are the plant part utilized. they are harvested year - round, washed, cleaned and dried. they are then cut from the tops, graded according to quality, length and color and baled for export. there are relatively few materials that are manufactured for plaited or coarsely woven articles. the raw materials include the rushes, stems of reeds, willows, bamboo, grasses, rattan and leaves and roots. they are used entirely or split. they are woven or twisted together in a simple manner and made into sandals, mats, hats, matting, screens, chair seats, baskets, etc. in many parts of the eastern hemisphere, rice, barley, wheat and rye are grown for the purpose of making braids or straw plaits for hats. the plants are grown close together so that they will have few leaves, and they are harvested before they mature. the stems are split lengthwise before plaiting. the leghorn hats and tuscan hats of italy are some of the best of the straw hats. panama hats are made from the leaves of toquilla, carludovica palmata, a stem less, palm like plant that grows wild in the forests from southern mexico to peru. it has been cultivated in ecuador and parts of colombia. the panama hat industry is concentrated in ecuador. young leaves are collected while they are still folded in the bud and treated with hot water. the coarse veins are removed and the plaits are separated and split lengthwise into slender strips that are slowly dried and bleached. they gradually roll inward forming fine cylindrical strands known as jipijapa. the hats are woven by hand from these strands. about six leaves are necessary to make one hat. the best quality panama hats are uniform and have a fine texture, are strong, durable and elastic and resistant to water. the puerto rican hats are made from the leaves of the hat palm, sabal causiarum. in the eastern hemisphere commercial mattings have been made from several rushes, grasses and sedges. usually the stalks or leaves are used alone, but they may be combined with cotton of hemp. some of the species utilized are chinese mat grass, cyperus tegetiformis, and japanese mat rush, juncus effusus. the screw pines, pandanus tectorius and p. utilis are important in southeastern asia and oceania for making mats. the leaves of these species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269151754307764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.636001"}
{"text": "cyperus tegetiformis, and japanese mat rush, juncus effusus. the screw pines, pandanus tectorius and p. utilis are important in southeastern asia and oceania for making mats. the leaves of these species are also used for sugar bags, cordage, hats and thatching. baskets have been and are continuously being made from an array of plant species worldwide. roots, stems, leaves and even woody splints have been used. commercial baskets are usually made from rushes, cereal straw, osiers or willows, and ash or white oak splints. sweet grass baskets are made from hierochloe odorata, a common species in lowlands along the coast and great lakes. another important source of basket fiber is the raffia palm, raffia pedunculata, native to madagascar. strips of the lower epidermis of the leaves are the raffia of commerce. the fiber is so soft and silk like that it can be woven. it is especially useful as a tie material for nurseries and gardens. this includes chair seats, chairs, infant carriages, hampers and other light articles of furniture. willows, rattan and bamboo are the main plants used. rattan is obtained from several species of climbing palms, calamus spp., that grow in the humid forests of the east indies and other parts of tropical asia. the stems of these plants are long, strong, flexible and uniform. they are used either entirely or as splits in asia for furniture, canes, baskets and other items. a considerable quantity of rattan is exported for making furniture. bamboos occur in most tropical areas, but they are especially abundant in the monsoon regions of eastern asia. they are the largest of the grasses with woody stems that sometimes reach one foot in diameter and a height of over 10 feet. there are many species in the families arundinaria, bambusa, dendrocalamus, gigantochloa, phyllostachys, and other genera. the stems are used for all kinds of construction in areas where these plants grow. exported bamboo is used in the manufacture of furniture, fishing rods and implements of various kinds. bamboo splits are made into baskets and brushes. in the western hemisphere bamboos have not been extensively utilized. guadua angustifolia is a species with very strong culms and has been used in ecuador to make furniture and in house construction. many plant fibers have been used to stuff pillows, cushions, furniture, mattresses,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4499341267689467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.637068"}
{"text": "been extensively utilized. guadua angustifolia is a species with very strong culms and has been used in ecuador to make furniture and in house construction. many plant fibers have been used to stuff pillows, cushions, furniture, mattresses, etc. they are also used to caulk the seams of vessels, in the making of staff for buildings, as stiffening for plaster, packing for bulkheads and machine bearings, and for the protection of delicate objects during shipment. synthetic materials frequently take the place of these long used products, but in some ways they retain some superiority. surface fibers are commonly used for stuffing because their staples are too short to be spun and thus are not valued in the textile industry. bast fibers are too costly, and hard fibers are frequently too stiff and coarse. the silk cottons are the most important source for stuffing. this is the most popular silk cotton and most valuable of all the stuffing substances. kapok is the floss produced in the pods of the kapok tree, ceiba pentandra. originally confined to the american tropics, it is now found worldwide. it is an irregular tree, 50 - 100 ft. tall, with a buttressed base and weird growth habit. it grows rapidly and begins to bare when only 15 ft. tall. a mature tree can produce more than 600 pods and from 6 - 10 lbs. of the cottony fibers. pods are clipped from the branches and opened. the floss is removed and the seeds separated by centrifugal force. the floss is 1 / 2 - 1 1 / 2 in. long and whitish, yellowish or brownish in color. it is very fluffy, light and elastic and is thus an ideal stuffing material for mattresses and pillows. the fibers have a low specific gravity. they are five times more buoyant than cork and are impervious to water. therefore, kapok is valuable as a filling for life preservers, cushions, portable pontoons, etc. its low thermal conductivity and its high ability to absorb sound make kapok an excellent material for insulating small refrigerators and for soundproofing rooms. it has also been used for the linings of sleeping bags, gloves for handling dry ice and in the tropics as surgical dressings. kapok seeds have 45 percent fatty oil that is extracted and used for soap and food. there are a number of other plants with seed hairs or floss that can be used as a substitute for kapok.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4904987622484364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.638031"}
{"text": "spanish moss and crin vegetal. spanish moss, tillandsia usneoides, is a conspicuous tree epiphyte in southeastern north america. this is an excellent substitute for horsehair after it is processed. the plant is pulled from the trees with rakes or hooks, or it is collected from the ground or water. it is then fermented in order to rot off the gray outer covering and ginned to remove impurities. the prepared fiber is brown or black, lustrous and very resilient. it has been used in upholstery and for automobile cushions. crin vegetal. chamaerop humilis a dwarf fan palm of northern africa and the mediterranean region in which the leaves have shredded and twisted fibers. these have been used as stuffing material. some trees have basts with tough interlacing fibers that can be extracted from the bark in layers or sheets and can then be pounded into rough substitutes for cloth. tapa cloth is one of these as it once constituted the main clothing in polynesia and parts of eastern asia. the material is obtained from the bark of the paper mulberry, broussonetia papyrifera. strips of bark are peeled from the trunk and the outer coating is scraped away. after soaking in water and cleaning these strips are placed on a hardwood log and pounded with a mallet. overlapping the edges and beating them together unite the individual strips. the finished product varies according to thickness from muslin like material to one of leather. tapa cloth is frequently dyed. similar bark cloths have been manufactured from different sources since antiquity. in south america the amerindians used the tauary, couratari tauari, and other species of the same genus. in mozambique the wild fig, ficus nekbudu, was used as a source of mutshu cloth. the upas tree, antiaris toxicaria, of sri lanka furnishes a bark cloth. it is also the source of an important poison used with arrows. lace bark is the produce of lagetta lintearia, a small tree of jamaica. the inner bark is removed in sheets and can be stretched into a lacelike material with pentagonal meshes. it is suitable as a textile and ornament. cuba bast is from hibiscus elatus, a small bushy tree of the west indies. the inner bark is removed in long ribbon - like strips that have been used in millinery and for tying cigars. the vegetable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45749632057824563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.640097"}
{"text": "##nt. cuba bast is from hibiscus elatus, a small bushy tree of the west indies. the inner bark is removed in long ribbon - like strips that have been used in millinery and for tying cigars. the vegetable sponges, luffa cylindrica and l. acutangula, yield a unique fiber. these are climbing cucumbers of the tropics that bear edible fruits containing a lacy network of stiff curled fibers. this material is extracted by retting in water. after cleaning it is used for making hats, for washing and scouring machinery, in certain types of oil filters and as a substitute for bath sponges. a large amount of this material used to be exported by japan. the manufacture of paper requires the use of cellulose present in plant fibers. this subject is discussed under forest products the artificial fibers in use in the textile industry are mostly organic in nature, with synthetic glass fibers being the exception. the organic materials utilized are cellulose, plant and animal proteins, and synthetic resins, such as nylon that is made from soft coal, water and air. the cellulose fibers are discussed under forest products, while the protein fibers of only minor importance. although they have many of the general properties of wool, their low strength when wet is a serious detriment. soybeans, corn and peanuts are the main plant sources of protein fibers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960424826364648, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cda37a5-d5bc-4830-8ca6-1420cecf6e91>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.640743"}
{"text": "best poems by great poets : some of the greatest famous poems by your favourite poets... sing of the banner at day - break. by walt whitman o a new song, a free song, flapping, flapping, flapping, flapping, by sounds, by voices clearer, by the wind \u2019 s voice and that of the drum, by the banner \u2019 s voice, and child \u2019 s voice, and sea \u2019 s voice, and low on the ground and high in the air, on the ground where father and child stand, in the upward air where their eyes turn, where the banner at day - break is flapping. words! book - words! what are you? words no more, for hearken and see, my song is there in the open air \u2014 and i must sing, with the banner and pennant a - flapping. i \u2019 ll weave the chord and twine in, man \u2019 s desire and babe \u2019 s desire \u2014 i \u2019 ll twine them in, i \u2019 ll put in i \u2019 ll put the bayonet \u2019 s flashing point \u2014 i \u2019 ll let bullets and slugs ( as one carrying a symbol and menace, far into the future, crying with trumpet voice, arouse and beware! beware and arouse! ) i \u2019 ll pour the verse with streams of blood, full of volition, full of joy ; then loosen, launch forth, to go and compete, with the banner and pennant a - flapping. come up here, bard, bard ; come up here, soul, soul ; come up here, dear little child, to fly in the clouds and winds with me, and play with the measureless light. father, what is that in the sky beckoning to me with long finger? and what does it say to me all the while? nothing, my babe, you see in the sky ; and nothing at all to you it says. but look you, my babe, look at these dazzling things in the houses, and see you the money - shops opening ; and see you the vehicles preparing to crawl along the streets with goods : these! ah, these! how valued and toil \u2019 d for, these! how envied by all the earth! fresh and rosy red, the sun is mounting high ; on floats the sea in distant blue, careering through its channels ; on floats the wind over the breast of the sea, setting in toward land ; the great steady wind from west and west - by - south, floating so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4086737807729255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b092d726-9acc-4b34-86d9-9b6e8d59fac4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.653793"}
{"text": "sun is mounting high ; on floats the sea in distant blue, careering through its channels ; on floats the wind over the breast of the sea, setting in toward land ; the great steady wind from west and west - by - south, floating so buoyant, with milk - white foam on the waters. but i am not the sea, nor the red sun ; i am not the wind, with girlish laughter ; not the immense wind which strengthens \u2014 not the wind which lashes ; not the spirit that ever lashes its own body to terror and death ; but i am that which unseen comes and sings, sings, sings, which babbles in brooks and scoots in showers on the land, which the birds know in the woods, mornings and evenings, and the shore - sands know, and the hissing wave, and that banner and pennant, aloft there flapping and flapping. o father, it is alive \u2014 it is full of people \u2014 it has children! o now it seems to me it is talking to its children! i hear it \u2014 it talks to me \u2014 o it is wonderful! o it stretches \u2014 it spreads and runs so fast! o my father, it is so broad, it covers the whole sky! cease, cease, my foolish babe, what you are saying is sorrowful to me \u2014 much it displeases me ; behold with the rest, again i say \u2014 behold not banners and pennants aloft ; but the well - prepared pavements behold \u2014 and mark the solid - wall \u2019 d houses. banner and pennant. speak to the child, o bard, out of manhattan ; ( the war is over \u2014 yet never over.... out of it, we are born to real life and speak to our children all, or north or south of manhattan, where our factory - engines hum, where our miners delve the ground, where our hoarse niagara rumbles, where our prairie - plows are plowing ; speak, o bard! point this day, leaving all the rest, to us over all \u2014 and yet we know for what are we, mere strips of cloth, profiting nothing, only flapping in the wind? i hear and see not strips of cloth alone ; i hear again the tramp of armies, i hear the challenging sentry ; i hear the jubilant shouts of millions of men \u2014 i hear liberty! i hear the drums beat, and the trumpets yet blowing ; i myself move abroad, swift - rising, flying then ; i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4622316914485915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b092d726-9acc-4b34-86d9-9b6e8d59fac4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.655393"}
{"text": "armies, i hear the challenging sentry ; i hear the jubilant shouts of millions of men \u2014 i hear liberty! i hear the drums beat, and the trumpets yet blowing ; i myself move abroad, swift - rising, flying then ; i use the wings of the land - bird, and use the wings of the sea - bird, and look down as from i do not deny the precious results of peace \u2014 i see populous cities, with wealth i see numberless farms \u2014 i see the farmers working in their fields or barns ; i see mechanics working \u2014 i see buildings everywhere founded, going up, or i see trains of cars swiftly speeding along railroad tracks, drawn by the locomotives ; i see the stores, depots, of boston, baltimore, charleston, new orleans ; i see far in the west the immense area of grain \u2014 i dwell awhile, hovering ; i pass to the lumber forests of the north, and again to the southern plantation, and again sweeping the whole, i see the countless profit, the busy gatherings, earned wages ; see the identity formed out of thirty - eight spacious and haughty states ( and many more to see forts on the shores of harbors \u2014 see ships sailing in and out ; then over all, ( aye! aye! ) my little and lengthen \u2019 d pennant, shaped like a sword, runs swiftly up, indicating war and defiance \u2014 and now the halyards have rais \u2019 d side of my banner broad and blue \u2014 side of my starry banner, discarding peace over all the sea and land. banner and pennant. yet louder, higher, stronger, bard! yet farther, wider cleave! no longer let our children deem us riches and peace alone ; we may be terror and carnage, and are so now ; not now are we any one of these spacious and haughty states, ( nor any five, nor ten ; ) nor market nor depot are we, nor money - bank in the city ; but these, and all, and the brown and spreading land, and the mines below, are ours ; and the shores of the sea are ours, and the rivers, great and small ; and the fields they moisten are ours, and the crops and the fruits are ours ; bays and channels, and ships sailing in and out, are ours \u2014 and we over all, over the area spread below, the three or four millions of square miles \u2014 the capitals, the forty millions of people \u2014 o bard! in life and death supreme, we, even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4703222414913969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b092d726-9acc-4b34-86d9-9b6e8d59fac4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.657045"}
{"text": "ships sailing in and out, are ours \u2014 and we over all, over the area spread below, the three or four millions of square miles \u2014 the capitals, the forty millions of people \u2014 o bard! in life and death supreme, we, even we, henceforth flaunt out masterful, high up above, not for the present alone, for a thousand years, chanting through you, this song to the soul of one poor little child. o my father, i like not the houses ; they will never to me be anything \u2014 nor do i like money ; but to mount up there i would like, o father dear \u2014 that banner i like ; that pennant i would be, and must be. child of mine, you fill me with anguish ; to be that pennant would be too fearful ; little you know what it is this day, and after this day, forever ; it is to gain nothing, but risk and defy everything ; forward to stand in front of wars \u2014 and o, such wars! \u2014 what have you to do with with passions of demons, slaughter, premature death? demons and death then i sing ; put in all, aye all, will i \u2014 sword - shaped pennant for war, and banner so broad and and a pleasure new and extatic, and the prattled yearning of children, blent with the sounds of the peaceful land, and the liquid wash of the sea ; and the black ships, fighting on the sea, enveloped in smoke ; and the icy cool of the far, far north, with rustling cedars and pines ; and the whirr of drums, and the sound of soldiers marching, and the hot sun shining south ; and the beech - waves combing over the beach on my eastern shore, and my western shore the and all between those shores, and my ever running mississippi, with bends and chutes ; and my illinois fields, and my kansas fields, and my fields of missouri ; the continent \u2014 devoting the whole identity, without reserving an atom, pour in! whelm that which asks, which sings, with all, and the yield of all. banner and pennant. aye all! for ever, for all! from sea to sea, north and south, east and west, ( the war is completed, the price is paid, the title is settled beyond recall ; ) fusing and holding, claiming, devouring the whole ; no more with tender lip, nor musical labial sound, but, out of the night emerging for good, our voice per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4264239906299301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b092d726-9acc-4b34-86d9-9b6e8d59fac4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.658255"}
{"text": "the price is paid, the title is settled beyond recall ; ) fusing and holding, claiming, devouring the whole ; no more with tender lip, nor musical labial sound, but, out of the night emerging for good, our voice persuasive no more, croaking like crows here in the wind. my limbs, my veins dilate ; the blood of the world has fill \u2019 d me full \u2014 my theme is clear at last : \u2014 banner so broad, advancing out of the night, i sing you haughty and resolute ; i burst through where i waited long, too long, deafen \u2019 d and blinded ; my sight, my hearing and tongue, are come to me, ( a little child taught me ; ) i hear from above, o pennant of war, your ironical call and demand ; insensate! insensate! ( yet i at any rate chant you, ) o banner! not houses of peace indeed are you, nor any nor all their prosperity, ( if need be, you have every one of those houses to destroy them ; you thought not to destroy those valuable houses, standing fast, full of comfort, built may they stand fast, then? not an hour, except you, above them and all, stand fast ; ) \u2014 o banner! not money so precious are you, not farm produce you, nor the material good nor excellent stores, nor landed on wharves from the ships ; not the superb ships, with sail - power or steam - power, fetching and carrying cargoes, nor machinery, vehicles, trade, nor revenues, \u2014 but you, as henceforth i see you, running up out of the night, bringing your cluster of stars, ( ever - enlarging stars ; ) divider of day - break you, cutting the air, touch \u2019 d by the sun, measuring the sky, ( passionately seen and yearn \u2019 d for by one poor little child, while others remain busy, or smartly talking, forever teaching thrift, thrift ; ) o you up there! o pennant! where you undulate like a snake, hissing so curious, out of reach \u2014 an idea only \u2014 yet furiously fought for, risking bloody so loved! o you banner leading the day, with stars brought from the night! valueless, object of eyes, over all and demanding all \u2014 ( absolute owner of all ) \u2014 o i too leave the rest \u2014 great as it is, it is nothing \u2014 houses, machines are i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4696206437965845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b092d726-9acc-4b34-86d9-9b6e8d59fac4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.659530"}
{"text": "water rice - based systems and wetlands to mangrove and coastal strips used primarily for fishing. much irrigation ( mainly rice ) is practised in the coastal low - lying areas where drainage is often difficult due to lack of slope. assessment of the impacts of the tsunami will address the damage by flooding ( duration ), erosion, scouring, deposition and salinity in these fragile tropical agro - ecosystems. this will require mapping the aquatic and agro - ecosystems and diagnosing the physical impact of the tsunami ( extent, severity and type ). high resolution global irrigation maps show no irrigation in coastal areas in aceh and north sumatra, none or almost none in thailand ' s affected areas. this suggests a concentration of likely effects to irrigated rice production in south - eastern india, west coast and the middle of southern coast of sri lanka. very roughly, the coastline of the affected areas would be 700 to 800 km in sri lanka, 2000 km in aceh, and 2000 km in south - east india. areas of intervention assessment of the land and water resources and agriculture - related damages appraisal and mapping of the different types, extent and severity of damages identification and prioritisation of the types of rehabilitation / intervention ( short, medium and long term ) estimates of the costs of the proposed rehabilitation / interventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4841391034811236, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcd0dcc4-97c0-4959-8008-79161c8a9a5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.661071"}
{"text": "- safe chemical and equipment - safe and security - always available - professional uniforms there are thousands of varieties of cockroaches, but only about thirty of them can comfortably live with humans. the four main species of pests in the united states are the american, german, asian, and oriental cockroaches. ( these names have little bearing on origin? the american roach was introduced to the united states from africa as early as 1625 ). roaches vary in size from about 1 / 2 \" ( german ), up to 2 \" ( american ). ironically in america, the species that is most common in homes is the german variety. german roaches prefer warm, moist environments, particularly kitchens, boiler rooms and heating systems in large buildings. they can swim, fly ( although they rarely do ), climb smooth surfaces ( including the ceiling ) easily and hide in inaccessible places. they are brown to dark brown in color and can be found all over the world. this species increases in population at a very rapid rate : a single female and her offspring can produce over 30, 000 individuals in a year. this is the roach that roach exterminators are most often called on to eliminate. they are resilient and best able to withstand home roach control products. the american roach is the species that people find most repulsive. it is the largest of these common species and can easily reach two inches in length. we see these roaches crawling over garbage and other waste, skittering out of sight when the light is turned on, interrupting their feeding activities. they access buildings and contaminate food, shed skin, deposit waste and saliva and create an unpleasant odor when enough gather. they prefer dark, moist, warm areas. american cockroaches are found in basements, boiler rooms, and laundry rooms. the adult american roach is reddish brown in appearance with a pale - brown or yellow band behind the head. oriental ( or common ) cockroaches oriental cockroaches are very dark brown to shiny black in color and roughly an inch to 1 and 1 / 2 inches in length. they are often thought of as a water bug or black beetle. they have wings but cannot fly. these pests like to live outdoors when the weather is warm, but they move indoors during extremes of heat, cold or drought. they like garbage storage areas, basements and crawl spaces, spaces between the soil and building foundations, the undersides of stoops and sidewalks, landscaping mulches, water meters, basements and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44839193686150625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dbf0260-5d27-4baa-a89c-356244b30c9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.665010"}
{"text": "during extremes of heat, cold or drought. they like garbage storage areas, basements and crawl spaces, spaces between the soil and building foundations, the undersides of stoops and sidewalks, landscaping mulches, water meters, basements and their floor drains, and other such moist places. these cockroaches frequently live in floor drains that drain directly outside ; these drains are also used as entrances to homes. the oriental roach prefers starchy food, and builds up populations around garbage cans. they tolerate lower temperature ranges than other roaches and may winter in rock walls or such protected sites. these cockroaches are more sensitive to lack of water than other roaches. asian cockroaches are essentially outdoor roaches ; their populations are seasonal. they have successfully colonized urban neighborhoods after being introduced into tampa, florida. they live outside and gather under fallen leaves and ground cover. they favor shady, moist areas, and swarm under trees. unlike most roaches, they are attracted to light. adults fly to lighted windows, doors, yard lights, and parking lot lights at dusk. from these points they often crawl into buildings or fly to indoor room lights. asian cockroaches begin building up their population in spring, and produce several generations through the summer. they are limited to warm, moist regions and may become a serious problem in areas of the united states gulf coast area where temperate climate conditions allow for population increases earlier in the year. look at further information we provide about getting rid of roaches, roach extermination, cockroach control, bed bugs, pest control services, termites, common pests, and animal control services, or take a look at our blog for recent news articles about cockroach identification.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43620798218744633, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dbf0260-5d27-4baa-a89c-356244b30c9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.667551"}
{"text": "psychology news and research briefs tag archive : parents of adhd children also taking medication parents of children prescribed drugs to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) are more than nine times likely than other parents to also take the drugs, says a study by medco health solutions. moreover, if one parent and child in the househo... continue reading parents of adhd children also taking medication improving tourette ' s symptoms with parent management training a study by researchers at the yale university school of nursing shows that using parent management training ( pmt ) can reduce the symptoms of children with tourette ' s syndrome and chronic tic disorders. continue reading improving tourette ' s symptoms with parent management training study : how childhood abuse impacts adult interactions new york university psychologists have shown that adults may have difficulties meeting someone who reminds them of a parent who emotionally or physically abused them as children. in the study, published in the november issue of personality and social psych... continue reading study : how childhood abuse impacts adult interactions fathers vital to child language development in dual - income homes a new study shows that in families with two working parents, fathers play a greater role in child language development than do mothers. researchers videotaped couples interacting with their two - year - old children. returning a year later, they found that whe... continue reading fathers vital to child language development in dual - income homes parenting - focused infotainment helps real - life families reality shows where seasoned professionals help clueless parents learn to discipline and care for their unruly offspring may be more than just fluff entertainment. watching programs promoting good parenting skills and children ' s behavioral problems can actu... continue reading parenting - focused infotainment helps real - life families half of relationships suffer after first child a study of australian couples shows that nearly half of couples report a \" significant decline \" in their relationship after they have children. however, intervention programs that address expectations about being parents and teach communication and conflict... continue reading half of relationships suffer after first child article : parents ' jobs stress children too the average american work week has increased ten hours in the last 30 years and with this jump has come more stress at home - - for parent and child alike, scientists reported this week at the annual meeting of the american psychoanalytic association. a study... continue reading article : parents ' jobs stress children too infant education helps depressed moms infants rely on parental interaction for stimulation and healthy development. unfortunately, that interaction is often interrupted by the post -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4326477887017705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5917e95e-a176-4c0e-a7bc-5c22025a5943>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.672083"}
{"text": "the american psychoanalytic association. a study... continue reading article : parents ' jobs stress children too infant education helps depressed moms infants rely on parental interaction for stimulation and healthy development. unfortunately, that interaction is often interrupted by the post - partum depression which affects about 30 percent of mothers. however, a new canadian study published in this month... continue reading infant education helps depressed moms study : family stability and behavior problems in children the twists and turns of parental love lives can have drastic effects on the behavior and academic success of children, particularly where divorce is involved. a new study shows just how important a stable family is to child behavior and achievement, even if... continue reading study : family stability and behavior problems in children one third of child drinkers get booze from parents seventeen percent of children have tried alcohol before they finished grade school, shows a study published in this month ' s preventative medicine. by the end of junior high, that number jumps to 41 percent, the longitudinal survey of 3, 709 racially diverse... continue reading one third of child drinkers get booze from parents psychbriefs : november 25 - december 1, 2007 our weekly wrap - up of news, interesting research, and noteworthy happenings in the worlds of psychiatry, psychology, and social work. continue reading psychbriefs : november 25 - december 1, 2007 how childhood relationships affect expectations about motherhood a study of 160 women in the last trimester of their first pregnancy shows a woman ' s relationship with her parents during early childhood has a substantial impact on her expectations about motherhood. continue reading how childhood relationships affect expectations about motherhood this is an archive page containing articles from psychology briefs, the findcounseling. com blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49737370719631063, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5917e95e-a176-4c0e-a7bc-5c22025a5943>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.672964"}
{"text": "connect me to : cuba : chinese food and a festival chinese food in central and south america spring volume : 2002 issue : 9 ( 1 ) page ( s ) : 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20 to understand how chinese food came to cuba, a little history is important. long before columbus knew anything about cuba, the native arawak people had developed a successful civilization. columbus blundered upon the island in 1492, and by the early 1500 ' s spain had taken over killing natives and importing africans as slaves for the sugar cane industry. spain held firm until 1898 when teddy roosevelt and the rough riders liberated cuba. sadly, the good feelings this engendered between the united states and cuba soon dissipated. by 1963, things had soured so much that an embargo was imposed. from 1847 through 1883, one hundred fifty thousand chinese migrant workers were shipped to cuban ports to replace freed african slaves and their descendants. the first boatload of chinese arrived in havana harbor on june 3, 1847. immigrants continued to come, from guangdong, fujian, haikou, macao, and hong kong, when it was called ziang gang. chinese were brought to cuba in ships owned by france, spain, england, north american, portugal, holland, russia, and a handful of other countries. by the 1860 ' s, some thirty thousand chinese arrived annually. in 1877 immigration peaked at forty thousand men, but had slipped to five thousand by 1970. only a handful of chinese move to cuba these days. the earliest chinese immigrants to cuba lived under worse conditions than the african slaves and thay faced near constant and inhumane exploitation. in another wave, some five thousand chinese came after attempting to strike it rich in california \u2019 s gold rush. failure to find gold was one reason they left the pacific coast. chinese men had also been victimized by the united states xenophobia ; and they were often denounced by cuba \u2019 s first president, jose marti. chinese immigrants were a steady source of cheap labor. they continued entering cuba through the first decades of the 20th century. they usually settled in urban areas of cuba and came to be known as hard workers and enterprising traders. commonly employed at sugar cane plantations, the chinese men had to either intermarry with african or creole women, or stay single. many could not stand the harsh new world and left or committed suicide. others simply waited it out until their eight - year contracts expired, knowing they could never return to china. quite a few joined the cuban liberation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44482433888420647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.711208"}
{"text": "or creole women, or stay single. many could not stand the harsh new world and left or committed suicide. others simply waited it out until their eight - year contracts expired, knowing they could never return to china. quite a few joined the cuban liberation movement. they achieved varying ranks in the military and they actively participated in the cuban war of emancipation. during the end of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries, many chinese workers gained their freedom and began serious cultural resurgence efforts by forming chinese associations. these associations provided social infrastructure, cemeteries, drug stores, theaters, homes for aged, banks, newspapers, and more. chinese people had traditionally created associations delineated by their territory of origin, but the associations in cuba were free to center around other ties, such as economics, arts, sports, political ideas either public or secret, or the need for national representation. because the immigrants were nearly always male, most marriages that took place were between a chinese father and cuban born mother. most cubans learned early to spot the phenotypical diversity among cuban people of chinese origin. by 1980, there were more than four thousand cantonese living in cuba, but in 2002, there are only three hundred pure - blooded chinese cubans, half living in havana, and most of them elderly. major associations not in havana \u2019 s barrio chino are spread across cuba in santa clara, camaguey, crego de avila, santiago de cuba, and guantanamo. still, chinese blood is highly diffused throughout tens of thousands of cubans, many of whom are called, in a non - derogatory manner, ' chino ' or ' china. ' chinese culture continues to permeate many aspects of life in cuba today. any libertine knows that music is right up there with rum and cigars as cuba \u2019 s finest products, but many are unaware that cuba \u2019 s traditional music groups use three instruments that were first imported by the chinese : the cornet, the chinese box, and a drum cubans call tambares, the same drum used in the traditional chinese lion dance. in the visual arts, wilfredo lam, arguably cuba \u2019 s most famous international artist, is typically cuban, in that he has a cuban mother and a chinese father, with some african blood as well, presumably on his mother \u2019 s side. like many cubans, lam is honest about his mixed ancestry. early chinese settlers introduced, cultivated, and helped assimilate into the cuban diet a number of new vegetables, including pumpkin, cabbage, long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4849584690119789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.712657"}
{"text": ", presumably on his mother \u2019 s side. like many cubans, lam is honest about his mixed ancestry. early chinese settlers introduced, cultivated, and helped assimilate into the cuban diet a number of new vegetables, including pumpkin, cabbage, long green beans, and cucumber. indeed, in havana \u2019 s marketplace, mercado agropecuario egido on avenida de belgica, the only green beans are the very long chinese variety often called ' snake beans. ' roughly the size of a one hundred fifty seat outdoor cafe, it is hard to fathom how cuba \u2019 s main food market has no more than fifty foodstuffs. it seems that while there is an adequate amount of food to feed cuba \u2019 s eleven million people, there is no overabundance of comestibles and severely curtailed selection. the gleam of havana as a mid - 20th century paradise, the world \u2019 s hottest nightspot, and a top cruise ship destination for international jet setters, is gone, nothing more than memories and a faded swizzle stick or two. lobster is now endangered, a result of slaughter for tourist plates or export for hard currency, yet it is still available. we ate a luscious home - cooked cuban lobster enchilada in a deep and delicate tomato and aji cachucha sauce. sea turtles have already been eaten into near extinction and rare to see on menus although during the 1970 ' s large tour groups were fed turtle steak regularly. restaurants, snack bars, and markets alike might have one, two, three or six offerings on a given day. small signs are posted in racks that can advertise a maximum of eight items. people wait in long lines for things like fresh bread and newspapers, some only to sell it to those who can afford to pay a little extra not to have to wait in line. we did not see anyone starving but neither did we see any food going to waste. it has been a long time since cubans have enjoyed the full marketplaces they enjoyed when things were flush. there no longer exists the diverse larder of ingredients needed to ignite cuba \u2019 s rich international culinary heritage, and it has been so long that many people would not know nor recall the proper taste of a given dish. it is sad to see cuba \u2019 s superb culinary tradition wither. cuba \u2019 s countryside remains gorgeous, breathtaking. each province boasts natural beauties, perhaps none as spectacular as pinar del rio, where royal palms sway might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45234422594639756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.713738"}
{"text": "a given dish. it is sad to see cuba \u2019 s superb culinary tradition wither. cuba \u2019 s countryside remains gorgeous, breathtaking. each province boasts natural beauties, perhaps none as spectacular as pinar del rio, where royal palms sway mightily in fertile valleys ringed by craggy, weather - beaten mountain ranges. cuba has many fruit orchards with trees of chinese origin, like the chinese orange, of which nineteen types exist in cuba. the traditional fruit hawker \u2019 s cry of ' naranjas china dulce ' ( sweet chinese oranges ) is part of the cuban oral tradition. nearly all the fruit we ate, however, was less than good. how can guavas ( guayaba ), mangos, soursop ( guanabana ), and papaya ( called fruta bomba because ' papaya ' has become slang for female anatomy ) from a tropical clime taste so unsatisfying - - is it a lack of proper care or lack of good fertilizer? there are two types of chinese gunip trees now common in cuba, oleaginous trees like the chinese oil tree, used in industries, and the lauraceous species like the chinese cinnamon tree which is ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal. also popular are delicate blue chinese violets, known as pensamiento chino or chinese thought, the traditional chinese minimalist symbol of meditation and celestial movement. information about the history of chinese in cuba is not readily available. for example, the lonely planet guidebook to cuba cites nothing chinese in its index or map, although it does contain some tidbits corroborating the extensive data gleaned from chinese presence in cuba, a fact, map, and graph - laden brochure prepared by jesus guanche perez. the film : ' ancestors in the americas : coolies, sailors, settlers, ' a film by loni ding, and a small green book los chinos en cuba provide more information, as does mis imagenes by mercedes crespo villate. this cuban chinese lady writes about the chinese presence in cuba, her motivations, and the reasons for chinese immigration. she discusses cuban reactions to the pobre culis or poor coolies. the book has information on the cuban war of independence from spain, including lists of chinese participants, as well as copies of documents, photographs, a bibliography, and it has information about chinese culture in general. in his informative brochure, dr. perez asks : \u201c what are the reasons why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494160130576927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.714790"}
{"text": "from spain, including lists of chinese participants, as well as copies of documents, photographs, a bibliography, and it has information about chinese culture in general. in his informative brochure, dr. perez asks : \u201c what are the reasons why we cuban people assume this millenary heritage as a patrimony for ourselves \u201d and then answers his own question by talking about china \u2019 s ' five virtues ' of : kindness, honesty, decorousness, wisdom, and faithfulness. perhaps things chinese quickly intimated themselves into cuban civilization because both peoples share these universal values of human duty. cuba, a nation of mixed ancestry, has developed a ' native ' cuisine flavored with foods imported from china, africa, and places in the caribbean. africans brought their traditional starch known as fufu. it is made from plantains. in the 19th century, french coffee planters from haiti brought congri orientale with them, a dish of rice cooked with red kidney beans. in cuba \u2019 s vast oriente region, black beans are substituted for the red kidneys, and the dish is famously renamed moros y christianos, a common dish on every cuban table, every day, and a distant reminder of their colonists. the two colors in this typical cuban platter reference the famous war between the white christian spaniards and the black moors and can be compared to the racial mix of cuba itself. history and politics in cuisine? we \u2019 re definitely in cuba now. today, havana \u2019 s chinatown is concentrated in an area just west of cuba \u2019 s capitolio nacional, which is based on the same architectural plans as the u. s. capitol, except larger and grander. the easiest way to find chinatown is to start at the famous malecon, the broad ocean - side boulevard that is the last bit of land between havana and the united states. turn south at the intersection of malecon and avenida italia, often called by its older name, avenida galiano. walk about ten blocks until you pass a gated park with tall columns painted with chinese characters and the spanish words : barrio china - - playa las columnas. the park \u2019 s white columns carry inscriptions such as : lucky, happiness, shi bo ping yan ( peace for you ), and sun yi shing long ( may business prosper well ). on a sunny saturday in september the gated park was loaded with cubans whiling away the afternoon around cafe tables. there was a birthday party where dozens of swankily dressed celebra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46576876729972205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.715907"}
{"text": "dance, intended more to draw customers than scare away evil spirits. here are ten restaurants on the short and narrow artery called cuchillo, each with its own tout, usually a cuban in chinese costume enticing passersby with the basic menu of chinese food the world over : soup, egg roll, fried rice, and chop suey. there are plenty of traditional cuban snacks available through tiny windows in and around chinatown, just like the new york \u2019 s canal street where hot dog carts circle around the rice and noodle shops to cater to those who are in chinatown but can not stomach chinese food. we learn more about cuban chinese culture, and visit the casa de arte y tradicion china at calle salucci 313, between gervasio and escobar. this big, largely open - air building serves as the center for many chinese traditional art forms and also is home to the grupo promotor barrio china de la havana, a kind of chamber of commerce for cuban chinese. they can direct you to any and all of the current activities in cuba \u2019 s chinese community and provide excellent maps and brochures highlighting places like cementerio chino de la habana, a very large chinese - only cemetery in the heart of havana. currently, there are thirteen chinese associations in havana, the principal one being chung wah. other large ones are say jo jon sociedad wushu kungfu and chueng shan society. the long sai li society, which was founded in 1909 for instruction and recreation and is still housed in a restaurant. it is upstairs and hiding behind intricately etched glass doors. there is also a chinese language newspaper, the kwong wah po diario popular. lung sai li \u2019 s chinese doorman said he had a cuban mom, a cantonese dad, and a spanish grandma. his family \u2019 s favorite dish is whole fish steamed with ginger and scallion. cuban locals invariably say that soups are their favorite chinese offerings, with chicken chop suey a close second. fried rice with black beans and sliced cabbage and chunks of yucca comes in cajitas ( hand - cut grey cardboard takeout boxes ). these common takeout snacks can be upgraded to a full meal with a fried pork chop and / or greasy gravy made from bits of fried pork. i thought it was chinese food, since it was being purveyed in chinatown, but later learned it was the cuban staple, moros y cristianos, which natives know to be best in and around cuchillo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4420060192182258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.719172"}
{"text": "fried pork. i thought it was chinese food, since it was being purveyed in chinatown, but later learned it was the cuban staple, moros y cristianos, which natives know to be best in and around cuchillo. the black beans are different than the black chinese fermented soybean, but the two cuisines do share an affinity for hearty beans, white rice, onions, garlic, and other staples that facilitate culinary fusion. its apparently a solid foundation for the many cuban - owned spanish - chinese restaurants in new york, miami, and elsewhere. intent on tasting standard chinese cuban fare, we headed to the sociedead regionalista, chung shan \u2019 s los dos dragones restaurante y bar con comida china original which is the chung shan regional society \u2019 s two dragons restaurant and bar with original chinese food. it was upstairs on calle dragones no 311 between rayo and san nicolas streets. the grand dining room had seen more glorious days. president castro had eaten here in mid - century, and there is a prominently displayed photograph of fidel and compatriots happily chopsticking an authentic looking chinese spread, complete with coca cola. two dragon \u2019 s open kitchen was full of a variety of big cast iron pots and pans but there was only a single wok for use by the three cuban and two chinese chefs. every cuban diner seemed to be eating soup and fried wontons. we worked our waiter hard until he finally relented and allowed us to order a plate of fairly decent bok choy, instead of chop suey vegetables. tip pan chicken turned out to be quite tasty. a giant, flattened, boneless chicken steak, incorporating both breast and thigh was battered and just barely cooked through. to accommodate the steak - loving cuban palate, the golden fried fillet was kept whole, rather than chopped as is the chinese tradition. mixed ingredient fried rice was drier than it looked and overburdened with handfuls of smoked meats, sickly bean sprouts and scallions. lacking any hint of the flavor of rice it was, to be fair, sustenance. costillitas ahumadas estilo oriental or smoked oriental - style spare ribs were overdone, their smokiness seemed to derive more from repeated re - heatings than from intentional flavoring. the wontons in the soup were the tastiest thing on the table. these delicate noodle packets bore the telltale marks of hand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4453983332696166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.721144"}
{"text": ", their smokiness seemed to derive more from repeated re - heatings than from intentional flavoring. the wontons in the soup were the tastiest thing on the table. these delicate noodle packets bore the telltale marks of hand - rolling, but the broth was thin and the other ingredients proved inconsequential. all told, a meal for four cost twenty - one dollars u. s. with the bok choy plate being surprisingly more expensive than the big chicken dish. both salt and soy are on the tables, as are italian toothpicks ( carezzadente ) in a container featuring an image of a japanese samurai swordsman. after the sub - par meal, we headed for one of the last macho fortresses, the partagas cigar factory \u2019 s private smoking room, where we made the acquaintance of orlando quiroga, a gentlemanly septuagenarian who had just published a book, the art and mysticism of habanos ( in cuba, cuban cigars are called habanos ). while enjoying a montecristo number 4, a perfect afternoon cigar, mr. quiroga recalled chinese influences on his life in cuba. he spoke about the concepts of yin and yang and pointed out the best cigar roller in cuba who is nicknamed chinita, ( little chinese girl ) even though she is a grown and a rather large filipina woman. mr. quiroga recalled the day when thousands of chinese flooded the streets of havana to celebrate chiang kai shek \u2019 s victory. he believes that fried rice is not originally chinese, and knew about the taste differences between white, yellow, and brown - colored fried rice. quiroga recalled going to see exotic foreign films in the 1950s at the chinatown theater called shanghai, which devolved into a pornographic theater before it closed after the revolution. there was also a chinese - only movie theater on zanja street. there used to be two traditional chinese herbal medicine shops, one in chinatown and the other in the old havana neighborhood, catering to non - chinese clientele. mr. quiroga discussed the effectiveness of the chinese metal balls used to relieve stress, the functional qualities of tiger balm salve, and said that cuban hospitals, which offer some of the world \u2019 s finest doctors at bargain prices, still use some chinese methods. he noted how much cubans love chinese clothing, antiques, and knick - knacks, as well as ice cream and other chinese foods. a true epicure,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4379582991988613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.725467"}
{"text": "world \u2019 s finest doctors at bargain prices, still use some chinese methods. he noted how much cubans love chinese clothing, antiques, and knick - knacks, as well as ice cream and other chinese foods. a true epicure, quiroga \u2019 s favorite chinese dishes are whole fish, and duck in orange sauce. i wish i had asked quiroga if he \u2019 d ever seen chinese food outside the barrio, which we did not. also wonder what he knows about one of the world \u2019 s prettiest and fanciest restaurants, havana \u2019 s cafe del oriente. though they do not serve any thoroughly chinese foods, this el sittio del gourmet or ' place for gourmets ' is worth a visit for the decor alone. the classy and pricey antique wood and stained - glass establishment is located in la habana viejo at oficios 112, at the corner of amargura, ( email @ example. com ). eschew the westernized offerings at homogenous chinatown dives like el pacifico, la muralla, and tong po lau, a bodeguita or small food shop which specializes in comida china sabor y magia or ' chinese food, flavor and magic ' and features the masonic logo on its business card. instead, head for havana \u2019 s only chinese restaurant with over one hundred dishes. called tien tan, it is on cuchillo no 17, between zanja and san nicolas, and is open 11 to 11 daily ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ). on the walk through the kitchen to the toilet, the one chinese chef among nine kitchen workers did not respond to ni hao ma the classic ' hi, how are you ' in chinese. even though it is the best of the barrio, tien tan seems typically cuban in its sullen resolve not to live up to its full potential. in keeping with the public \u2019 s wish to be ' transported ' to exotic asia, tien tan is full of tacky chinese decor mixed with photos of local vips. sandalwood incense is sold and the small pass through window from the kitchen to the dining room plays stereotypical ' ching chong ' chinese music until the orders are picked up. chefs on break eat fresh spinach and rice with chopsticks while most of the patrons are cradling soup with chinese porcelain spoons and stabbing at fried wontons with forks. easily the most authentic chinese restaurant in havana, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4395891087835634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.727413"}
{"text": "up. chefs on break eat fresh spinach and rice with chopsticks while most of the patrons are cradling soup with chinese porcelain spoons and stabbing at fried wontons with forks. easily the most authentic chinese restaurant in havana, we plunged into tien tan \u2019 s fresh spinach which, while slightly immature, was earthy and perfectly cooked with fresh garlic. the rice tasted like it had been reheated a second time but the seafood meat soup had broad flavor developed from long cooking. the multi - layered soup was authentic and complex, but unfortunately the ingredients had been overcooked to achieve the heady broth. a plate of chinese ravioli was homemade, their perfect skin much better than their lifeless filling. both the wonton soup and the special chinese soups ( which appear to be the same except the special soup has egg and black mushroom ) were meals in a bowl. the big soups harbored all the flavors of wonton, just without the wrapper. pig \u2019 s kidney with green onion and hot pepper was tasty but very salty. fried noodles with fish were greasy and plain. a mound of fried rice with meat and scallions was the same dry starch that has somehow insinuated itself into every cuban chinese restaurant. on a second visit, a chinese chef from shanghai helped us order. he suggested a thick and fine hot and sour soup, spicy shrimp, and a plate of mixed chinese vegetables. loads of small shrimps fought for space with scallions, red and green peppers and decoratively cut carrots and turnip. the dish was very spicy with la chew jow ( chinese hot pepper oil ) but suffered from a distinct lack of ginger flavor. the mixed vegetable dish was equally middle - of - the - road, with overcooked bok choy, string beans, bean sprouts, and tasty little wads of spinach. the waitress, typically cuban in that she was open to discussing her ancestry with strangers, said her mother \u2019 s father was from guangdong ; her father \u2019 s mother was half - spanish and half - japanese but cuban by birth. so she happily described herself as having a japanese head, a chinese body and a cuban heart. the menu from tien tan, the temple of heaven, restaurant, has a photo of a group of chinese - cubans sitting in front of the restaurant, and claims to be \" a genuine restaurant of national flavor. there are more than one hundred different dishes cooked the chinese way with chinese seasonings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4402297556928807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.728593"}
{"text": ", restaurant, has a photo of a group of chinese - cubans sitting in front of the restaurant, and claims to be \" a genuine restaurant of national flavor. there are more than one hundred different dishes cooked the chinese way with chinese seasonings. the special dishes are more delicious cooking by chinese cookers. please choose and taste. wish you are satisfied by our service. \u201d the chinese, spanish and english menu poetically translate the spanish word for appetizer, apertivos as ' whet the appetite. ' all of the platos familiars category, or their ' economic dishes, ' are soups. the traditional dairy - free chinese congee is mislabeled cremas chinas in spanish but called ' chinese thick soup ' in english. the most interesting desert is a canoa china or ' chinese canoe ' and consists of an oval - shaped flan filled with ice cream and fruits. the bar features a mai tai like drink, ' coctel tien tan ' as well as imported qing dao and local tinimes beer. chop sticks are available, but only on request, and there is a charge for rice and tea. tien tan must be cuba \u2019 s only chinese location listing specialty items such as frog \u2019 s legs, fish balls, and lamb. the most interesting category on the menu, which consists mainly of cantonese and shanghai dishes with a few royal beijing options, is the solo reservar column of foods available only by ' subscription, ' meaning they must be ordered three days in advance. these offerings include fried chicken integrity with eight eatables ( treasures ) ; stewed meat with red color and sweet ; stewed pigs - - their uppermost part of leg with soy sauce ; sauteed dofu chilli sauce or sea - foods or meat and black mushroom ; savoury and crispy duck ; integrity duck soup with orange skin and soy sauce ; stewed red duck with sweet sauce special ; and stewed integrity duck with eight eatables. on december 7, 2001 the new york times reported delivery of the first of several planned shipments of goods from the nited states to be purchased by cuba since embargo was imposed nearly forty years ago. the cuban government paid thirty million dollars for meat and grain, including fifty - five million pounds of corn, in a purchase made possible by a 2000 congressional legislation exempting food and medicine from the still - active 1963 trade embargo. john kavulich ii, president of the u. s. - cuba trade and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4564953634928055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.729734"}
{"text": "- five million pounds of corn, in a purchase made possible by a 2000 congressional legislation exempting food and medicine from the still - active 1963 trade embargo. john kavulich ii, president of the u. s. - cuba trade and economic council, feels this was more of a political than economic purchase, as cuba could have gotten the same goods for less money and with enhanced delivery from other countries. since 1963, president fidel castro had always insisted that cuba would not buy ' even a grain of rice ' under the stringent terms of the embargo. his country has suffered greatly, blaming the u. s. for shortages in food, milk and medicine. cuban officials insist that this recent purchase was a one - time emergency measure necessary after this october \u2019 s devastating hurricane michele destroyed crops and housing. u. s. officials warn agricultural companies that cuba, which cannot place its famous cigars and rums in the fifty states, does not have the cash for continued purchases, and feel that the purchase is a sign of cuba \u2019 s severely withered economy. above all, and contrary to president bush \u2019 s tough stance, cuba wants the embargo to end. after the revolution, most upper class chinese left cuba for the united states and elsewhere, leaving behind lesser educated chinese who may be kind and good but do not have modern education or business acumen. time has marched on, but most things cultural remain mired in pre - 1959 torpor. there is no contemporary exchange with china, so chinese nationals in cuba are ignorant of china \u2019 s current status, and mainland chinese thinking is foreign to them. still, the cubans have muy respeto los chineses or much respect for the chinese. in america, even rich chinese are somehow considered second - class citizens and poor chinese are relegated to third or fourth class, but in cuba even the poor chinese are considered first class citizens. the utter lack of racism and the ability to talk openly about skin color and race, are two of cuba \u2019 s most endearing characteristics. newcomers to new york are incredulous when they hear of chinese cuban restaurants, thinking it an improbable combination. no cuban, however, would have such qualms about two kinds of black beans on one menu. it was only after visiting cuba that this new yorker realized that broadway cuban - chinese haunts like la victoria china were not named after a chinese gal called victoria, but rather named in honor of fidel \u2019 s victorious revolution. there used to be a restaurant on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4685330278921105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.730764"}
{"text": "only after visiting cuba that this new yorker realized that broadway cuban - chinese haunts like la victoria china were not named after a chinese gal called victoria, but rather named in honor of fidel \u2019 s victorious revolution. there used to be a restaurant on roosevelt avenue in jackson heights, the world \u2019 s most diverse neighborhood, called la isla ( the island ). they served chinese, polynesian, spanish, dominican, and other national dishes under one roof. i always thought their name referred to the islands from which their various cuisines originated. after visiting havana, however, it became clear that all of these cuisines had long ago begun to rub shoulders in one of the world \u2019 s most diverse countries, cuba, known to its natives as, quite simply, la isla. in a country with next to no economy, thousands of locals line up for inexpensive treats on sunday nights in an entire park devoted to selling ice cream. doctors and teachers are the highest paid citizens, earning no more than twenty or thirty us dollars per month. socialized education and medicine is first rate in cuba, but most people will never have enough money to visit other parts of the world. surely, all cubans have heard about chinese food, but most have never experienced its taste. pilo, an affable and highly motivated high school english teacher from san diego de los banos, a village of three thousand known for medicinal baths and tobacco, summed it up best when he said, with great wonderment in his voice, \u201c i never had the pleasure of eating in a chinese restaurant. i want to but i cannot. i hear they have this amazing thing called fried rice. \u201d now that you have read this article, perhaps flavor and fortune has enticed you to head for havana. there could be no better time than may 30th through june 3, 2002, for the festival des chinos de ultramar, known in english as ' the fifth festival chinese over the seas. ' registration is not without its costs. participants need to shell out us $ 120. 00, their companions pay only us $ 80 : 00. this includes : free access to all events, welcome cocktail, lunches, receptions and closing, presentation of chinese arts and traditions, sight seeing around historical, cultural and amusing places, and free access to the fair. if anyone does go, flavor and fortune wants to hear about your experiences there ; i do, too. flavor and fortune is a magazine of : | copyright ( c ) 1994 - 2013 by isacc, all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4396797549930483, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f389fb5-4df7-4527-b188-71e104f90636>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.732030"}
{"text": "a thorough critique of the genus in florida, by florida firebush expert roger l. hammer butterflies and hummingbirds are constant reminders of why gardeners who live in southern and coastal central florida cultivate our native firebush ( hamelia patens var. patens ). this ever - blooming shrub or small tree ( to 15 \u2032 ) seems to always have butterflies around the flowers. hummingbirds, bees, and wasps frequent the flowers as well. as an added bonus, fruit - eating birds such as mockingbirds, catbirds, and blue - headed vireos savor the small purple fruits, and the leaves serve as larval food for the pluto sphinx, a hummingbird - like moth that can be seen visiting the blossoms at dusk, or laying eggs on the leaves. florida \u2019 s native firebush has many horticultural attributes, but it is decidedly cold sensitive and can only be cultivated successfully outdoors in usda zones 10, 11, and the warmer portions of zone 9. in zone 8 northward it will be killed in winter, so it is sometimes grown in those colder regions as an annual. the broadly lanceolate leaves are in whorls of 3 - 4 ( typically 3 ) and are often tinged with red, especially when grown in full sun. the leaves and young stems are covered with appressed ( flattened ) hairs. narrow, tubular, orange - red flowers are in terminal and axillary clusters, each flower ranging from 1 / 2 - 1 \u2033 long and about 1 / 8 \u2033 wide. the flowers can be yellowish when in bud, turning orange after opening, and then orange - red once they are pollinated \u2013 but the dominant color on open flowers is typically red, or orange - red. hamelia patens var. patens has the widest natural range of any other species in the genus. it occurs from marion county in florida south through the florida keys, the west indies, and mexico into south america. its distribution in south america is mostly from venezuela, colombia, and ecuador to peru, with isolated populations in paraguay, bolivia, brazil, and argentina. it is regarded as one of the most common shrubs in tropical america and is the only member of the genus native to florida and the bahamas. hamelia is a small genus of 16 species with a mostly tropical american distribution and commemorates french botanist henri louis duhamel de monceau ( 1700 - 1782 ). the name means \u201c spreading, \u201d alluding to the growth habit. sometime in the mid - 1980s, a non - native variety of hamelia patens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4166626673294547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c69776c-bd27-4b54-a3e7-005412b5e9b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.739903"}
{"text": "and commemorates french botanist henri louis duhamel de monceau ( 1700 - 1782 ). the name means \u201c spreading, \u201d alluding to the growth habit. sometime in the mid - 1980s, a non - native variety of hamelia patens was introduced into the florida nursery trade, but, oddly enough, the material came from a botanical garden in pretoria, south africa. the plant quickly became popular under the misnomer hamelia patens \u2018 african \u2019 or \u201c african firebush, \u201d and erroneously sold as a florida native by many nurseries and garden centers throughout the state. its correct botanical name is hamelia patens var. glabra, which has a natural range that encompasses extreme southern mexico through central america and into northern south america, as well as trinidad and tobago. as the name glabra implies, the leaves are glabrous ( without hairs ) and are whorled in groups of 3 - 4 ( typically 4 ). the flowers of this variety are mostly yellow with a reddish orange base, often with thin red lines along the outside of the floral tube. by examining the bottom of a leaf through a magnifying lens, small hairs on the veins are visible, but the leaf blade is essentially smooth. hamelia patens var. glabra is also sold under the trade name \u2018 firefly, \u2019 and this cultivar is advertised as having slightly smaller leaves. quite a number of florida nurseries offer hamelia patens \u2018 compacta \u2019 and there is much confusion involving this cultivar name. some nurseries offer a variety of hamelia patens var. patens with a rounded, compact growth form and dark red flowers. all native llc offers this form under the trademark name \u2018 calusa. \u2019 other nurseries, both in florida and on the internet, offer a compact version of hamelia patens var. glabra, with its typical orange - based yellow flowers, and refer to it as \u2018 compacta \u2019 as well. it is also sold as \u201c dwarf firebush, \u201d even though the plant may eventually exceed eight feet in height unless it is pruned. a large number of florida nurseries also offer hamelia nodosa as \u201c dwarf firebush \u201d but this is nothing more than a botanical synonym of hamelia patens var. glabra. another species that has become popular in the nursery trade is hamelia cuprea, which is advertised by many florida nurseries as \u201c bahama firebush. \u201d this common name is another misnomer because hamelia cuprea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4360591838080033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c69776c-bd27-4b54-a3e7-005412b5e9b4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.741009"}
{"text": ". glabra. another species that has become popular in the nursery trade is hamelia cuprea, which is advertised by many florida nurseries as \u201c bahama firebush. \u201d this common name is another misnomer because hamelia cuprea does not occur in the bahamas. it is native to jamaica, cuba, haiti, and the cayman islands. perhaps \u201c antillean firebush \u201d would be a more appropriate common name. this very ornamental small tree ( to 20 \u2032 ) has glossy, light green or copper - colored ( cuprea means \u201c coppery \u201d ) elliptic leaves in whorls of 3, which average 3 \u2033 long and 1 1 / 2 \u2033 wide. the bell - shaped yellow flowers are mostly 1 - 1 / 4 \u2033 long and 3 / 4 \u2033 wide, turning reddish orange with age. the flowers have six thin red longitudinal stripes and six reflexed lobes. bees frequent the flowers along with occasional hummingbirds and butterflies. to complicate things even further, hamelia cuprea hybridizes with hamelia patens, and the hybrids produce flowers that are intermediate between the two species, resembling hamelia cuprea in color but are much narrower, measuring about 1 - 1 / 4 \u2033 long and 1 / 4 \u2033 wide. at present, no other members of the genus are available commercially in florida although one florida nursery currently advertises hamelia macrantha, but this is likely a misidentification of hamelia cuprea. however, a quick check on the internet revealed one other florida nursery advertising hamelia macrantha with an accompanying photo of a hamelia cuprea x hamelia patens hybrid. true hamelia macrantha is not known to be in florida. it is a rainforest species native from costa rica south through panama and colombia to ecuador. its flowers are bell - shaped, wider than hamelia cuprea, and solid yellow. whether or not any of the non - native members of this genus will escape into natural areas in florida and become a problem for resource managers has yet to be seen. non - native hamelia patens var. glabra readily escapes from seed around cultivated specimens and may contaminate the gene pool of florida \u2019 s native firebush through hybridization, so it appears to be the plant to watch, especially with its increasing popularity as a landscape plant in florida. elias, thomas. 1976. memoirs of the new york botanical garden : a monograph of the genus hamelia ( rubiaceae ) ; 26 ( 4 ) : 81 \u2013 144. new york botanical garden,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43728905619198843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c69776c-bd27-4b54-a3e7-005412b5e9b4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.742177"}
{"text": "editor \u2019 s note : an update from the author has been added to this article on september 20, 2012. antarctic sea ice set another record this past week, with the most amount of ice ever recorded on day 256 of the calendar year ( september 12 of this leap year ). please, nobody tell the mainstream media or they might have to retract some stories and admit they are misrepresenting scientific data. national public radio ( npr ) published an article on its website last month claiming, \u201c ten years ago, a piece of ice the size of rhode island disintegrated and melted in the waters off antarctica. two other massive ice shelves along the antarctic peninsula had suffered similar fates a few years before. the events became poster children for the effects of global warming. \u2026 there \u2019 s no question that unusually warm air triggered the final demise of these huge chunks of ice. \u201d npr failed to mention anywhere in its article that antarctic sea ice has been growing since satellites first began measuring the ice 33 years ago and the sea ice has been above the 33 - year average throughout 2012. indeed, none of the mainstream media are covering this important story. a google news search of the terms antarctic, sea ice and record turns up not a single article on the antarctic sea ice record. amusingly, page after page of google news results for antarctic sea ice record show links to news articles breathlessly spreading fear and warning of calamity because arctic sea ice recently set a 33 - year low. sea ice around one pole is shrinking while sea ice around another pole is growing. this sure sounds like a global warming crisis to me. update : to provide more perspective on global warming and antarctica, i would like to update this column with some additional information : as meteorologist anthony watts explains, new data show ice mass is accumulating on the antarctic continent as well as in the ocean surrounding antarctica. the new data contradict an assertion by global warming alarmists that the expanding antarctic sea ice is coming at the expense of a decline in antarctic continental ice. the new data also add context to sensationalist media stories about declining ice in small portions of antarctica, such as portions of west antarctica and the antarctic peninsula ( see here, for example ). the mainstream media frequently publish stories focusing on ice loss in these two areas, yet the media stories rarely if ever mention that ice is accumulating over the larger area of east antarctica and that the continent as a whole is gaining snow and ice mass. interestingly, a new nasa study finds antarctica once supported vegetation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4576259939223535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75f73a85-e17d-4cf1-8660-2d729640a10a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.744918"}
{"text": "at various points along the path toward productive nanosystems for molecular manufacturing it would be useful to be able to calculate the properties and reactions of assemblies of atoms of various sizes. within the domain of non - relativistic quantum mechanics, such information is supplied by the schrodinger equation, but this can only be solved analytically for the hydrogen atom and ions with only one electron. for larger atoms and molecules, numerical solutions require compromises between computational feasibility and accuracy. recent work from researchers at argonne national laboratory suggests that machine learning can be an efficient alternative to numerical computations. a hat tip to kurzweilai. net for pointing to this new scientist article by lisa grossman \u201c molecules from scratch without the fiendish physics \u201c : a suite of artificial intelligence algorithms may become the ultimate chemistry set. software can now quickly predict a property of molecules from their theoretical structure. similar advances should allow chemists to design new molecules on computers instead of by lengthy trial - and - error. our physical understanding of the macroscopic world is so good that everything from bridges to aircraft can be designed and tested on a computer. there \u2019 s no need to make every possible design to figure out which ones work. microscopic molecules are a different story. \u201c basically, we are still doing chemistry like thomas edison, \u201d says anatole von lilienfeld of argonne national laboratory in lemont, illinois. the chief enemy of computer - aided chemical design is the schrodinger equation. in theory, this mathematical beast can be solved to give the probability that electrons in an atom or molecule will be in certain positions, giving rise to chemical and physical properties. but because the equation increases in complexity as more electrons and protons are introduced, exact solutions only exist for the simplest systems : the hydrogen atom, composed of one electron and one proton, and the hydrogen molecule, which has two electrons and two protons. \u2026 the researchers developed a machine learning model to calculate the atomisation energy \u2014 the energy of all the bonds holding a molecule together and applied it to a database of 7165 small organic molecules of known structure and atomization energy and containing up to seven atoms of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, plus the number of hydrogen atoms necessary to saturate the bonds. these molecules had atomization energies ranging from 800 to 2000 kcal / mol. the model was trained on a subset of 1000 compounds and then used to calculate the energies of the remaining molecules in the database. the results showed a mean error of only 9.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6297201629126505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d1cea5-f27a-4547-a5b0-80544b2bc1bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.747998"}
{"text": "by terry kovel fresh vegetables were part of the diet of the victorian household during the warm, growing months. but stored root vegetables and home canned food were used on snowy days. advertisers knew that imaginary vegetables acting like humans were as popular a fantasy as fairies, elves, brownies, pixies and gnomes. few color pictures were available. magazines and newspapers were printed in black and white. but in the 1880s, retail stores advertised with colored trade cards, about 6 - inch - by - 2 - 1 / 2 - inch, that were saved and often put in scrapbooks. there were many different anthropomorphic fruit and vegetable cards. humanized veggies were pictured not only in the u. s. but also in england, germany, france and italy. the comic figures with human bodies often had names, mr. prune, the baldwin twins ( apple heads ) or mr. pumpkin. and there often was a funny caption, like two strawberry heads asking \" what are you doing in my bed? \" the trade cards are not the only place for veggie people. vegetable people postcards came next, about 1900. figural salt and pepper shakers, children ' s books, decorated plates and even small figurines were popular in the early 1900s. now that eating fresh food is a national goal, veggie people are being noticed by collectors. and maybe they will encourage the family to eat their fruit and vegetables. trade cards can be $ 10 to $ 25 each, postcards a little less. many saltshaker sets sell for less than $ 40. q : about 25 years ago, i bought a kitchen table with one leaf and four chairs at a used - furniture store in connecticut. on one end of the table, there ' s a label that says \" dinah cook furniture \" around the image of a black woman wearing a kerchief on her head. can you tell me when the set was made and who made it? a : \" dinah cook furniture \" was a trademark used by the western chair co. of chicago. the trademark may have been used to appeal to black customers during the great migration of black americans from the south to northern cities. if so, the set probably dates from the 1920s or ' 30s. q : i have a 1937 philadelphia athletics scorecard that ' s in mint condition. it ' s really more like a program, because it ' s a six - page booklet that ' s 10 3 / 4 inches high by 6 5 / 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45010895877768964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62dfd259-865a-4262-80fc-edb65154be6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.760610"}
{"text": ". q : i have a 1937 philadelphia athletics scorecard that ' s in mint condition. it ' s really more like a program, because it ' s a six - page booklet that ' s 10 3 / 4 inches high by 6 5 / 8 inches wide. the inside of the booklet includes a team photo and roster, a schedule of home games, a list of the pitchers and catchers for all the teams in the american and national leagues, a photo of chubby dean with his facsimile autograph, the prices of refreshments and a lot of interesting ads. what is it worth? a : reproductions of your scorecard have been made, so the first thing to do is to make sure it ' s an original. if it ' s an original, you can try selling it online or to a dealer who sells sports memorabilia. expect to get about $ 35 - $ 45 for it. the philadelphia athletics, an american league team founded in 1901, became the kansas city athletics in 1955, then moved to california in 1968 and became the oakland athletics. q : i have two small rubber toy motorcycles that belonged to a cousin, born about 1930. one is red with green wheels ; the other is green with red wheels. both have auburn printed on the rear wheel and a rider who appears to be a policeman. what can you tell me about them? a : the auburn rubber co. was founded in auburn, ind., in 1913. it started out as the double fabric tire corp., a manufacturer of tires. in the 1920s the company was reorganized and the name changed to the auburn rubber co. auburn began making rubber toy soldiers in 1935 and eventually became a major producer of rubber toys. toy soldiers, cars, trucks, airplanes, boats, tractors, building blocks and many other rubber toys were made. the faces and details on the toys were hand painted. the toys were inexpensive and sold in dime stores. sears, roebuck catalogs sold a line of auburn rubber toys under the brand name happy time. toy rubber motorcycles were made in several colors in the 1940s and ' 50s. auburn began making vinyl toys in 1954. the company was sold in 1960 and went bankrupt in 1969. rubber toys can warp or become dry and brittle if they are not stored properly. they should be kept where it is cool. value of your toy motorcycle, about $ 25 to $ 35. q : what is the difference between an \" antique \" and a \" collectible \"? and what does the word \" vintage \" mean?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491875463803844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62dfd259-865a-4262-80fc-edb65154be6a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.761609"}
{"text": "they should be kept where it is cool. value of your toy motorcycle, about $ 25 to $ 35. q : what is the difference between an \" antique \" and a \" collectible \"? and what does the word \" vintage \" mean? i figure you ' re the expert and can help me understand. a : different people, even different experts, define these words differently. most collectors accept the u. s. customs service ' s 1930 definition of an \" antique \" as something of value that ' s 100 or more years old. in 1993 the u. s. customs modernization act added that if the \" essential character \" of a piece has been changed or more than half of it has been repaired or restored, it ' s no longer considered an antique. a \" collectible \" is therefore something of value ( to someone ) that ' s less than 100 years old. the term \" vintage \" is wishy - washy. it ' s often used to describe clothing your grandmother \u2014 or even your mother \u2014 wore or furniture in your childhood bedroom. we usually use the word \" vintage \" to describe something of value that ' s more than 50 years old and \" collectible \" to refer to anything under 50. but there are no hard and fast rules. q : my two 12 - inch ceramic jim beam decanters are 1968 election bottles. one is an elephant and the other a donkey. they ' re both dressed in polka - dot clown costumes. with presidential elections coming up this year, i was wondering if they have any value. a : the jim beam brand of whiskey dates back to the late 1700s. the company started selling special decanters filled with kentucky straight bourbon in 1953. political bottles, one for each party, were made for the presidential - election years from 1956 to 1988. the bottles were made by regal china co. of chicago. your 1968 bottles sell today for $ 10 - $ 25 each. the decanters are not as popular with collectors as they were 30 years ago. the most valuable beam political decanter is a 1970 elephant bottle made for a spiro agnew vice - presidential fundraiser. at one time it was selling for more than $ 1, 000. tip : a mirror made from an antique picture frame is worth about half as much as a period mirror in a period frame. take advantage of a free listing for your group to announce events or to find antique shows and other events. go to kovels. com / calendar to find and plan your antiquing trips.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4573905344691066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62dfd259-865a-4262-80fc-edb65154be6a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.762785"}
{"text": "much as a period mirror in a period frame. take advantage of a free listing for your group to announce events or to find antique shows and other events. go to kovels. com / calendar to find and plan your antiquing trips. terry kovel answers as many questions as possible through the column. by sending a letter with a question, you give full permission for use in the column or any other kovel forum. names, addresses or email addresses will not be published. we cannot guarantee the return of any photograph, but if a stamped envelope is included, we will try. the volume of mail makes personal answers or appraisals impossible. write to kovels, ( name of this newspaper ), king features syndicate, 300 w. 57th st., new york, ny 10019. current prices are recorded from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the united states. prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions. super suds detergent box, \" super suds, floods o ' suds for dishes and duds, \" blue box and letters on white, colgate - palmolive - peet co., 1930s, 1 lb. 7 oz., $ 20. carnival glass toothpick holder, octagon pattern, marigold, curved - in lip, imperial glass co., 2 1 / 2 inches, $ 35. license plate, illinois, 1947, fiberboard ( to save metal for war effort ), black, white numbers 1144 - 114, $ 50. model kit, u. s. army patton tank, monogram co., red box, unopened, 1959 $ 80. mortimer snerd ventriloquist dummy, painted face, crooked mouth and buck teeth, cloth body, vinyl head and hands, pull string moves mouth, jurn novelty co., 1950s, 29 inches, $ 85. mccoy jardiniere, springwood pattern, mint green, white flowers, 6 3 / 4 x 8 1 / 2 inches, $ 125. gentleman ' s smoking jacket, cotton and polyester, red - and - black print, black grosgrain sash belt, collar and cuffs, state o ' maine co. label, large size, $ 145. sewing bird, brass, cast flowers, leaves and rope edges, c. 1856, 3 1 / 2 x 2 inches, $ 155. ericsson bakelite telephone, black, curved mouthpiece, chrome dial, 1950s, 6 x 8 inches, $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328165721579352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62dfd259-865a-4262-80fc-edb65154be6a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.763762"}
{"text": ", brass, cast flowers, leaves and rope edges, c. 1856, 3 1 / 2 x 2 inches, $ 155. ericsson bakelite telephone, black, curved mouthpiece, chrome dial, 1950s, 6 x 8 inches, $ 185. thonet bentwood dining chairs, upholstered seats and backs, 1950s, 32 1 / 2 inches, set of four, $ 695. available now. the best book to own if you want to buy or sell or collect \u2014 and if you order now, you ' ll receive a copy with the author ' s autograph. the new \" kovels ' antiques & collectibles price guide, 2012, \" 44th edition, is your most accurate source for current prices. this large - size paperback has more than 2, 500 color photographs and 40, 000 up - to - date prices for over 775 categories of antiques and collectibles. you ' ll also find hundreds of factory histories and marks, a report on the record prices of the year, plus helpful sidebars and tips about buying, selling, collecting and preserving your treasures. available online at kovelsonlinestore. com ; by phone at 800 - 303 - 1996 ; at your bookstore or send $ 27. 95 plus $ 4. 95 postage to price book, box 22900, beachwood, oh 44122.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40869519957894024, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62dfd259-865a-4262-80fc-edb65154be6a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.764325"}
{"text": "boston \u2014 according to the american cancer society, about one in eight women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. this year, nearly 40, 000 women in the united states will die from the disease. breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the united states, after lung cancer. erica mayer, md, m. p. h., is a breast cancer expert at dana - farber cancer institute. she says there are at least five simple ways women can reduce their risk of getting the disease : 1. get a mammogram it ' s recommended women get a mammogram starting at age 40. \u201c mammography screening does not prevent or cure breast cancer, but it may detect the disease before symptoms occur, \u201d said dr. mayer. 2. eat a healthy diet and keep your weight under control the american cancer society recommends a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fiber. \u201c high - fat diets can lead to being overweight or obese, which is a risk factor for breast cancer, \u201d said dr. mayer. there ' s growing evidence that physical activity reduces a woman ' s breast cancer risk. according to one small study, women who engaged in 10 to 19 hours of physical activity per week during their reproductive years or after menopause experienced a 30 % reduced risk of developing breast cancer. \u201c women who exercise regularly appear to be less likely to develop breast cancer. cancer survivors who are active may have less risk of cancer recurrence compared to those who are more sedentary, \u201d said dr. mayer. 4. limit alcohol research has shown having too much alcohol can increase your risk of breast cancer. \u201c the more alcohol you drink, the greater your risk of developing breast cancer. if you choose to drink alcohol \u2014 including beer, wine or liquor \u2014 limit yourself to no more than one half to one drink a day on average, \u201d adds dr. mayer. 5. determine if you have family history of breast cancer twenty to 30 percent of people who develop breast cancer have a family history of the disease. about five to ten - percent of women carry a brca1 or 2 mutation, the so called \u201c breast cancer genes. \u201d \u201c for women with a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing can offer information about their personal and family risk of developing breast cancer. and if a woman is found to have a gene mutation, options are available to significantly reduce their risk of cancer, \u201d said dr. mayer. dana - farber cancer institute is a principal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3976364712856868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0baac380-092d-497e-913d-0cd24cda8143>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.768518"}
{"text": "august 5, 2008 taking play seriously by robin marantz henig part viiii koach karl continues this great article on \" play \" \u2026 bateson, a prominent play scholar who recognizes the quandary posed by equifinality, suggested that play is the best way to reach certain goals. through play, an individual avoids what he called the lure of \u2018 \u2018 false endpoints, \u2019 \u2019 a problem - solving style more typical of harried adults than of playful youngsters. false endpoints are avoided through play, bateson wrote, because players are having so much fun that they keep noodling away at a problem and might well arrive at something better than the first, good - enough solution. but maybe the flexibility hypothesis is itself a false endpoint. maybe the idea that play is the best route to a whole host of good results \u2014 creativity, social agility, overall mental suppleness \u2014 is just the first idea scientists landed on, and they were inclined to accept it because it fit so well with their innate ideas about the nature of childhood. this is the view of a small group of play scholars we \u2019 ll call the play skeptics. what worries the play skeptics is that most people in the industrialized west \u2014 scientists in the field, play advocates and all the rest of us, parents, teachers, doctors, scholars, all the children and all the aging children \u2014 have been ensnared by what skeptics call the \u2018 \u2018 play ethos. \u2019 \u2019 by this they mean the reflexive, unexamined belief that play is an unmitigated good with a crucial, though vaguely defined, evolutionary function. \u2018 \u2018 play ethos \u2019 \u2019 comes from peter smith, a psychology professor at the university of london and a leading authority on play \u2019 s effect on children \u2019 s emotional development. he uses it as a cautionary term, a reminder that most conclusions about play \u2019 s adaptive function have so far been based not on scientific evidence but on wishful thinking. in one of his early experiments, smith and his colleagues put 3 - and 4 - year - olds in two different play settings. in one group the children were allowed to play, in whatever way they felt like, with several wooden sticks. in the other group they were shown by an adult \u2018 \u2018 play tutor \u2019 \u2019 how to fit two sticks together to make a longer one. then the children were given two tasks. first they had to retrieve a marble by connecting two sticks. both groups performed this task,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5399571049975018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3528b7-344a-4161-8485-faf466936676>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.771545"}
{"text": "throughout life there are many times when outside influences change or influence decision - making. the young child has inner motivation to learn and explore, but as he matures, finds outside sources to be a motivating force for development, as well. along with being a beneficial influence, there are moments when peer pressure can overwhelm a child and lead him down a challenging path. and, peer pressure is a real thing \u2013 it is not only observable, but changes the way the brain behaves. as a young adult, observational learning plays a part in development through observing and then doing. a child sees another child playing a game in a certain way and having success, so the observing child tries the same behavior. albert bandura was a leading researcher in this area. his famous bobo doll studies found that the young child is greatly influenced by observing other \u2019 s actions. when a child sees something that catches his attention, he retains the information, attempts to reproduce it, and then feels motivated to continue the behavior if it is met with success. observational learning and peer pressure are two different things \u2013 one being the observing of behaviors and then the child attempting to reproduce them based on a child \u2019 s own free will. peer pressure is the act of one child coercing another to follow suit. often the behavior being pressured is questionable or taboo, such as smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol. peer pressure and the brain recent studies find that peer pressure influences the way our brains behave, which leads to better understanding about the impact of peer pressure and the developing child. according to studies from temple university, peer pressure has an effect on brain signals involved in risk and reward department, especially when the teen \u2019 s friends are around. compared to adults in the study, teenagers were much more likely to take risks they would not normally take on their own when with friends. brain signals were more activated in the reward center of the brain, firing greatest during at risk behaviors. peer pressure can be difficult for young adults to deal with, and learning ways to say \u201c no \u201d or avoid pressure - filled situations can become overwhelming. resisting peer pressure is not just about saying \u201c no, \u201d but how the brain functions. children that have stronger connections among regions in their frontal lobes, along with other areas of the brain, are better equipped to resist peer pressure. during adolescence, the frontal lobes of the brain develop rapidly, causing axioms in the region to have a coating of fatty myelin, which insulates them and causes the frontal lobes to more effectively communicate with other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5458858016436678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fafe4c1-2dd0-49fd-8b1b-41d1829f7cdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.775937"}
{"text": "are better equipped to resist peer pressure. during adolescence, the frontal lobes of the brain develop rapidly, causing axioms in the region to have a coating of fatty myelin, which insulates them and causes the frontal lobes to more effectively communicate with other brain regions. this helps the young adult to develop judgment and self - control needed to resist peer pressure. along with the frontal lobes contributing to the brain and peer pressure, other studies find that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in how teens respond to peer pressure. just as with the previous study, children that were not exposed to peer pressure had greater connectivity within the brain as well as abilities to resist peer pressure. working through peer pressure the teenage years are exciting years. the young adult is often going through physical changes due to puberty, adjusting to new friends and educational environments, and learning how to make decisions for themselves. adults can offer a helping and supportive hand to young adults when dealing with peer pressure by considering the following : separation : understanding that this is a time for the child to separate and learn how to be his own individual is important. it is hard to let go and allow the child to make mistakes for himself, especially when you want to offer input or change plans and actions, but allowing the child to go down his own path is important. as an adult, offering a helping hand if things go awry and being there to offer support is beneficial. talk it out : as an adult, take a firm stand on rules and regulations with your child. although you cannot control whom your child selects as friends, you can take a stand on your control of your child. setting specific goals, rules, and limits encourages respect and trust, which must be earned in response. do not be afraid to start talking with your child early about ways to resist peer pressure. focus on how it will build your child \u2019 s confidence when he learns to say \u201c no \u201d at the right time and reassure him that it can be accomplished without feeling guilty or losing self - confidence. stay involved : keep family dinner as a priority, make time each week for a family meeting or game time, and plan family outings and vacations regularly. spending quality time with kids models positive behavior and offers lots of opportunities for discussions about what is happening at school and with friends. if at any time there are concerns a child is becoming involved in questionable behavior due to peer pressure, ask for help. understand that involving others in helping a child cope with peer pressure, such as a family doctor, youth advisor, or other trusted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4654544510838512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fafe4c1-2dd0-49fd-8b1b-41d1829f7cdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.776931"}
{"text": "register new player welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games : hard drive basics \" the hard drive is a critical component in a computer system. this is a quiz on some hard drive trivia. good luck and enjoy! \" 15 points per correct answer - no time limit the first hard disks, created in the 1950s, could be up to 20 inches in diameter. which company invented the hard disk? when purchasing a hard disk which of these is generally not a specification that would be of concern? inside the hard disk drive, where is the data actually stored? when a user formats a disk, they are generally performing a high - level format which prepares the drive to hold data. when a low - level format is performed, how does it divide the platter? read and write bits and bytes sectors and tracks kilobytes and megabytes which of these is disk interfaces was the precursor to scsi ( small computer system interface )? hard drive failure rates are measured with mtbf ( mean time between failures ). which of these failures would be reason to replace your current hard disk? can ' t read cds an external hard disk is often purchased by the home computer user for backups of the main hard disk ( generally installed internally to the computer case ). which of these interfaces is commonly used for this purpose? which of these refers to the hard drive circuit board? during the life of a disk, is it true that defragmentation of the file system can significantly improve performance? which of these is not known as one of the world ' s hard disk manufacturers? copyright, funtrivia. com. all rights reserved. legal / conditions of use compiled nov 03 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5057033199523724, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:213c5ee0-9293-4907-9172-f093e591ca3b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.778664"}
{"text": "a description of the north riding of yorkshire from bulmer ' s gazetteer ( 1890 ) general description of north yorkshire. yorkshire is the largest of our english counties, and in commercial enterprise, mineral resources, and population, one of the most important in the kingdom. it is situated about the centre of the island of great britain, with natural and well - defined boundaries of mountains, rivers, and sea, as will be seen from the map which accompanies this volume. measured between its most extreme points, caldron snout, on the borders of westmoreland, and spurn head, at the mouth of the humber, its length is a little short of 130 miles ; but its average length from north to south is about 80 miles ; and from east to west about 90. the circuit of the county is about 460 miles, comprising within it an area which exceeds the united areas of lincolnshire and devonshire - the two counties which most nearly approach it in size - by upwards of 600 square miles. the difficulty of administering the law over so wide a district necessitated, at an early period, the division of the shire into three parts, called trithings or thirds, corrupted in later times into ridings, and named, from situations, their north, east, and west ridings. each riding has a separate lieutenancy, magistracy, clerk of the peace, treasurer, and other public officers and courts ; but all of them are amenable to the superior courts held for the whole shire at york castle, within the bounds of the city of york, which is also a county of itself. under the local government act of 1888, each riding is a separate administrative county for all purposes of the act. the extent, population, & c., of each of these divisions, as given in the census returns of 1881, are as acres. persons. males. females. inhabited increase of population houses. between 1871 and 1881. north riding 1, 361, 664 346, 147 174, 674 171, 473 68, 954 52, 869 east riding 750, 828 310, 830 154, 986 155, 894 64, 722 42, 864 york city 1, 979 54, 198 25, 787 28, 411 11, 582 10, 402 west riding 1, 768, 380 2, 175, 134 1, 063, 319 1, 111, 815 450, 280 344, 319 yorkshire 3, 882, 851 2,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42407826660787923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d64ae4-8f36-450a-aad0-1fca67ab67a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.789566"}
{"text": ", 411 11, 582 10, 402 west riding 1, 768, 380 2, 175, 134 1, 063, 319 1, 111, 815 450, 280 344, 319 yorkshire 3, 882, 851 2, 886, 309 1, 418, 716 1, 467, 593 595, 488 449, 954 the north riding, which more immediately concerns us in the present volume, occupies the northern portion of the county, extending from the river tees, which separates it from durham, almost to the walls of york, and from the borders of westmoreland to the shore of the german ocean. a glance at the map will show that this riding, in common with the rest of the county, embraces three distinctly marked natural districts, each possessing its own characteristic scenery and vegetation and distinctive geological strata. on the west is a broad band of mountains and moorlands ; on the eastern side is another belt of hills and moorlands ; and between these lies the plain of york, extending from the river tees to southern confines of the county. the western moorlands the western moorlands form part of the pennine chain, otherwise known as the backbone of england, which extends from the cheviots to the peak in derbyshire, and forms the western boundary of yorkshire. in this range and its offshoots occur some of the highest summits in england, but these lie north of yorkshire. the chain enters the county with a diminished elevation, but even here many of its peaks rise to a height exceeding 2, 000 feet. mickle fell, in the north - western corner of the riding, overtops 2, 500 feet ; a little further south is nine standards, 2, 008 feet, great shunnor fell, 2, 346 feet, stags fell, 2, 213 feet, lunds fell, 2, 186 feet, dodd fell, 2, 189 feet, and buckden pike, 2, 304 feet, all within the north riding. from this axial line branch off numerous spurs, separated from each other by deep winding valleys, which open out in the great plain or vale of york. among these hills and dales is to be found some of the wildest and most romantic scenery in england, possessing a beauty peculiarly its own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side. this characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the two ranges. these western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and yo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45284854480755726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d64ae4-8f36-450a-aad0-1fca67ab67a4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.791088"}
{"text": ", possessing a beauty peculiarly its own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side. this characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the two ranges. these western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and yoredale rocks, through which breaks, in wensleydale and other places, the carboniferous limestone, forming bold and picturesque scars. this latter supports a sweet green herbage, short it may be in the higher parts of the hills, but affording a marked contrast to the brown heath of the gritstone moors, which constitute a large portion of this western band. the scenery in these western moors is often wild and weird, but the deep narrow valleys of the tees, swale, and ure, with their numerous rills and waterfalls, present scenes full of picturesque and varied beauty scarcely surpassed by any in the north of england. eastern side of the riding on the eastern side of the riding is another belt of hills and moors, belonging to the oolitic and lias formations. this is known by the general name of north york moors. there is no well defined axial line as on the west side, nor do any of the summits attain so great an elevation. in the north of this oolitic plateau are the cleveland hills, which have become famous in recent years through the discovery of immense deposits of iron ore. the most remarkable eminence in the group is roseberry topping, which rises like a sugar loaf to the height of 1, 022 feet. on the west the escarpment of the plateau is formed by the hambleton hills ( 1, 289 feet ), which look down from their bleak precipitous cliffs on the fertile vale of mowbray. the land on the top is generally level, and has long been a well known training ground for race - horses. the higher grounds command extensive and varied prospects, extending westward over the vale of york as far as the hills of craven and wensleydale, and southward to york ' s noble minster. a little to the south of hambleton a range of highlands, called the howardian hills, forms the fringe of this oolitic plateau, but none of its summits reach a thousand feet. from its foot stretches the lake - like hollow of pickering vale, supposed to have been in pre - historic times either a river course or a lake opening to the sea. the scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive character, but in some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46855810758407856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d64ae4-8f36-450a-aad0-1fca67ab67a4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.792133"}
{"text": "lake - like hollow of pickering vale, supposed to have been in pre - historic times either a river course or a lake opening to the sea. the scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive character, but in some of the river valleys, especially in eskdale, ryedale, and the valley traversed by the whitby and pickering railway, there are many highly picturesque and beautiful prospects. between these two belts of moorland lies the great central plain, or vale of york, described by chevalier bunsen in somewhat extravagant language as \" the most beautiful and romantic vale in the world, the vale of normandy excepted. \" in geological sequence this level band rests on the triassic or new red sandstone series, and to these softer strata the plain owes its fertile soil and external configuration. throughout its whole length from the tees to the don there is scarcely an eminence that reaches 200 feet. a portion of this great level, stretching from the base of the hambleton hills past the town of thirsk and the river codbeck, is distinctively known as the vale of mowbray, from the great norman barons that formerly owned it. scan, ocr and html by colin hinson. checking and correction by peter nelson. this page is copyright. do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal use or as given in the conditions of use. web - page generated by \" db2html \" data - base extraction software \u00a9crh 2006 if you find an error ( small or large ) in the text or a bad link, please drop me a line via my error reporting form. [ last updated at 16. 12 on sunday, 29 may 2011, by colin hinson. \u00a92011 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4420071758916332, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d64ae4-8f36-450a-aad0-1fca67ab67a4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.792785"}
{"text": "on the 28th of june, 1993 katyusha rockets launched by hizballah caused injuries and damage in kiryat shmonah. on 8 - 9 july, attacks by ahmad jibril ' s popular front for the liberation of palestine - general council command ( pflp - gc ) and hizballah caused the deaths of 5 idf soldiers in the security zone. these events led the israeli government and idf to seek a retaliatory operation. after assessing that a major ground incursion would lead to significant israeli casualties, an artillery and aerial bombardment plan was adopted with the aim of eradicating the threat posed by hizballah and palestinian guerillas. its secondary goal was to disrupt civilian life and force the population to flee north with the intention of turning civilians against the hizballah, forcing the lebanese and syrian governments into taking steps to curb hizballah activities. between the 25th - 31st of july israel implemented \" operation accountability \", targeting shi ' ite towns and villages of south lebanon in the heaviest attack since 1982. a cease - fire understanding was eventually brokered by the us, ending the week - long israeli campaign in lebanon. an oral agreement was reached whereby israel agreed to refrain from attacking civilian targets in lebanon while the hizballah pledged to stop firing rockets into northern israel. the agreement only temporarily reduced the intensity of violence. a mutual offensive continued in the subsequent months and years until the idf was forced to launch another major offensive in april 1996. | join the globalsecurity. org mailing list |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44330152577947546, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91d1f800-c577-4be4-a69a-ba11f3309750>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.795431"}
{"text": "by doug mazeffa saturday, february 18, 2012 so 2012 is the year for a new car! or you just love seeing what the car companies are up to. either way, you ' re in the right place. along with safety, fabulous styling and, of course, price, a car ' s impact on the environment is something most people care about. since our choice of transportation is second only to our home ' s energy use in terms of carbon dioxide emissions ( which cause that nasty global warming thing ) a new car is a great way to cut your footprint if you have to drive ( and driving less is the number one best way to cut the carbon ). but every car company tells you theirs is the greenest model ever! ( likely story. ) so how are you supposed to know what ' s what? maybe you ' ve already consulted greenopia \u2019 s automaker guide, which breaks it down in terms of which car companies do the best job overall for the planet. but with the green car guide, we ' ve gotten down to nitty - gritty, looking at the most efficient vehicles that meet our minimum criteria and selecting the best of the best ( the good news is that they come in all kinds of price points and styles ). take a look. how we did it : we have collected data for all of the vehicles readily available in the us and applied our own criteria and then did a bunch of math in order to determine which vehicles are the greenest : - fuel efficiency ( simply how many miles to the gallon the vehicle gets ). - which cars were the cleanest burning in both greenhouse gas and smog forming pollutant emissions ( we consulted the epa \u2019 s smartway vehicle emissions database ) - the automaker \u2019 s environmental record. we weighted whether they have a green fleet or if they use some green materials in the production of their cars. there are numerous hybrids on the market that are not as green as the automakers would lead you to believe. just being a hybrid does not mean a green vehicle. in fact, coming out of the gate, the hybrid has a larger environmental production burden associated with it ( largely because of its battery ). the hybrid only becomes greener once it is driven, where it makes up ground with superior mileage and emissions. toyota estimates that it takes about 12, 000 miles before a hybrid and a similar traditional engine car \u2018 break even \u2019 environmentally ( the hybrid is greener from that point on ). but, as you can imagine, this breakeven point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46688722455580867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbab6603-a9a2-4431-bbc6-4ad71a1267be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.804804"}
{"text": "alfred music publishing, in collaboration with guitars in the classroom ( gitc ), proudly presents the green songbook uniting environmental education or \" eco - sustainability \" with k - 12 education across the curriculum. the book is authored by jessica baron, creator of the popular smartstart guitar series, author of your musical child : inspiring kids to play and sing for keeps. jessica is also the founder and executive director of the nationally operating non - profit guitars in the classroom. this is her seventh publication. the green songbook presents popular and fun, inspirational songs about the environment that promote healthy lifestyles and eco - aware choices. participating songwriters and artists include jack johnson, ziggy marley, pete seeger, joni mitchell, the banana slug string band, tom chapin, and many others. to view the table of contents and find songs you ' ll want to play, please click the \" contents \" link above! each chapter in the green songbook focuses on an important aspect of greening our planet and our lives - supporting us in our efforts to learn about and bring about real eco - sustainability. the language is child friendly without being simplistic, as these writers have great regard for young people and recognize that the future rests in their hands as well as our own. these chapter introductions have been written for you by eco - experts and advocates. starting in chapter 2, they give you links and recommendations for their hands - down favorite resources and environmental organizations! just click on each chapter above to see the links and get a feeling for what that chapter has to offer. you ' ll see a photo of the author and an excerpt from their writings plus a link to following their work and writing, where possible. andrew revkin writes for the new york times online at http : / / dotearth. blogs. nytimes. com / so he is easy to follow but caprice potter lives in a school life - lab garden 10 months of the year so you ' ll have to visit her in santa cruz, california at gateway school to see what she ' s up to. she ' ll be glad to meet you! singer - songwriter jack johnson has provided support through his foundation for teacher training with the green songbook. his nonprofit organization, the johnson ohana charitable foundation, established and supported through the profits of his touring act, funds projects in education, music and arts, and eco - sustainability. jack ' s partner in love and life is kim johnson, and the two of them really are the first couple of caring for mother earth. kim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46873752435314725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915321e7-9c4b-465d-a103-a6504c12e40f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.809583"}
{"text": "assessing the impact of a right to sanitation on improving levels of access and quality of services : executive summary size : 6 pages ( 339 kb ) does formal recognition of a right to sanitation ( rts ) increase levels of availability and access to quality, affordable and adaptable sanitation services? this study finds that progress towards these goals seems to be faster in countries that have recognised an rts. it is highly probable that sanitation services in countries seeking to fulfil an rts will be more equitable and inclusive than elsewhere. however, attributing successes to a rights approach will require better monitoring and evaluation that includes rights - sensitive indicators. a further finding is that what makes formal recognition meaningful is a participatory approach to working to fulfil rights : citizen - state engagement is crucial. internationally accepted rights standards require sanitation to be available, accessible and affordable, of acceptable quality and adaptable. when these rights standards are fulfilled, sanitation services will be fully inclusive and equitable, and will be more likely to be sustainable. there are trade - offs between reaching the largest number of people ( working at scale ), and making sure services are inclusive ( working towards full scale ). front - loaded, heavy investment is required to work for equitable and inclusive sanitation for all people, including the poorest and most marginalised. however, the economic, social and political benefits of equity approach are beginning to be demonstrated. other findings include the following : formal recognition of an rts can be an important accelerator if it is combined with political drivers that build an enabling environment and support inclusive implementation. strong legal and regulatory structures and systems are also needed. these include laws and bye - laws, at all levels, on both technical and social issues ( such as inclusion and participation ), and systems of redress. further recommendations include the following : dfid, 2011, ' assessing the impact of a right to sanitation on improving levels of access and quality of services : executive summary ', dfid in association with coffey international development, london organisation : department for international development ( dfid ), http : / / www. dfid. gov. uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826640304355002, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6aeee7ce-cfdc-4dc5-8c46-ce57d89a796f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.815388"}
{"text": "the european union ' s emissions trading system ( ets ) is the world ' s biggest scheme for trading greenhouse gas emissions allowances. launched in 2005, it covers some 11, 000 power stations and industrial plants in 30 countries, whose carbon emissions make up almost 50 % of europe ' s total. a cap on the total emissions allowed within the scheme is set, and allowances adding up to the cap are provided to the companies regulated by the scheme. the companies are required to measure and report their carbon emissions and to hand in one allowance for each tonne they release. companies can trade their allowances, providing an incentive for them to reduce their emissions. the current cap is set to fall by 1. 74 % annually to achieve a target of reducing emissions in 2020 to 21 % below their level in 2005. in june 2011 the price of an allowance was around \u20ac16. the trade in permits is worth around $ 150bn annually, dwarfing other emissions trading schemes ( the clean development mechanism market established by the un is valued at $ 1. 5bn annually ). in a basic sense the ets has worked. it has set a cap on half of europe ' s carbon emissions, which were previously unregulated, and the companies covered by the scheme are no longer free to pollute. carbon has a price and this influences the economics of burning fossil fuels. for example, burning coal creates more carbon pollution than burning gas, so coal plant operators need more permits. the higher the price of the permits, the more expensive it is to use coal rather than gas. power companies choosing how to generate electricity therefore have an extra cost associated with the more polluting options, so they ' ll choose gas over coal more of the time. putting precise numbers on how far the ets has worked in practice is difficult, as it means estimating what the level of pollution would have been if the ets was not in place. it is likely, however, that in its first few years, the scheme was responsible for turning an anticipated increase in emissions into a decline of 2. 5 - 5 %. one in - depth study analysed background emissions, economic trends and weather patterns, and concluded that between 2005 and 2007 the ets reduced emissions by 120 - 300m tonnes, with a best guess of 210m tonnes across europe. these are fairly modest gains \u2013 especially in the context of rapidly of increasing imports of carbon - intensive goods from china and elsewhere \u2013 and although steeper reductions have been set for the third ' phase ' of the et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4801345775545942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9914355a-17ef-4061-a5b0-96b5bfb9b4dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.821205"}
{"text": "by robert lucke all winter recreationalists should be aware that weather factors play a big part in avalanche activity in most all mountains. the u. s. forest service has some weather related tips. wind - even during clear weather, sustained winds of over 15 mph may cause danger to increase rapidly when loose surface snow is available for transport. snow plumes from ridges and peaks indicate that snow is being moved onto leeward slopes. this can create dangerous situations. leeward slopes are dangerous because wind - deposited snows add depth and may create unstable wind slabs. windward slopes generally have less snow and the snow is compacted and usually more stable toward the leeward slopes. storms - a high percentage of all avalanches occur shortly before, during, and after storms. be extra cautious during these periods. rate of snowfall - snow falling at one inch per hour or more increases avalanche danger rapidly. crystal types - observe snow - crystal types by letting them fall on a dark ski mitt or parka sleeve. small crystals, needles, and pellets often result in more dangerous conditions than the classic star - shaped crystals. new snow - be alert to dangerous conditions with a foot or more of new snow. remember that new snow depth may vary considerably with slope elevation and aspect. old snow - when snow depth covers natural anchors, such as rocks and brush, new snow layers slide more readily. the nature of the old snow surface is important. for example, cold snow falling on hard refrozen snow, such as rain crusts, may form a weak bond. also a loose underlying snow level is more dangerous than a compacted one. check the underlying snow layer with a ski pole, ski, or probe. temperature - cold temperatures will maintain an unstable snowpack while warm temperatures ( near or just above freezing ) allow for snow settlement and increasing stability. storms starting with low temperatures and dry snow, followed by rising temperatures, are more likely to cause avalanches. the dry snow at the start forms a poor bond to the old snow surface and has insufficient strength to support the heavier snow deposited late in the storm. temperature inversion - it may be warmer at higher elevation when warm air moves over cold air trapped near the ground. this weather situation can occur in avalanche terrain throughout the northwest and may produce dangerous and unpredictable changes in local snow stability. wet snow - rainstorms or spring weather with warm winds and cloudy nights can warm the snow cover. percolating water may cause wet snow avalanches. wet snow avalanches are more likely on south slopes and slopes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44138670615576364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ffca333-81cf-4bfa-bd63-f7c162de7ccc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.824243"}
{"text": "from : dictionary of american fighting ships a city in illinois on the kaskaskia river. vandalia was the state capital from 1820 to 1839 and today is the seat of fayette county. the origin of the name is uncertain, but the name probably is derived from the germanic vandal tribe. other explanations of the name hold that it is a latinization of a dutch family name or that it refers to a small indian tribe of the early 19th century. ( slp : t. 614 ; l. 127 ' 4 \" ; b. 34 ' 6 \" ; dr. 16 ' 6 \" ; cpl. 150 ; a. 1 8 \" sg., 16 32 - pdrs. ; cl. boston ) the first vandalia - an 18 - gun sloop - of - war - was laid down at the philadelphia navy yard in 1825, launched in 1828, and commissioned on 6 november of that year, comdr. john gallagher in command. vandalia left philadelphia on 16 december 1828, bound for duty with the brazil squadron off the eastern seaboard of south america. she remained off the coasts of brazil and argentina for the next three years, helping to protect american citizens and mercantile interests during a period of continuing political unrest on the continent of south america. she returned to norfolk, va., on 18 december 1831 ; was decommissioned the next day, and remained inactive until 4 october 1832 when she was recommissioned for service with the west indies squadron. vandalia again put into norfolk in august 1834 and was decommissioned there on the 24th for major repairs. recommissioned on the last day of the year, she joined the west indies squadron in january 1835 and served with that organization into the summer of 1838 protecting american citizens and property in the west indies, cooperating with land forces in florida during the second seminole indian war, and helping to suppress the slave trade. after almost three months laid up undergoing repairs from 30 august to 24 november, the ship was reactivated and returned to duty for a year in the caribbean, ending when her commissioning pennant was again hauled down at norfolk on 23 november 1839. following more than two years on the stocks, the ship was returned to commission on 3 february 1842, joined the newly created home squadron in 1842, and performed routine patrol and reconnaissance duties at scattered points as far north as newfoundland and as far south as the mouth of the amazon river. during a visit to haiti in the early spring of 1845, an epidemic of yellow fever broke out in the ship. she returned immediately to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3894483913483202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69af217b-d1a5-4d98-924c-eeba2c04e75a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.828565"}
{"text": "and reconnaissance duties at scattered points as far north as newfoundland and as far south as the mouth of the amazon river. during a visit to haiti in the early spring of 1845, an epidemic of yellow fever broke out in the ship. she returned immediately to norfolk, was decommissioned on 30 april, and was laid up. during the sloop ' s period in ordinary which lasted until 1849, she was lengthened by 13 feet in 1848. the renovated vandalia was recommissioned on 9 august 1849 and joined the pacific squadron on 5 september 1849 as that organization was expanding to service the territory which the united states had recently acquired on the pacific coast. she made several visits to the hawaiian islands in 1851 before returning to the new york navy yard on 6 october 1852 and going out of commission again on the 14th. vandalia ' s rest ended on valentine ' s day 1853, and the ship soon joined commodore matthew c. perry ' s east indies squadron. she was present at commodore perry ' s historic entrance into tokyo bay on 13 february 1854 and in 1855 helped to protect american interests in china during the taiping rebellion. vandalia was decommissioned at the portsmouth ( n. h. ) navy yard on 30 september 1856 but was recommissioned on 11 november 1857 for duty with the pacific squadron. in 1859, the warship rescued survivors of the american clipper ship wild wave, wrecked off oeno and pitcairn islands, and conducted an expedition against natives at waya, fiji islands, following the murder of two american citizens. vandalia returned to the new york navy yard early in 1860 and was decommissioned on 6 january of that year but was recommissioned there on 8 november and assigned to duty with the east indies squadron with the outbreak of the civil war in april 1861 vandalia was called back home and assigned to the south atlantic blockading squadron on 31 may for blockade duty off charleston and bull ' s bay, s. c. there, she captured the schooner henry middleton on 21 august and assisted in the capture of the sailing ship thomas watson in 15 october. the vessel also participated in the successful amphibious assault upon roanoke island, n. c., on 7 and 8 november. this victory closed the supply lines to confederate - held norfolk navy yard and was largely responsible for the evacuation of that vital naval facility six months later. vandalia put into new york on 24 november to deliver the officers and crew of the wrecked steamer governor. vandalia soon returned to duty with the south atlantic blockading squadron and was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3800239820989515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69af217b-d1a5-4d98-924c-eeba2c04e75a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.829605"}
{"text": "alagille syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by liver disease, typical facial features, heart murmurs or defects, vertebral changes, and eye changes as well as a variety of less frequently noted features. alagille syndrome is also called arteriohepatic dysplasia, cholestasis with peripheral pulmonary stenosis, syndromatic hepatic ductular hypoplasia, and alagille - watson syndrome. alagille syndrome is a rare condition occurring either sporadically or in an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. approximately 70 % of cases are caused by changes in the jagged1 gene on chromosome 20. however, the diagnosis of alagille syndrome is based on clinical features and family history. obtaining medical information about family members can be difficult as some people with alagille syndrome are so mildly affected or have variable symptoms that the condition may go unrecognized. prognosis depends on the extent of major organ involvement, especially of the liver, heart, and kidneys. liver transplantation is needed in some cases. prenatal testing is available to families in which a genetic change has been identified. the interpretation of this testing is limited by the variability of clinical features, even within the same family. people with the same genetic change can have a wide range of medical problems with varying degrees of severity. alagille syndrome occurs sporadically in 15 - 56 % of cases, but has been noted to follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in some families. in changes in a gene called the jagged1 ( jag1 ) gene on the short arm of chromosome 20 have been shown to be the underlying defect in many patients. the jag1 gene encodes a cell surface protein that plays a role in the regulation of development. the protein is active in many cell types and directs cells to their proper place in the embryo. seventy to 75 % of alagille syndrome probands have had an identifiable change within this gene. of that 70 %, 6 % have been shown to have a small deletion of a piece of the short arm of chromosome 20 ( 20p ), which includes the jag1 gene, using a laboratory technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization. there are a variety of other molecular changes in the gene that have been detected by sequencing the gene. thirty percent of people with the condition do not have an identifiable change in this gene. it is possible that there are other genes that cause the disease in these families. alagille syndrome is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44722546378365835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4beefb40-b84c-43b1-a32e-0047329e1479>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.842867"}
{"text": "in the gene that have been detected by sequencing the gene. thirty percent of people with the condition do not have an identifiable change in this gene. it is possible that there are other genes that cause the disease in these families. alagille syndrome is rare, occurring in one in 70, 000 - 100, 000 live births. the condition affects males and females equally. most patients with alagille syndrome come to medical attention in the first four months of life with jaundice, an enlarged liver, severe itching of skin, or multiple raised nodular areas on the skin. one of the most common and most serious symptoms of alagille syndrome is liver disease. liver disease occurs in 90 - 100 % of patients and often leads to growth delay or failure as a result of malnutrition. because there is a reduction in the number of bile ducts in the liver, there are elevated bile acids in the blood and an arrest of bile excretion from the body. this results in jaundice, pruritus ( severe skin itching ), and xanthomas ( raised nodules on the skin, especially at skin creases or areas of friction ). some patients have mild or no liver problems, while others have progressive liver failure. heart defects and murmurs have been noted in 85 - 95 % of patients with alagille syndrome. the most common type of defect is pulmonary artery stenosis, although other types of defects also occur. many of these defects do not have clinical significance to the patient. however, complex and severe heart defects occur and are one of the more common causes of mortality in patients with alagille syndrome. an important diagnostic feature of alagille syndrome is a particular eye finding called posterior embryotoxon. this is an anterior chamber defect of the eye caused by a prominent, centrally positioned schwalbe ring. this feature can be seen through a split lamp examination and does not affect vision. since 56 - 90 % of patients have this or other changes in the eye, including retinal pigmentary changes, an eye examination can aid in diagnosis. a particular finding called a butterfly vertebra is associated with alagille syndrome. the term butterfly vertebra refers to the appearance of the space around the vertebrae due to clefting or disruption of formation of a vertebra. there are usually no physical problems associated with this radiological finding. the frequency of butterfly vertebrae in this syndrome is uncertain, with estimates from 33 - 87 % in different studies. other skeletal malform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4885367969823299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4beefb40-b84c-43b1-a32e-0047329e1479>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.843993"}
{"text": "evaluation for appropriate extended family members would be offered. a correct diagnosis is important since there are other syndromes that exhibit similar liver disease, heart defects, and eye findings. these syndromes are inherited in different ways, so the recurrence risk for offspring and other family members may be different. two different types of testing are used : fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ), which detects the small percentage of patients who have a deletion of the entire gene ; and sequencing, which looks at changes within the gene. sequencing is not clinically available. new technologies may make gene sequencing for mutations more readily available in the near future. if a genetic change is identified in the family, prenatal testing would be available through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. however, the interpretation of this testing is difficult since the presence of a gene change does not allow one to predict the severity of the condition or which medical problems may occur. treatment and management liver transplantation is needed in 15 - 20 % of patients. other treatments depend on which of the other features of the condition are present and the degree of severity. repair of heart defects is another surgical treatment needed in some cases. prognosis for alagille syndrome is quite variable and depends on the degree of liver, heart, and kidney disease and the presence of intracranial bleeding. overall, survival rates are 72 - 85 %. the survival rate of those undergoing liver transplantation is 60 - 80 %. there is currently no method to determine which patients will reach end - stage liver disease. jones, kenneth lyons. smith ' s recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. philadelphia : w. b. saunders, 1997. mckusick, victor. mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. 12th ed. baltimore : the johns hopkins university press, 1998. scriver, charles, et al. the metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. 8th ed. mcgraw - hill, 2001. emerick, karan, et al. \" features of alagille syndrome in 92 patients : frequency and relation to prognosis. \" hepatology ( 1999 ) : 822 - 828. krantz, ian, et al. \" alagille syndrome. \" journal of medical genetics ( february 1997 ) : 152 - 157. krantz, ian, et al. \" clinical and molecular genetics of alagille syndrome. \" current opinions in pediatrics ( december 1999 ) : 55", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45185504561251066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4beefb40-b84c-43b1-a32e-0047329e1479>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.846453"}
{"text": "when a family receives a heifer, they receive much more than an animal. it \u2019 s a gift that provides all of what heifer calls the seven ms : milk, manure, muscle, meat, money, materials and motivation. and those seven things turn into health, houses, education and nutrition. | orphans at the prison fellowship romania center share a meal. maria moraru ( above ) is involved in a project called farmers feed the children in romania. in return for a heifer, 150 project families agreed to not only pass on the gift to another family in need, but to also donate a portion of the milk to feed local children. milk is distributed among 12 children \u2019 s hospitals and orphanages. so far, more than 22, 000 gallons of milk have been delivered, and more than 5, 000 children per year are benefiting from this project. maria \u2019 s cow americana has produced a total of seven offspring and produces eight to nine gallons of milk a day \u2013 plenty to drink, sell and donate. a cow can produce several gallons of milk a day. that milk provides needed protein for undernourished children or adults sick with diseases like hiv / aids. milk also contains vitamins a, c and d, which help eyesight and bone strength. families are taught how to use cow manure as a fertilizer for gardens or crops. cow manure can add significant amounts of organic material to the soil, improving the overall health of the earth and producing healthy, vigorous plants. with gallons of milk a day, families have more than enough to drink. often, the leftover milk is sold at market to provide extra income for the family, which can pay for food, health care, home improvements and school fees so children get an education. this holiday season, consider giving the gift of a heifer in honor of your childhood babysitter, who always fixed you chocolate milk before bed. and read more blog posts about how cows have changed the lives of our project participants all over the world. photos by david snyder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44460703594591827, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd94d801-67c7-4826-8186-3e59a65d3677>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.848984"}
{"text": "< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > everett - - thumbnail history historylink. org essay 7397 : printer - friendly format once called the \u201c city of smokestacks, \u201d everett has a long association with industry and labor. its first beginnings were two native american settlements at opposite sides of the heavily wooded region, one on the snohomish river and the other on port gardner bay. platted in the 1890s and named after the son of an early investor, it soon attracted the attention of east coast money. over the next 100 years, everett would be a formidable logging mill and industrial center. in 2005, everett numbered 96, 000 citizens. the port gardner peninsula is a point of land bound by the snohomish river on its east flank and northern tip and by port gardner bay on the west. people have inhabited the everett peninsula for more than 10, 000 years. in recent centuries, hibulb ( or hebolb ), the principal village of the snohomish tribe stood at the northwest point of the peninsula. its location near the mouth of the snohomish river and next to port gardner bay provided both abundant food and transportation. other villages were located across the waterways. the snohomish fortified hibulb with a stockade made of western red cedar posts to guard against their local enemies, the makah, cowichan, muckleshoot, and the occasional northern raider. on june 4, 1792, george vancouver landed on the beach south of the village and claimed the entire area for the king of england. he named the bay port gardner for a member of his party. he apparently did not explore the river. after this first contact with the snohomish, the next 50 years were quiet until traders with the hudson \u2019 s bay company on the columbia river ventured through in 1824. hudson ' s bay company records show that they explored the snohomish river. they named it \u201c sinnahamis. \u201d its present name \u201c snohomish \u201d dates from the u. s. coastal survey of 1854 when it was charted. in 1853, washington territory was formed. that same year the first white settlers in what would become snohomish county established a water - powered sawmill on tulalip bay across the water from hibulb. when the treaty of 1855 created a reservation there for the snohomish and other regional indians, the settlers abandoned the operation and turned it over to the tribes. gradually groups of white men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41314105454651023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.873207"}
{"text": "tulalip bay across the water from hibulb. when the treaty of 1855 created a reservation there for the snohomish and other regional indians, the settlers abandoned the operation and turned it over to the tribes. gradually groups of white men from port gamble, port ludlow, utsaladdy, and other puget sound points began to show up on the heavily forested peninsula to cut its giant timbers. they set up small logging camps in places reserved for homesteads. during the indian wars that erupted in king and pierce counties after the treaty signings, the snohomish area remained peaceful. enterprising men making plans for a military road between fort bellingham and fort steilacoom in 1859 stimulated the exploration of the snohomish river and its valleys. a ferry was planned at the spot where the road would cross the river. when congress stopped funding the project, some of the young men working on the military road stayed there anyway. e. c. ferguson claimed his own place and named it snohomish city ( 1859 ). he was first to describe the area near present day everett as full of trees : \u201c with their long strings of moss hanging from branches, which nearly shut out the sunlight... at the time the opening at the head of steamboat slough was not more than fifty feet wide \" ( dilgard and riddle ). first settlers on the peninsula dennis brigham was the first permanent settler in the area that would become everett. a carpenter from worcester, massachusetts, he came in 1861 the same year snohomish county was organized. he built a cabin on 160 acres along port gardner bay and lived alone. cut off from his nearest neighbors by the deep forests, he still had enough contact to gain the name of \u201c dirty plate face. \u201d in 1863, the area saw increased settlement. erskine d. kromer, telegraph operator and lineman for the world telegraph, took a claim just south of brigham. when the venture ended he settled down with a coast salish wife and raised a family. leander bagley and h. a. taylor opened the first store in the area on the point next to helbo. indians pushed out by homesteaders and loggers came by to trade. the store would change ownership several times. also in 1863, on the snag - filled snohomish river, e. d. smith set up a logging camp at an angled bend in the river. here the water was deep and an undercutting current kept his log booms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39536352527941027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.874247"}
{"text": "in 1863, on the snag - filled snohomish river, e. d. smith set up a logging camp at an angled bend in the river. here the water was deep and an undercutting current kept his log booms against the bank. at the time there were no mills in snohomish county. logs were rafted down river and sent to mills around the sound. everett \u2019 s future was foreshadowed when, during that same year, jacob and david livingston set up the first steam sawmill in the county near present day harbor view park on the bayside. it was a short - lived venture. settlement continued, although one early passerby in 1865 wrote that he saw nothing but woods. the settlers were there. ezra hatch claimed land in what would become downtown everett and george sines claimed land on the riverside. together with kromer, they would hold the most valuable holdings in the future city. there were others : benjamin young, george and perrin preston, j. l. clark, and william shears. they lived in simple log cabins scattered around in the woods, but when bagley sold his share of the store to j. d. tullis with the right to lease a portion back for a home and shipyard, everett industry arrived. in 1886 he built the small sloop rebecca which he sailed throughout the area. eventually, the prestons bought out all the shares to the store. george and perrin preston with his snohomish wife sye - dah - bo - deitz or peggy would give the name preston point to the ancient snohomish center. between the 1870 and 1880 census the white population in snohomish county increased from 400 to 1, 387, of which a minimal amount was found on the peninsula. neil spithill and his snohomish wife anastasia, the daughter of chief bonaparte, settled on the river where the peninsula jutted into it like a left - hand thumb. in 1872, jacob livingston filed the first townsite ( \u201c western new york \u201d ) on port gardner bay not far from his failed sawmill. john davis settled at preston point where 50 acres were diked, and between the snohomish river and the sloughs crops of oats, hay, hops, wheat, barley potatoes, and fruit began to appear. e. d. smith continued to expand his logging businesses, employing 150 men. the area \u2019 s first postmaster, smith platted the town of lowell in 1872. in 1883, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3869017004417447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.875307"}
{"text": "he convinced him that the peninsula with its river and bay access offered the perfect location for that and other industrial concerns. impressed, colby talked it up with friends and relatives. once they were on board, hewitt immediately approached the ruckers, friday, and salwell and enticed them to join him. they transferred half of their holdings, nearly 800 acres, to the syndicate backed with the east coast money of rockefeller, colby, and colgate hoyt, a director of the great northern railroad. hewitt also bargained with e. d. smith for a paper mill. in november 1890, the group incorporated the everett land company. they made hewitt president. for a time they met in offices at e. d. smith \u2019 s boarding house in lowell. by spring of 1891, the peninsula began to hum as land was cleared for a nail factory, the barge works, a paper mill, and smelter. five hundred men graded, surveyed, and platted the townsite. hewitt avenue, one and half mile long and 100 feet wide, was cut from bay side to riverside. the townsite of stumps became everett, after the son of charles colby. over the months, the city of everett saw astonishing growth. before the everett land company lots went on sale, swalwell jumped the gun and began selling his own lots on banks of the snohomish river in september 1891. he built a large dock for the sternwheel steamer traffic. dubbed the \u201c cradle of everett, \u201d swalwell \u2019 s landing boomed at the riverside foot of hewitt, at intersection of chestnut and pacific. the pacific / chestnut community was a wild west town with gambling and prostitution along with the offices of brown engineering company in charge of platting the townsite, \" workingman \u2019 s grocery, \u201d a small shoe store, another grocery store, a tent hotel, meat market, and barber shop. the streets were muck choked, its sidewalks made of thrown down planks. farther south at lowell, smith built a dock for his new paper mill already in production. on the bayside, the everett land company built a long wharf at 14th street on which a sawmill was built at the end. they also built an immense warehouse of some 400 feet and a fancy brick hotel, the monte cristo, three stories high. by the time the company started selling their residential and commercial property in late 1891, the building frenzy had attracted the nation. \u201c an army of men at work on a mammoth establishment, \u201d the headline in the newly established port", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144296036898212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.877446"}
{"text": "and machine shops, planing mills, a smelter, an arsenic plant, a refinery, \u201c creosoting \u201d works, a brewer, a sash and door plant, an ice and cold storage plant, and a creamery. industry employed more than 2, 835 men. telephone subscriptions went from 493 in 1901 to 980 with 23 women employees and eight linemen. secret societies as wide ranging as the elks and the ancient order of united workmen and the catholic order of foresters and the improved order of red men \u201c meeting at next great camp in the hunting grounds of aberdeen \u201d ( polk ) flourished. times were good. in 1907, everett passed the first class city charter and boomed after the san francisco earthquake and fire brought huge orders for northwest lumber. the city \u2019 s own big fire in 1909 destroyed parts of the city, but did not deter future growth. three years later its population reached three times its size in 1900 - - 25, 000. ninety - five manufacturing plants, \u201c including 11 lumber mills, 16 shingle mills and 17 mills producing both \u201d ( shoreline historical survey, ) dominated the area. unions also dominated the city, making it one of the most unionized in the country. there were 25 unions in all. of these, the international shingle weavers union of the american federation of labor was the strongest. the work they did at shingle mills was dangerous. the bolter used a circular saw with a blade that stood 50 inches in diameter and had three - inch teeth. a man pushed the log toward it at waist height with his knee and hands. men fell or were pulled into it. of the 224 people who died in everett in 1909, 35 were killed in the mills - - almost one a week. labor unrest grew and strikes threatened. in 1916, the shingle weaver \u2019 s strike culminated in a bloody confrontation at the city dock when two boatloads of industrial workers of the world members sailed up from seattle to demonstrate support of striking shingle mill workers and free speech. five workers on the steamer verona and two deputies on the dock were killed. some 30 others were wounded. the strike ended not long after. this became known as the everett massacre. during world war i, everett benefited from the demand for lumber, but for the rest of the twentieth century the city saw many down times as it went through a national depression in 1920, the great depression, and problems with continual silting in the river channels. always a lumber and industrial town, it began to divers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40850353162562214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.879917"}
{"text": "for the rest of the twentieth century the city saw many down times as it went through a national depression in 1920, the great depression, and problems with continual silting in the river channels. always a lumber and industrial town, it began to diversify. a works progress administration project in 1936 created paine field on 640 acres of land owned by merrill ring logging and the pope and talbot company eight miles southwest of the city. the airfield established aviation and eventually a military presence in the area. the county matched federal dollars. during world war ii the field became a military base. its name was changed to paine field in honor of lt. topliff olin paine, pioneer aviator from everett killed in a 1922 air mail service crash. an army air corps unit moved in and stayed for five years. runways were improved and fueling capabilities added for certain aircraft types. alaska airlines started a presence. the military returned during the korean war ( 1950 - 1953 ) taking over the control tower, but withdrew in 1968. this opened the way for boeing corporation. already owners of acreage north of the airfield, boeing built the world \u2019 s largest building by volume ( 472 million cubic feet ) for their radically new 747 jetliner. construction on naval station everett began in november 1987. in january 1994, navy personnel moved into the completed fleet support and administration buildings and officially began operations. currently, everett is home to three frigates, one nuclear - powered aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and a coast guard buoy tender. it is the united states navy \u2019 s most modern base. in 2005, the city of everett enjoyed growth and revitalization. during the past 20 years, the downtown area has been upgraded and some of the historic structures have been restored. restaurants, shops, and parks line the bayside of the city. industrial parks are planned for riverside. a community college and homes stand around preston point. dennis brigham and e. d. smith would both be amazed. henry hewitt would say that his dream has gone on. don benry, the lowell story, ( everett : lowell civil association, 1985 ), 18 - 37 ; david dilgard, margaret riddle and kristin ravetz, a survey of everett \u2019 s historical properties ( everett : everett public library and department of planning and community development, 1996 ) ; david dilgard and margaret riddle, shoreline historical survey report ( everett : shoreline master plan committee for city of everett, 1973 ), 2 - 28 and 66 - 73 ; david dilgard, mill town footlights ( everett : everett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40472847946466195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.881078"}
{"text": ", 1996 ) ; david dilgard and margaret riddle, shoreline historical survey report ( everett : shoreline master plan committee for city of everett, 1973 ), 2 - 28 and 66 - 73 ; david dilgard, mill town footlights ( everett : everett public library, 2001 ) ; lawrence e. o \u2019 donnell, everett past and present ( everett : k & h printers, 1993 ), 2 - 15 ; everett city directory ( seattle : r. l. polk, 1893 ), 47 - 66 ; everett city directory ( seattle : r. l polk, 1903 ), 64 ; norman h. clark, mill town ( seattle : university of washington press, 1970 ) ; history of snohomish county, washington vols. i and 2 ed. by william whitfield ( chicago : pioneer historical publishing company, 1926 ) ; the history of skagit and snohomish counties, washington ( interstate publishing company, 1906 ), 253 - 258 and 314 - 331 ; elof norman, the coffee chased us up monte cristo memories ( seattle : mountaineers, 1977 ) ; \" early history of snohomish river and vicinity, \" everett herald, january 14, 1936 ; snohomish eye, september 1893 - 1894 ; advertisements, everett herald, december 17, 1891 ; snohomish sun, 1891 ; everett herald december 10, 1891 through 1892 ; \" puget sound paper mill, \" port gardner news, september 11, 1893 ; \" local news, \" the eye, august 22, 1893 ; everett herald, december 10, 1891 ; the snohomish story : from ox team to jet stream ( snohomish : snohomish centennial association, 1959 ). < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > cities & towns | licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.436764914700773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.882232"}
{"text": "##itt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you this essay made possible by : the state of washington washington state department of archeology and historic preservation hewitt avenue looking east, everett postcard courtesy everett public library swalwell ' s landing, site of newly platted everett, 1891 photo by frank la roche, courtesy everett public library ( image no. 1056 ) birdseye view of the everett peninsula, ca. 1893 courtesy city of smokestacks william weahlub of the tulalip reservation smoking salmon and roe on the beach, 1906 photo by norman edson, courtesy uw special collections great northern railway depot, everett, 1920s clark - nickerson lumber mill, everett, 1900s night, downtown everett, 1920s hewitt avenue and commerce block, everett, 1914 hewitt avenue looking east, everett, 1920s looking west along hewitt avenue across wetmore, everett, 1920s photo by j. a. juleen, courtesy everett public library ( neg. juleen842 ) aerial view of everett, 1950s naval station everett, 2004 courtesy u. s. navy everett, september 28, 2005 historylink. org photo by priscilla long everett, september 28, 2005 historylink. org photo by priscilla long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41352348417932205, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55beaadf-2d1a-4ffc-a1ae-baf3ab3594d7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.882935"}
{"text": "the underworld was surrounded by a series of rivers. in the book the everything classical mythology ( bolton 2002 ) describes the following rivers surrounding the greek underworld : acheron : the river of woe cocytuys : the river of wailing lethe : the river of forgiveness pyriphlegethon : the river of fire styx : the river of hate to enter the underworld it was required to cross one of the rivers. a ferryman named charon ferried the spirits of the dead across the rivers to the underworld. both the greeks and romans buried their dead with a coin in the mouth to pay charon for the trip. after crossing the river, the dead would pass gates guarded by a three - headed dog. next the spirits came before one of the judges of the dead ( one of the three sons of zeus ) who directed the soul to one of three areas of the underworld elysium, the asphodel fields or tartarus. though in practice, it was only the gods or goddess who directed a person wither to elysium or tartarus. elysium was the island for a chosen few. the gods permitted only heroes or very good people to enter into this area. the asphodel fields were for the spirits of the common greek. the majority of the population would be directed to here after death. those who went to the asphodel fields were people who were neither particularly good or evil during their lives. tartarus was an area for those who were to be punished. in this place punishments were severe and unending. it was to tartarus that zeus sent the titans after winning the battles against them. mortals also could end up in tartarus for crimes such as raping a daughter, hording wealth, committing fraud, and other more severe crimes. charon ferrying the sades by subleyras, pierre musee du louvre, paris major gods and goddesses introduction | creation story | olympians vs. titans | creation of man | revolt of giants abduction of persephone | the underworld | visitors to underworld | amzon warriors ares vs. athena | daedalus and icarus | echo and narcissus | judgement of paris perseus and andromeda | trojan war translate link 101continuous translations for entire site please see pictures galleries for royalty free images for educational uses. copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2012 all rights reserved history source llc. contact us : suggest a site - general comments see our new photo site historyphoto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4218295021559554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22e309dc-e83e-4cee-a16f-2082ed27897c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.888577"}
{"text": "media contact : ginny greenberg room 202 hofstra hall phone : ( 516 ) 463 - 6819 fax : ( 516 ) 463 - 5146 send an e - mail date : sep 23, 2009 hofstra university part of nsf - funded consortium to study nationwide spread of lyme disease and its prevalence in the northern u. s. hofstra university, hempstead, ny \u2026 the national science foundation has recently funded hofstra university and a consortium of five other universities to study why the risk of lyme disease is much higher in the northern united states than in south. lyme disease, first identified in connecticut in the mid 1970s, has become a major public health issue in the northeastern united states. associate professor of biology russell burke is representing the hofstra on the research team. lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by the bite of blacklegged ticks ( otherwise known as deer ticks ) these ticks are on the move, says dr. jean tsao of michigan state university, who is leading the four - year, $ 2. 5 million study. as ticks expand into new areas, more people will likely become infected. findings from this study will help public health agencies develop better prevention strategies for lyme disease, which the centers for disease control and prevention reports infects more than 20, 000 people in north america each year. blacklegged ticks occur in both northern and southern states. however, 93 percent of all lyme disease cases occur in only 10 northern states. researchers and public health providers are puzzled by the lack of human cases in the south. researchers worry that this situation could change with infected ticks moving south. a number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain why the disease agent at this time is rare in southern tick populations. dr. burke explains, \" two of the prominent theories are that the lizards on which ticks feed in the south are unsuitable hosts for the disease - causing bacteria. we also have evidence that the genetics of the ticks and the bacteria differ in the north and south. these hypotheses, however, need to be tested, and our research team has the complementary expertise required to gather the data and conduct the analyses needed to help resolve this debate. \" researchers plan to study ecological and disease factors affecting the lyme disease cycle by applying standardized survey methods at 12 sites in states ranging from georgia to massachusetts. \" we have a really intriguing scientific puzzle to solve - many factors change as we move from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49689437630949035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:199eb4bc-3e4b-4b64-9bcf-fef7df6724fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.894495"}
{"text": ". \" researchers plan to study ecological and disease factors affecting the lyme disease cycle by applying standardized survey methods at 12 sites in states ranging from georgia to massachusetts. \" we have a really intriguing scientific puzzle to solve - many factors change as we move from north to south, and we need to be smart with our study design to unravel these, \" says dr. tsao. \" our study also has practical goals - we aim to provide the health community and the public in the various states with some reassurance, or warning, about what their future will hold for spread of lyme disease. understanding the reasons why lyme disease is such a problem in some areas will help us manage the disease better, and lower the risk to human health. \" dr. burke has been investigating the role of lizards in the transmission of lyme disease since 2002 as part of his research program on the ecology of native and non - native lizard and their parasites. some of these lizards live in habitats ranging from natural woodlands to downtown urban areas, and thus could be important to human health issues in both positive and negative ways. one goal of the project is to train the next generation of scientists specializing in wildlife and human disease issues. for this reason, student involvement is key, and the project includes funding for one or two hofstra graduate students and several undergraduate students assistants over the life of the study. the research team consists of : dr. lorenza beati ( georgia southern university, statesboro, ga ) dr. russell burke ( hofstra university, hempstead, ny ) drs. howard ginsberg and roger lebrun ( university of rhode island, providence, ri ) dr. graham hickling ( university of tennessee, knoxville, tn ) dr. nicholas ogden ( university of montreal, montreal, quebec ) dr. jean tsao ( michigan state university, east lansing, mi ) for more information, go to : http : / / wildlifehealth. tennessee. edu / lyme _ gradient. hofstra university is a dynamic private institution where students can choose from about 150 undergraduate and more than 160 graduate programs in liberal arts and sciences, business ; engineering ; communication ; education, health and human services ; and honors studies, as well as a school of law. with a student - faculty ratio of 14 - to - 1, our professors teach small classes averaging 22 students that emphasize interaction, critical thinking and analysis. hofstra offers a faculty whose highest priority is teaching excellence. the university also provides excellent facilities with state -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4795830633431566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:199eb4bc-3e4b-4b64-9bcf-fef7df6724fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.895551"}
{"text": "the dream factory | \u2022 introduction | | \u2022 hollywood magic and movie premieres | | \u2022 los angeles : making and protecting the image | | \u2022 celebrities in the pulpit | | \u2022 glamour personified : gloria swanson | los angeles : making and protecting the image boosters energetically promoted the city of los angeles in the first decades of the twentieth century in attempts to lure tourists, new residents, and investment dollars. real estate agents focused on the nearly constant warmth of the southern california climate, and they portrayed attractive city streets, beautiful spacious homes, well - kept gardens, and bountiful citrus farms as the norm in the city and its surrounding areas. the los angeles chamber of commerce used the phrase \" los angeles \u2014 nature ' s workshop \" to promote the city as a place filled with natural beauty that fostered good health. ultimately, postcards and booster publications coming out of los angeles relied on mass - produced and widely distributed images of a relatively small set of actual neighborhoods, homes, gardens, and orange groves that were deemed \" typical \" as part of promotional efforts. events like relatively small outbreaks of smallpox and pneumonic plague in 1924 threatened the image of los angeles that had been disseminated throughout the rest of the nation. boosters had to redouble their efforts to promote the city in their wake. click image to get a closer look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44362174838999324, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a311cbdd-e954-4c21-8a2f-74569846f35d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.897201"}
{"text": "last week nevada ' s legislative commission approved regulations allowing for the operation of self - driving vehicles on the state ' s roadways. this brings closer the day when roads will be full of driverless cars - a scenario that is examined in a thought - provoking infographic. nevada passed a bill in june 2011 requiring its department of motor vehicles to draft rules for autonomous vehicles and this process has now been finalized, making nevada the first us state where having a robot driver is completely legal. to comply with new rules autonomous test vehicles will display a red license plate and when the technology is approved for public use, the cars will carry a green license plate making them distinct from nevada ' s standard license plates which are are bluish - gray. but what are the implications of the replacing car drivers by robotic systems. here are some initial suggestions summarized in an infographic : so, according to this analysis the downside of robot cars includes lost revenues and lost jobs while the overwhelming benefit is less carnage on the roads. however, these are just the most obvious impacts. consider the implications a bit further and you realize that we will all change our behavior and live our lives differently. even if driverless cars appear slowly on the roads and we have mixed human and robot drivers, things will change fairly quickly. if you have a robot car you don ' t need to park it you simply send it home and tell it to pick you up at a fixed time. if home is too far you simply tell it to \" go park \" and the car goes off on its own looking for a free space - which can now be a longish way from where you were dropped. if there are no parking spaces, the car can just circle the block. phrases that we will soon treat as perfectly normal : \" car - go and pick up the kids after the game \" \" car - there is a takeaway meal ready for collection at... \". \" car - go to the garage and get an oil change. \" and so on... you see how radically the car changes its utility. on a longer time scale, cars will no longer be extensions of the owner ' s personality. who cares which car they are driving when they aren ' t driving but being driven. the idea of car pooling suddenly becomes a no - brainer. as long as a car takes you from your home to work and then another picks you up from work and takes you home - who cares which car it is? come the day that robot cars are the norm and we ban human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48106291704838633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5629f6ee-8bd0-43af-bdad-014e8e67f63a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.904068"}
{"text": "no - brainer. as long as a car takes you from your home to work and then another picks you up from work and takes you home - who cares which car it is? come the day that robot cars are the norm and we ban human drivers because they are too dangerous, then things can change in an even bigger way. who needs road markings and controlled junctions. cars can flow like particles in a pipe. robot drivers have no need to be controlled by signals at an intersection they \" know \" where every other car is and can simply time things so that they pass through a clear space. the only issue is whether or not the passengers will be happy with the prospect of speeding toward a busy intersection with traffic seemingly playing chicken at the crossroads. of course we won ' t need to build many more roads because robot cars can simply drive closer and so pack more cars per road. they also do away with the braking wave effect that causes a slight slowdown in traffic flow to propagate back and become a complete halt for no obvious reason. now cars can pack a road and move as a block, limited in speed only by the robot drivers ' reaction times and the laws of physics. if you think that building and accepting robot cars is just a way to make driving safer then think again. it may be an over - used term but this really is a game changer. once every car comes with its own chauffeur, things will never be the same again. accredible is a recent edtech service that helps you create certificates, or rather certificate portfolios, to demonstrate your achievements on any type of learning, including moocs and online courses [... ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45717123524563136, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5629f6ee-8bd0-43af-bdad-014e8e67f63a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.904946"}
{"text": "born : july 30, 1863 died : april 7, 1947 henry ford did not invent the automobile, but he did masterfully develop the methods that made mass - production of automobiles possible. he is perhaps the person most responsible for launching the \u201c car culture \u201d in the united states. ford was born in dearborn, michigan, the son of irish immigrants who fled the potato famine in the 1840s. as a child ford attended a one - room school for eight years and helped his father work the family farm. at age 16, the industrious ford walked to detroit to find work in its machine shops. it was in these shops that he had his first contact with the internal combustion engine. in internal combustion engines, the engine produces power by sucking in a mixture of gasoline and air and igniting it with a spark. the force of this explosion provides power to operate a vehicle or other machine. ford married clara bryant in 1888 and five years later welcomed their only child, son edsel. in 1891 ford became an engineer at the edison illuminating company in detroit. within just a couple of years he was promoted to chief engineer. this promotion gave him enough time and money to conduct his own experiments on internal combustion engines. by the end of 1893 he had built his first working gasoline engine. three years later he constructed his first horseless carriage, the quadricycle. it was a four - horsepower vehicle with the chassis of a buggy frame mounted on four bicycle tires. ford dreamed of manufacturing automobiles, but his first two attempts at establishing a company failed. financial backers pressured him to release a passenger automobile, but ford insisted on waiting. finally, in 1903, ford was ready to market an automobile. the ford motor company was incorporated with a mere $ 28, 000 in cash put up by ordinary citizens, because ford had already antagonized the wealthiest men in detroit. ford \u2019 s idea of mass - producing a car affordable enough for the average worker met with resistance from the automobile industry. nevertheless, ford stuck to his goal, beginning production of the model t in 1908. he gradually adapted the production line and in 1913 his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line, allowing for greater production. demand for the affordable car soared ; by 1927, fifteen million had been sold, and ford was the leading auto manufacturer in the country. in addition to the moving assembly line, ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees. during the model t era, ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4790461567972159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6247030-a9d4-4872-9ff8-7e12827840a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.910034"}
{"text": "leading auto manufacturer in the country. in addition to the moving assembly line, ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees. during the model t era, ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control of the now vast corporation. he continued to innovate, but competitors, growing more powerful though fewer in number, began to cut into ford ' s market share. the unprecedented scale of his competitor \u2019 s success, together with ford ' s absolute control of the firm, set the stage for decline. trusting in what he believed was an unerring market instinct, ford refused to follow other automobile manufacturers in offering innovative features. when he was finally convinced that the marketplace had changed and was demanding more than a purely utilitarian vehicle, he shut down his plants for five months to retool. in december 1927, he introduced the model a. the new model enjoyed solid, but not impressive, success. ford ' s stubbornness had cost him his leadership position in the industry : the model a was outsold by general motors ' s chevrolet and chrysler ' s plymouth and was discontinued in 1931. a similar pattern of inflexibility and stubbornness marked ford ' s attitude toward his workers. the $ 5 day that brought him so much attention in 1914 came at the cost of workers \u2019 individualism and independence. it was, moreover, no guarantee for the future. in 1929 ford instituted a $ 7 day, but in 1932, as part of the fiscal stringency imposed by falling sales and the great depression, that was cut to $ 4, below standard industry wages. ford used company police, labor spies, and violence in a protracted effort to prevent unionization. he continued to do so even after general motors and chrysler came to terms with the united automobile workers. when the uaw finally succeeded in organizing ford workers in 1941, he considered shutting down before he was persuaded to sign a union contract. henry ford was an idiosyncratic and complex personality. away from the shop floor he exhibited a variety of enthusiasms and prejudices. his dictum that \" history is more or less bunk \" was widely known. one of ford ' s most publicized acts was his chartering of an ocean liner to conduct himself and a party of pacifists to europe in november 1915 in an attempt to end the war by means of \" continuous mediation. \" the so - called peace ship episode was widely ridiculed. in 1918, with the support of president woodrow wilson, ford ran for the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45835547791668174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6247030-a9d4-4872-9ff8-7e12827840a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.911188"}
{"text": "##ists to europe in november 1915 in an attempt to end the war by means of \" continuous mediation. \" the so - called peace ship episode was widely ridiculed. in 1918, with the support of president woodrow wilson, ford ran for the u. s. senate. he was narrowly defeated after a campaign of personal attacks by his opponent and never ran for office again. also in 1918, ford bought the dearborn independent newspaper and used it to publish a series of anti - semitic attacks. in 1927 he formally retracted his attacks and sold the paper. he expressed admiration for adolf hitler in the 1930s. on the other hand, henry ford was also recognized for several civic contributions : he established small village factories ; built one - room schools in which vocational training was emphasized ; experimented with soybeans for food and durable goods ; sponsored a weekly radio hour on which quaint essays were read to \" plain folks \" ; and constructed greenfield village, a restored rural town. he also built what later was named the henry ford museum and filled it with american artifacts and antiques from the era of his youth. in the 1920s, ford decided to move his hero and friend thomas edison \u2019 s menlo park invention factory to the museum. he and edison went to new jersey to recover the buildings but found that most had been removed or were in disrepair. ford then had his staff reconstruct the menlo park buildings from photographs and a few surviving original materials. today the henry ford museum & greenfield village houses a vast collection of edison artifacts. after his death, ford ' s stock holdings went to the ford foundation, which had been set up in 1936 as a means of retaining family control of the firm. the ford foundation has subsequently became one of the richest private foundations in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44160195560709314, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6247030-a9d4-4872-9ff8-7e12827840a6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.911955"}
{"text": "ptosis correction surgery : ptosis correction surgery india offers information on ptosis correction surgery in india, ptosis correction surgery cost india, ptosis correction surgery hospital in india, delhi, mumbai, chennai, hyderabad & bangalore, ptosis correction surgeon in india. ptosis is the medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid, a condition that may affect one or botheyes. the ptosis may be mild - in which the lid partially covers the pupil ; or severe - in which the lid completely covers the pupil. when does ptosis occur? ptosis can occur at any age. when present since birth it is called congenital ptosis. when present in the elderly it is called acquired ptosis. what causes ptosis? while the cause of congenital ptosis is often unclear, the most common reason is improper development of the levator muscle. the levator muscle is the major muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid. in adults ptosis is generally due to weakening / dehiscence of the levator muscle. it may also occur following injury to the muscle as after lid injuries and eye surgeries. rarely it may be due to myasthenia gravis ( a condition where there is progressive weakness of muscles ). why should ptosis be treated? children with significant ptosis may need to tilt their head back into a chin - up position, lift their eyelid with a finger, or raise their eyebrows in an effort to see from under their drooping eyelid. children with congenital ptosis may also have amblyopia ( \" lazy eye \" ), strabismus or squint ( eyes that are not properly aligned or straight ), refractive errors, astigmatism, or blurred vision. in addition, drooping of the eyelid may result in an undesired facial appearance and difficult social life. in moderate ptosis there is a loss of the upper field of vision by the drooping upper lid. how is ptosis treated? the eye condition ptosis is trated by a specified sugery called ptosis surgery. ptosis is treated surgically, with the specific operation based on the severity of the ptosis and the strength of the levator muscle. if the ptosis is not severe, surgery is generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age ( the \" pre - school \" years ). however, when the ptosis interferes with the child ' s vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4987157184583785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf543a8-f7b4-40fe-ba47-2b49b4e5396f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.921088"}
{"text": "generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age ( the \" pre - school \" years ). however, when the ptosis interferes with the child ' s vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development. ptosis repair is usually completed under general anesthesia in infants and young children and under local anesthesia in adults. what to expect after surgery? most patients will tolerate the procedure very well and have a rapid recovery. cold packs may need to be applied to the operated eyelid for the first 48 hours following surgery. antibiotic ointments applied to the incision are sometimes recommended. the elevation of the eyelid will often be immediately noticeable, though in some cases bruising and swelling will obscure this finding. most patients will have sutures that need removing about a week following surgery. in children, absorbable sutures are often used. the bruising and swelling associated with the surgery will usually resolve in two to three weeks. some patients may need adjustment of the sutures to better align the lid height. this may or may not require additional anaesthesia or a trip to the operating room. india surgery ptosis, ptosis correction, india cost price ptosis, ptosis correction surgery, ptosis correction, india ptosis correction surgery, india cost ptosis correction surgery, low cost mechanical ptosis correction mumbai,, india low cost ptosis correction surgery hospital, affordable ptosis correction hospital mumbai, health care, ptosis corrective surgery, eyelid surgery, drooping, treatment on ptosis correction surgery, india ptosis correction surgery surgeons, ptosis correction surgery doctors call : + 91 9029304141 ( 10 am. to 8 pm. ist ) email : email @ example. com ( preferred ) ( only for international patients seeking treatment in india )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42820724994210035, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf543a8-f7b4-40fe-ba47-2b49b4e5396f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.921821"}
{"text": "what is it? cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, the small saclike organ located near the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen. it is attached to the main duct that carries bile from the liver into the intestine. bile helps your body to break down and absorb fats. the gallbladder temporarily stores bile from the liver. when you eat, the gallbladder contracts and squeezes extra bile into the intestine to aid digestion. there are two ways to remove the gallbladder : - traditional surgery. the surgeon cuts open the abdomen and removes the gallbladder through an incision that is about 6 inches long. the abdomen is then stitched closed again. - laparoscopic surgery. the surgeon makes four small ( less than an inch ) incisions for a laparoscope and instruments. a laparoscope is a tube - like instrument with a camera for viewing, and with it the surgeon can guide the surgical instruments to remove the gallbladder. the gallbladder is cut away from the liver and the bile duct and removed through one of the small incisions. surgeons remove about 500, 000 gallbladders in the united states each year. about 90 % of the time, laparoscopic surgery is used because it requires a shorter hospital stay, is less painful, and has a shorter recovery time compared to traditional surgery. in the remaining 10 %, traditional surgery is used because the person has significant abdominal scarring from prior surgery, severe inflammation, unusual anatomy, or other factors that make surgery with a laparoscope very difficult and riskier. most people have no side effects from living without a gallbladder. bile can still pass directly from the liver to the intestines, so the gallbladder usually is not necessary. occasionally, people notice a tendency to diarrhea after the gallbladder is removed. what it ' s used for surgeons remove gallbladders to prevent complications from gallstones, which are rocklike lumps that form inside the gallbladder. gallstones can cause symptoms as simple as intermittent crampy pain after eating, but they also can lead to cholecystitis cholangitis or pancreatitis. cholecystitis is an inflammation or infection of the gallbladder that develops when a gallstone blocks the bile duct ( or tube ) that leads from the gallbladder to the main bile duct. cholecystitis causes fever, nausea or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4950593715291704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bb30839-2825-4b18-9cd6-7a79a2da7e46>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.927401"}
{"text": "removed, the incision is closed with stitches. while in the hospital, you gradually will resume eating a normal diet and get out of bed. usually you stay in the hospital for two to five days. - laparoscopic surgery. the surgeon makes a small incision at the navel and puts air into the abdomen to make it easier to see. this help to avoid damaging any organs with the incisions or instruments. next the laparoscope is inserted through the small incision at your navel. once the laparoscope is inside your abdomen, a camera on the laparoscope transmits images to a viewing screen. three smaller incisions are made, and the surgical instruments are inserted through these incisions. the surgeon cuts out the gallbladder, and removes the gallbladder through one of the incisions, usually the one at your bellybutton. all of the instruments are removed, and the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches or surgical tape. after you wake up from anesthesia, the iv line remains in place until you can drink fluids on your own, usually within a few hours after surgery. if you are having a same - day procedure, you can leave the hospital when you feel well enough to go home safely. you may be able to eat a light meal later that day ( in the evening ). sometimes patients stay in the hospital until the next morning. if there are any difficulties during a laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon will switch to a traditional cholecystectomy. this may happen if there is too much bleeding, if there is much scarring from previous surgery, if the gallbladder is difficult to remove, or if there is severe infection. you will need to visit your doctor for follow - up sometime after you leave the hospital. this may be within a few days to a few weeks after you return home from the hospital. your doctor will check the healing of your incisions and remove any stitches. after laparoscopic surgery, you usually can return to work within three to seven days. after traditional surgery, you may need to wait three to six weeks before going back to work. check with your doctor before resuming specific activities, such as sports, heavy labor and lifting. possible complications of a cholecystectomy include infection, bleeding, blood clots, damage to bile ducts, retained gall stones, and injury to surrounding organs. occasionally, people have diarrhea after cholecystectomy. a medication called cho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4210115354168671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bb30839-2825-4b18-9cd6-7a79a2da7e46>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.929402"}
{"text": "february 15, 2013 ( the new york times news service ) - - even moderate alcohol use may substantially raise the risk of dying from cancer, according to a study released thursday offering the first comprehensive update of alcohol - related cancers deaths in decades. \" people don ' t talk about the issue of alcohol and cancer risk, \" said dr. david nelson, director of the cancer prevention fellowship program at the national cancer institute and lead author of the study. \" alcohol has been known to be related to causing cancer for a long period of time. we talk about cancer prevention, screenings and tests. this is one of those things that seems to be missing in plain sight. \" alcohol use accounts for about 3. 5 percent of all u. s. cancer deaths annually, according to the study. the majority of deaths seemed to occur among people who consumed more than three alcoholic drinks a day, but those who consumed 1. 5 beverages daily may account for up to a third of those deaths, the researchers found. in 2009, 18, 000 to 21, 000 people in the united states died of alcohol - related cancers, from cancer of the liver to breast cancer and other types, the researchers said. that ' s more that the number of people who die every year of melanoma or ovarian cancer, which caused over 9, 000 and 14, 000 u. s. deaths respectively in 2009. how alcohol causes cancer is not fully understood, the study notes. previous research has shown alcohol appears to work in different ways to increase cancer risk, such as affecting estrogen levels in women and acting as a solvent to help tobacco chemicals get into the digestive tract. the study, published in the american journal of public health, is the first major analysis of alcohol - attributable cancer deaths in more than 30 years. researchers said the lack of recent research on the subject may contribute to a lack of public awareness of the cancer risks. \" people are well aware of other risks, like the impact of tobacco on cancer, and are not as aware alcohol plays quite a bit of a role, \" said thomas greenfield, one of the study ' s authors and scientific director of public health institute ' s alcohol research group, in emeryville. researchers examined seven types of cancers known to be linked to alcohol use : cancers of the mouth and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and female breast. to link the cancer to alcohol use, they relied on surveys of more than 220, 000 adults, 2009 u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44833736162174387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2526852e-3407-413c-970a-329f0e3e3bac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.935217"}
{"text": "cancers of the mouth and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and female breast. to link the cancer to alcohol use, they relied on surveys of more than 220, 000 adults, 2009 u. s. mortality data, and sales data on alcohol consumption. breast cancer accounted for the most common alcohol - related cancer deaths among women - - alcohol contributed to 15 percent of all breast cancer deaths. among men, cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus accounted for the most alcohol - linked cancer deaths. the study drew some criticism. dr. curtis ellison, professor of medicine and public health at boston university school of medicine, said the study failed to take into account several important factors, such as the pattern of drinking rather than just the amount of alcohol consumed. he said consuming small, consistent amounts of alcohol is much healthier than occasional binge drinking. \" they ' re mixing alcohol abuse, which leads to all of these cancers as they ' ve clearly shown, with the casual drinker, where the risk is very small, \" said ellison, also co - director of the international scientific forum on alcohol research. dr. arthur klatsky, adjunct investigator at the kaiser permanente northern california division of research, said many studies have shown moderate drinkers in older age groups may be healthier than those who abstain. klatsky has long researched the effects of alcohol on health, but declined to comment directly on the study because he had not yet read it. \" advice needs to be individualized, \" klatsky said. \" the advice one would give to 60 - year - old man who has no problem with alcohol but is at high risk of heart disease due to family history is quite different than the advice we give to a 25 - year - old woman whose mother died of breast cancer. \" the study ' s authors acknowledged alcohol can have health benefits, but claimed alcohol causes 10 times as many deaths as it prevents. there ' s no known safe level of drinking, they said. \" the safest level for cancer prevention is that people don ' t expose themselves to any potential risk, \" said nelson of the national cancer institute. \" the bottom line means for people who choose to drink, their cancer risk will be lower if they drink lower amounts. \" copyright 2013 the new york times news service. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42059531181290927, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2526852e-3407-413c-970a-329f0e3e3bac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.937307"}
{"text": "paget ' s disease of bone what is it? bones in your body continuously break down and form again in a natural and tightly balanced process called bone remodeling. this bone remodeling also occurs in response to stress or injury placed on the bone. for example, weight - bearing exercise leads to increased bone formation. in paget ' s disease, more bone breaks down than usual and more new bone forms than usual. these changes in the bone can lead to bone enlargement and deformity. the new bone growth tends to be softer and more fragile than normal bone, and can develop in a haphazard pattern. because of this, the bone can fracture. the long bones, especially the legs, tend to bow, and the skull may enlarge, particularly over the forehead. paget ' s disease is the second most common bone disorder in people over 50, after osteoporosis. it is rarely diagnosed in young adults. although the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role because the disease sometimes runs in families. research suggests a slow - growing virus may trigger the disease ; some cells in the bone of people with paget ' s disease look like they are infected with a virus. however, no virus has been identified. the condition is rare in certain parts of the world, such as japan, but more common in the united states and australia. in the united states, an estimated 10 % of people older than age 80 have paget ' s disease. in about 20 % of people with paget ' s disease, only one area of the body - the spine, pelvis, thighs, lower legs or skull - is affected. the rest have many areas involved. in serious cases, complications can include deafness, congestive heart failure ( caused by the extra blood flow required by the diseased bone ), an elevated calcium level and cancer of the bone. an estimated 70 % of people with paget ' s disease do not have any symptoms. symptoms are more likely to occur in people who have many areas of the body affected. symptoms can include : - bone pain and warmth - head enlargement - bowing of the legs - hearing loss because many people with paget ' s disease do not have symptoms, the condition often is not discovered until an x - ray or blood test ( called the alkaline phosphatase ) obtained for other reasons suggests the disease may be present. if your doctor thinks you may have paget ' s disease, specific blood and urine tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47997050648789913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97fd0ff9-28d7-4e9a-b355-862b8ca6ce7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.941319"}
{"text": "not discovered until an x - ray or blood test ( called the alkaline phosphatase ) obtained for other reasons suggests the disease may be present. if your doctor thinks you may have paget ' s disease, specific blood and urine tests can measure the levels of certain byproducts of bone formation and breakdown. more detailed x - rays or a bone scan also may be done. in rare instances, a doctor may recommend a bone biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other possibilities. in a bone biopsy, a small piece of bone is removed with a needle so it can be examined in a laboratory. paget ' s disease cannot be cured, but treatment can control the symptoms. there is no way to prevent paget ' s disease. treatment is generally reserved for people with symptoms. in rare cases, a doctor may recommend treatment even if you don ' t have symptoms if x - rays, blood tests and a bone biopsy detect enough disease. medications such as including aspirin, mild pain relievers and anti - inflammatory drugs can help treat pain and inflammation. in advanced cases, your doctor may recommend medications such as alendronate ( fosamax ), risedronate ( actonel ), pamidronate ( aredia ), zoledronic acid ( reclast, zometa ) or calcitonin ( miacalcin ) to reduce the activity of cells that remodel bone. surgery to correct deformities is rarely necessary. if paget ' s disease causes significant damage to a hip, hip replacement surgery may be considered. hearing aides may be helpful if paget ' s disease affects the bones inside the ear. a person with paget ' s disease will be monitored carefully for complications such as heart failure or an elevation in blood calcium, and these conditions will be treated if necessary. when to call a professional contact your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms of paget ' s disease for more than two weeks. paget ' s disease itself is not fatal, however, it is associated with an increased risk of a cancerous bone tumor, called osteosarcoma. paget ' s disease is a long - lasting ( chronic ) condition. the outlook is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed and treated before major changes in bones have occurred and when there is no osteosarcoma. american academy of orthopaedic surgeons ( aaos ) 6300 north river rd. rosemont, il 60018 - 42", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4528965942652304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97fd0ff9-28d7-4e9a-b355-862b8ca6ce7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.942336"}
{"text": "electrophoresis is a common lab technique used to identify, quantify, and purify nucleic acid fragments and assess quality. rna molecules are negatively charged, and during gel electrophoresis they migrate toward the anode in the presence of an electric current. the length of rna generally determines its migration in the gel, since longer rna molecules move slower than shorter fragments. however, rna molecules are subject to extensive secondary structure via intramolecular base pairing, and this can affect their gel migration. for most applications, rna is run using denaturing conditions to disrupt secondary structure. for applications such as resolving different conformations of rna, native ( or nondenaturing ) gels are recommended. nondenaturing rna electrophoresis gel electrophoresis of rna under nondenaturing conditions maintains the secondary structure of rna molecules. agarose is generally preferred to acrylamide because it has lower toxicity and, at the concentrations needed to resolve typical rna molecules, it is easier to handle. life technologies offers convenient reagents for nondenaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, including hassle - free precast e - gel\u00ae agarose gels and ultrapure\u2122 reagents to pour your own agarose gels. products for nondenaturing rna electrophoresis : denaturing rna electrophoresis to accurately determine the molecular weight of rna molecules, it is essential to run rna gels using denaturing conditions. since northern blots typically seek to characterize rna molecules based on their size, denaturing electrophoresis is commonly used prior to rna analysis by northern blotting.. denaturing conditions disrupt hydrogen bonding so that rna runs without secondary structure, as single - stranded molecules. there are a number of denaturing agents available, including glyoxal, formamide, and methyl mercury. the disadvantage of these compounds is that they are toxic and therefore should be treated with caution. traditionally, formaldehyde has been used as a denaturant for rna electrophoresis. the northernmax\u00ae kit contains a complete set of rnase - free reagents for running formaldehyde - containing agarose gels. these gels must be poured and run in a fume hood. with the northernmax\u00ae - gly kit, rna samples are denatured in glyoxal / dmso loading buffer prior to electrophoresis and run in a formal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314491112892248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ea8cc3f-23b9-44dc-955f-bbabb580151b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.944776"}
{"text": "el alto, bolivia every morning from 6 : 00 to 8 : 00 am, native people in this sprawling working - class suburb of la paz, bolivia listen to the programme broadcast by former education minister donato ayma in the aymara language. peru will debut a new mechanism for prior consultation with indigenous peoples by seeking their approval for a new stage of oil drilling operations in the infamous lot 1ab in the northeastern amazon region of loreto. up to 80 yanomami men, women and children in a remote community in the amazon jungle in southern venezuela were reportedly killed in early july by wildcat gold miners from brazil, according to indigenous organisations. although they are only five percent of the global population, indigenous people account for up to 15 percent of the world \u2019 s poor, according to a new study published by members of the world bank. indigenous leaders from all over south america are making their way by foot, canoe and eventually on buses to be part of the kari - oca caravan to rio de janeiro, to talk to world leaders at the united nations conference on sustainable development, rio + 20. \" midwives in guatemala attend to women during pregnancy, the birth and the post - partum period. they give the women warmth and support, because they speak the same language and belong to the same culture, \" said silvia xinico with the network of organisations of indigenous women for reproductive health. a unique response to the challenge of global warming is happening in rural areas of peru, where a network of indigenous elders is working out how to adjust weather forecasts in the light of climate change, while taking measures to safeguard their crops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.405159853649115, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:930ac7bb-d185-4236-b42f-a473431cfeca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.946466"}
{"text": "rising as the barcoo on the northern slopes of the warrego range, queensland, the cooper creek flows north - west to blackall. joined by the alice river, it continues south - west past isisford and receives its principal tributary, the thompson. at currareva, with the catchment area of 150 220 km2, the mean annual flow is 3. 35 km3 with a standard deviation of 3. 45 km3 for 33 full climatic years between 1939 and 1984. crossing the south australian border near innamincka, cooper creek cuts through a range of hills and these, in a similar manner to the slight constriction of the diamantina at birdsville, offer the only chance of accurately measuring the flow anywhere within the 500 km of its central reach. the location also provides a potential major dam site, a feature almost entirely missing on the other rivers of the lake eyre basin. the catchment area at innamincka is 236 700 km2, and the mean annual flow for the period 1973 - 83 is 2. 06 km3 with a standard deviation of 3. 63 km3. the highest annual flow was 11. 47 km3 in 1974 ; the highest monthly flow 6. 49 km3 in february 1974 ; and the highest instantaneous flow 3 740 m 3 / s on 18 february 1974. immediately downstream of innamincka in periods of high flows, water is diverted through a natural control into the strzelecki creek, which also has a catchment of its own and can flow due to the effect of heavy localised storms. flow in strzelecki creek fills lake blanche, lake callabonna and lake frome in that order. in 1974, overflow from lake blanche also reached lake gregory. it appears possible - and on some occasions probably inevitable - that lake gregory may overflow in a northwestern direction to cooper creek. if this is the case, then strzelecki water can re - enter cooper creek in the vicinity of lake killamperpunna. this did not happen, however, in 1974 - 76. once cooper creek leaves the hills of innamincka, it emerges on to a very wide floodplain in the sturt stony desert, interlaced with channels, billabongs and lakes, and intersected by lines of north - south dunes. these floodplains of its central reach are highly complicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.400593136810906, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03f54afe-65a1-48bb-8c7f-07998b7ca934>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.948737"}
{"text": "one death, 15 new cases of west nile in louisiana louisiana \u2014 the louisiana department of health and hospitals uncovered 15 new west nile cases this week, and reports one death from the disease. the state is experiencing its worst west nile outbreak in a decade this year, and health care providers continue identifying new cases into the fall season. \" not only do we continue to find more cases, this week, we have three parishes reporting their first human cases of west nile for the year, \" said dhh secretary bruce d. greenstein. \" clearly, this virus remains a threat, and it ' s important to protect your health and avoid mosquito bites even as the weather gets colder and drier. \" humans contract west nile when they are bitten by mosquitoes infected with the virus. when people are infected with west nile, the virus will affect them one of three ways. west nile neuroinvasive disease is the most serious type, infecting the brain and spinal cord. neuroinvasive disease can lead to death, paralysis and brain damage. the milder viral infection is west nile fever, in which people experience flu - like symptoms. the majority of people who contract west nile will be asymptomatic, which means they show no symptoms. these cases are typically detected through blood donations or in the course of other routine medical tests. there are six new neuroinvasive disease cases reported this week, from jefferson ( 1 ), orleans ( 2 ), tangipahoa ( 1 ) and rapides ( 2 ) parishes. five of these are newly identified cases, and one is a previously reported case that progressed into neuroinvasive disease. there are 10 new west nile fever cases reported this week, from assumption ( 1 ), catahoula ( 1 ), east baton rouge ( 2 ), ouachita ( 1 ), rapides ( 2 ), st. landry ( 1 ) and winn ( 2 ) parishes. no new asymptomatic cases were reported this week. louisiana has had 371 west nile cases, of which 152 are neuroinvasive disease, and 16 deaths, all of which occurred within two weeks of disease onset, thus far in 2012. dhh issues a weekly arbovirus surveillance report that details cases detected thus far by parish, which is published here. west nile virus has been present in louisiana since 2002, when the state experienced 328 cases, of which 204 were neuroinvasive disease, and 24 deaths. for 10 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39253329132429743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e78645d-b79d-418a-92e9-77562360e28d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.952275"}
{"text": "hundreds of years ago, the los angeles basin \u2019 s river and tributaries sat at the center of daily life for our first ancestors, the tongvas indians. they understood the river \u2019 s changing, mercurial nature and built their homes and town centers above its flood plains. yangna, sitting just a few miles from the river near spring street, was the largest tongvas village. it was a center for commerce, governance and religious ceremonies, and it is the birthplace of los angeles. the los angeles state historic park was once an industrial brown field. after much debate among real estate developers, community activists, and artists, the land is now available for public use and awaits transformation into a state park. the zanja madre, or \" mother ditch, \" is the original aqueduct that brought water to el pueblo from the los angeles river. the remains of the zanja where uncovered in the 1970 ' s and can be seen sitting just behind a fence in the los angeles state historic park. kcet is the nation ' s largest independent public television station. on air, online and in the community, kcet plays a vital role in the cultural and educational enrichment of southern and central california. we offer a wide range of award - winning local programming as well as the finest public television programs from around the world. are you a member of the media looking for information about kcet? visit our press room for contact details, images and all the latest news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4364015681581889, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:457fab17-1620-4287-922b-08da84dc3951>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.954948"}
{"text": "deoxidation is the removal of excess oxygen from molten metal. the procedure involves adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the oxides of which are either gaseous or readily form slags. the deoxidation of steel is usually performed by adding mn, si and al, or rarely by adding cr, v, ti, zr and b. the deoxidation of molten steel shows a paradox. by increasing the concentration of deoxidizer in the melt over some critical value reoxidation of steel takes place. a few examples of the reoxidation of steel by adding the usual deoxidizers ( si and al ) are examined in this article. deoxidation is the last stage in steelmaking. in the basic oxygen furnace ( bof ) and other similar steelmaking practices the steel bath as the time of tapping contains 400 to 800 ppm activity of oxygen. deoxidation is carried out during tapping by adding into the tap - ladle appropriate amounts of ferromanganese, ferrosilicon and / or aluminum or other special deoxidizers. if at the end of the blow the carbon content of the steel is below specifications, the metal is also recarburized in the ladle. however, large additions in the ladle are undesirable, because of the adverse effect on the temperature of the metal. eight typical conditions of commercial ingots, cast in identical bottle - top molds, in relation to the degree of suppression of gas evolution are shown schematically in figure 1. the dotted line indicates the height to which the steel originally was poured in each ingot mold. depending on the carbon content and particularly of the oxygen content, the ingot structures range from that of a fully killed or dead - killed ingot n\u00b01 to that of a violently rimmed ingot n\u00b08. included in the series are indicated in figure 1 i. e. killed steel n\u00b01, semikilled steel n\u00b02, capped steel n\u00b05, and rimmed steel n\u00b07. figure 1 : series of typical ingot structures rimmed steel usually is tapped without having made additions of deoxidizers to the steel in the furnace or only small additions to the molten steel in ladle, in order to have sufficient oxygen present to give the desired gas evolution by reacting in the mold with carbon. the exact procedures followed depend upon whether the steel has a carbon content in the higher ranges i. e. % c =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5646553474845601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08853ea6-3d6a-4bfc-92e7-887f31da7105>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.963353"}
{"text": "steel in ladle, in order to have sufficient oxygen present to give the desired gas evolution by reacting in the mold with carbon. the exact procedures followed depend upon whether the steel has a carbon content in the higher ranges i. e. % c = 0. 12 - 0. 15 or in the lower ranges, e. g. % c = max 0. 10. when the metal in the ingot mold begins to solidify, there is a brisk evolution of carbon monoxide, resulting in an outer ingot skin of relatively clean metal low in carbon and other solutes. such ingots are best suited for the manufacture of steel sheets. capped steel practice is a variation of rimmed steel practice. the rimming action is allowed to begin normally, but is then terminated after a minute or more by sealing the mold with a cast - iron cap. in steels with a carbon content greater than 0. 15 % the capped ingot practice is usually applied to sheet, strip, wire and bars. semikilled steel is deoxidized less than killed steel and there is enough oxygen present in the molten steel to react with carbon forming sufficient carbon monoxide to counterbalance the solidification shrinkage. the steel generally has a carbon content within the range % c = 0. 15 - 0. 30 and finds wide application in structural shapes. killed steel is deoxidized to such an extent that there is no gas evolution during solidification. aluminum is used for deoxidation, together with ferro - alloys of manganese and silicon ; in certain cases calcium silicide or other special strong deoxidizers are used. in order to minimize piping, almost all killed steels are cast in hot - topped big - end up molds. killed steels are generally used when a homogeneous structure is required in the finished steels. alloy steels, forging steels and steels for carburizing are of this type, when the essential quality is soundness. in producing certain extra - deep - drawing steels, a low - carbon ( % c = max 0. 12 ) steel is killed, usually with a substantial amount of aluminum that is added in the ladle, in the mold or both. although the deoxidation of steel by aluminum suppresses the formation of carbon monoxide during solidification, and hence suppresses blow holes, there are many steel processing operations where aluminum killing of steel is undesirable. for example, it is widely recognized that certain alloy steels to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049166984922276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08853ea6-3d6a-4bfc-92e7-887f31da7105>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.964305"}
{"text": "aluminum suppresses the formation of carbon monoxide during solidification, and hence suppresses blow holes, there are many steel processing operations where aluminum killing of steel is undesirable. for example, it is widely recognized that certain alloy steels to be cast as large ingots should not be subject to aluminum killing, because of the piping and of deleterious effects of alumina inclusions on the subsequent processing of ingots for certain applications, e. g. generator - rotor shafts. it has been recognized from the early days of the continuous - casting operation nearly two decades ago that casting difficulties and poor surface conditions are often experienced with aluminum - killed steels. it is for these reasons that other forms of deoxidation are often preferred in a number of steel - processing operations, e. g. silico - managanese deoxidation and / or vacuum carbon deoxidation. deoxidation reactions can be described using the deoxidation equilibrium constant. a wide spectrum of deoxidation equilibria pertaining to the most common deoxidants for steel is summarized in table 1 as a log - log plot of the concentration of oxygen in solution in liquid steel against that of the added elements. table 1 : solubility of the products of deoxidation in liquid iron. | equilibrium constant k * | | k at 1600\u00b0c | | < 1 ppm al | | 1. 1 x 10 - 15 | | - 71600 / t + 23. 28 | | < 1 ppm al | | 4. 3 x 10 - 14 | | - 62780 / t + 20. 17 | | 1. 3 x 10 - 8 | | > 0. 02 % c | | 2. 0 x 10 - 3 | | - 1168 / t - 2. 07 | | > 3 % cr | | 1. 1 x 10 - 4 | | - 40740 / t + 17. 78 | | > 1 % mn | | 5. 1 x 10 - 2 | | - 14450 / t + 6. 43 | | > 20 ppm si | | 2. 2 x 10 - 5 | | - 30410 / t + 11. 59 | | < 0. 3 % ti | | 2. 8 x 10 - 6 | | > 5 % ti | | 1. 9 x 10 - 3 | | < 0. 10 v | | 8. 9 x 10 - 8 | | - 48060 / t +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5162219459473152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08853ea6-3d6a-4bfc-92e7-887f31da7105>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.965086"}
{"text": "% ti | | 2. 8 x 10 - 6 | | > 5 % ti | | 1. 9 x 10 - 3 | | < 0. 10 v | | 8. 9 x 10 - 8 | | - 48060 / t + 18. 61 | | > 0. 3 % v | | 2. 9 x 10 - 6 | | - 43200 / t + 17. 52 in all cases, the oxygen and the alloying element in solution are in equilibrium with the appropriate gas, liquid or solid oxide phases at 1600\u00b0c, e. g. 1 atm co, pure b2o3, pure al2o3 etc. the curves for mn, si and c are from compiled data. the curves for cr, v, b, ti and al are based on the recent work done in this laboratory by fruehan using the oxygen galvanic cell previously described in measuring the equilibrium oxygen potentials. - activities are chosen such that amn \u2261 % mn and ao \u2261 % o when % m\u2192o - square brackets [ ] denote component present in molten steel - temperature ( t ) is on the kelvin scale. deoxidation reactions can be described using the deoxidation equilibrium constant. the reaction when the alloying element ( m ) is added to the steel can be represented by : mxoy = xm + yo..... ( 1 ) the deoxidation constant assuming pure mxoy forms ( i. e. unit activity for mxoy ) is given by : k = ( hm ) x ( ho ) y..... ( 2 ) where hm and ho are the henrian activities defined such that activity of the components is equal to its weight percent at infinite dilution in iron. hi = fi ( wt. % i )..... ( 3 ) the activity coefficient fi can be corrected for alloying elements by use of the interaction parameter eji ( d log fi / d log wt % j ) = eji..... ( 4 ) table 2 shows the coefficients of interaction for the common elements of carbon and stainless steels at 1600\u00b0c. table 2 : the coefficients of interaction for the common elements of carbon and stainless steels at 1600\u00b0c | carbon steel 1600\u00b0c | stainless steel 1600\u00b0c for most low alloy steels encountered in ladle metallurgy the activity coefficient can be taken as unity and equation 2 reduces to : km = ( % m ) x ( % o ) y.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462603781761097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08853ea6-3d6a-4bfc-92e7-887f31da7105>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.965963"}
{"text": "steel 1600\u00b0c | stainless steel 1600\u00b0c for most low alloy steels encountered in ladle metallurgy the activity coefficient can be taken as unity and equation 2 reduces to : km = ( % m ) x ( % o ) y..... ( 5 ) to illustrate how to use these constants consider a steel containing 0. 1 % si at 1600\u00b0c ( 2912\u00b0f ) in equilibrium with sio2. the value of ksi is given by : ksi = ( % si ) ( % o ) 2..... ( 6 ) ksi = 2. 2 x 10 - 5 ( % o ) 2 = 2. 2 x 10 - 4 ( % o ) \u2248 0. 015 or 150 ppm. it is important to remember that these calculations are for soluble oxygen content ; the total oxygen content which includes both the soluble oxygen and the oxygen associated with inclusions could be much higher. for single element deoxidation, the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron at 1600\u00b0c ( 2912\u00b0f ) is given as a function of the concentration of the alloying element. in each case, the melt is in equilibrium with the respective pure oxide ; e. g. sio2, al2o3 etc. it can be clearly seen that aluminum is the strongest of the common deoxiders followed by titanium. rare earths are about as strong aluminum as deoxidizers and will be discussed later in detail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4938779425287211, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08853ea6-3d6a-4bfc-92e7-887f31da7105>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.966831"}
{"text": "electricity and magnetism the dot product introduction to the vector dot product. the dot product use this menu to view and help create subtitles for this video in many different languages. you ' ll probably want to hide youtube ' s captions if using these subtitles. - let ' s learn a little bit about the dot product. - the dot product, frankly, out of the two ways of multiplying - vectors, i think is the easier one. - so what does the dot product do? - why don ' t i give you the definition, and then i ' ll give - you an intuition. - so if i have two vectors ; vector a dot vector b - - that ' s - how i draw my arrows. - i can draw my arrows like that. - that is equal to the magnitude of vector a times the - magnitude of vector b times cosine of the - angle between them. - now where does this come from? - this might seem a little arbitrary, but i think with a - visual explanation, it will make a little bit more sense. - so let me draw, arbitrarily, these two vectors. - so that is my vector a - - nice big and fat vector. - it ' s good for showing the point. - and let me draw vector b like that. - vector b. - and then let me draw the cosine, or let me, at least, - draw the angle between them. - this is theta. - so there ' s two ways of view this. - let me label them. - this is vector a. - i ' m trying to be color consistent. - this is vector b. - so there ' s two ways of viewing this product. - you could view it as vector a - - because multiplication is - associative, you could switch the order. - so this could also be written as, the magnitude of vector a - times cosine of theta, times - - and i ' ll do it in color - appropriate - - vector b. - and this times, this is the dot product. - i almost don ' t have to write it. - this is just regular multiplication, because these - are all scalar quantities. - when you see the dot between vectors, you ' re talking about - the vector dot product. - so if we were to just rearrange this expression this - way, what does it mean? - what is a cosine of theta? - let me", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5926364247250333, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.976268"}
{"text": "the dot between vectors, you ' re talking about - the vector dot product. - so if we were to just rearrange this expression this - way, what does it mean? - what is a cosine of theta? - let me ask you a question. - if i were to drop a right angle, right here, - perpendicular to b - - so let ' s just drop a right angle - there - - cosine of theta soh - coh - toa so, cah cosine - - - is equal to adjacent of a hypotenuse, right? - well, what ' s the adjacent? - it ' s equal to this. - and the hypotenuse is equal to the magnitude of a, right? - let me re - write that. - so cosine of theta - - and this applies to the a vector. - cosine of theta of this angle is equal to ajacent, which - is - - i don ' t know what you could call this - - let ' s call - this the projection of a onto b. - it ' s like if you were to shine a light perpendicular to b - - - if there was a light source here and the light was - straight down, it would be the shadow of a onto b. - or you could almost think of it as the part of a that goes - in the same direction of b. - so this projection, they call it - - at least the way i get - the intuition of what a projection is, i kind of view - it as a shadow. - if you had a light source that came up perpendicular, what - would be the shadow of that vector on to this one? - so if you think about it, this shadow right here - - you could - call that, the projection of a onto b. - or, i don ' t know. - let ' s just call it, a sub b. - and it ' s the magnitude of it, right? - it ' s how much of vector a goes on vector b over - - that ' s the - adjacent side - - over the hypotenuse. - the hypotenuse is just the magnitude of vector a. - it ' s just our basic calculus. - or another way you could view it, just multiply both sides - by the magnitude of vector a. - you get the projection of a onto b, which is just a fancy -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5907467048275221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.977201"}
{"text": "vector a. - it ' s just our basic calculus. - or another way you could view it, just multiply both sides - by the magnitude of vector a. - you get the projection of a onto b, which is just a fancy - way of saying, this side ; the part of a that goes in the - same direction as b - - is another way to say it - - is - equal to just multiplying both sides times the magnitude of a - is equal to the magnitude of a, cosine of theta. - which is exactly what we have up here. - and the definition of the dot product. - so another way of visualizing the dot product is, you could - replace this term with the magnitude of the projection of - a onto b - - which is just this - - times the - magnitude of b. - that ' s interesting. - all the dot product of two vectors is - - let ' s just take - one vector. - let ' s figure out how much of that vector - - what component - of it ' s magnitude - - goes in the same direction as the - other vector, and let ' s just multiply them. - and where is that useful? - well, think about it. - what about work? - when we learned work in physics? - work is force times distance. - but it ' s not just the total force - times the total distance. - it ' s the force going in the same - direction as the distance. - you should review the physics playlist if you ' re watching - this within the calculus playlist. let ' s say i have a - 10 newton object. - it ' s sitting on ice, so there ' s no friction. - we don ' t want to worry about fiction right now. - and let ' s say i pull on it. - let ' s say my force vector - - this is my force vector. - let ' s say my force vector is 100 newtons. - i ' m making the numbers up. - 100 newtons. - and let ' s say i slide it to the right, so my distance - vector is 10 meters parallel to the ground. - and the angle between them is equal to 60 degrees, which is - the same thing is pi over 3. - we ' ll stick to degrees. - it ' s a little bit more intuitive. - it ' s 60 degrees. - this distance right here is 10 meters. - so my question is,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6079835422482566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.978092"}
{"text": "is - the same thing is pi over 3. - we ' ll stick to degrees. - it ' s a little bit more intuitive. - it ' s 60 degrees. - this distance right here is 10 meters. - so my question is, by pulling on this rope, or whatever, at - the 60 degree angle, with a force of 100 newtons, and - pulling this block to the right for 10 meters, how much - work am i doing? - well, work is force times the distance, but not just the - total force. - the magnitude of the force in the direction of the distance. - so what ' s the magnitude of the force in the - direction of the distance? - it would be the horizontal component of this force - vector, right? - so it would be 100 newtons times the - cosine of 60 degrees. - it will tell you how much of that 100 - newtons goes to the right. - or another way you could view it if this - is the force vector. - and this down here is the distance vector. - you could say that the total work you performed is equal to - the force vector dot the distance vector, using the dot - product - - taking the dot product, to the force and the - distance factor. - and we know that the definition is the magnitude of - the force vector, which is 100 newtons, times the magnitude - of the distance vector, which is 10 meters, times the cosine - of the angle between them. - cosine of the angle is 60 degrees. - so that ' s equal to 1, 000 newton meters - times cosine of 60. - cosine of 60 is what? - it ' s square root of 3 over 2. - square root of 3 over 2, if i remember correctly. - so times the square root of 3 over 2. - so the 2 becomes 500. - so it becomes 500 square roots of 3 joules, whatever that is. - i don ' t know 700 something, i ' m guessing. - maybe it ' s 800 something. - i ' m not quite sure. - but the important thing to realize is that the dot - product is useful. - it applies to work. - it actually calculates what component of what vector goes - in the other direction. - now you could interpret it the other way. - you could say this is the magnitude of a - times b cosine of theta. - and that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.574950646538776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.979034"}
{"text": "it actually calculates what component of what vector goes - in the other direction. - now you could interpret it the other way. - you could say this is the magnitude of a - times b cosine of theta. - and that ' s completely valid. - and what ' s b cosine of theta? - well, if you took b cosine of theta, and you could work this - out as an exercise for yourself, that ' s the amount of - the magnitude of the b vector that ' s - going in the a direction. - so it doesn ' t matter what order you go. - so when you take the cross product, it matters whether - you do a cross b, or b cross a. - but when you ' re doing the dot product, it doesn ' t matter - what order. - so b cosine theta would be the magnitude of vector b that - goes in the direction of a. - so if you were to draw a perpendicular line here, b - cosine theta would be this vector. - that would be b cosine theta. - the magnitude of b cosine theta. - so you could say how much of vector b goes in the same - direction as a? - then multiply the two magnitudes. - or you could say how much of vector a goes in the same - direction is vector b? - and then multiply the two magnitudes. - and now, this is, i think, a good time to just make sure - you understand the difference between the dot product and - the cross product. - the dot product ends up with just a number. - you multiply two vectors and all you have is a number. - you end up with just a scalar quantity. - and why is that interesting? - well, it tells you how much do these - - you could almost say - - - these vectors reinforce each other. - because you ' re taking the parts of their magnitudes that - go in the same direction and multiplying them. - the cross product is actually almost the opposite. - you ' re taking their orthogonal components, right? - the difference was, this was a a sine of theta. - i don ' t want to mess you up this picture too much. - but you should review the cross product videos. - and i ' ll do another video where i actually compare and - contrast them. - but the cross product is, you ' re saying, let ' s multi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5399275657964753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.979916"}
{"text": "you up this picture too much. - but you should review the cross product videos. - and i ' ll do another video where i actually compare and - contrast them. - but the cross product is, you ' re saying, let ' s multiply - the magnitudes of the vectors that are perpendicular to each - other, that aren ' t going in the same direction, that are - actually orthogonal to each other. - and then, you have to pick a direction since you ' re not - saying, well, the same direction that - they ' re both going in. - so you ' re picking the direction that ' s orthogonal to - both vectors. - and then, that ' s why the orientation matters and you - have to take the right hand rule, because there ' s actually - two vectors that are perpendicular to any other two - vectors in three dimensions. - anyway, i ' m all out of time. - i ' ll continue this, hopefully not too confusing, discussion - in the next video. - i ' ll compare and contrast the cross - product and the dot product. - see you in the next video. be specific, and indicate a time in the video : at 5 : 31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? isn ' t the sun way larger? have something that ' s not a question about this content? this discussion area is not meant for answering homework questions. share a tip when naming a variable, it is okay to use most letters, but some are reserved, like ' e ', which represents the value 2. 7831... have something that ' s not a tip or feedback about this content? this discussion area is not meant for answering homework questions. discuss the site for general discussions about khan academy, visit our reddit discussion page. flag inappropriate posts here are posts to avoid making. if you do encounter them, flag them for attention from our guardians. - disrespectful or offensive - an advertisement - low quality - not about the video topic - soliciting votes or seeking badges - a homework question - a duplicate answer - repeatedly making the same post - a tip or feedback in questions - a question in tips & feedback - an answer that should be its own question about the site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5672128542075363, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:897a62d5-1a0a-42ef-a9ef-517a73b9b936>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.980757"}
{"text": "why teach kids cooking activities? i started kids cooking activities and kids cooking lessons with my children after my oldest son would create \" something \" in the kitchen almost everyday. he would fill a pot with water, add sugar, salt, apples, whatever he could find and ask me to cook it on the stove top. he didn ' t want to follow a recipe. he just wanted to create something using, whatever he could think of. i came to understand how much kids love to cook and want to help in the kitchen. when they are young they pretend to cook in the kitchen, make mud pies in the sandbox, and what kid hasn ' t made bubble cakes in the bath tub? kids do cooking activities all the time! why you should do kids cooking activities! here are 10 reasons why you should do cooking activities with your children. - learning to cook helps children to learn about nutrition and healthy eating. they are growing up with fast food and junk food at their fingertips, which is part of the reason why child obesity is on the rise! teaching kids to cook will help instill skills to last them a lifetime. - boost their self esteem. if your child needs a boost of self confidence, ( and who doesn ' t! ) cooking in the kitchen will do just that. they are accomplishing a task, learning something important and contributing to the family. - create family time and bonding. take time to cook with your children and they will have memories that they, in turn, can pass on to their families. it may take a longer time to get the meal or snack done but the moments with your children will be priceless. ( just remember to have patience. don ' t worry about flour on the floor or spilled milk ). - kids will be more apt to eat what they make. perhaps, it is the enthusiasm of creating something themselves, but they will be more likely to eat whatever they had a hand in making. - kids learn real lessons in science, language, math and creativity. cooking will help reinforce all these subjects! visit what children learn while cooking page for more information. - what a great way to learn life skills. this can be especially helpful when kids are on their own and won ' t have to rely on fast food and junk food to sustain them. - they can help contribute to the family and they can feel the importance of helping. - they are working together as a team, whether it is with a parent or with a sibling to get the job done. - cooking teaches them planning and making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43439677144244354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff79b9e7-d4b7-45e1-a877-d3ee4b8d747b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.985711"}
{"text": ". - they can help contribute to the family and they can feel the importance of helping. - they are working together as a team, whether it is with a parent or with a sibling to get the job done. - cooking teaches them planning and making choices. - practice creativity and imagination. kids cooking activities are a great way to express themselves and enjoy their all of our kids cooking activities and ideas are kid tested, doable and fun. they just need : - a dash of time - a pinch of originality - a cup full of enthusiasm so put on an apron and lets get started with kids cooking join our newsletters and follow us on social media we have several ways you can keep in contact with us. at the upper right corner you ' ll see our links to follow our facebook, twitter and pinterest groups. we have a get cooking newsletter that goes out weekly with advice, articles and tips on kids cooking. as well as a weekly kids cooking activities club introduce you to different sections and the highlights you ' ll find in that area. there is a lot of good information, cooking projects and children ' s cooking activities on our site. over 500 pages + hundred ' s of our readers submitted recipes and ideas. you will get an email once a week highlighting different areas on the site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4546935457172231, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff79b9e7-d4b7-45e1-a877-d3ee4b8d747b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.986245"}
{"text": "hi, i was wondering does anyone know anything about egyptian uses of different herbs ( perfuming, incense, medicinal etc. ) im curious about herbs that were popularly used in ancient egypt, and what types of herbs they had connections to, either by native growth, or by trade with other countries. here are some remedies that the ancient eyptians used with herbs : : used as an incense to remove demonic possession. used as an ointment to relieve headaches, or drunk to relieve stomach aches. : remedy for snake bites and fevers. also used to heal broken bones and sores after being mixed with honey. : mostly used for stomach upsets. : uses included relieving toothache and headaches. : drunk to banish fevers. also was used as an insect repellent. : mainly used for headaches. plants used in perfumary : there is apparently a perfume called kyphi engraved on the temple walls of edfu and philae. cinnamon, juniper berries, cyperus, cardamom, marjoram and lotus, were among the many ingredients in perfume making. along with animal fat, oil and sweet wine. i believe that many of the ancient egyptians herbs and spices were imported from the mediterranean, although in the later years the egyptians attempted to grow many foreign plants in their land. frankincense and myrrh were used as incense as offerngs in rituals to the gods. these resins were imported from central africa via nubia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43628086075652744, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e662b5b-5b62-47b2-8c8c-ee727f55d04f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.987804"}
{"text": "an illustrated collection of poems celebrating those who have, as the title indicates, \" changed the world. \" while the individuals profiled here are undeniably inspiring, the biographical poem, brief text and topical poem intended to illuminate each person \u2019 s achievements don \u2019 t adequately convey personality or relevance, resulting in an uneven collection that, ironically enough, fails to live up to its potential. thirty poets have contributed their work, from familiar, prolific authors such as lee bennett hopkins, jane yolen and marilyn singer to those whose writing is less well - known. subjects range from the contemporary ( temple grandin, steven spielberg ) to the historical ( jonas salk ), and from the well - known to the obscure ( father greg boyle ). unfortunately, the poems are uneven in quality, with many seeming forced or predictable. in general, the topical poems are the most successful, with particularly engaging verses by singer ( about the joys of flight ) and alice schertle ( pondering the mysteries of a mummy \u2019 s tomb ). a variety of poetic forms are used ; some feature rhyme and are composed of multiple stanzas, others seem more like prose portraits arbitrarily broken into short lines. jepson \u2019 s vibrant collage - style illustrations incorporate a variety of patterns and textures. complementary colors help to tie facing pages together and also serve as backgrounds to the text, further linking the concepts on each double - page spread. potentially useful in classrooms that include character education in the curriculum, this purposive anthology will likely find it hard to find an appreciative audience in less - structured settings. ( picture book / poetry. 8 and up )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47590957766959785, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9cb08e8-2983-48d5-9045-2c39cf38e159>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.989631"}
{"text": "a wide - ranging study of language, including the various political dimensions involved in how and why certain languages gain prestige while others become extinct. how have industrialization and nationalism shaped language variation worldwide? is the writing system a natural outgrowth of speech, or can it simply be changed by government edict? is there really one correct way of speaking english? is the french language being threatened? are chinese characters really based on pictographs? these are just a handful of the many intriguing questions, issues and \u201c linguistic myths \u201d that economist contributor greene investigates in this fascinating glimpse at the global politics of language variation. essentially, the book is a course in sociolinguistics and modern international language politics for the layperson. the author, who speaks nine languages, begins by dispelling a variety of language myths that are pervasive and, to the chagrin of many linguists, seemingly unshakeable \u2014 that some languages are more primitive than others, that the qur \u2019 an cannot be translated from arabic, or that the maori of new zealand have 35 words for dung. greene also exposes grammar sticklers \u2014 people who are obsessively determined to \u201c purify \u201d language and who are nostalgic for a linguistic utopia that never existed \u2014 for the persnickety and curmudgeonly group they really are. the author blends personal narrative, reportage and humor with linguistic analysis, historical research and political punditry, and he surveys some of the most significant issues concerning language today, including the ethnocentrism involved in some english - only activism in america, as well as the draconian \u2014 and largely unsuccessful \u2014 measures of the french academy to keep french free of english words. greene correctly demonstrates that language change, language variety and cross - language borrowing are \u201c highly regular \u201d and, in fact, part of the natural evolution of all languages. an insightful, accessible examination of the way in which day - to - day speech is tangled in a complicated web of history, politics, race, economics and power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5317635765233214, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a8fcfe6-7896-4871-9d23-af2a0c4431a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:50.991957"}
{"text": "in the middle of the mountain range of the mountain chain gailtaler alpen. only a few km in the south - east of the wei\u00dfensee you can find the farchtensee in about 985m above sea - level in a parallel valley of the stockenboier graben. in the south the basin of the lake is bordered by the graslitzen, a 2. 044 m high summit of the mountain chain gailtaler alpen. in the north it is limited by the mountain ridge of the zlan nock. the lake is situated in the central part of the mountain chain gailtaler alpen, which are formed by lime, dolomite and marl stones out of the triassic. it is settled in young quaternary sedimentation. the shore zone has \u2013 with a few exceptions \u2013 natural vegetation. in the south forests reach the shore, the north is chiefly formed by wet meadows. in the west and east of the lake you can find earthy lime wet moors, with dense stocks of sedge and little amounts of reed and buck beans. next to the banks there is a small belt of yellow water lilies. hardly populated surroundings. except of a few houses the environment of the farchtensee is nearly unpopulated. the farchtenseestra\u00dfe is running along the northern shore of the lake, separated from the lake by wet meadows. only a small creek, coming out of an eastern valley, feeds the lake, but there is a strong runoff with about 140l / s that indicates a bringing in of groundwater out of the surrounding gravel hills. the runoff leaves the lake in the west, goes together with the tscherniheimer bach and flows into the wei\u00dfenbach, the runoff of the wei\u00dfensee. lake poor of nutrients. the farchtensee belongs to the oligotrophic lakes of the kalkalpen. regularly high waters bring in dim limes that reduce the temporary visual range strongly. in times without high waters with minor production of algae the visual range can reach 8 m. summerlike water temperatures. in spite of being relatively high up, the lake reaches more than 21 \u00b0c during midsummer. in early summer the warming up happens rather slowly, the highest temperature is measured between the end of july and the end of august. landscape protection area. the farchtensee and its surroundings of 120 ha were declared farchtensee landscape protection area ( lgbl. nr. 85 / 1970 ). red fins are the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3654369190534811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0748c2e5-1e1a-4bd5-a0bd-87e8daff0b9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.002761"}
{"text": "a research coordinated by the uab has succeeded in testing a vaccine against leishmaniasis. the vaccine was tested with the best animal model existing, the golden hamster, and can be produced at low costs by using insect larvae. the research, published in the latest edition of plos one, is an important step towards the fight against a disease which causes the death of 70, 000 people each year in developing countries and of countless dogs, which also suffer from this disease and are its natural reservoir. leishmaniasis is one of the main health problems existing at global scale. it is produced by the protozoan leishmania infantum, and canines, which can also be infected with the disease, are the main reservoirs of the organism. the disease is transmitted by insects from the phlebotominae subfamily ( sandflies ), which are very similar to mosquitos. clinical manifestations can go anywhere from minor skin sores to organ complications and, in the worst cases, death. the disease causes 70, 000 deaths a year, mainly in developing countries, and affects over 12 million people around the world. some 1. 5 to 2 million new cases appear each year and an additional 350 million people are at risk of contracting the disease. leishmaniasis is considered an endemic disease in parts of asia, africa, southern europe, mexico, central america and south america. with the aids epidemic, leishmaniasis in humans has reactivated in many countries. current treatments are unsatisfactory and, even though the most reasonable via to fight the disease would be to obtain an efficient vaccine, conventional vaccines until now have failed. the research team led by the uab compared the results of applying different vaccine strategies to the best animal model in which to study the human variant of the disease : the golden hamster. the results show that the most effective strategy is a combination of two vaccines created by the researchers : three doses of dna with genes from the l. infantum and two doses of proteins coded by these genes. the protein vaccine can be obtained at a low cost thanks to the use of insect larvae. to create the vaccine scientists isolated protozoan genes, inserted them into a virus which affects insects ( baculovirus ) and used these to infect larvae of a small worm, the cabbage looper ( trichoplusia ni ). the larvae act as bioreactors and produce in large amounts \u2013 and at a much lower cost than conventional reactors based on microorganisms \u2013 the proteins which code these genes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4568014927637238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f9333c7-9071-4af1-af89-073a26f05bc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.009542"}
{"text": "worm, the cabbage looper ( trichoplusia ni ). the larvae act as bioreactors and produce in large amounts \u2013 and at a much lower cost than conventional reactors based on microorganisms \u2013 the proteins which code these genes, and which are responsible for a protective response in vaccinated individuals. using this method, a dna vaccine can be manufactured with the protozoan protein coding genes, and a second vaccine with proteins associated with these genes ( produced at a low cost using insect larvae ), with the aim of increasing its effectiveness. this vaccine strategy can be used both in a preventive and a therapeutic manner, in both humans and dogs. presently, the possibility of a translational phase is being contemplated with the aim of transferring as quickly as possible the results of this basic research to clinical practices, and of increasing the efficacy even more by using drugs to boost the immune response. todoli f., rodriguez - cortes a., nunez m. del carmen, laurenti m. d., gomez - sebastian s., et al. ( 2012 ) \" head - to - head comparison of three vaccination strategies based on dna and raw insect - derived recombinant proteins against leishmania. \" plos one 7 ( 12 ) : e51181. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0009617 universitat autonoma de barcelona : http : / / www. uab. es this press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. please comment below. we try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. critical discussions of the research are appreciated. if you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e - mail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5210750629816763, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f9333c7-9071-4af1-af89-073a26f05bc7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.011923"}
{"text": "study guide \u2013 anthropology 104 note : this is just a guide! any material covered in class, class discussion, videos, or in readings and home work could be incorporated in the midterm or final. this is not a complete summary of all you will need to know in this course. chapter one : what is anthropology? what are the subfields of anthropology? in what way is anthropology holistic, comparative, field work based? what is a frame of reference? what is ethnocentrism? cultural relativism? who was one of the most influential founders of american anthropology? what ethical concerns do anthropologists have? what is theoretical linguistics? how does linguistic anthropology differ from theoretical linguistics? why are anthropologists interested in language? chapter two : why do the inuit have so many words for seals, ice and snow? what is ethnosemantics? cognitive anthropology? ethnoscience? what is a semantic domain? what is \u201c the new ethnography? \u201d what is linguistic relativity? what is linguistic determinism? what is the sapir - whorf hypothesis? what is a \u201c mental map \u201d? what are anthropologists interested in areas of linguistic emphasis? what does the hanunoo color system tell us about the hanunoo? does language affect the way we respond to the material world? chapter three : what is phonology? phonetics? phonemics? what are the differences between acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, articulatory phonetics and descriptive phonetics? what is voicing? based on the place of articulation, what are the various ways consonants can be articulated? what are the various manners in which consonants can be articulated? what information do we need to know how a consonant is made or sounds? what information do we need to know how a vowel is formed? what is \u201c rounding \u201d. what is tongue height, tongue place? what are phonenes? what are allophones? what is \u201c complementary distribution \u201d? what does ipa stand for? what is the point of the ipa? what is a minimal pair. chapter four : what is morphology? what is syntax? what is a morpheme? what is a word? what is a base? what is a root? stem? affix? what is a hierarchy in terms of affixes? how are new words created? what is inflection? what is derivation? what are transformational rules, what is generative grammar? what is prescriptive grammar? what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5141902546777883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3f36184-94cc-4faa-82e9-8f8b425c957a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.037306"}
{"text": "how do children acquire language? what is broca \u2019 s area of the brain? what is wernicke \u2019 s area? chapter nine : what are the various causes of language change? what is a dialect? what is a language? what is the origin of most european languages? how are new words developed ( lecture )? what is a pidgin? what is a creole? why did the oakland school district want to teach in ebonics? why did that upset people? what is codeswitching? what was the great vowel shift? chapter ten : what is an endangered language? what is language extinction? what are marked forms, and unmarked forms? how can there be bias in grammar? in what ways can language be sexist or racist? can language be sexist even if there are no negative words concerning women? do anthropologists have many opportunities to study language and language use in their daily lives? don \u2019 t forget the readings in the work book, as well! | 3123 | | anthro 104 | | m | | 03 : 30 pm - 06 : 40 pm | | cms 004 | | closed | | syllabus | | no courses are available yet for this semester. please check back later. | 3027 | | anthro 104 | | m | | 03 : 30 pm - 06 : 40 pm | | cms 004 | | open | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5213513021180933, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3f36184-94cc-4faa-82e9-8f8b425c957a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.044325"}
{"text": "school district aims at boosting skills two out of every three langley grade 9 students can \u2019 t solve math problems by themselves, according to a just - released report prepared by langley school district superintendent cheryle beaumont. the numbers cited in the annual \u201c superintendent \u2019 s report on achievement \u201d show just 31 per cent of grade 9 students in the 2009 - 2010 school year met \u201c numeracy \u201d skills, which are defined by the provincial ministry of education as the ability to appropriately apply mathematical concepts and procedures without a teacher at their side. that left 69 per cent who required some help or \u201c close, ongoing assistance \u201d by an instructor. beaumont, in her report, notes the district is trying to determine the impact poor grade 9 math skills may be having on graduation rates, since students who have trouble with the more advanced math of secondary school may be less likely to finish grade 12. the report flags a number of other areas of concern. it shows that roughly one out of every five grade 1 langley students finished the 2010 school year unable to read short, simple illustrated selections on their own. that is based on numbers released by the school district and the provincial education ministry that show 246 of 1359 or 18 per cent of pupils \u201c left grade 1 still not reading at grade level. \u201d provincial standards state a grade 1 student will \u201c fully meet expectations \u201d for literacy when they can read short age - appropriate passages independently. \u201d the grade 1 stats still represent an improvement from the previous school year when 364 of 1296 or 35 per cent of grade 1 students failed to meet expectations. \u201c the district is committed to having all students reading at grade level by the end of grade 3, \u201d the beaumont report states. langley grade 10 students showed a drop in reading skills, with the percentage of students meeting or exceeding expectations falling from 93 per cent in the 2008 - 2009 school year to 85 per cent in 2009 - 2010. the news is not all bad. in most categories, student performance is improving. overall, the number of students who graduate grade 12 has increased from 78 per cent in 2008 to 83 per cent in 2010, the report states, better than the provincial average. however, boys are lagging behind girls, with 78 per cent of male students gradating grade 12 compared to 87 per cent of female students. langley first nations students still have a relatively high drop - out rate, with four out of 10 failing to graduate grade 12. that \u2019 s still better than the provincial average for aboriginal students. only one in two langley graduates goes on to university or college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558722335129539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39280fd-7499-4151-b418-5df8af4c168a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.059723"}
{"text": "a dental veneer is a thin covering that is placed over the front of the teeth. veneers are made from ceramic, porcelain, resin - based composite, or acrylic. custom - made shells are created by dental lab technicians and permanently bonded to the teeth. in most cases, dental veneers are an elective dental procedure. this means they are not medically necessary. you might choose to have veneers if you have teeth that are : - chipped or worn - slightly crooked or uneven problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your dentist will review potential problems, like : - sensitivity to hot and cold \u2014 this usually goes away after a few days. - veneer may chip or crack \u2014 veneers are strong, but they are also brittle. you should not put excessive strain on them, such as biting your fingernails or chewing ice. talk to your dentist about these risks before the procedure. if you grind or clench your teeth, your dentist may recommend a nighttime bite guard to protect your veneers. if you are interested in getting dental veneers, you can meet with your dentist to discuss : - what you do not like about your teeth, such as discoloration or slight crookedness - what you want your teeth to look like - whether you are a candidate for veneers - which kind of veneers are right for you your dentist will explain the procedure and anything you should do to prepare. you will have a local anesthetic for some parts of the procedure. this means that the dentist will numb only the part of your mouth that is being worked on. depending on the kind of veneer you choose, you may need to make several visits to the dentist before your veneers are complete. to make room for the veneers, your dentist will remove the top layer of enamel from your teeth. you may be given local anesthetic for this step. it may be given as a gel that is rubbed on your gums or as an injection. the dentist will take a mold of your teeth and send it to a dental lab. the lab will make veneers to fit your teeth. this may take several days. at your next visit, the dentist will put a mild chemical on your teeth. this will create a rough surface for the veneer to bond to. the dentist will carefully attach the veneers to your teeth using special cement. in some cases, your dentist will use a light - sensitive resin to attach the veneer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49262560691566276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:945a9811-c4ba-4b58-b291-b92d96845656>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.076815"}
{"text": "teeth. this will create a rough surface for the veneer to bond to. the dentist will carefully attach the veneers to your teeth using special cement. in some cases, your dentist will use a light - sensitive resin to attach the veneer. a special light will be used to cure and harden the resin. the procedure will take several hours. you may have to wait a few days between visits for your veneers to be created in a dental lab. you may have some minor pain. you will be given a local anesthetic for some steps of the procedure. talk to your dentist if your mouth is sore after the procedure. an over - the - counter ( otc ) pain reliever may be advised. you will be able to leave right after the procedure. when you return home, take these steps : follow your dentist ' s instructions to care for your veneers. this may include : - do not put too much strain on your teeth, such as by biting your fingernails or chewing ice. - avoid substances that may stain your veneers, like coffee, tea, or red wine. - you can return to your regular oral hygiene routine. brush your teeth twice each day and floss between your teeth at least once a day. - your dentist will schedule regular visits to inspect your veneers and polish them if needed. floss between your teeth at least once a day. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. call your dentist if a veneer chips or cracks. for the dental patient. improving your smile with dental veneers. j am dent assoc. last reviewed march 2013 by marcin chwistek, md ; michael woods, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42134199551147966, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:945a9811-c4ba-4b58-b291-b92d96845656>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.078644"}
{"text": "nasa knew that in order to properly explore the moon, walking wouldn \u2019 t be enough. astronauts needed to drive. this month marks 40 years since man has been to the moon. it also marks the last ride of the lunar roving vehicles that gave astronauts an enhanced ability to explore our nearest neighbor in space. the four - wheel, lightweight rover carried tools, scientific equipment and lunar samples during the apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. nasa said it multiplied the amount of information the astronauts gathered by a factor of at least three. to build the rover, nasa teamed with boeing co. and general motors ' delco electronics division in santa barbara. the original contract to boeing - - with delco as a subcontractor - - was for $ 19 million and called for delivery of the first rover by april 1, 1971. the first of three rovers was delivered to nasa march 10, 1971, but cost overruns led to a final cost of $ 38 million. to get to the moon, the rover was folded up and stored in the lunar module that landed the astronauts on the surface. the 10 - foot, 2 - inch - long rovers were powered by two 36 - volt batteries. the wheels, traction drive, suspension, steering and drive control permitted the rover to cross the moon \u2019 s forbidding rocky terrain. \u201c the rover handles quite well, \u201d astronaut dave scott said while on the first drive. \u201c we \u2019 re moving at an average of about 8 kilometers ( 5 miles ) per hour. \u2026 the steering is quite responsive. \u201d a t - shaped hand controller between the two seats was used to control the rover. moving the stick forward powered the rover forward, left and right. flipping a switch on the handle before pulling back put the rover into reverse. there is no gps on the moon. navigation was based on continuously recording direction and distance through use of a directional gyro and odometer, so astronauts knew how to return by the most direct route. each wheel was individually powered by an electric motor that provided about one horsepower. with a smooth surface, the rover could hit a top speed of about 8 miles per hour. the longest trip was more than 12 miles. during apollo 17, the last mission to the moon, astronaut gene cernan accidentally hit the rover \u2019 s fender with a hammer and broke it off. this made for a picture - perfect burnout when moon dust was thrown on the astronauts and cargo during their first outing. \u201c this is quite a machine, i tell you, \u201d cernan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4170881513890006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa2064c6-676f-4663-9293-30e8ad830351>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.094534"}
{"text": "planned parenthood \u2019 s fetal development info lacks major facts by jennie stone | washington, dc | lifenews. com | 9 / 29 / 11 12 : 24 pm the following excerpts are from the q & a section of planned parenthood \u2019 s website about fetal development, called \u201c pregnancy week by week. \u201d it conveniently neglects some big milestones during prenatal life. if a pregnant girl were to look for facts about her unborn baby \u2019 s development on planned parenthood \u2019 s page, she would receive only a small fraction of the information she desires. planned parenthood describes gestational age by lmp ( last menstrual period ) ; certain milestones appear as though they occur later after conception than they actually do. for example, when planned parenthood says \u201c weeks 5 - 6, \u201d this simply defines when the woman \u2019 s last menstruation was, and her unborn baby is actually only 3 - 4 weeks old : \u201c the ball of cells develops into an embryo at the start of the sixth week. the embryonic stage of pregnancy will last about five weeks. during this time all major internal organs begin developing. - the embryo is less than 1 / 5 inch ( 4 \u2013 5 mm ) long. - a very basic beating heart and circulatory system develop. - buds for arms and legs develop. - the neural tube begins forming. the neural tube will later form the brain, spinal cord, and major nerves. - the bud of a tail develops. - the umbilical cord begins developing. \u201d that \u201c ball of cells \u201d is scientifically and biologically a newly conceived human being, but don \u2019 t expect planned parenthood to ever admit such a thing. the \u201c very basic beating heart, \u201d which isn \u2019 t basic in any sense of the word, is pumping blood throughout the baby \u2019 s body just 21 days after conception \u2014 before the vast majority of women even realize they \u2019 re pregnant. by 28 days after conception, an unborn child \u2019 s heart is beating about 121 beats per minute. planned parenthood claims that \u201c the neural tube will later form the brain, \u201d at 5 - 6 weeks of pregnancy when, in fact, the brain is the first organ to begin developing. by 3 weeks after conception, the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain can be identified. - the embryo is 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 inch ( 7 \u2013 14 mm ) long. - the heart has formed. - webbed fingers and toes develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4748920026081789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8a33dcb-14a1-43ad-afd2-27e6b75d5e44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.121252"}
{"text": "the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain can be identified. - the embryo is 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 inch ( 7 \u2013 14 mm ) long. - the heart has formed. - webbed fingers and toes develop. - the arms bend at elbows. - external ears, eyes, eyelids, liver, and upper lip have begun forming. - the sex organs are the same \u2014 neither female nor male \u2014 in all embryos until the seventh or eighth week. if a gene triggers the development of testes, the embryo develops as a male. if there is no trigger, the embryo develops ovaries and becomes female. \u201d it \u2019 s interesting that planned parenthood \u2019 s website states that an unborn child \u2019 s heart has formed 7 - 8 weeks into pregnancy when their medical staff claims that there is \u201c nothing there \u201d at this age. other staff members claim that the baby \u2019 s heart doesn \u2019 t begin to beat until 17 - 18 weeks into pregnancy. fact is, both planned parenthood \u2019 s website and workers mislead on the development of the unborn, especially on their heart development. this timeline conveniently neglects to mention the fact that an unborn baby \u2019 s brainwave activity can be recorded as early as 6 weeks, 2 days after conception via eeg, and by 7 weeks, he or she demonstrates reflexive movements if touched. - the embryo develops into a fetus after 10 weeks. it is 1 \u2013 1. 5 inches ( 21 \u2013 40 mm ) long. - the tail disappears. - fingers and toes are longer. - the umbilical cord connects the abdomen of the fetus to the placenta. the placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus. it absorbs nutrients from the woman \u2019 s bloodstream. the cord carries nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and takes wastes away from the fetus. \u201d around 8 - 10 weeks after conception, the preborn child has a very complex brain, practice his / her breathing motions, can grasp an object placed in the hand and respond to light touch, and begin thumb - sucking, and many demonstrate left - or right - hand dominance. why aren \u2019 t these fascinating details on planned parenthood \u2019 s fetal growth timeline? where are the videos of unborn children in the womb on planned parenthood \u2019 s fetal development section? where are the photographs? there are absolutely no detailed descriptions or images of preborn babies on planned parenthood \u2019 s website. if a pregnant girl were to look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47326835251120686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8a33dcb-14a1-43ad-afd2-27e6b75d5e44>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.129160"}
{"text": "who are internal medicine specialists and what do they do? internal medicine specialists focus primarily on treating adult medical disorders, and are especially skilled in multi - system illnesses or situations where several illnesses afflict a patient at once. despite the name, they are trained to treat the whole body, not just internal organs, and see patients for a variety of conditions and complaints. also known as internists, these doctors often work as general practitioners, hospitalists, and primary care physicians. patients see an internist for an annual checkup and diagnosis, as well as for treatment and management of acute and chronic illnesses. preventive medicine and patient education are often emphasized, including annual physical examinations to monitor patients \u2019 blood pressure, cholesterol levels and glucose levels and ensure other baseline tests are within normal levels for a patient \u2019 s age and gender. because internists \u2019 patients often suffer from multi - system disorders, internists often work in hospitals where it is easiest to administer complex treatment and tests. some internists also work in clinics or private practices, or split their time between a private practice office and a hospital. what subspecialties might an internal medicine specialist have? internal medicine specialists, while often practicing general internal medicine, may also undergo additional training to subspecialize in an area of internal medicine. there are more than a dozen different subspecialties recognized by the american board of internal medicine, from adolescent medicine to hematology ( blood ), to rheumatology ( arthritis ) to sports medicine. training in a subspecialty is typically called a fellowship and requires 1 - 3 years of training in addition to three years of internal medicine residency training. what symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an internal medicine specialist? an internal medicine specialists \u2019 scope of practice varies, but they typically provide basic diagnoses and non - surgical and surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. internal medicine doctors will collect a patient \u2019 s history and review it to help inform the decision - making process when making a diagnosis. they review prior medical history, illnesses and other health information. a physical examination and basic medical testing helps them reach diagnoses, such as reading blood and other tests, electrocardiograms and x - rays. together with the patient, the internal medicine doctor forms a plan that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow - up treatment. patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42456885919844817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51df7c0e-94bb-475f-a850-05a19d0c762e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.153695"}
{"text": "hacking quantum cryptography just got harder with quantum encryption, in which a message gets encoded in bits represented by particles in different states, a secret message can remain secure even if the system is compromised by a malicious hacker. credit : margita | shutterstock vancouver, british columbia \u2014 no matter how complex they are, most secret codes turn out to be breakable. producing the ultimate secure code may require encoding a secret message inside the quantum relationship between atoms, scientists say. artur ekert, director of the center for quantum technologies at the national university of singapore, presented the new findings here at the annual meeting of the american association for the advancement of science. ekert, speaking saturday ( feb. 18 ), described how decoders can adjust for a compromised encryption device, as long as they know the degree of compromise. the subject of subatomic particles is a large step away from the use of papyrus, the ancient writing material employed in the first known cryptographic device. that device, called a scytale, was used in 400 b. c. by spartan military commanders to send coded messages to one another. the commanders would wrap strips of papyrus around a wooden baton and write the message across the strips so that it could be read only when the strips were wrapped around a baton of matching size. [ the coolest quantum particles explained ] later, the technique of substitution was developed, in which the entire alphabet would be shifted, say, three characters to the right, so than an \" a \" would be replaced by \" d, \" and \" b \" replaced by \" e, \" and so on. only someone who knew the substitution rule could read the message. julius caesar employed such a cipher scheme in the first century b. c. over time, ciphers became more and more complicated, so that they were harder and harder to crack. harder, but not impossible. \" when you look at the history of cryptography, you come up with a system, and sooner or later someone else comes up with a way of breaking the system, \" ekert said. \" you may ask yourself : is it going to be like this forever? is there such a thing as the perfect cipher? \" the perfect cipher the closest thing to a perfect cipher involves what ' s called a one - time pad. \" you just write your message as a sequence of bits and you then add those bits to a key and obtain a cryptogram, \" ekert said. \" if you take the cryptogram and add it to the key, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.687284560739307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0f6c11e-5d9a-4eac-8057-aad25b3d2613>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.165732"}
{"text": "pad. \" you just write your message as a sequence of bits and you then add those bits to a key and obtain a cryptogram, \" ekert said. \" if you take the cryptogram and add it to the key, you get plain text. in fact, one can prove that if the keys are random and as long as the messages, then the system offers perfect security. \" in theory, it ' s a great solution, but in practice, it has been hard to achieve. [ 10 best encryption software products ] \" if the keys are as long as the message, then you need a secure way to distribute the key, \" ekert said. the nature of physics known as quantum mechanics seems to offer the best hope of knowing whether a key is secure. quantum mechanics says that certain properties of subatomic particles can ' t be measured without disturbing the particles and changing the outcome. in essence, a particle exists in a state of indecision until a measurement is made, forcing it to choose one state or another. thus, if someone made a measurement of the particle, it would irrevocably change the particle. if an encryption key were encoded in bits represented by particles in different states, it would be immediately obvious when a key was not secure because the measurement made to hack the key would have changed the key. this, of course, still depends on the ability of the two parties sending and receiving the message to be able to independently choose what to measure, using a truly random number generator \u2014 in other words, exercising free will \u2014 and using devices they trust. but what if a hacker were controlling one of the parties, or tampering with the encryption device? ekert and his colleagues showed that even in this case, if the messaging parties still have some free will, their code could remain secure as long as they know to what degree they are compromised. in other words, a random number generator that is not truly random can still be used to send an undecipherable secret message, as long as the sender knows how random it is and adjusts for that fact. \" even if they are manipulated, as long as they are not stupid and have a little bit of free will, they can still do it, \" ekert said. more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6975979333385778, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0f6c11e-5d9a-4eac-8057-aad25b3d2613>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.168973"}
{"text": "republican sen. rob portman ' s flip - flop approval for same - sex marriage, is just the latest change of heart on the issue by conservatives. even democrats like president obama - - have turned around after opposing it. this change in attitude is just one of many milestones for the movement. here are five of the most important turning points in the same - sex marriage debate : 1993 : in a landmark case, hawaii ' s supreme court ruled that the state can ' t deny same - sex couples the right to marry unless it finds \" a compelling reason \" to do so. it orders the issue back to the state legislature, which then voted to ban gay marriage. this was one of earliest debates on the issue at the state level, and was a precursor to the legal battles nationwide. today, domestic partnerships and civil unions for same - sex couples are legal in hawaii. 1996 : president bill clinton signed the defense of marriage act, or doma, - - which defines marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman. the law denies federal benefits to same - sex couples in the nine states where gay marriage is legal. clinton said he signed it because it would have tamped down calls for a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. only 81 out of 535 members of congress opposed doma. fast - forward seventeen years to march 2013, when clinton urged the supreme court to overturn doma. he explained : \" as the president who signed the act into law, i have come to believe that doma is contrary to those principles and, in fact, incompatible with our constitution. \" 2004 : president bush championed a constitutional amendment that would outlaw gay marriage. it was needed, he said, to stop \" activist judges \" from redefining marriage. the idea found support among senate conservatives, but its supporters couldn ' t gather enough votes. by the way, all this unfolded during a contentious presidential campaign. democratic white house hopefuls sens. john kerry and john edwards opposed the amendment, but they also were against creating a specific law making same - sex marriage legal. 2012 : for the first time, voters approved same - sex marriage statewide at the ballot box. similar measures had been rejected for years. same - sex couples became free to marry in maryland, maine and washington. gay rights supporters also scored a smaller victory in minnesota, where voters rejected a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. interestingly, support for same - sex marriage came from a mixed coalition of voters. before 2012, six states had already legalized gay marriage -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45462101017228734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b166cce-1528-4329-9b87-c0895d7f690d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.245053"}
{"text": "introducing dominican republic much more than beach resorts, this is one of the caribbean \u2019 s most geographically diverse countries, from stunning mountain scenery to desert scrublands, not to mention an evocative colonial architecture and warm welcoming people. coastal culture the dr \u2019 s hundreds of miles of coastline \u2013 some of it picturesque white - sand beaches shaded by rows of palm trees, other parts lined dramatically with rocky cliffs or backed by wind - swept dunes or serene mangrove lagoons \u2013 define the country. whether it \u2019 s fishing villages where the shoreline is used for mooring boats, indulgent tourist playgrounds with aquamarine waters, small towns where the social glue is all - night merengue blasting from modest corner stores, or cities like santo domingo, the caribbean \u2019 s largest, the sea is the common denominator, symbolizing both limits and escapes. even with their glory days behind them, former engines of industry like crumbling san pedro de macoris or puerto plata still see waves crash over their malecons. some of the bays and coves where pirates once roamed are the temporary home of thousands of migrating humpback whales, and part of an extensive network of parks and preserves safeguarding the country \u2019 s natural patrimony. peaks & valleys beyond the capital, much of the dr is distinctly rural : driving in the vast fertile interior, you \u2019 ll see cows and horses grazing alongside the roads, tractors ploughing large fields, and trucks and burros loaded down with produce. further inland you \u2019 ll encounter vistas reminiscent of the european alps, rivers carving their way through lush jungle and stunning waterfalls, small towns where life revolves around the parque central, and villages ruled by the sun \u2019 s rhythms. four of the five highest peaks in the caribbean rise above the fertile lowlands surrounding santiago and remote deserts extend through the southwest, giving the dr a physical and cultural complexity not found on other islands. past present the country \u2019 s roller - coaster past, a history of migrations of various peoples, is writ large in the diversity of ethnicities, not to mention the physical design of its towns and cities. santo domingo \u2019 s zona colonial exudes romance with white - washed and pastel - colored buildings, flowers blooming through wrought - iron filigree, beautifully restored monasteries and cobblestone streets where conquistadors once roamed. the crumbling gingerbread homes of puerto plata and santiago remain from more prosperous eras, and scars from decades of misrule are marked by monuments where today people gather to celebrate. new communities have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35888838322292016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2abe591-3c41-49df-b826-ebd28bd20742>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.250745"}
{"text": "with the u. s. presidential election on november 6, we are presented with an ever increasing onslaught of political polls and their results. to make a proper interpretation of a poll \u2019 s results, three additional variables should be specified in addition to the proportion results : the poll \u2019 s margin of error, the desired level of confidence, and the sample size. in this brief essay, i will review the math behind the margin of error in polls to help you with interpretation of polls. the purpose of a poll is to estimate the opinion or behavior of a population from a sample. we work with a sample since contacting the entire population is too time consuming, often too expensive, and can be physically impossible. several methods of sampling are used, and simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are the most widely used methods. after the sample is selected from the population, a statistic computed from sample information estimates a population parameter. the statistic computed from the sample that estimates the population parameter is called a point estimate. as an example, the sample mean,, is the point estimate of the population parameter, \u03bc, the population mean. for polls, the sample proportion, \u03c1, is the point estimate of the population parameter, \u03c0, the population proportion. how close is the point estimate to the population parameter? we now come to the essence of this essay \u2013 the confidence interval estimate ( ci ). a confidence interval estimate is a range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. the specified probability is called the level of confidence, and in most cases of poll results, the level of confidence is set at. 95 ( i. e., a pollster has a 95 % confidence that the true measurement lies within the margin of error ). putting all of this together gives us the following equation : ci = point estimate \u00b1 margin of error accordingly, the ci is determined from the margin of error. you \u2019 ve seen the margin of error in some poll results, e. g., \u201c the poll has a margin of error plus - minus 3. 1 percentage points for the sample. \u201d if the poll determined that \u03c1 =. 5, then the ci would be 50 % \u00b1 3. 1 % = 46. 9 - 53. 1, i. e., a pollster has a 95 % confidence that the true poll results are 46. 9 % to 53. 1 % i will now show how the margin of error is used to determine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49849868233311634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7709905c-7b0a-4441-a311-e7536772dcf8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.258766"}
{"text": "= 46. 9 - 53. 1, i. e., a pollster has a 95 % confidence that the true poll results are 46. 9 % to 53. 1 % i will now show how the margin of error is used to determine a poll \u2019 s ci and sample size. how is the ci determined in a poll? to determine the ci in a poll, we will use the following formula to compute the margin of error : z * standard error. mathematically, this formula is expressed as : in this formula, z defines the level of confidence. in polls, the 95 % level of confidence gives us a z score of 1. 96. also in polls, we determine the standard error as the maximum standard error by setting the proportion at 50 % ( \u03c1 =. 5 ). we plug in these numbers to determine the margin of error at the 95 % level of confidence : polls that we see in the media use the 95 % level of confidence in determining the margin of error. however, statisticians also determine the margin of error using the 90 % and 99 % levels of confidence, although the 95 % l. 98evel of confidence is the most common. the margin of error for the 90 % confidence level is calculated using a z score of 1. 65 : for the 99 % confidence level, the margin of error is calculated using a z score of 2. 58 : how is the sample size of a poll determined? i noted above that the purpose of a poll is to estimate the opinion of a population from a sample. as researchers, we are interested in the generality of the data in terms of the number of subjects in the population to which the results apply. if a poll has a margin of error of 3. 1 %, we can use the formula for the margin of error to estimate the size of the sample : a recent poll from nbc news / wall street journal reported the following poll results : obama is ahead of romney by five points, 49 percent to 44 percent. the full poll was conducted oct. 17 - 20 among 1, 000 registered voters. the poll has a margin of error plus - minus 3. 1 percentage points for the sample of registered voters. according to the formula above, we can see how the margin of error was calculated from the sample size of n = 1, 000 registered voters. putting it all together a new time poll has obama holding a 49 % to 44 % lead over romney in ohio. the poll \u2019 s margin of error is plus or minus three percentage points. how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45954490020480887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7709905c-7b0a-4441-a311-e7536772dcf8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.259753"}
{"text": "click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word 90 % of the time, speakers of english use just 7, 500 words in speech and writing. these words appear in red, and are graded with stars. one - star words are frequent, two - star words are more frequent, and three - star words are the most frequent. the thesaurus of synonyms and related words is fully integrated into the dictionary entries. click on the t button in an entry to review the synonyms and related words for that meaning. more mike lost his job last year. register now and don ' t lose your right to vote. the family lost everything when their home burned down. an unreasonably high exchange rate lost them export markets. they feared losing the sale to a rival company. ' how did you do in the quiz? ' ' we lost. ' england lost 2 \u2013 1 to germany. they lost by only one point. those comments may well have lost them the election. the plane lost cabin pressure and everyone had to use oxygen masks. a plan to reduce the amount of working time lost through sickness he must realize that an outstanding opportunity has been lost. there ' s no time to lose ( = used for saying that it is necessary to do something as quickly as possible because the situation is urgent ). this is the british english definition of lose. view american english definition of lose. a part of an atom that moves around the nucleus ( = centre ) and has a negative electrical charge a must for anyone with an interest in the changing face of language. the macmillan dictionary blog explores english as it is spoken around the world today. global english and language change from our blog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5792246763558155, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8eba2ca-c8a3-4df2-b653-62e5d9904595>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.320366"}
{"text": "we all know that the essay on the gmat is scored separately and that the schools don \u2019 t care as much about the essay score. we also know we have to write the essays first thing, before we get to the more important quant and verbal sections ( or even ir ), so we don \u2019 t want to use up too much brain - power on the essay. still, we can \u2019 t just bomb this section ; the schools do care about the essay somewhat. so how do we do a good enough job without expending so much energy that we \u2019 re negatively affected during the multiple - choice portion of the test? we need to develop a template, an organizational framework on which to \u201c hang \u201d our writing. the template will not, of course, tell us exactly what to write. for that, we need the actual essay prompt, which we won \u2019 t see until we take the test. we can, however, determine how to organize the information ahead of time, as well as the general kinds of messages we need to convey at various points throughout. the template should tell us : - how many paragraphs to use - the primary purpose of each of those paragraphs - the kinds of information that need to be conveyed in each paragraph the template will vary a little bit from person to person ; the important thing is to have a consistent template for yourself that you \u2019 ve worked out in advance of the official test. as a general rule, essays should have either four or five paragraphs total. the first paragraph is always the introduction, the last paragraph is always the conclusion, and the body ( middle ) paragraphs are for the examples we choose to use. each paragraph should contain certain things ; these are listed in the below sections. the information does not need to be presented in the given order below, though ; just make sure that each paragraph does contain the necessary information in some sort of clear and logical order. in addition, the information listed below is the minimum necessary info ; you can certainly add more where appropriate. first, read the essay prompt. it will look / feel just like the critical reasoning arguments we see on the verbal portion of the test, so tackle it in the same way! the argument will most closely resemble assumption family arguments, so find the conclusion and make sure you understand how the author is trying to support his / her conclusion. next, brainstorm any assumptions * that you can think of and jot these down ( or type them into the essay response area ). * note : if you haven \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4440811084311404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29e358c8-8d20-4535-8fdf-fa601050da5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.343394"}
{"text": "you understand how the author is trying to support his / her conclusion. next, brainstorm any assumptions * that you can think of and jot these down ( or type them into the essay response area ). * note : if you haven \u2019 t started studying cr assumption family questions yet, assumptions are unstated pieces of information that the author is assuming must be true in order to draw his / her conclusion. next, articulate flaws. any assumptions are automatically flaws, because the author hasn \u2019 t established that those assumptions are, in fact, true. you may also think of other flaws along the way. finally, pick your two or three best flaws ; these will form the basis of your essay. this whole process should take roughly 3 to 4 minutes. many people find this the hardest part of writing an essay ; you can practice by opening up the essay chapter of your official guide book and simply brainstorming for one essay prompt. don \u2019 t write the whole essay \u2013 just do the brainstorming portion once a day ( only 5 minutes out of your day! ) for a week or two and you \u2019 ll become much more skilled at this step. - summarize the issue - state a thesis - acknowledge that the other side does have some merit - introduce your examples - 3 to 5 sentences total first, briefly summarize the conclusion of the given argument in one to two sentences. make sure to write using your own words ( don \u2019 t simply quote the exact language from the essay prompt, though using the same word here or there is fine ). the first paragraph should also contain a thesis statement. the thesis is typically one sentence and conveys to the reader your overall message or point for the essay that you wrote. for the argument essay, you can write most of your thesis sentence before you get to the test! you already know that the argument will contain flaws, and that you will be discussing how those flaws hurt the author \u2019 s conclusion. guess what? that \u2019 s always your thesis! \u201c while the argument does have some merit, there are several serious flaws which serve to undermine the validity of the author \u2019 s conclusion that xyz. \u201d don \u2019 t use that exact sentence. they \u2019 re going to get suspicious if hundreds of people use the same sentence. ( besides, that \u2019 s my sentence. come up with your own! : ) ) note the opening clause : \u201c while the argument does have some merit. \u201d this is what \u2019 s called \u201c acknowledging the other side. \u201d we don \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46324569946122746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29e358c8-8d20-4535-8fdf-fa601050da5f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.344767"}
{"text": "( besides, that \u2019 s my sentence. come up with your own! : ) ) note the opening clause : \u201c while the argument does have some merit. \u201d this is what \u2019 s called \u201c acknowledging the other side. \u201d we don \u2019 t say, \u201c hey, your argument is completely terrible! there \u2019 s nothing good about it at all! \u201d we acknowledge that some parts may be okay, or some people may feel differently, but our position is that the flaws are the most important issue ( that is, our thesis is the most important thing ). notice one other thing that i don \u2019 t say : i don \u2019 t say \u201c i think < blah blah thesis blah >. \u201d i state my thesis as though it is fact and reasonable people surely agree with me. that \u2019 s a hallmark of a persuasive essay. finally, the first paragraph needs to introduce whatever examples we \u2019 re going to use in the body paragraphs below. don \u2019 t launch into the examples fully ; that will come later. do, though, mention the two or three flaws that you plan to discuss in the essay. each flaw gets its own paragraph, so you \u2019 ll write either 2 or 3 body paragraphs of 4 to 6 sentences each. ( i personally pick my 2 best flaws, so i write 2 body paragraphs. remember, we just need to be \u201c good enough! \u201d ) your goal here is to support your thesis statement. in each paragraph : - introduce one flaw ( don \u2019 t repeat the exact language from the prompt ) - explain why it is a flaw ( how does this make the conclusion less likely to be true? ) - suggest ways to fix the flaw ( you \u2019 re fixing the flaw, not changing the conclusion ; what could the author do to strengthen his / her argument? ) for example, let \u2019 s say that an argument claims that firing half of a company \u2019 s employees will help the company to reduce costs and therefore become more profitable. what \u2019 s the conclusion, what supports that conclusion, and what assumptions is the author making? while it \u2019 s certainly true that chopping half of your payroll will reduce costs, it doesn \u2019 t necessarily follow that the company will become more profitable! that loss of personnel may negatively impact revenues, reduce productivity, hurt morale of the remaining employees, and so on. the author is assuming that no such adverse effects will result from this action ; that \u2019 s a flaw in his / her thinking. the author of such an argument could bolster the claim by, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47700171787575085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29e358c8-8d20-4535-8fdf-fa601050da5f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.346778"}
{"text": "morale of the remaining employees, and so on. the author is assuming that no such adverse effects will result from this action ; that \u2019 s a flaw in his / her thinking. the author of such an argument could bolster the claim by, for example, presenting evidence that half of the employees are truly \u201c dead weight \u201d and firing them wouldn \u2019 t affect the company adversely. ( don \u2019 t worry about whether this is likely, whether such evidence actually exists, or even whether this is the best way to improve profitability. your job is only to strengthen the author \u2019 s existing argument a little bit. if the author could actually produce evidence showing that there wouldn \u2019 t be adverse effects from such layoffs, then his conclusion would be strengthened. period. ) - re - state your thesis ( using new words ) - re - acknowledge the other side ( using new words ) - briefly summarize how your examples supported your thesis ( using new words ) - 3 to 4 sentences are you noticing a theme within the above bullet points? basically, the conclusion paragraph isn \u2019 t going to contain much new information. it \u2019 s a conclusion ; the major points should already have been made earlier in the essay. what you \u2019 re doing now is tying everything together in one neat package : yes, the \u201c other side \u201d has some merit, but here \u2019 s my point - of - view and, by the way, i proved my case using examples x and y. before you go into the real test, you should have a fully developed template, so that all you have to do is come up with your two examples, and then \u201c hang \u201d your words onto your framework. this doesn \u2019 t mean pre - writing and memorizing actual sentences \u2013 but do know in general the kinds of points you want to make in each paragraph. practice with the above as a starting point until you develop something with which you \u2019 re comfortable. don \u2019 t forget to leave some time to proof your essay ; it \u2019 s okay to have a few typos, but systematic errors will lower your score.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45014723046410354, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29e358c8-8d20-4535-8fdf-fa601050da5f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.347848"}
{"text": "google chips in to preserve endangered languages a newly launched partnership between academic institutions and google aims to preserve endangered languages. there ' s a language known as aragones, spoken in northern spain. if you don ' t recognize it, that ' s understandable. the language has fewer than 10, 000 native speakers. aragones is one of thousands of endangered languages worldwide. a newly launched partnership between academic institutions and google aims to preserve those languages. \" a language is endangered when it ' s not being passed on to the next generation, \" says antony aristar. he directs the endangered language project and says as the world becomes more connected, languages are getting left behind. \" people typically want their children to live modern lives and that means wealth, and wealth means jobs. jobs often require that you speak the dominant language in the area, and that means that some parents feel the best way to make sure the children actually have good lives is to have them abandon their own language. \" google ' s participation in the project stems from its nonprofit arm, google. org. jason rissman, a project manager at google, sees a future where a well - stocked web presence informs future generations. \" if you are a language community member or a linguist, perhaps you ' ll actually be able to contribute recordings or other sorts of documentation of the language, or if you ' re involved in curriculum development or teaching, you might be able to help develop a teaching tool that could be useful for passing these languages on. \" languages like munji in afghanistan, nez perce in the united states, koro in new guinea. tracking down the necessary data to preserve a language is not easy, says aristar. aristar : you try to preserve narratives especially. you have field linguists that go out there and try to write the grammar and get a dictionary, things like that. that ' s one kind of preservation. the other kind is to try to pass all this back to the community so that they can use it to for example to teach children who aren ' t learning the language under normal circumstances. moe : what do you hope the legacy of this project will be? aristar : i am hoping we will have many more communities who realize it ' s perfectly possible to preserve their own language, and still speak the dominant language as well. so often, the cultural wealth that exists in a culture exists through the language itself. if that ' s gone, the cultural continuity is gone. so, we hope we see as many cultures preserved as well as languages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45335255415753983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70497188-2a9c-4763-82b0-02fa6e6ae6da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.353115"}
{"text": "the dominant language as well. so often, the cultural wealth that exists in a culture exists through the language itself. if that ' s gone, the cultural continuity is gone. so, we hope we see as many cultures preserved as well as languages. you can find out more about the project at endangeredlanguages. com. twitter has deleted the account of someone posing as the actor bill murray. now, no one should ever pretend to be bill murray. here with me to discuss that, is - - i can ' t believe we got him - - bill murray. bill murray ( from a promotional video for \" moonrise kingdom \" ) : hello, i \u2019 m bill murray. moe : bill, someone got on twitter using the name bill _ murray and proceeded to rack up tens of thousands of followers. then he stole tweets from other people, and passed off the jokes as his own. what did this guy do to your reputation? murray ( from \" ghostbusters \" ) : he slimed me. moe : yeah, i think so. really got a lot of people upset on twitter too. murray ( from \" ghostbusters \" ) : human sacrifice, dogs and cats living together, mass hysteria. moe : i don ' t know if it went that far. fake bill on twitter did start asking people for money and people sent it to him or them. murray ( from \" rushmore \" ) : just remember, they can buy anything but they can ' t buy backbone. don ' t let them forget that. moe : anyway, he ' s been removed and your reputation will be fine. murray ( from \" caddyshack \" ) : so i got that going for me, which is nice. moe : it is nice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071033500385519, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70497188-2a9c-4763-82b0-02fa6e6ae6da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.353805"}
{"text": "the links below provide information, guidelines, and other documents describing initiatives to assess and promote the school readiness of maryland ' s preschoolers and kindergarten students. new! 2012 - 2013 school readiness report. each year, msde publishes the report \" children entering school ready to learn, \" which provides information about the school readiness skills of maryland kindergarteners during the current year. school readiness reports from previous years can also be accessed through this link. achieving school readiness : a 5 - year action agenda. this october 2002 report to the subcabinet for children, youth, and families by maryland \u2019 s leadership in action program details the goals, strategies and action steps identified as most critical for ensuring that all maryland children are fully ready for school. maryland model for school readiness ( mmsr online ) - kindergarten assessment users guide - a manual for the administration of the mmsr assessment tool and the interpretation of assessment results. click here for the teachers ' version of the users guide. click here for an mmsr school readiness powerpoint presentation. ( pdf of powerpoint ) healthy beginnings : supporting development and learning from birth through three years of age is a set of developmental and learning guidelines that was developed to ensure that those who live with or care for infants and young children have the knowledge and resources to support and encourage children during the ongoing process of growth and learning. early childhood curriculum project \u2013 guidance for child care and other nonpublic early childhood programs about curricular resources for three, four, and five year - olds. these resources are msde - recommended because they are aligned with the state \u2019 s prekindergarten and kindergarten curricular frameworks, also known as the maryland model for school readiness ( mmsr ) / maryland state curriculum. maryland state curriculum countdown to kindergarten ( ctk ) - the statewide campaign to increase public awareness about the importance of a child ' s early experience as the basis for school readiness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4277123287100091, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bc894a4-35aa-4b1e-b06c-be3ea880369a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.355810"}
{"text": "the purpose of maryland ' s environmental education program is to enable students to make decisions and take actions that create and maintain an optimal relationship between themselves and the environment, and to preserve and protect the unique natural resources of maryland, particularly those of the chesapeake bay and its watershed. what is environmental education? environmental education promotes environmental literacy and the development of the skills needed for life - long learning. environmental education refers to education efforts that increase public awareness, concern, and knowledge about environmental issues and provides the critical thinking, problem - solving and decision - making skills needed to make informed and responsible decisions about the environment in all its complexity. environmental education promotes interdisciplinary integration of subject matter, problem - and issues - based learning experiences, and both cooperative and independent learning opportunities. the belgrade charter, adopted by the united nations, provides a widely accepted goal statement for environmental education : the goal of environmental education is to develop a world population that is aware of, and concerned about, the environment and its associated problems, and which has the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivations, and commitment to work individually and collectively toward solutions of current problems and the prevention of new ones. the tbilisi declaration followed the belgrade charter and established these objectives for environmental education : to foster clear awareness of, and concern about, economic, social, political, and ecological interdependence in urban and rural areas ; to provide every person with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, commitment and skills needed to protect and improve the environment ; to create new patterns of behavior of individuals, groups and society as a whole towards the environment. ee in maryland schools video featuring kennard elementary school queen anne ' s county public schools check out the new baybackpack, the source for bay education resources for teachers! from noaa ' s chesapeake bay program teachers! add an environmental education endorsement to your teaching certificate! contact your school system certification department for details. nature & the environment primary resources from the library of congress climate change kit from epa & global change research program. free, online resources for 11 biomes. instructional modules for high school students from noaa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4879033777491772, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10be53de-ef3e-4ce4-930f-374a0220d135>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.358762"}
{"text": "bonelike combined transparent / bony skull, 8 part the new bonelike skulls are made of a new material that allows an absolutely natural reproduction of even finest anatomical structures for the first time. bones made of 3b bonelike look real, have an absolutely natural feel and almost exactly the weight of a natural bone. by combining one transparent and one bony skull half this is the first model to allow especially teachers of anatomy a topographical juxtaposition of the structures that cannot be seen in other skull versions. the right, transparent skull half allows the study of important anatomical details, such as the location of the paranasal sinuses. therefore, in combination with the left, bony skull half, a direct transfer of the otherwise invisible structures becomes easy and uncomplicated. the transparency of the jaw allows an exceptional view onto the periodontal pockets and roots. the teeth are removable for detailed studies. in addition, the external masticator muscles ( masseter and temporal muscles ) are represented on the bony skull half. to demonstrate masticator movement, the lower jaw is mounted flexibly. these features also make the skull especially valuable for dentists. the skull can be disassembled into both halves of the skullcap and base of skull, the nasal septum, the complete mandible and both masticator muscles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47324439247626743, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f80a84e4-dbf8-45a5-b4e1-0a18f94039ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.360957"}
{"text": "michael rice in his chapter 3 page 107 - 108 comments on the first register of the reverse side : \" reverse : inverted saucepan - like object as the red crown of lower egypt. surmounted by the hathor heads and the royal name in its enclosure, the king walks forward, wearing the red crown of the northern kingdom and carrying his war mace. behind him the same boyish sandal - bearer, carries a bolas ( hunting device ) for large game, or a rope for hobbling animals, as the hieroglyph \u2019 tt \u2019. the king and his two attendants have symbols or devices, the ancestors of hieroglyphs. the sandal - bearer is now identified by a throwing stick and a six - petalled rosette. his colleague is shaven headed, but could also be a child, but wears a full and heavy wig. he is marked by another version of the object he carries in his hand, suspended above an inverted closed semi - circle. \" rice continues in chapter 6 page 271 about the dualism of egypt, \" the duality of the ruler is based on the primitive belief that the placenta is the brother of the new born child which as such often accompanies him throughout life in ghostly fashion, since it dies early and is ceremonially buried. the ka is probably descendant of the placenta. \" also on page 272, \" in the new kingdom, for example it was believed that the sphinx represented harmachis, another manifestation of horus in the horizon. \" also see the earlier section on the warka vase regarding its reed images as being similar to the pharaoh staff. waddell on page 97 - 98 adds that standard no. 4 refers to his universal sea empire. urash was the first phoenician dynasty for \" sea lord, \" the sign of \" the great fish \" or \" sea serpent of the deep. \" in the fourth standard he call himself \" the great sea lord of the lands of the seven seas. \" rice claims in chapter 3 page 110 that, \" these four standards represent the chiefs who supported the king in his bid to unify the two kingdoms. they are leading the king to ten headless bodies, lying on their backs with their severed heads between their feet. \" see the following images. the intertwined serpopards ( long - neck creatures on the reverse side with intertwined necks ) are probably related to an elamite design. rice claims in chapter 2 page 58 that, \" among these influences are the appearance of strange", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545940997617383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed2a308f-8472-40db-9db6-bbc3dd7ff65f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.369416"}
{"text": "images. the intertwined serpopards ( long - neck creatures on the reverse side with intertwined necks ) are probably related to an elamite design. rice claims in chapter 2 page 58 that, \" among these influences are the appearance of strange saurian creatures with heavy bodies and long necks on which are carried feline heads ( plate 30a, 30b, 30c pg. 78 ). these are depicted on some of the decorated palettes produced in egypt and on cylinder seals from mesopotamia and elam at the end of the fourth millennium. \" he continues in chapter 3 page 106, \" \u2026 of \u2018 the exotic animals \u2019 palette is a very remarkable artifact. the entire surface, except for the kohl - grinding area, is filled with animals, some of a very strange appearance. dominating both sides are two great dogs. a good cross - section of the larger fauna of egypt is represented but the strangest, most mysterious figure is that of a dog, or jackal - headed creature, reared up on its hind legs, playing a sort of flute. did orpheus have his origins in predynastic hierakonpolis or is this some masked master of the beast? there can surely be little doubt that it is the enigmatic set who pipes who knows what strange melodies to the whirling animals ( and monsters ) which attend him. \" michael rice in chapter 3 page 106 states, \" the long - necked beast can also be seen on \u2018 the exotic animals \u2019 or \u2018 the oxford \u2019 and \u2018 the two dogs \u2019 palette from hierakonpolis, is one of the most complex and strange of this type of artifact. \" the obverse shows two long saurian necks are surmounted by a bird and seen undulating to hold off two jackals, from the animal between them. the creatures are licking a prone caprid, and have claws on their feet. on the reverse are more fantastic creatures, including a griffin and another long necked beast. some see the above creatures as two mythological camel - leopard - like animals, with their necks enclosing the pigment basin. waddell on page 92 upholds, \" here we see the bull, symbolizing naram breaking down a fort, scattering the bricks and trampling upon a fleeing foe. the picture inside the fort is possibly the hieroglyph of the towns name ( sumerian pictograph pisan - mat or gur - mat ). \" the great bear or the greater sheepfold comes on the meridian on april 20. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46340705922954256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed2a308f-8472-40db-9db6-bbc3dd7ff65f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.370931"}
{"text": "picture inside the fort is possibly the hieroglyph of the towns name ( sumerian pictograph pisan - mat or gur - mat ). \" the great bear or the greater sheepfold comes on the meridian on april 20. there are seven bright stars that form the asterism known as the big dipper, the plough, and the wain, or wagon. like ursa minor, ursa major is neither a dipper nor a bear, rather a greater sheepfold as pictured in most ancient zodiacs [ middle english, from latin ursa major : ursa, bear + maior, comparative of magnus, great ]. al naish is the arabic name of the constellation of ursa major meaning \" the assembled together. \" to the egyptians the stars of the dipper were the thigh of a bull. a star in ursa major in arabic is the name for the \" thigh \" of the bear. it is also called phacda meaning \" visited, \" \" guarded, \" or \" number. \" to the egyptians the deity with the bull was apis, the bull of memphis. apis was an actual bull chosen to serve as the earthly vessel of the soul of osiris, god of the sun and of the nile. on the death of each apis, the spirit of osiris transferred itself to a successor. the animal meant to inherit the divine duty was recognized by certain markings : when a bull fitting the description was found, he was called apis and lived as an object of reverence and sacrifice. the living bulls were worshipped in egypt. memphis ( heb. noph, moph, copt. menphe, memphi, gr. memphis ). the first capital of united egypt ( c. 3200 b. c. ) south of modern cairo. legend ascribes the founding of the city to menes, the traditional first king. the original name of the city was \" the white wall. \" later it was called men - nefer - pepi, after the name of the pyramid of pepi i of the sixth dynasty ; it is from this name that \" memphis \" is derived. historians divide ancient egyptian history into 30 dynasties. a dynasty is a series of rulers belonging to the same family. egypt ' s pre - dynastic era lasted until 3, 100 b. c., when the dynasties began to rule. sometimes two dynasties ruled different parts of egypt at the same time. groups of dynasties make up periods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4843437405222286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed2a308f-8472-40db-9db6-bbc3dd7ff65f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.373611"}
{"text": "owning animals \u2013 specifically cattle \u2013 completely changes the meaning of a snow day. for most, snow is a welcomed sight as it means a day at home \u2013 away from the office or classroom \u2013 in their sweats enjoying daytime television and a warm fire. but for cattle owners, snow days are some of the longest and hardest workdays they encounter each year. cattle were created to withstand cold, snow and wind but that doesn \u2019 t mean they particularly enjoy the winter weather \u2013 especially after a streak of 50 - degree temperatures. we have both heifers ( first - time mothers ) and cows ( experienced mothers ) calving right now. in fact we had about 20 calves born yesterday, five born overnight and another three this morning. more are expected throughout the day. this is peak calving season for our herd and while we never rule out the possibility of snow, snowfall like this doesn \u2019 t come along every year. during storms like this, it \u2019 s important that we are out, among our cattle, checking to ensure mothers are doing fine, baby calves are staying warm and eating and expectant mothers get to shelter when possible. when we find a calf that looks like it just can \u2019 t get warm on it \u2019 s own, we will bring it inside and allow it to dry off and warm up before returning it to its mother. diet and proper nutrition are also very important for cattle in the winter. like humans, cattle with a normal level of body fat are better able to withstand the cold and nursing mothers need all of the nutrition and calories they can get. even on days like this, we make sure our cattle have all of the feed they need or want. but we are careful to not overfeed them so that all of their energy isn \u2019 t spent on digestion. derek was up most of last night checking on the cows and caring for a few calves. he and his father will spend the remainder of today and tonight making additional rounds, checking the animals as many times as possible. new calves could come at any time and we strive to be there to ensure all is going well. it \u2019 s not an easy job and the cattle don \u2019 t always express their appreciation the way a person would but it \u2019 s what we do, even on snow days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.464326352498814, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6be2e638-1a20-479f-b2fd-ce3179dce5ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.380717"}
{"text": "nasal surgery includes any surgery performed on the outside or inside of the nose. a common type of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, nasal surgery may be performed to accomplish the following : - improve breathing - correct congenital or acquired deformities - change size or shape of nose ( cosmetic ) - repair nasal injuries the following are some of the different types of nasal surgery : septoplasty is the surgical correction of defects and deformities of the nasal septum ( the partition between the nostrils ). examples of septoplasty include the following : - correction of a deviated septum a deviated septum is a condition in which the partition ( septum ) between the nostrils is not in a straight vertical alignment. a deviated septum can cause obstructed airflow. a deviated septum can be caused by a birth defect or injury. - correction of cleft defects that affect the nose and nasal cavity rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of a defect of the nose, including reshaping or resizing the nose. rhinoplasty may be performed to accomplish the following : - change the size of the nose - change the shape of the nose - narrow the nostrils - change the angle between the nose and lips possible complications associated with nasal surgery may include, but are not limited to, the following : - anesthesia problems the specific type of surgery will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - severity of the deformity - your tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies - your opinion or preference although each procedure varies, generally, nasal surgeries follow this process : - location options may include : - surgeon ' s office - based surgical facility - outpatient surgery center - hospital outpatient - hospital inpatient - anesthetic options may include : - local anesthesia - general anesthesia - average length of procedure : about two hours - recuperation period : - usually up and around in a few days - usually return to school or sedentary work a week or so after surgery - surgeon will provide guidelines for resuming normal activities - some possible short - term side effects of surgery : - a splint may be applied to nose to help maintain the new shape. - nasal packs or soft plastic splints may be placed inside the nostrils to stabilize the septum. - the face will feel puffy. - the nose may ache. - you may experience a dull headache, swelling around the eyes, and / or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47888893384258735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92952cda-4163-4300-8e10-0db9202a2802>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.389966"}
{"text": "myoclonus refers to quick, lightning - like jerks ( contractions ) of a muscle or a group of muscles. myoclonus may involve only one hand, a group of muscles in the upper arm or leg, or a group of facial muscles. or it may involve many muscles at the same time. hiccups are a type of myoclonus that involves only the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. myoclonus may occur normally, often when a person is falling asleep. or it may result from a disorder, such as the following : myoclonus can occur after a person takes high doses of certain drugs such as antihistamines, some antidepressants ( such as amitriptyline ), bismuth, levodopa, or opioids ( narcotics ). myoclonus can be mild or severe. muscles may jerk quickly or slowly, rhythmically or not. myoclonus may occur once in a while or frequently. it may occur spontaneously or be triggered by a stimulus, such as a sudden noise, light, or a movement. for example, reaching for an object or taking step may trigger jerks that disrupt the movement. in creutzfeldt - jacob disease ( a rare degenerative brain disorder \u2014 see see prion diseases : creutzfeldt - jakob disease ( cjd ) ), myoclonus becomes more obvious when people are suddenly startled. if myoclonus is due to a metabolic disorder, it may persist and affect muscles throughout the body, sometimes leading to seizures. diagnosis and treatment the diagnosis is based on symptoms. other tests may be done to identify the cause. the cause is corrected if possible. for example, drugs that can cause myoclonus are stopped. a high or low blood sugar level is corrected, and kidney failure is treated with hemodialysis. if the cause cannot be corrected, valproate or levetiracetam ( anticonvulsants \u2014 see seizure disorders : drugs used to treat seizures. ) or clonazepam ( a mild sedative ) sometimes helps. when given with carbidopa, the dietary supplement 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( which is produced by the brain ) may also help. last full review / revision august 2007 by david eidelberg, md ; michael pourfar, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.519360814938836, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b6072af-0a0e-4145-a3a0-d9bb03698b55>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.396064"}
{"text": "watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search search the collections male figure ( tiki ) barkcloth panel ( siapo ) browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is currently on display in gallery 353 although most polynesian peoples appear to have made and used human images, few such objects have survived to the present day. most were destroyed under the influence of christian missionaries, who viewed such sculptures as \" graven images. \" small female figures in ivory were known from the tongan archipelago as early as the late eighteenth century. formerly referred to as goddesses, these figures are now thought to represent important female ancestors. a number of tongan ivories were traded to the neighboring fiji islands, where they were used during religious rites. this particularly expressive example was collected on the fijian island of viti levu by the reverend cyril g. hawdon in 1868. collected by cyril g. hawdon, viti levu, fiji, in 1868 ; [ john j. klejman, new york, until 1957 ] ; nelson a. rockefeller, new york, 1957, on loan to the museum of primitive art, new york, 1957 \u2013 1978 \u00a9 2000 \u2013 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4542710493188442, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3aa85142-3d60-46e0-9851-920d538bb46c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.397579"}
{"text": "receptive and expressive language all communication has two aspects : receptive language and expressive language. receptive language is what we hear and understand. expressive language is what we say to others. i believe that empathy is also a form of communication ; one that is as essential to each of us as is spoken, written, or signed language in understanding the feelings of other sentient beings and in conveying our reaction to them. to oversimplify, one might think of language as the cognitive component of communication, whereas empathy is the emotional component. of course, in reality, they overlap and complement each other. receptive empathy is the ability to perceive the feelings that others are experiencing. expressive empathy is the ability to convey that understanding to others. definition of empathy \u201c empathy \u201d is a complicated word \u2014 it means so many different things to different people. and, a discussion of whether autistic people have a capacity for empathy that is different from most other people further complicates the conversation. a web search on the single word \u201c empathy \u201d produced for me these top 5 results, defining the word in 5 different ways : - empathy is the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional being. ( wikipedia ) - the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it ( mirriam - webster ) - the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another ( dictionary. com ) - empathy is the experience of understanding another person \u2019 s condition from their perspective. ( psychology today ) - identification with and understanding of another \u2019 s situation, feelings, and motives. see synonyms at pity. ( thefreedictionary. com ) so, which is it? \u201c recognize emotions \u201d or \u201c imaginative projection \u201d or \u201c intellectual identification \u201d or \u201c vicarious experience of understanding perspective \u201d or \u201c identification and understanding \u201d or \u201c pity \u201d? it is probably all of those things and more, including sympathy and compassion. trying to understand what people intend to convey by using the word is a bit like justice potter \u2019 s infamous definition of pornography. empathy is something you know when you experience it, even though it is hard to describe in words. are there \u201c types \u201d of empathy? modifying the word \u201c empathy \u201d with \u201c cognitive \u201d and \u201c affective \u201d represents an ill - advised attempt to deconstruct empathy, in my view. much has been made of the idea that these two aspects of empathy ( to the extent that this dichotom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5150347020670619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.410268"}
{"text": "empathy \u201d with \u201c cognitive \u201d and \u201c affective \u201d represents an ill - advised attempt to deconstruct empathy, in my view. much has been made of the idea that these two aspects of empathy ( to the extent that this dichotomy has any validity at all, which i doubt ) arise from different parts of the brain, and that one or the other is deficient in certain personality types. this kind of hair - splitting is a distraction, it seems to me, when it comes to understanding the role and functioning of empathy. i \u2019 m sure there is a wide range of empathic capacity, both in terms of experiencing empathy ( whatever it is ) and in expressing it. those with alexithymia may have empathic capacity but may not recognize what they are experiencing or be able to express it. and all of my discussion here so far has nothing directly to do with autism. empathy is a universal human trait. and beyond. clearly, many other animals have empathic capacity as well. empathy arises from, or at least is related to, mirror neurons. in the famous incident of the discovery of mirror neurons, a monkey watched an object being picked up, and his brain region for picking things up fired as if he were doing it himself. so, he experienced what it was like to pick up an apple ( or whatever it was ), but not from the perspective of the other monkey ( he \u2019 s not inside that brain ) but from the perspective of how he would feel if he were doing what he was observing. and what does all of this have to do with autism? now comes the tricky part with respect to autism. it \u2019 s twofold. the descriptions that follow are experiential ( my own experiences and those of other autistic people i \u2019 ve spoken with ), and represent my own speculations. what i report here may or may not be generalizable to other autistic people. see the link in the previous paragraph for a discussion of some of the controversy surrounding the linkage ( if any ) between autism and mirror neurons. autism and receptive empathy it may be ( 1 ) that the mirror neuron system in the autistic brain is impaired because of the usual sensory overload that is always going on. it \u2019 s not that the mirror neurons are defective, it \u2019 s just that their functioning is clouded by the brain having so much else to deal with at the same time. distractions, if you will. so the autistic person will not have the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5149866257983069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.411300"}
{"text": "s not that the mirror neurons are defective, it \u2019 s just that their functioning is clouded by the brain having so much else to deal with at the same time. distractions, if you will. so the autistic person will not have the receptive clarity that matches the neurotypical \u2014 what is being called by some \u201c cognitive empathy. \u201d the emotional state of another being is recorded, but not processed with the same clarity because of the other demands on attention. the tms experiments i participated in at beth israel demonstrated this. the experiment involved suppressing activity in a small area in the right hemisphere of my brain. neuroscientists know that, through a process called neuroplasticity, when one area of the brain is compromised, another area will attempt to take over the lost functionality. that often involves the equivalent region in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. broca \u2019 s area is heavily involved in language and ( therefore ) social cognition, and much more. it is a complex and important region of the brain that is somewhat imprecisely located in the part of the brain known as brodmann \u2019 s areas 44 and 45. i say \u201c it \u201d although, in my understanding ( i have no formal training in neuroscience ), there are two equivalent areas, one in each hemisphere, and the lion \u2019 s share of language processing occurs in the dominant hemisphere ( the left one for right - handed people like me ). broca \u2019 s area, besides its central role in language comprehension and creation, also seems to serve as a bridge between the prefrontal cortex ( cognition ), and regions that control motor and somatosensory ( tactile and other sensory ) systems of the body. it is also thought to be rich in mirror neurons. for all of these reasons, the scientists in the tms lab hypothesized that by temporarily and artificially suppressing the right side of my brain in the area just described, the left hemisphere would be more strongly activated than usual, thereby improving language and social ( empathic ) cognition. how right ( so to speak ) they were! i experienced ( both subjectively and in their computerized measurements ) sharpened ability to interpret emotional content more accurately. the difference in clarity was astounding to me and to others i spoke with who were subjects in the experiment. caitlin, for example, was shocked to find that she could see emotional content in written sentences and in video clips which, with the benefit of hindsight, she had not been able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5237837508251569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.412443"}
{"text": "me and to others i spoke with who were subjects in the experiment. caitlin, for example, was shocked to find that she could see emotional content in written sentences and in video clips which, with the benefit of hindsight, she had not been able to see before. my clarity was more intellectual. i was able to solve ( computerized ) tasks faster than the computer could feed them to me, whereas before i had struggled and was unsure of the answers. subjectively, it was like night and day, although i \u2019 m sure that the difference in my performance was measured in milliseconds. the difference in what caitlin and i experienced ( and john had a musical revelation, among many other experiences ) was probably a function of where we started. i was relatively better ( compared with her ) at emotional reception. she, for example, had once been floored to find out that her brother knew more ( much more ) about the personal life of her receptionist than she did, although he lived in a distant city. it was just that when he called to speak with caitlin, he would chat with the person who answered the phone about vacation plans and the like. it never occurred to caitlin to make that kind of emotional connection. the irrelevancy of \u201c cognitive \u201d versus \u201c affective \u201d empathy which brings me around to the other bit ( 2 ) about autism and empathy. take the psychology today definition : \u201c empathy is the experience of understanding another person \u2019 s condition from their perspective. \u201d please. think of the monkey. picking up a banana is probably a pretty universal monkey experience, so it \u2019 s easy to imagine that the mirror neurons of monkeys allow them to experience watching another monkey and essentially experience ( vicariously ) a nearly identical experience. now, take an autistic brain. not mine, please. i need it. if i watch a neurotypical pick up a banana, i am likely to be less clear about how that feels to them because they experience the world in a way that is very different from mine. i \u2019 m being metaphorical here, in case you didn \u2019 t pick up on that ( so to speak ). a physical action is one thing, but a more complex emotional reaction is quite a different level of experience. how can i empathize what you are going through if your way of experiencing the world is vastly different from mine? this works both ways, of course. how can a neurotypical person empathize with me if they have no clue what my brain is experiencing? so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5497838548484089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.413493"}
{"text": "you are going through if your way of experiencing the world is vastly different from mine? this works both ways, of course. how can a neurotypical person empathize with me if they have no clue what my brain is experiencing? so, it \u2019 s not a lack of empathy, or a lack of empathic capacity, it \u2019 s a knowledge or experiential gap. i can tell when my horse is happy to see me, or when he is in a playful mood, or frightened ; these are fairly universal emotions. but my empathy doesn \u2019 t go too deep because i don \u2019 t really know what it \u2019 s like to be a horse. or, maybe at some fundamental level, i do. i don \u2019 t always grok why he \u2019 s upset, but i know when he is. now, all of that is about receptive empathy ; taking in and appreciating the emotional state of another being. this may be what is meant by \u201c cognitive \u201d empathy. but i also think receptive empathy includes components ( or maybe all ) of what has been termed \u201c affective empathy \u201d or \u201c pity \u201d or \u201c compassion \u201d \u2014 not just understanding, but sharing the emotional state of another. i believe this must naturally flow via the mirror neuron system that enables us to take in the feelings of another. if one is truly understanding what another is experiencing, it naturally follows that one is experiencing their emotions, too. from an evolutionary point of view, the value of being able to understand how someone else is feeling is being able to predict their behavior. if someone picks up a banana and smiles, that \u2019 s pretty non - threatening, but if someone picks up a rock and scowls, it might be better to take protective action. to truly take in another \u2019 s emotions, in the process i \u2019 m calling receptive empathy, one must also experience an approximation of those emotions. although i \u2019 m aware these emotions are yours, and not mine, i experience my version of your anger, your pain, and your joy. it can \u2019 t be any other way. and yes, there are people who have difficulty comprehending what they are experiencing emotionally, and conveying it, too. but, as alluded to earlier, that is a condition called alexithymia, not autism. although studies about this are scant, i \u2019 m not aware of any definitive study that shows that alexithymia is more prevalent in the neuroexceptional population than it is in the neuro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5261152315524703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.414497"}
{"text": "alexithymia, not autism. although studies about this are scant, i \u2019 m not aware of any definitive study that shows that alexithymia is more prevalent in the neuroexceptional population than it is in the neurotypical one. in my work with neuroexceptional couples ( in a support group setting ), i observe a fairly high proportion of alexithymia among the partners who are not neurotypical, but my sample is a highly self - selected subgroup of all neuroexceptional people, and i don \u2019 t have a control group to compare with. for me, when i experience high receptive empathy ( which includes sympathy, compassion or pity ), such an experience is likely to lead to an emotional state of shock that requires me to tone down my feelings, because the nerves are too raw and exposed. so, i withdraw, i put up barriers to keep the world out, to keep things from getting worse. i can only take so much. most autistic people with whom i have talked about this agree. we have too much empathic capacity. it is paralyzing. why is that? i \u2019 m not sure. excess myelination? i \u2019 ll get back to you on that. autism and expressive empathy : the challenge for autistic people the biggest complaint in my couples support groups is that the ( typically ) asperger \u2019 s partner does not express empathy. i explain the bit that i \u2019 ve just gone through, that those of us who are autistic experience a high degree of understanding ( what i have called here receptive empathy ), and that our flat affect or silence does not mean we lack comprehension or sympathy. it \u2019 s just that dealing with these raw emotions is too frightening. thus, we exhibit a lack of what i have come to call expressive empathy. to partners who are feeling emotionally isolated, and are in need of validation, it \u2019 s not comforting to hear this. to them, there is no empathy if it isn \u2019 t expressed. and they have a good point. we autistics often stop one step short of what empathy is all about ; connecting with another human being, to validate and comfort them. without that piece, it does not serve its purpose. the result is, from the outside observers point of view, a \u201c lack \u201d of empathy. no reaction. or an \u201c inappropriate \u201d ( oh, how i hate that word ) reaction. if fact, the reaction is an internal volcano that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.502918205320993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.415669"}
{"text": ". the result is, from the outside observers point of view, a \u201c lack \u201d of empathy. no reaction. or an \u201c inappropriate \u201d ( oh, how i hate that word ) reaction. if fact, the reaction is an internal volcano that is about to erupt. sometimes it does, and that is one form of meltdown. sometimes it is contained, and the world is shut out. i remember a time in my second marriage when things were not going well, and i was talking with my shrink about it. at one point, he said to me ( in frustration ), \u201c can \u2019 t you just tell her you love her? that \u2019 s what she wants to hear! \u201d and, i realized ( for complex reasons ) that, no, i was not capable of that at that time. it seemed like lying to me. yet, it would have been a harmless lie that could have made all the difference to her. i was empathizing with her distress, but i was not able to communicate that to her in a way that would have been helpful. the terms i have used here, receptive and expressive, are often used to describe forms of language communication, which is where i started this post. and that \u2019 s really what empathy is, in its fullest expression ; communicating emotional states. autistics are really good at receptive empathy, but some of us fall short when it comes to using expressive empathy. this is a failure of execution, not of cognition. our brains work just fine, thank you. we just need to learn how to let other people know that. the good news is called neuroplasticity, and there is a way to use that, in neurally - inspired therapies and techniques that can change our patterns of behavior. stay tuned. much more to come on those subjects. meanwhile, i will be practicing my expressive empathy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5242485444772224, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:578a0c92-90e2-4207-b53a-45368d068939>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.418617"}
{"text": "by mary gallagher, opinion columnist published november 20, 2012 it \u2019 s hard to believe that within the past 100 years, issues like political participation of women and african americans were controversial topics that divided the country. at this point, it seems absurd that anyone would believe women or african americans didn ' t deserve the right to vote, but there were 42 years between the introduction of the 19th amendment and its ratification in 1920. now, if one political party was to oppose the suffrage of women or minorities, the opposing party would overtake them in a landslide victory, no matter how reasonable the anti - suffrage party \u2019 s views were on the economy or other issues. more like this the nov. 6 election has shown us that a new group of issues may be making the leap from controversial and partisan to accepted facts of life in the united states. of these, the most obvious is same - sex marriage. the battle for gay rights began to gain steam in the late 1960s and has made significant strides since, with same - sex marriage legal in nine states and washington d. c., and the ubiquity of realistic and progressive portrayals of the lgbt community in the media. however, there \u2019 s still a lot of progress to be made : 41 states continue to reject the validity of same - sex marriage. though, in this election cycle, gay marriage won battles in every single state where it was in question : maine, maryland, washington and minnesota. each of these was a ballot initiative, which means every state voter had a say. because of this, it can \u2019 t be argued that this is a case of the government usurping popular opinion, as organizations like the national organization for marriage have maintained about similar court rulings or legislative decisions. the people spoke, and they spoke overwhelmingly in favor of same - sex marriage. another oft - publicized point of contention during this campaign was the argument over abortion and access to birth control. although roe v. wade was passed nearly 40 years ago, there \u2019 s still a significant number of americans who believe that abortion should be made illegal except in cases of rape or incest \u2014 some even believe that it should be altogether outlawed no matter the circumstances. however, it seems that most of the population is hesitant to make it completely illegal. in a may 2012 gallup poll, 77 percent of americans responded that abortion should always be legal or sometimes legal. despite this fact, the republican party continued to stand behind their position, seemingly oblivious to the fact that they now represent a minority of the population. in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42007547484141544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f08ef3f-6a0f-4f3d-89f5-51736eb50d85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.422257"}
{"text": "gallup poll, 77 percent of americans responded that abortion should always be legal or sometimes legal. despite this fact, the republican party continued to stand behind their position, seemingly oblivious to the fact that they now represent a minority of the population. in a democracy like ours, the government should be ruled by the people, not the other way around. it \u2019 s easy to lose faith in the system and to believe that individual voices and opinions don \u2019 t really matter. but then an election like this comes around and reminds us that changing the minds of the voting public really can make an impact on the government. it seemed like the way many people framed this election was around the issues of gay marriage and abortion, rather than on more complex subjects such as the economy or the environment. i prefer these democratic economic models to that of the republican party. however, i \u2019 d rather hear an election that was a debate between two different plans to actually make the united states a better place to live, rather than bickering over subjects that the majority of the country has come to agree upon. rachel maddow said it best on election night, saying that if the republican party continues to focus on outdated issues, \u201c we are all deprived, as a nation, of the constructive debate between competing, feasible ideas about real problems. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40928339428688254, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f08ef3f-6a0f-4f3d-89f5-51736eb50d85>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.422793"}
{"text": "this mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, first - order, and horn - clause logics, together with an analysis of the semantic aspects of the method. it is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains elegant versions and proofs of the fundamental theorems and lemmas in the proof theory of logic programming. advanced topics such as recursive complexity and negation as failure and its semantics are covered, and streamlined setups for sld - and sldnf - resolution are described. no other book treats this material in such detail and with such sophistication. doets provides a novel approach to resolution that is applied to the first - order case and the case of ( positive ) logic programs. in contrast to the usual approach, the concept of a resolvent is defined nonconstructively, without recourse to the concept of unification, allowing the soundness and completeness proofs to be carried out in a more economic way. other new material includes computability results dealing with analytical hierarchy, results on infinite derivations and an exposition on general logic programs using 3 - valued logic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.605643980944776, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7527a459-a691-41a0-ab75-6956ab19a1e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.425296"}
{"text": "make a splash with a water workout use water as your medium for an effective workout and you ' ll be joining a diverse group of young and old, male and female, beginners and professional athletes alike who are all wet when exercising. range of goals pregnant women, teenagers, and baby boomers take classes to get in shape, cross - train, or train for a specific sporting event. in fact, people who are at many different levels of fitness can be in the same class ; the advanced participants simply do more repetitions or use equipment that increases resistance. water exercises can use a range of equipment to increase the challenge and difficulty of a basic workout, including flotation belts, water weights, foam noodles, and webbed gloves. work it out although many people enjoy water aerobics classes, you don ' t have to be in a group to work out. you can go solo by walking forward and backward in the pool or doing jumping jacks and other aerobics moves. when exercising in the water, follow these pool rules : exercise in navel - to chest - deep water. keep your abdominal and gluteal muscles tight and your spine neutral, with your hips slightly forward and your back straight, but not arched. wear water shoes for better traction and to protect your feet from rough pool surfaces. work at your own level. always warm up before and cool down after your workout. add equipment, such as weights or water gloves, water paddles, or aquatic hand buoys if the exercise is too easy. because of the water \u2019 s resistance, traditional weight - lifting exercises, such as bicep curls, triceps extensions, and chest presses are more challenging in the pool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4271997523761487, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d134ec95-ee54-4298-93ea-b91e2041aca1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.426938"}
{"text": "micro - algae, which is highly nutritious and an excellent source of protein, chlorophyll, vitamins and minerals and amino acids. it has 26 times the calcium of milk, contains phosphorus, b12, rna and dna, and easily digested. it is a safe food with no side effects. it would be good for survival purposes as it is easy to store. has sometimes been called \u201c manna of the future. \u201d it has been tested in japan and europe and found to benefit people who suffer from many ailments including : anemia, cataracts, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, glaucoma, hepatitis, physical imbalances, aids weight loss. blue - green micro algae, and its cousins spirulina and chlorella, grow on inland waters throughout the world \u2013 visible as greenish scum on still lakes and ponds. the aztecs of mexico ate it as a staple food, dried and spread on tortillas. africans of the sahara region also use dried spirulina with grains and vegetables. these algae are high in protein, carotenoids and minerals. beware, however, of claims that they can provide vitamin b12 in vegetarian diets. nevertheless, the high mineral and protein content of the various algae make them an excellent superfood, a good supplement to the diet and a useful product for the treatment of a variety of health problems. of the three main types of algae, spirulina is said to be the easiest to digest and absorb, because its cell walls are composed of mucopolysaccharides rather than indigestible cellulose. chlorella needs special processing to improve digestibility of a tough outer cell wall, but it is valued for its ability to bind with heavy metals and carry them out of the body. today, spirulina is consumed as a health food and nutritional supplement. it is a highly concentrated source of protein, vitamins and minerals but its price is commensurately high. it contains high quantities of bioavailable iron and all minerals generally. the drawback of spirulina supplements is that you have to consume 10 or more grams daily to get a reasonable amount of nutrients. ten grams is only two teaspoonfuls, which makes spirulina a very concentrated food source. spirulina is an exceptionally potent nutrient substance that has shown strong activity in many areas. it is the source of one of the most easily digestible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49990460728371233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca8bd4c7-221e-4ad4-b1d8-46d710a765ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.430959"}
{"text": "local extension agent discusses \u201c salmonella in songbirds \u201d by : bobby smith i have received several calls the last few weeks with clients who are distraught over dead songbirds in or around their bird feeders. earlier this spring i received an e - mail from a fellow agent in a county north of morgan county with the same issue. he had observed the same problem in his county. he submitted three birds to southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study ( scwds ) to be tested for salmonella, and all three birds tested positive. if you are seeing dead birds in or around your feeders or birdbaths, i just wanted to make you aware of the problem and share some suggestions from the scwds. the researcher at the scwds lab offered the following information about the outbreak : \u2022 salmonella bacteria are naturally found in many wild and domestic bird species \u2022 stress from severe weather and high concentrations of birds during spring ( such as those found around bird feeders and bird baths ) contribute to outbreak and disease spread. \u2022 because of large congregations of birds at feeders this time of year, this is when we usually see salmonella outbreaks \u2022 cats that eat dead birds can pick up the salmonella and possibly spread it to the humans that are caring for them. to help stop the spread of the disease, there are several steps that you can take if you believe the salmonella outbreak has affected your area : 1. remove all bird feeders and bird baths and clean up residual seed. it ' s important for the birds to disperse to help control the spread of disease. 2. disinfect all bird feeders and bird baths with 1 part bleach and 9 parts water 3. do not place the bird seed back out for at least one month after you see the last sick or dying bird on your property 4. clean out feeders at least every two weeks when you start feeding again to help prevent buildup of bacteria and fungi that can contribute to diseases in birds. for information on this and other problems, contact your local uga cooperative extension office or call 1800askuga1 or 18002758421. printed in the may 28, 2009 edition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4261822309171458, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:856b03fb-5d4c-4ea1-a58e-826582b4d926>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.434465"}
{"text": "a depressive disorder is a whole - body illness, involving the body, mood, and thoughts, and affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things. it is not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. people with a depressive illness cannot merely \" pull themselves together \" and get better. without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression. during any one year period, nearly 19 million american adults suffer from depressive illness. yet, treatment can alleviate symptoms in nearly 80 percent of cases. women experience depression about twice as often as men. many hormonal factors may contribute to the increased rate of depression in women - - particularly such factors as menstrual cycle changes, premenstrual syndrome ( pms ), pregnancy, miscarriage, postpartum period, perimenopause, and menopause. many women also face additional stresses such as responsibilities both at work and home, single parenthood, and caring for children and aging parents. many women are also particularly vulnerable after the birth of a baby. the hormonal and physical changes, as well as the added responsibility of a new life, can be factors that lead to postpartum depression in some women. while transient \" blues \" are common in new mothers, a full - blown depressive episode is not a normal occurrence and requires active intervention. treatment by a sympathetic health care provider and the family ' s emotional support for the new mother are prime considerations in aiding her to recover her physical and mental well - being and her ability to care for and enjoy the infant. depressive disorders come in different forms, as do other illnesses, such as heart disease. three of the most prevalent types of depressive disorders include the following : - major depression. a combination of symptoms ( see symptom list ) that interfere with the ability to work, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. these disabling episodes of depression can occur once, twice, or several times in a lifetime. - dysthymia. long - term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep people from functioning at \" full steam \" or from feeling good. sometimes, people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes. - bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ). a chronic, recurring condition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5650843209640299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f005b074-a9cf-4354-a1ab-15ec7db4b733>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.439931"}
{"text": "do not disable, but keep people from functioning at \" full steam \" or from feeling good. sometimes, people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes. - bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ). a chronic, recurring condition that includes cycles of depression and elation or mania. within these types, there are variations in the number of symptoms, their severity, and persistence. the following are the most common symptoms of depression. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. in general, nearly everyone suffering from depression has ongoing feelings of sadness, and may feel helpless, hopeless, and irritable. the american psychiatric association suggests that professional help is advisable for those who have four or more of the following symptoms continually for more than two weeks : - noticeable change of appetite, with either significant weight loss not attributable to dieting or weight gain - noticeable change in sleeping patterns, such as fitful sleep, inability to sleep, early morning awakening, or sleeping too much - loss of interest and pleasure in activities formerly enjoyed - persistent sad, anxious, or \" empty \" mood - feelings of hopelessness, pessimism - restlessness, irritability - decreased energy, fatigue, being \" slowed down \" - feelings of worthlessness - persistent feelings of hopelessness - feelings of inappropriate guilt - inability to concentrate or think, indecisiveness - recurring thoughts of death or suicide, wishing to die, or attempting suicide ( note : individuals with this symptom should receive treatment immediately! ) - melancholia ( defined as overwhelming feelings of sadness and grief ), accompanied by the following : - waking at least two hours earlier than normal in the morning - feeling more depressed in the morning - moving significantly more slowly - disturbed thinking - - for example, severely depressed people sometimes have beliefs not based in reality about physical disease, sinfulness, or poverty - physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain specific treatment for depression will be determined by your health care provider based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the depression - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disorder - your opinion or preference generally, based on the outcome of evaluations, depressive disorders are treated with medication or either psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and therapy. you can also help yourself. depressive disorders can make a person feel exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless. such negative thoughts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5293854134527884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f005b074-a9cf-4354-a1ab-15ec7db4b733>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.440949"}
{"text": "depressive disorders are treated with medication or either psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and therapy. you can also help yourself. depressive disorders can make a person feel exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless. such negative thoughts and feelings make some people feel like giving up. it is important to realize that these negative views are part of the depression and typically do not accurately reflect the actual circumstances. negative thinking fades as treatment begins to take effect. in the meantime, consider the following : - set realistic goals in light of the depression and assume a reasonable amount of responsibility. - break large tasks into small ones, set some priorities, and do what you can as you can. - try to be with other people and to confide in someone ; it is usually better than being alone and secretive. - participate in activities that may make you feel better. - mild exercise, going to a movie, a ball game, or participating in religious, social, or other activities may help. - expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately. feeling better takes time. - it is advisable to postpone important decisions until the depression has lifted. before deciding to make a significant transition - - change jobs, get married or divorced - - discuss it with others who know you well and have a more objective view of your situation. - people rarely \" snap out of \" a depression. but they can feel a little better day - by - day. - remember, positive thinking will replace the negative thinking that is part of the depression and will disappear as your depression responds to treatment. - let your family and friends help you. click here to view the online resources of women ' s health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4849709344905363, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f005b074-a9cf-4354-a1ab-15ec7db4b733>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.441650"}
{"text": "atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis caused by a build - up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. ( arteriosclerosis is a general term for thickening or hardening of the arteries. ) plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, and can develop in medium or large arteries. the artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity. atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start as early as childhood. however, the disease has the potential to progress rapidly. it is unknown exactly how atherosclerosis begins or what causes it. some scientists think that certain risk factors may be associated with atherosclerosis, including : - elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels - high blood pressure - diabetes mellitus ( type 1 diabetes ) - physical inactivity - high saturated fat diet there is a gradual build - up of plaque or thickening of the inside of the walls of the artery, causing a decrease in the amount of blood flow, and a decrease in the oxygen supply to the vital body organs and extremities. a heart attack may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the heart. a stroke may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is cut off to the brain. gangrene may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the arms and legs. signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis may develop gradually, and may be few, as the plaque builds up in the artery. symptoms may also vary depending on the affected artery. however, when a major artery is blocked, signs and symptoms may be severe, such as those occurring with heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, or blood clot. the symptoms of atherosclerosis may resemble other cardiac conditions. consult your physician for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for atherosclerosis may include any, or a combination of, the following : - cardiac catheterization - with this procedure, x - rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery - to locate the narrowing, occlusions, and other abnormalities of specific arteries. - doppler sonography - a special transducer is used to direct sound waves into a blood vessel to evaluate blood flow. an audio receiver amplifies the sound of the blood moving though the vessel. faint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4910381791547901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d05e1f0b-5c2f-4607-bf6c-ae9e69070bbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.447767"}
{"text": "other abnormalities of specific arteries. - doppler sonography - a special transducer is used to direct sound waves into a blood vessel to evaluate blood flow. an audio receiver amplifies the sound of the blood moving though the vessel. faintness or absent of sound may indicate an obstruction in the blood flow. - blood pressure comparison - comparing blood pressure measurements in the ankles and in the arms to determine any constriction in blood flow. significant differences may indicate a narrowing of vessels which could be caused by atherosclerosis. - muga / radionuclide angiography - a nuclear scan to see how the heart wall moves and how much blood is expelled with each heartbeat, while the patient is at rest. - thallium / myocardial perfusion scan - a nuclear scan given while the patient is at rest or after exercise that may reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood. specific treatment will be determined by your physician based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the disease - the location of the blockage - your signs and symptoms - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the disease - your opinion or preference treatment may include : - modification of risk factors risk factors that may be modified include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels, lack of exercise, poor dietary habits, and elevated blood pressure. medications that may be used to treat carotid artery disease include : - antiplatelet medications - medications used to decrease the ability of platelets in the blood to stick together and cause clots. aspirin, clopidogrel ( plavix ` # 174 ; ), ticlopidine ( ticlid\u00ae ), and dipyridamole ( persantine\u00ae ) are examples of antiplatelet medications. - anticoagulants - also described as \" blood thinners, \" these medications work differently than antiplatelet medications to decrease the ability of the blood to clot. an example of an anticoagulant is warfarin ( coumadin\u00ae ). - antihyperlipidemics - medications used to lower lipids ( fats ) in the blood, particularly low density lipid ( ldl ) cholesterol. statins are a group of antihyperlipidemic medications, and include simvastatin ( zocor\u00ae ), atorvastatin ( lipitor\u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4842627532706735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d05e1f0b-5c2f-4607-bf6c-ae9e69070bbc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.448714"}
{"text": ", particularly low density lipid ( ldl ) cholesterol. statins are a group of antihyperlipidemic medications, and include simvastatin ( zocor\u00ae ), atorvastatin ( lipitor\u00ae ), and pravastatin ( pravachol\u00ae ), among others. bile acid sequestrants \u2014 colesevelam, cholestyramine and colestipol \u2014 and nicotinic acid ( niacin ) are two other types of medications that may be used to reduce cholesterol levels. - antihypertensives - medications used to lower blood pressure. there are several different groups of medications which act in different ways to lower blood pressure - coronary angioplasty with this procedure, a balloon is used to create a bigger opening in the vessel to increase blood flow. although angioplasty is performed in other blood vessels, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ( ptca ) refers to angioplasty in the coronary arteries to permit more blood flow into the heart. there are several types of ptca procedures, including : - balloon angioplasty - a small balloon is inflated inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area. - atherectomy - the blocked area inside the artery is \" shaved \" away by a tiny device on the end of a catheter. - laser angioplasty - a laser used to \" vaporize \" the blockage in the artery. - coronary artery stent - a tiny coil is expanded inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area and is left in place to keep the artery open. - coronary artery bypass most commonly referred to as simply \" bypass surgery, \" this surgery is often performed in people who have angina ( chest pain ) due to coronary artery disease ( where plaque has built up in the arteries ). during the surgery, a bypass is created by grafting a piece of a vein above and below the blocked area of a coronary artery, enabling blood to flow around the obstruction. veins are usually taken from the leg, but arteries from the chest or arm may also be used to create a bypass graft. click here to view the online resources of heart center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47767805823230336, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d05e1f0b-5c2f-4607-bf6c-ae9e69070bbc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.451061"}
{"text": "3 - d paper snowflakes are a hit january 16, 2013 smithville ' s homeschoolers @ the library made 3 - d snowflakes this december. before the class, branch staff made a few to help the instructor determine what steps might be the most difficult. we hung these staff \" flakes \" over our circulation desk. whoa! everyday a patron would ask, \" did you make those? they ' re great! do you have a pattern i could copy? \" so, we thought we would share our snowflake fun with everyone. all you need is 6 sheets of paper, a ruler, pencil, scissors, glue or tape, and a stapler. this square is easily accomplished by folding regular printer paper - fold one corner down to the opposite side, creating a folded triangle. then cut off excess. fold again to create a smaller triangle, then mark 4 cutting lines ( parallel to the long open edges ) from the short edge with 2 folds almost across to the solid folded edge - but stop short by 1 / 2 inch. leaving the triangle folded, cut on those lines but not all the way across. this process must be done for all 6 pages. open up your cut piece of paper slowly, as it is a little delicate at this point. lay the paper flat. fold the two most center slits together and glue or tape. skip the second slit and glue or tape the points of the third slits together. now leave the fourth and tape or glue the 5th slits together. at this point, turn your piece over and tape or glue the points of the 2nd slits together. finally, tape or glue the points of the 4th slit together. this is 1 / 6th of your snowflake. repeat this process for the remaining five pieces. use a stapler to staple one tip of all 6 pieces together. then fan them out and tape or glue the edges of each piece where it touches the next piece. you are done! here is a link for a great tutorial on how to make these snowflakes. enjoy!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4934541877333973, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d037051-b94b-4650-8398-80a8d952ade4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.453076"}
{"text": "you are herethe written stone, dilworth the written stone, dilworth a large inscribed stone measuring eight feet long, two feet wide and one and a half feet deep was placed beside a old road ( now known as written stone lane ) in dilworth during the 17th century. the reason why the stone was placed is unknown, though several stories have grown up around it. the following account was published in ' lancashire legends ' ( 1873 ) by john harland & t t wilkinson. ' the anonymous author of \" the new clock \" mentions, in his \" curious comers round preston, \" that, having heard of a farm called \" written stone, \" from an ancient stone bearing an inscription which stands near it, and that the place was reputed to be the haunt of boggarts, he determined to visit it. it is in the township of dilworth, and parish of ribchester, about two miles from the village of longridge, and seven miles n. e. of preston. turning down a narrow lane, or old bridle - road, it soon plunged the searcher into a deep ravine, with a rapid mountain rivulet coursing through it, and a tall hedge of holly and hazel making the place a grove. for half a mile he walked and waded through mud and water, and on emerging from this long and tedious lane, turning to his right into a neat farmyard, he espied in a comer the object of his search. he describes it as a huge stone, a foot thick, nine feet long, two feet wide, and apparently from the adjacent rocks, placed like a gravestone on the cop. the inscription is on the side facing the road : \u2014 ravffe : radcliffe : laide : this : stone : to : lye : for : ever : a. d. 1655. \" * the characters ( he adds ) are not the raised letters so prevalent in the seventeenth century, but deeply cut in the stone. he found the farmhouse tenanted by a young woman of very respectable appearance, the daughter of the owner of the estate, who, in this romantic spot, leads almost the life of a recluse. she had no dread of supernatural visitants, having never been disturbed by ghost or hobgoblin ; and her theory on the subject was pithily summed up in the declaration, \" that if folks only did what was right in this world, they would have nothing to fear. \" the date on the stone speaks of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36557007893231674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6999be7-da79-4afe-8da9-e6341f27df9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.456667"}
{"text": "##goblin ; and her theory on the subject was pithily summed up in the declaration, \" that if folks only did what was right in this world, they would have nothing to fear. \" the date on the stone speaks of the days of sorcery and witchcraft, and of the troubled times of cromwell ' s protectorate. tradition declares this spot to have been the scene of a cruel and barbarous murder, and it is stated that this stone was put down in order to appease the restless spirit of the deceased, which played its nightly gambols long after the body had been \" hearsed in earth. \" a story is told of one of the former occupants of written stone farm, who, thinking that the stone would make a capital \" buttery stone, \" removed it into the house and applied it to that use. the result was, that the indignant or liberated spirit would never suffer his family to rest. whatever pots, pans, kettles, or articles of crockery were placed on the stone, were tilted over, their contents spilled, and the vessels themselves kept up a clattering dance the live - long night, at the beck of the unseen spirit. thus worried out of his night ' s rest, the farmer soon found himself compelled to have the stone carefully conveyed back to its original resting - place, where it has remained ever since, and the good man ' s family have not again been disturbed by inexplicable nocturnal noises. well may they say with hamlet, \" rest, perturbed spirit! \" * in baines ' s \" lancashire \" ( vol. iii. p. 383 ), there is a somewhat different version of this inscription : \u2014 \" rafe ratcliffe laid this stone here to lie for ever. a. d. 1607. \" he adds, that this rafe was owner of the estate. it will be seen that neither christian name nor surname nor date agrees with the text, which latter, however, we believe to be correct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46861511440222126, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6999be7-da79-4afe-8da9-e6341f27df9f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.457422"}
{"text": "npp launched oct. 28, 2011. it is a first step in building the next satellite system to collect data on climate change and weather conditions. teachers to put science to the test in a microgravity environment aboard the agency \u2019 s reduced gravity aircraft. 01. 25. 12 - nasa explorer schools held a live video chat on jan. 25, 2012 with josh willis who answered questions about sea level rise and global climate change. 01. 12. 12 - nes held a video webchat jan 12, 2012 with dr. bill cooke and rhiannon blaauw. they answered questions about meteors, meteorites and comets and their potential danger to spacecraft. 12. 13. 11 - danielle margiotta joined nes on dec. 13, 2011 and answered student questions about how nasa engineers prepare satellites to endure the harsh environment of space. 11. 23. 11 - nasa explorer schools held a video chat on nov. 23, 2011 with zareh gorjian for a look at nasa ' s computer graphics area. 11. 03. 11 - on nov. 3, 2011, nasa ' s deputy director of planetary science, jim adams answered student questions about nasa ' s recent planetary mission discoveries and upcoming launches. adams discussed his career path and some of the most rewarding moments in his 22 - year career with nasa. 10. 13. 11 - in celebration of hispanic heritage month, dr. felix soto toro joined nes on oct. 13, 2011, for our first live bilingual video chat. students asked questions of this astronaut applicant and electrical engineer and found out what it was like for soto to grow up in barrio amelia guaynabo, puerto rico, with few advantages. they also learned what inspired him to pursue a career with nasa. a video or transcript of this chat will be posted at a later time. 02. 17. 11 - being a scientist doesn ' t always mean spending your days in a lab. for nasa microbial ecologists, going to work might mean climbing aboard a research vessel, or collecting marine and soil samples in the andes, mexico, or even in europe and africa! students were able to find out what it ' s like to hunt microbes around the globe with angela detweiler and dr. lee bebout. chat transcripts are now available. 03. 29. 11 - the nes project invited all k - 12 students to participate in a one - hour - long nasa career panel video webchat on march 29, 2011. this year ' s panelists were three outstanding women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47118875006149263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd7f67ea-0969-440f-8e56-c9e1e3d6d1aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.459830"}
{"text": "football behavior program january 12, 2011 years ago, poquoson primary school used sports to create a school - wide behavior incentive program for january. we used a die - cut machine to cut footballs. each teacher was given a stack. we were asked to carry a few with us at all times. when we saw another class ( not our own ) that was well - behaved in the hallway, cafeteria, at the bathrooms, or the like, we handed a football to a student in the class. they could also earn a football for an individual act of good citizenship. upon returning to the classroom, the teacher talked about what the class did to earn the football and would post it on a paper football field that was displayed outside of her door in the hall. each time the class earned a football their \u201c team \u201d would advance ten yards on the field. ( this was great for teaching counting by 10 \u2019 s. ) when the team reached the goal post, they would earn a touchdown and start over. tally marks were used to display and track points earned. when it was time for the super bowl, the totals were given to the principal. we then had a culminating assembly and everyone wore sports - related clothing to school. the principal and assistant principal dressed like football players, complete with helmets and pads! the top scoring classes got to do cheers, and all classes were praised for their behaviors. examples of especially good deeds and behaviors were announced for all to hear. this activity was extremely popular and allowed us to \u201c catch \u2018 em being good \u201d rather than give out reprimands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45840855595877505, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba4b4467-c7ab-4360-8856-858ed05e4149>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.462657"}
{"text": "most southern women did not publicly express a desire for equal rights with men until well after the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ), and suffrage, or the right to vote, came later to women in georgia than to women in most other states. the american equal rights association ( aera ), dedicated to human rights, black suffrage, and woman suffrage, was formed in 1866, the same year georgia passed legislation giving married women property rights. in 1869, when a woman suffrage amendment was introduced in the u. s. congress, the aera split into two factions. the american woman suffrage association ( awsa ) was a moderate group led by lucy stone and julia ward howe, and the national woman suffrage association ( nwsa ) was a more radical faction formed by elizabeth cady stanton and susan b. anthony. while the former campaigned to accomplish a state - by - state right to vote, the latter sought a constitutional amendment for the vote and worked for a variety of reforms. the passage in 1870 of the fifteenth amendment, stating that citizens could not be denied the vote because of race, color, or former status as a slave, granted black males the right to vote and to hold office. the belief that women also deserved this right not only increased membership in the pro - suffrage organizations but also led to tension over how best to achieve this in the south. organizing for suffrage the awsa and the nwsa reunited in 1890, into a group known as the national american woman suffrage association ( nawsa ). in columbus, georgia, helen augusta howard formed a branch of the organization she called the georgia woman suffrage association ( gwsa ). in 1892 the nawsa established the committee on southern work, and by 1893 the georgia chapter had members in five counties. in 1894 the equal suffrage league formed in atlanta as a chapter of the gwsa. further impetus for the suffrage movement in georgia came in 1895, when the nawsa held their annual meeting in atlanta, the first held outside of washington, d. c. the organization ' s headquarters was at the aragon hotel, and meetings were held at degive ' s opera house. susan b. anthony and ninety - three delegates from twenty - eight states, together with visitors and reporters, attended. african american women were excluded from these meetings, but anthony did speak on the campus of atlanta university, an all - black school. in the audience was alumna adela hunt logan, a georgian who taught at alabama ' s tuskegee institute. logan published several suffrage articles and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4406224308182318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:556ab7eb-d8d4-425f-badd-cb6d162ae57c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.473456"}
{"text": "meetings, but anthony did speak on the campus of atlanta university, an all - black school. in the audience was alumna adela hunt logan, a georgian who taught at alabama ' s tuskegee institute. logan published several suffrage articles and became the nawsa ' s first lifetime member. for african american women, support of nawsa efforts was seen as a further step toward reenfranchisement for black men, as well as enfranchisement for themselves. in 1896 several african american women ' s organizations formed the national association of colored women ( nacw ) in washington, d. c. in the next several years, many members, like lugenia burns hope, wife of john hope, the first president of atlanta ' s morehouse college, became suffrage advocates through their work in the nacw. the gwsa held its first convention in november 1899 in atlanta. speakers from georgia as well as from other southern states attended. under president mary latimer mclendon, the association passed several resolutions, including a statement that georgia women should not pay taxes if they did not have the vote and a request that the university of georgia be opened to women. at the november 1901 gwsa convention, atlantan katherine koch was chosen president. in 1902 atlanta women petitioned to vote in municipal elections but were rejected. national and state events the 1906 atlanta race riot further intensified the question of woman suffrage and how to achieve it in the south, where attitudes on gender and race became a defining issue. the year 1908 was a presidential election year, and suffragists asked both parties to include the issue in their platforms, but neither did. the prohibition party of georgia, however, did adopt woman suffrage as part of its platform. the georgia federation of labor had endorsed woman suffrage in 1900. they called for local unions to support it, and events outside the south encouraged them to do so. in 1907 harriet blatch, daughter of elizabeth cady stanton, formed the equality league of self - supporting women to reach out to working - class women. in 1909 the woman suffrage \u2013 connected strike of 20, 000 women garment workers and a boycott by the wealthy women who purchased clothing was coordinated by the women ' s trade union league in new york city. after california gave women the vote in 1911, there were six suffrage states. in 1913 the georgia woman equal suffrage league was formed, with many teachers and businesswomen as members. the league ' s president was an atlanta teacher and principal of ivy street", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43120662944704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:556ab7eb-d8d4-425f-badd-cb6d162ae57c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.474690"}
{"text": "after california gave women the vote in 1911, there were six suffrage states. in 1913 the georgia woman equal suffrage league was formed, with many teachers and businesswomen as members. the league ' s president was an atlanta teacher and principal of ivy street school, frances smith whiteside, and the sister of u. s. senator hoke smith. the georgia men ' s league for woman suffrage, formed by atlanta attorney leonard j. grossman, was a chapter of a national organization. with few members outside atlanta, its formation was mostly a symbolic one for the movement. the equal franchise league of muscogee county as well as a macon suffrage association were formed by the end of 1913. in 1914 women who wanted the gwsa to work more aggressively for suffrage formed the equal suffrage party of georgia, which by 1915 had member branches in thirteen georgia counties. in the first five years of the party ' s existence its presidents were from atlanta, augusta, and savannah. several georgia cities and counties had branches of both suffrage organizations working simultaneously for the same goal but with a different focus. anti - suffrage movement and pro - suffrage groups in the spring of 1914 a georgia chapter of the national association opposed to woman suffrage, founded in 1895, was formed in macon. three months later, it claimed to have 10 state branches and 2, 000 members, far more than the pro - suffrage organizations. the leadership included mildred lewis rutherford, head of the lucy cobb institute in athens and president of the united daughters of the confederacy. when the georgia legislature first conducted hearings on the subject in 1914, sisters mary latimer mclendon of atlanta and rebecca latimer felton of cartersville, leonard j. grossman, james l. anderson, and mrs. elliott cheatham of atlanta all addressed the house committee for suffrage. speaking for the opposition were rutherford and dolly blount lamar of macon. the vote was five to two against suffrage, and the resolution did not pass. hearings were conducted again the following year before committees of the senate and house, and both voted against it. in march 1914 pro - suffrage women held their first rally in atlanta, with urban reform leader jane addams as speaker. in 1915 a may day celebration was cause for atlanta suffragists to gather on the steps of the state capitol. the following november, a significant event in the movement occurred when pro - suffrage groups marched after atlanta ' s harvest festival celebration. patterned after parades held in new york and washington, d. c., the march included more than 200 students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3966504969013406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:556ab7eb-d8d4-425f-badd-cb6d162ae57c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.475685"}
{"text": "state capitol. the following november, a significant event in the movement occurred when pro - suffrage groups marched after atlanta ' s harvest festival celebration. patterned after parades held in new york and washington, d. c., the march included more than 200 students in caps and gowns, marchers wearing \" votes for women \" sashes and carrying banners, and decorated automobiles, all led by a brass band. mary mclendon led the vehicles in eastern victory, an automobile sold by anna howard shaw to pay \" unjust \" taxes. a pony cart filled with yellow chrysanthemums carried a large sign reading \" georgia catching up. \" on horseback, representing the herald leading women \" forward into light, \" was eleanore raoul, organizer of the fulton and dekalb equal suffrage party. all of georgia ' s suffrage groups, including the georgia young people ' s suffrage association, were represented. the following year the atlanta woman suffrage organizations were the first nonlabor group to be included in atlanta ' s labor day parade. in 1917 alice paul formed the national woman ' s party. because of the party ' s protest of democratic president woodrow wilson ' s lack of support for a federal suffrage amendment, their attempts to organize in the south as early as 1915 had failed. in 1917, feeling that the \" antis \" were gaining too much of the south, the national woman ' s party increased efforts to recruit in the south, and a georgia branch was formed. considered radical by other southern suffrage groups, the national woman ' s party was a relatively militant organization. although they did nothing unusual in georgia, they were the first group ever to picket the white house for a political cause. two 1917 events were significant to the suffrage movement : the united states entered world war i ( 1917 - 18 ), and new york women won the right to vote. although the nawsa endorsed the war effort, not all suffrage organizations were in agreement. the same year, georgia suffrage supporters again presented their resolution to the senate committee. endorsement was finally achieved by a vote of eight to four in favor, but the senate did not act on that support. elsewhere in georgia, the city of waycross allowed women, many of them property owners, to vote in municipal primary elections. in may 1919, women were allowed to vote in atlanta municipal primary elections, by a vote of twenty - four to one. passage of the amendment on june 4, 1919, with the support of only one southern senator, georgia ' s william j. harris, the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4085094031745511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:556ab7eb-d8d4-425f-badd-cb6d162ae57c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.476655"}
{"text": "to vote in atlanta municipal primary elections, by a vote of twenty - four to one. passage of the amendment on june 4, 1919, with the support of only one southern senator, georgia ' s william j. harris, the u. s. congress passed the woman suffrage amendment, and it was submitted to the states for ratification. in response, alabamians formed the southern women ' s league for the rejection of the susan b. anthony amendment ( southern rejection league ), and rutherford became one of its few out - of - state members. on july 24 georgia became the first state to reject the ratification of the amendment, and both houses adopted resolutions to that effect. by august 1920 thirty - five states had ratified the nineteenth amendment. one more state was needed for full ratification, and the state of tennessee ratified it on august 18. although many in tennessee and the south continued to challenge it, the amendment became effective on august 26. women finally had won the vote, but georgia ' s women still could not vote in that year ' s november elections. georgia, along with mississippi, cited a requirement that one must be registered six months before the election in order to vote. because the legislature refused to pass an \" enabling act \" to make voting immediately possible, georgia women did not vote until 1922. assured that women had won the vote, the league of women voters organized in february 1920 to carry on the work of the nawsa. in georgia all branches of the various suffrage societies and leagues merged into the league of women voters of georgia. through this organization and others, women sought to address the many issues important to them that had been raised, including employment, education, and health care. the nineteenth amendment remains a milestone from which women could begin to do this through political means. elna c. green, southern strategies : southern women and the woman suffrage question ( chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1997 ). elizabeth gillespie mcrae, \" caretakers of southern civilization : georgia women and the anti - suffrage campaign, 1914 - 1920, \" georgia historical quarterly 82 ( winter 1998 ) : 801 - 28. marjorie spruill wheeler, new women of the new south : the leaders of the woman suffrage movement in the southern states ( new york : oxford university press, 1993 ). marjorie spruill wheeler, votes for women! the woman suffrage movement in tennessee, the south, and the nation ( knoxville : university of tennessee press, 1995 ). e. lee eltzroth, georgia state university a project of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4235016929979883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:556ab7eb-d8d4-425f-badd-cb6d162ae57c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.477689"}
{"text": "living with hurricanes : katrina and beyond katrina exhibit opens in louisiana state museum five years after the most devastating hurricane ever to hit the united states and the massive destruction that followed, an exhibit has opened at the louisiana state museum documenting that destruction. \" living with hurricanes : katrina and beyond, \" a $ 7. 5 million, 6, 700 square - foot exhibit on the ground floor of the historic presbytere in the french quarter ' s jackson square tells the stories of real people caught in the hurricane ' s wrath. it documents their rescue, recovery, rebuilding and renewal of new orleans in a way certain to move both those who survived the storms of 2005 and those who watched the events unfold on tv. combining eyewitness accounts, historical context, immersive environments and in - depth scientific exploration, \" katrina and beyond \" enables visitors to understand the 2005 storms, katrina and rita, and their impact on louisiana, the gulf coast and the nation. it is a story of how a culture \u2013 the rich, varied world of new orleans and coastal louisiana \u2013 has learned to live with the fragility of its environment and how the storms of 2005 gave rise to a new vision for the region. when it hit southeastern louisiana and the mississippi gulf coast on the morning of august 29, 2005, the storm caused fearsome destruction. but the disaster wasn ' t entirely the result of natural causes. levees and floodwalls \u2013 the man - made barriers built to protect new orleans from the water surrounding it \u2013 failed. their collapse in a dozen or more locations, plus tidal surges from the the low - lying eastern edge of new orleans, flooded 80 percent of the city. by the time the waters receded and the survivors regrouped, katrina, and then hurricane rita, had claimed more than 1, 400 lives and caused billions of dollars worth of property destruction. designed by the boston - based firm experiencedesign that worked with the museum ' s historians, curators and exhibit designers, \" living with hurricanes \" stretches across four galleries, each telling one aspect of the story using artifacts and rich media \u2013 sound, video and computer graphics. gallery one illustrates louisiana ' s history with water, from the mississippi river ' s benefits to the threats of coastal storm surges and floods. visitors will move through the \" evacuation corridor, \" overhearing residents ' voices weighing their options as katrina approaches. a state of the art \" storm theater \" shows katrina ' s full fury with moving and dramatic footage of the hurricane ' s onslaught. gallery two takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4070258765816317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bccf4c4-b786-4cb4-be22-433373462d8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.481935"}
{"text": "through the \" evacuation corridor, \" overhearing residents ' voices weighing their options as katrina approaches. a state of the art \" storm theater \" shows katrina ' s full fury with moving and dramatic footage of the hurricane ' s onslaught. gallery two takes visitors past a leaking floodwall and into an attic and onto a roof of a house surrounded by rising floodwaters where they can view the inundated city surrounding them. they ' ll hear a firsthand account of a st. bernard parish family ' s rescue and view artifacts, histories and photographs. throughout the galleries are compelling artifacts, including music legend fats domino ' s baby grand piano found in his flooded ninth ward house, a coast guard rescue basket and seats from the heavily damaged louisiana superdome where thousands of people sought refuge and rescue. the objects serve as touchstones in recalling the days after the storm. the forensics of katrina unfold in gallery three where science and innovative displays come together. a large interactive table map shows the paths of katrina and rita and the sequence of floods that overwhelmed the region. visitors will discover how the levees failed through digital animation. additional displays illustrate the realities of eroding wetlands, disaster management, engineering and the science of predicting and tracking hurricanes and tropical weather patterns and phenomena. gallery four celebrates recovery and promotes preparedness and showcases the ingenuity of louisianans in rebuilding their lives and communities. the gallery will be updated regularly to reflect advancements in flood protection and coastal restoration and new strategies for living with hurricanes. in addition to the running videos throughout the exhibit there will be interviews with a number of key individuals who had a part in the rescue and recovery efforts, including national guard commander gen. russel honore whose troops helped restore order after a week of chaos. founded in 1906 with a mission to collect, preserve, interpret and present the state ' s rich history and diverse cultures, the louisiana state museum ' s collection now totals more than 450, 000 artifacts and works of art. these provide an authentic experience of louisiana to visitors from around the world while enhancing the quality of life for residents. the museum is part of the louisiana department of culture, recreation and tourism. the exhibit will be located at the presbytere on jackson square, at the corner of st. ann and chartres streets. hours are 10 a. m. to 4 : 30 p. m. tuesday through sunday. no closing date for the exhibit has been announced. admission fees are $ 6 for adults and $ 5 for senior citizens, students and active military. children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40574014214724474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bccf4c4-b786-4cb4-be22-433373462d8c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.484116"}
{"text": "hendra virus found in sa flying foxes - from : aap - january 18, 2013 hendra virus has been detected in flying foxes in adelaide for the first time. the virus was found in a tissue sample taken from flying foxes that died during extreme temperatures earlier this month. about 100 of the animals were found dead in the north adelaide parklands with heat stress the likely cause. south australia ' s chief veterinary officer rob rahaley said people should be alert but not alarmed by the discovery. he said while the virus could be transmitted to horses some simple precautions could be taken by horse owners to minimise the risk. \" while this is the first time hendra virus has been found in bats in sa, it was expected, as our flying fox population most likely originated from victoria and new south wales, where evidence of hendra virus infection in flying foxes was demonstrated some time ago, \" dr rahaley said. \" it has always been assumed local flying foxes would have a similar status to animals in those states. \" however we believe local factors such as vegetation and climate mean the risk to south australian horses is much lower than it is in queensland and northern nsw. \" dr rahaley said the hendra virus had never been detected in a horse in sa, victoria or southern nsw. \" but the discovery serves as a reminder to all south australian horse owners to take steps to minimise the potential for contact between flying foxes and horses. \" owners should prevent their horses being near fruiting and flowering trees that flying foxes may frequent and cover feed bins and troughs. \" hendra virus is also a rare but serious and sometimes fatal disease in people. but all known cases have been acquired from contact with infected horses and there have been no reports of people being infected directly from flying foxes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.397134598633944, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d89cca0-f090-44c5-89a8-431cdb886664>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.486215"}
{"text": "zoologger is our weekly column highlighting extraordinary animals \u2013 and occasionally other organisms \u2013 from around the world step from a sunlit hillside into the darkness of a cave, and you immediately have a problem : you can ' t see. it ' s best to stand still for a few minutes until your eyes adjust to the dimness, otherwise you might blunder into a hibernating bear that doesn ' t appreciate your presence. the same thing will happen when you leave again : the brightness of the sun will dazzle you at first. that ' s because your eyes have two types of receptor : one set works in bright light and the other in dim light. barring a few minutes around sunset, only one set of receptors is ever working at any given time. peters ' elephantnose fish has no such limitations. its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time. that could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home. peters ' elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish, all of which live in africa. they get their name from the trunk - like protrusions on the front of their heads. but whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses, the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths. to find a peters ' elephantnose fish, you must lurk in muddy, slow - moving water. look closely, because the fish is brown and so is the background. it finds its way through the murk using its trunk, which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects. the fish ' s electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness. the fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity. processing the signals takes brainpower, so it has an exceptionally large brain. as a result, 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain. even humans, with our whopping brains, only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them. now for its eyes. most vertebrates, including humans, have two types of light receptors on their retinas : rods and cones. rods can sense dim light, but become bleached in bright light and stop working. cones can ' t see in dim light, but given enough light they can see fine details and colours. most animals ' eyes are specialised for one or the other. animals that are active during the day tend to have more cones than nocturnal animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5112723302446056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af338612-8df7-49f3-953a-3be7407dfe41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.490973"}
{"text": "working. cones can ' t see in dim light, but given enough light they can see fine details and colours. most animals ' eyes are specialised for one or the other. animals that are active during the day tend to have more cones than nocturnal animals such as foxes. in the human eye, the cones are clustered in a central region called the fovea, where the light is sharply focused, and the rods are outside it. as a result, we have excellent daytime vision and rather poor night vision. the retina of the peters ' elephantnose fish looks completely different. it is covered with cup - shaped depressions. around 30 cones sit inside each cup, and a few hundred rods are buried underneath. because of the peculiar design of the fish ' s retina, it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago, says andreas reichenbach of the paul flechsig institute for brain research in leipzig, germany. reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for. each cup has a layer of massive cells that are full of guanine crystals. these form a mirrored surface that amplifies the light intensity within the cups, ensuring that the cones have enough light to work with. at the same time, because the cups are eating up so much of the light, only a small amount reaches the cones. as a result, both sets of receptors are supplied with the right amount of light. yet when reichenbach tested the fishes ' vision, they didn ' t seem to do very well. for instance, they could only see objects that covered a big swathe of their visual field. if humans had vision that bad, we would miss any object whose width was less than one sixth of a full moon. however, the peters ' elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background \u2013 essential for fish that live in dirty water. presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background, they took as long to spot it as goldfish. but when a grey noise pattern \u2013 like an untuned tv \u2013 was superimposed, the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish. the fish ' s ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish. so reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn ' t a mistake. \" it ' s the right type for this fish, \" he says. journal reference : science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1218072 if you would like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4861741913124435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af338612-8df7-49f3-953a-3be7407dfe41>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.492102"}
{"text": "##enbach thinks its oddball visual system isn ' t a mistake. \" it ' s the right type for this fish, \" he says. journal reference : science, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1218072 if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article thu jun 28 22 : 15 : 54 bst 2012 by freederick if i understand correctly, each cup - shaped depression serves as a single aggregate receptor, combining the output of all the individual light - sensitive cells comprising it. in effect, the fish is trading resolution for sensitivity. this is the same sort of effect as used to be employed in high - iso photographic film, where the larger, flattened grains of photosensitive chemicals resulted in high sensitivity, at the cost of a coarse - grained image. the fish employs an even more effective method, effectively combining many smaller \" grains \" into one huge hypersensitive receptor. all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the \" report \" link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5609624215413769, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af338612-8df7-49f3-953a-3be7407dfe41>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.492715"}
{"text": "implant chip will improve care a local doctor has developed a chip that can be implanted in artificial knees, hips or other prosthetics that will relay medical information about the patient. dr. lee berger, an orthopedic surgeon, developed the technology after frequent experiences with patients who did not remember the information needed to get proper follow - up care. \" ortho - tag \" is a wireless chip imbedded in the prosthetic that contains information about a patient, implant, and procedure. a handheld receiver allows physicians to access information about their patient. \" a patient could just have all information necessary for care available in their implant, \" said berger, who has been affiliated with st. joseph ' s regional medical center for 25 years and the valley hospital for 15 in addition to having his own private practice in fair lawn. the ortho - tag still has to be approved by the fda. \" we hope to have it out between six months to a year \" said berger. berger described the possibilities available with this technology, including accelerometers which measure movement of the implant for use during physical therapy. no longer will doctors have to deal with inaccurate results. \" instead of being subjective, we can be objective, \" berger said. the tags will also contain information that the patient wants included. each tag holds \" as much as a book \" according to berger. the handheld probe was invented by berger and designed in the laboratory of marlin mickle, professor and director of the university of pittsburgh rfid center of excellence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4648250062929158, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17c1dff3-2695-4dd4-8ca9-4251d547ff85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.495398"}
{"text": "keynote address : research agenda and policy perspectives on agriculture for development the keynote address of the conference, by justin lin, the chief economist at the world bank, focuses on future research priorities and the process of implementing the policy objectives of the 2008 world development report, \" agriculture for development. \" justin lin is the chief economist of the world bank. this lesson plan should be used for grades 5 - 7 to help practice, learn, and implement the scientific method, using a self - directed study. try dutch! : dutch language taster interested in dutch? curious how dutch sounds? wondering how difficult or easy it is? perhaps you are thinking of studying dutch? then here is your opportunity to have a go at the language yourself and experience what it is like to learn dutch from scratch. you can work through the pack all by yourself. no knowledge of dutch is required. ucl grant museum of zoology eutherians image collection this is a set of images taken from a teaching resource created at university college london, in collaboration with their museum of zoology. they are primarily along the themes of phylogeny ( evolutionary history ) and functional anatomy. the images are hosted in the uk centre for bioscience ' s imagebank. from ideas to intellectual property ( materials ) this zipped file contains all of the materials that made up the \" how to extract value from intellectual property pt 1 \". inside the file is a narrative, the full powerpoint slide and cc licence information for all the clip art and materials that have been used. there are audio files that also can be used under the creative commons. the relevant attribution and sources for the materials can be found in the. ppt of the lecture. nuclear and particle physics a third year course in nuclear and particle physics. could do with a few lhc updates. contains lecture notes, examples,... as well as the files used to create these resources. also has some movies of nuclear collective motion. discusses : 1 introduction 2 a history of particle physics 3 experimental tools 4 nuclear masses 5 nuclear models 6 some basic concepts of theoretical particle physics 7 the fundamental forces 8 symmetries and particle physics 9 symmetries of the theory of strong humbox : keywords / tags matches \" oerprs \" humbox : keywords / tags matches \" oerprs \" feed 1 introduction to microeconomics this is a module framework. it can be viewed online or downloaded as a zip file. as taught semester 1 2009 / 2010. there are no pre - requisites to taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5894672412231399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf03611a-6112-405f-b726-f306a2d9b68c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.503430"}
{"text": "matches \" oerprs \" feed 1 introduction to microeconomics this is a module framework. it can be viewed online or downloaded as a zip file. as taught semester 1 2009 / 2010. there are no pre - requisites to taking this module and in particular there is no assumption of any prior knowledge of economics. for those who have taken a - level economics or any other version of economics some of the module content will appear familiar to you. however, the methods of analysis and the approach to teaching will quite probably be very different to anything experienced be hathitrust digital library homeopathy the meanings of timbuktu lolita with imraan coovadia the wager lost by winning : on the ' triumph ' of the just war tradition duke on demand highlights for the week of november 7, 2010 ck - 12 biology ( ca textbook ) private universe project in mathematics : workshop 5. building on useful ideas ' til the last drop : johns hopkins addresses the global water challenge education 320 : teaching pe & health, elementary education - group presentations cont. learn about us president theodore roosevelt 1858 - 1919 this volume authored by leading international scholars begin s to sketch the meaning of timbuktu within the context of the intellectual history of west africa in particular and of the african continent in general the book covers four broad areas part i provides an introduction to the region outlines what archaeology can tell us of its history examines the paper and various calligraphic styles used in the manuscripts and explains how ancient institutions of scholarship functioned part ii begins t acclaimed novelist imraan coovadia spoke at uct gordon institute for performing and creative arts gipca great texts big questions public lecture on thursday 1 april he discussed how to read lolita. written by vladimir nabokov lolita was first published in paris in 1955 it is one of the best known and most controversial books of 20th century literature coovadia says i will be talking about the lolita problem how do we respond to a book which is a first person narrative by a man who is trying to s lecture delivered on the 19th of october 2010, part of the elac / ccw seminar series on war and armed conflict. delivered by professor nicholas rengger ( st andrews ). introduced by jennifer welsh this week in duke on demand, during a session in duke ' s baldwin auditorium, duke alumnus yizheng he gets a \" master class \" lesson from concert pianist and visiting artist awadagin pratt. professor misha angrist discusses the science behind - - and experience of - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5457495634446912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf03611a-6112-405f-b726-f306a2d9b68c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.504481"}
{"text": "during a session in duke ' s baldwin auditorium, duke alumnus yizheng he gets a \" master class \" lesson from concert pianist and visiting artist awadagin pratt. professor misha angrist discusses the science behind - - and experience of - - having his entire genome sequenced. a conversation at duke ' s john hope franklin center on the local food movement in durham. and, an \" office hours \" webcast conversation on prison and african - american literature. as a teacher, have you ever felt that your textbook was not thorough or up - to - date? do you have to use other resources, such as on - line resources, to teach your lessons? as a student, do you believe you can get current information from sources such as the internet rather than your textbook? the answer to these questions is usually a resounding yes. so what do school districts do? they spend millions of dollars every year to buy \u201c current, \u201d \u201c up - to - date \u201d textbooks. ck12 believes we can do one of the strands of the rutgers long - term study was to find out how useful ideas spread through a community of learners and evolve over time. here, the focus is on the teachers role in fostering thoughtful mathematics., englewoodfourth grade : towers fourth - grade teacher blanche young attempts the towers activity for the first time with her students. she feels that their work is valuable, but questions how much time these open - ended activities are taking away from the standard curriculum. johns hopkins university scientists and policy makers evaluate key factors contributing to the global water issue. class session 7, recorded november 5, 2010. note : class session 6 was not recorded. president theodore roosevelt biography. this is a very short video that gives some data about his assuming of the presidency. the meanings of timbuktu lolita with imraan coovadia the wager lost by winning : on the ' triumph ' of the just war tradition duke on demand highlights for the week of november 7, 2010 ck - 12 biology ( ca textbook ) private universe project in mathematics : workshop 5. building on useful ideas ' til the last drop : johns hopkins addresses the global water challenge education 320 : teaching pe & health, elementary education - group presentations cont. learn about us president theodore roosevelt 1858 - 1919", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5178211900613977, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf03611a-6112-405f-b726-f306a2d9b68c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.505442"}
{"text": "a combine harvests rice near tucker, ark., as consumer groups pressure the fda to set federal standards on arsenic in rice. a combine harvests rice near tucker, ark., as consumer groups pressure the fda to set federal standards on arsenic in rice. danny johnston / ap scientists have known for a long time that rice \u2014 often babies ' first food and the staple of much of the world ' s diet \u2014 is good at absorbing inorganic arsenic from soil during the growing process. two separate analyses, one by consumer reports and one by the food and drug administration, have raised concerns that we might be getting too much of this known human carcinogen in our diets. based on its findings, consumer reports is calling on the fda to set federal standards of arsenic in rice. and the agency is weighing its options. one of the issues is that there are no federal standards for arsenic in food, although the federal government does impose a 10 parts per billion ( ppb ) limit for arsenic in drinking water. consumer reports found varying levels of arsenic in more than 200 samples of rice products, from cold cereals like rice krispies, where researchers found 85 to 90 ppb, to crackers, to rice - based beverages and infant rice cereals, where traces of arsenic were in the 150 - 250 ppb range. \" there ' s no question that one serving of a lot of the rice products that we looked at would give you 50 percent to 90 percent of what you would get from drinking a liter of water at the 10 ppb drinking water limit, \" explains urvashi rangan, director of consumer safety and sustainability at consumer reports. so what ' s a concerned consumer to do? based on the available data, the fda says consumers don ' t need to change their consumption of rice and rice products right now. \" we believe it would be premature for the fda to recommend modifying diets because of arsenic levels until a more thorough analysis is completed, \" fda spokesperson carla daniels told us in an email. the usa rice federation, which represents growers, says it supports the federal government ' s effort to look at this issue. but, according to stacy fitzgerald - redd, senior communications director, there is not enough scientific information to form the basis for a standard. \" at this point, we need to gather more scientific evidence in order to determine what the standard should be, \" she says. the rice federation points out that there is no documented evidence of health problems from exposure to arsenic in u. s. - grown rice. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45880068954666203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29743c6d-12d6-434f-a769-cc8f65c8cb93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.509935"}
{"text": ", we need to gather more scientific evidence in order to determine what the standard should be, \" she says. the rice federation points out that there is no documented evidence of health problems from exposure to arsenic in u. s. - grown rice. but this does not negate concerns about long - term exposure to inorganic arsenic. studies in other countries, including chile and argentina, found links between high levels of arsenic in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer. researchers at dartmouth children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center have begun looking into possible health effects. as my colleague nancy shute reported earlier this year, dartmouth researchers found particularly high amounts of arsenic in brown rice syrup \u2014 a sugar substitute used in foods aimed at young children and vegans. so, as the fda suggests, don ' t stop eating rice or rice - based products. it may be wise to mix up your diet, though, and if you ' re concerned, you can change the way you cook rice. consumer reports says you may be able to cut exposure to inorganic arsenic by using lots of water when you cook it. it recommends six parts water to one part rice, and draining the excess water off. the environmental working group suggests trying different grains and introducing babies to foods like sweet potatoes and squash instead of rice cereals. some governments are going even further. in the united kingdom, the parents of toddlers and preschool children are advised to limit rice milk due to the levels of arsenic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4524228291676836, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29743c6d-12d6-434f-a769-cc8f65c8cb93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.510522"}
{"text": "survey of historic sites and buildings situated in the ruggedly beautiful nez perce country, which encompasses 12, 000 square miles of northern idaho, this new and unique park allows today ' s traveler to see the land almost as lewis and clark described it well over a century and a half ago. scene of many colorful and significant events in the history of the rocky mountain frontier, the park interprets the prehistory, history, and culture of the nez perce indians, including their religion ; missionary efforts among them ; the lewis and clark expedition ; the invasion of fur traders, miners, and settlers ; and the nez perce war ( 1877 ). meriwether lewis and william clark, on their westward journey in 1805, were the first white men to contact the hospitable nez perces. in 1811 they also aided a small group of astorians, a section of the overland party, who passed through the area on their way to found a fur post near the mouth of the columbia river. the next year, personnel from fort astoria established trade relations with the nez perces, and other american and british traders soon visited them. in 1836 the reverend and mrs. henry h. ( eliza ) spalding, the first u. s. missionaries to the nez perces, arrived. on lapwai creek they founded a sister mission to the whitman ( waiilatpu ) mission. the latter had been established the same year among the cayuse indians, about 110 miles farther west, in present washington, by their fellow american board missionaries marcus and narcissa whitman. two years later the spaldings moved their mission about 2 miles down the creek to its juncture with the clearwater river. the spaldings made only limited progress in converting their charges to christianity and persuading them to abandon nomadic hunting in favor of sedentary farming. jeopardizing their efforts was spaldings defensively critical attitude toward the other missionaries, especially the whitmans. the personalities of the two men clashed, and spalding ' s philosophy of missionary work resulted in arguments with his fellow workers. spalding nevertheless built the first white home, church, school, flour mill, sawmill, blacksmith shop, and loom in idaho. in 1839 the mission received the first printing press in the pacific northwest, donated by american board missionaries in honolulu. this press, today in the museum of the oregon historical society, printed the first books in the nez perce language, as well as one in the spoka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40402828684463576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307056fa-dc6d-476a-9d07-3cba985824fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.521967"}
{"text": "the first printing press in the pacific northwest, donated by american board missionaries in honolulu. this press, today in the museum of the oregon historical society, printed the first books in the nez perce language, as well as one in the spokan tongue. for this purpose, the missionaries devised phonetic renderings of the languages. at the time of the massacre at the whitman mission, in november 1847, spalding closed his mission and he and his wife moved to the willamette valley. in later years they returned to the nez perce country, where he taught school and preached until he died in 1874. despite the cayuse animosity, relations between the americans and the nez perces remained good until the 1860 ' s, when miners and settlers poured into their ancestral homeland of north - central idaho, northeastern oregon, and southeastern washington. in 1863 most of them reluctantly agreed to a major reduction in their reservation, to north - central idaho. but for years several bands, known as the nontreaty nez perces, lived outside the reservation and resisted army and indian bureau attempts to confine them with their acquiescent brethren. in 1876 a committee appointed by the secretary of the interior met with representatives of the two factions at the lapwai agency, idaho, and later recommended to the government the use of force if necessary to move the recalcitrants onto the reservation. finally, under duress, in 1877 they began to migrate there. en route in june a few revengeful warriors murdered some settlers along the salmon river south of the reservation. brig. gen. oliver o. howard, in charge of the relocation, sent two companies of cavalry under capt. david perry, from fort lapwai, idaho, to restore order. the warriors who had committed the murders belonged to a group camped on camas prairie, who subsequently moved to white bird canyon. as the troops rode down the canyon on june 17 toward the camp, about 60 or 70 of the indians took cover at a point between the camp and the approaching soldiers, and the battle of white bird canyon broke out. assaulted vigorously on the flanks, perry ' s men retreated in disorder up the canyon. thirty - four of them died, but not a single one of their opponents. the victory here proved to be the indians ' undoing, for it emboldened them to follow a course of defiance that eventually resulted in the destruction of their power. a series of skirmishes ensued between troopers and various nez perce bands that culminated in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4090141207635614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307056fa-dc6d-476a-9d07-3cba985824fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.523205"}
{"text": "here proved to be the indians ' undoing, for it emboldened them to follow a course of defiance that eventually resulted in the destruction of their power. a series of skirmishes ensued between troopers and various nez perce bands that culminated in the battle of the clearwater, on july 11 - 12. that battle was indecisive, but it marked the beginning of an epic fighting retreat by the indians in an effort to find a haven in montana or, as they knew sitting bull had done, in canada. the episode is one of the more dramatic in the long struggle of the u. s. government to force the indians off lands coveted by white settlers and confine them to ever - diminishing reservations. the leaders of the march were chief joseph, later the statesman - diplomat of his people ; frog ( ollokot ), his brother ; chief white bird ; chief looking glass ; chief sound ( toohoolhoolzote ) ; and chief rainbow. they guided 700 people with their possessions, transported by thousands of horses, across the bitterroot mountains over the lolo trail, the route of their past annual treks to the buffalo range in montana. in 2 - 1 / 2 months they were to travel 1, 700 miles, trying to avoid conflict whenever possible, either dodging or fending off the 2, 000 troops trying to catch them. although impeded by many women and children, they evaded general howard ' s pursuing party of cavalry and hopelessly outdistanced his slow - moving infantry and artillery. once across the trail, the indians headed southward and then slightly eastward. losing men and resources at the battle of the big hole, mont., they passed through yellowstone national park and turned northward but met disaster at the battle of bear paw mountains, mont., in the fall of 1877. during the campaign about 120 indians had died and 88 had been wounded. they killed about 180 whites and wounded 150. confined at fort leavenworth, kans., between november 1877 and july 1878 and enduring much suffering because of the abysmal conditions, the nez perces were then exiled to a reservation in indian territory and not allowed to return to the pacific northwest until 1885. nez perce national historical park, authorized by congress in 1965 and in the initial phase of development when this volume went to press, represents a new concept in a national park. it is a joint venture of the national park service, other governmental agencies, the state of idaho, the nez perce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43883870524625423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307056fa-dc6d-476a-9d07-3cba985824fe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.524247"}
{"text": "in 1965 and in the initial phase of development when this volume went to press, represents a new concept in a national park. it is a joint venture of the national park service, other governmental agencies, the state of idaho, the nez perce tribal executive committee, private organizations, and individuals. of the 24 sites involved, 20 will remain in the hands of their present owners or under a protective scenic easement. folders available to visitors at national park service units give exact locations of all sites and routing information. the national park service administers four major sites : spalding, east kamiah, white bird battlefield, and canoe camp. at spalding are a nez perce campsite of archeological significance ; the remains of the spalding ( lapwai ) mission ( 1838 - 47 ), consisting of traces of the millrace and ruins of two chimneys ; site of the original lapwai indian agency ( 1855 - 84 ) for the nez perces ; a nez perce cemetery, where a large tombstone marks the graves of henry and eliza spalding ; and watson ' s store, a typical general store of the 1910 - 15 period that served the nez perces until only a few years ago. extensive archeological excavation is planned at spalding. in 1992 an additional 14 sites were added in the adjoining states of oregon, washington, and montana. the 38 sites of nez perce national historical park have been designated to commemorate the stories and history of the nimiipuu ( nez perce ) and their interaction with explorers, fur traders, missionaries, soldiers, settlers, gold miners, and farmers who moved through or into the area. a prominent feature at east kamiah is the \" heart of the monster, \" a rocky hump protruding from the level valley to a height of 50 to 60 feet that figures strongly in nez perce mythology. also situated at east kamiah is the mcbeth house, a small framehouse that was the residence of missionaries susan and kate mcbeth in the 1870 ' s. white bird battlefield was the site of the first battle of the nez perce war, on june 17, 1877. canoe camp, a 3 - acre roadside park along the bank of the clearwater river, was the location of a lewis and clark campsite in 1805. many of the 20 sites ( expanded to 38 sites in 1992 ) among the non - park service group are related to the phases of history treated in this volume. fort lapwai, the army ' s major post in ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4443242955391759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307056fa-dc6d-476a-9d07-3cba985824fe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.525283"}
{"text": "clark campsite in 1805. many of the 20 sites ( expanded to 38 sites in 1992 ) among the non - park service group are related to the phases of history treated in this volume. fort lapwai, the army ' s major post in nez perce country, was founded by volunteers in 1862 about 3 miles south of the clearwater river in the lapwai valley. the post prevented clashes between indians and whites on the nez perce reservation, and played a prominent role in the nez perce war. made a subpost of fort walla walla. wash., in 1884, fort lapwai was abandoned the following year and became the headquarters of the nez perce indian agency. in recent years this agency was replaced by the northern idaho indian agency, which serves all the northern idaho tribes. the parade ground may still be seen, as well as a frame officers ' quarters on its southwestern corner, now used by the indian agency staff, and the stables. two natural formations east of lewiston, coyote ' s fishnet and ant and yellow jacket, are associated with nez perce legend and mythology. weippe prairie, a national historic landmark because of its relationship with the lewis and clark expedition, was a favorite place for the nez perces to gather camas roots, an important part of their food supply. at this place lewis and clark, descending the bitterroots in 1805, first encountered the tribe. at the site of the city of pierce, a prospecting party headed by e. d. pierce made the first significant gold discovery in idaho in 1860. the ensuing gold rush brought thousands of miners and settlers onto nez perce lands and within 3 years resulted in the creation of idaho territory. two engagements of the nez perce war are commemorated at other cooperative park units ; the site of the cottonwood skirmishes and clearwater battlefield. on the steep bluffs overlooking the clearwater river are remains of stone breastworks used by indians and soldiers during the battle of the clearwater. also associated with the nez perce war and nez perce culture is camas prairie, a plateau - valley in the heart of the nez perce country, indicated by a highway marker. once a sea of blue - flowered camas and grass, it was the place where the warriors who murdered the settlers on the salmon river were camped with their group before it moved to white bird canyon. the lolo trail, idaho - montana, a national historic landmark described separately in this volume, was the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40113762852263446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307056fa-dc6d-476a-9d07-3cba985824fe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.526385"}
{"text": "historic hudson river cleanup to begin after years of delay, but will ge finish the job? under the epa ' s unusual agreement with general electric, the company could escape full responsibility for cleaning up the toxic mess it made in the hudson river. after 30 years of struggle, it seemed that the concerns of local people had finally triumphed over corporate interests in one of the signature battles of the modern environmental movement - - the fight to remove toxic pcbs from new york ' s hudson river. in 2002 a landmark epa decision spurred general electric, the company that had dumped as many as 1. 3 million pounds of cancer - causing pcbs into the hudson, to create a plan to remove its toxic mess from the river. this historic victory is now tinged with uncertainty, as the epa and ge have reached a settlement that allows the company to back out after removing only 10 percent of the contaminated sediment targeted for removal, leaving the remainder of the cleanup in doubt. pcbs are still leaching into the hudson from ge ' s hudson falls plant. polychlorinated biphenyls, the cancer - causing chemicals commonly known as pcbs, were used in a number of industrial processes until the federal government banned them in 1977. pcbs have been linked to reproductive problems and developmental disorders as well as cancer. humans are exposed to pcbs primarily through eating contaminated fish. once consumed, pcbs remain in the body, accumulating in fatty tissues. from 1947 to 1977, ge dumped as many as 1. 3 million pounds of pcbs into the hudson, turning a 197 - mile stretch of the river into the nation ' s largest superfund site. even today, pcbs still leak into the river from ge ' s hudson falls plant. under superfund law, polluters are responsible for cleaning up the messes they make. yet for years, ge fought the development of a cleanup plan with every tool it could buy, lobbying congress, attacking the superfund law in court, and launching a media blitz to spread disinformation about the usefulness of the cleanup, claiming that dredging the river would actually stir up pcbs. but advocates for the hudson river stood firm, exposing the scientific holes in ge ' s claims ; the public relations campaign failed to sway residents of the valley, and ge ' s lobbying efforts failed to move the epa. the 2002 decision, which spurred ge to design a plan to remove 800 olympic swimming pools worth of toxic muck from the river, was a landmark victory for the environment, and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42774982294966585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86cdce28-4a65-499f-af2c-9ad88f376937>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.530868"}
{"text": "valley, and ge ' s lobbying efforts failed to move the epa. the 2002 decision, which spurred ge to design a plan to remove 800 olympic swimming pools worth of toxic muck from the river, was a landmark victory for the environment, and a blow to corporate polluters hoping to evade their cleanup responsibilities. ge, however, has been dragging its feet on carrying out the cleanup. dredging was slated to begin in 2005, but ge has repeatedly requested delays, pushing the start back to 2009. and in october of 2005, the epa changed tack, rewarding ge ' s foot - dragging by striking a backroom deal that allowed ge to commit only to completing the first phase of cleanup - - a mere 10 percent of the job. environmental advocates and government scientists expressed concerns that the agreement would not even ensure adequate performance of that initial phase of the cleanup. under the freedom of information act, nrdc obtained records spelling out the detailed bases for these scientists ' concerns, and filed suit against the epa and the department of justice to compel them to release additional records they had refused to provide. despite the controversy, top federal officials pressed ahead with the agreement and, at their request, a federal court formally signed off on the epa - ge settlement in late 2006. although ge has now begun some of the preparatory work for the cleanup, it continues to challenge the epa over important details, and to press a federal lawsuit challenging the epa ' s authority to require ge in the future to complete the second phase of the cleanup. if ge ultimately backs out of phase 2, taxpayers would have to foot the bill to clean up ge ' s mess, face protracted legal battles with ge to require the company to complete the job ( delaying any eventual cleanup by many years ), or else be forced to live with a polluted river indefinitely. much of the upper hudson is already closed to fishing, and south of troy, new york, women of childbearing age and children are advised not to eat fish at all. and the pollution is spreading, continually moving downriver from albany. nrdc and its coalition partners continue to track the situation, and remain prepared to take all available steps to ensure that ge conducts a full and thorough cleanup of the river it polluted. last revised 3 / 23 / 2007 sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter water on switchboard nrdc experts write about water efficiency, green infrastructure and climate on the nrdc blog. recent water posts - new draft fracking rules give industry a free pass - posted by frances beinecke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4395357788464913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86cdce28-4a65-499f-af2c-9ad88f376937>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.531825"}
{"text": "| national weather service | contents : about, graph, status maps, history button, credits to use this website, click on the appropriate region. this will update the list of stations and show a \" status map \" for that region. click on your desired station, either on the map or in the list of stations. this will bring up a graph of the total water level, as well as a text file that contains the numbers used in the graph. the graph combines several sources of data to produce a total water level prediction. to do so, it graphs the observed water levels in comparison to the predicted tide and predicted surge before the current time. this allows it to compute the \" anomaly \". the \" anomaly \" is the amount of water that was not predicted by either the tide or the storm surge model. this \" anomaly \" is averaged over 5 days, and is then added to the future predictions of the tide and storm surge to predict the total water level. example : the first thing one notices is that there are two magenta vertical lines. the earlier one is when the storm surge model was run. it is run at 0z and 12z every day and the text form is available at : http : / / www. nws. noaa. gov / mdl / marine / etsurge. htm. the later magenta line is when the graph was generated. it is currently being generated 15 minutes after the top of every hour. ( this is also the date that follows the label. ) the next thing one notices are the horizontal lines labeled mllw, msl, mhhw, and mat. these stand for the mean lower low water, mean sea level, mean higher high water, and maximum astronomical tide. mat was computed using our tide model, by computing the maximum of the predicted value for every hour ( on the hour ) for 19 years. the thought is that there is probably flooding if the total water level crosses mat. the other datums came from http : / / www. co - ops. nos. noaa. gov / data _ res. html. one might next notice the red observation line. this is based on data attained from tides online. please see their disclaimer for information as to the quality of these observations. if there is no red line, then either tides online does not have data for that station, or there has been a communications break down. in this case, the graph computes an anomaly based on what data it has, or sets it to 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49752253134063407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ef9c003-396e-4752-b9a6-dcc3dae7c434>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.538161"}
{"text": "there is no red line, then either tides online does not have data for that station, or there has been a communications break down. in this case, the graph computes an anomaly based on what data it has, or sets it to 0. then it predicts the total water level for all hours, or after the last of any observations it does have. the next thing of interest is the blue tide line. this is the astronomical tide at every hour. the harmonic constants used were obtained from http : / / www. co - ops. nos. noaa. gov / data _ res. html. we then note the gold storm surge curve, which is created by \" pasting \" one 48 hour prediction to the next 48 hour prediction. that is, using 12 hours from each prediction until the last prediction where we use 48 hours. the result is that we may generate kinks in the curve every 12 hours, where the model adjusted its prediction based on new data from the gfs wind model. next we note the green curve, which is the \" anomaly \" referred to above. this is simply the observation - ( tide + storm surge ). preferably it is constant. the amount of deviation from a constant is an approximation of our error. since we add the 5 day average of this value to our prediction, the perfect forecast does not have to have a zero anomaly. finally we see the black forecast curve. this is what we are really interested in, which is the total water level created by adding the 5 day average anomaly to the predicted tide, and the predicted storm surge. the history button allows one to see how the model has done over the last day or so. it displays 3 graphs. the first one is the current graph based on the current model run, and the current observations. the second graph is the last graph generated using the last model run. the third graph is the last graph generated using the next to last model run. this gives a view of the model over the last 24 to 36 hours depending on when the current time is. to print this page out ( netscape instructions ) it is recommended that you right click on the history frame and choose \" open frame in new window \". then choose page setup, and set the top and bottom margins to 0. then choose print, and preferably send it to a color printer, ( although a black and white does work ). the result should be 3 graphs on the same page. we would like to thank the following people / organizations :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071194728346676, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ef9c003-396e-4752-b9a6-dcc3dae7c434>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.539105"}
{"text": "historical events were always very important in tintin \u2019 s stories. during his first adventure, tintin in the land of the soviets ( 1929 ), tintin travels to russia. after the october revolution in 1917 and a five - year civil war, stalin had succeeded lenin in 1924. he accelerated industrialization and his political police terrified the population. moreover, the country was ravaged by famine. at that time, westerners were frightened of \u201c bolsheviks \u201d and herge worked for a right - wing catholic anticommunist newspaper, le xxe siecle. tintin in the land of the soviets only reflected people \u2019 s mentality of that time. herge denounced fake factories that misled western journalists, arbitrary arrests, false elections, 1 torture in prison, abandoned children, and so on. five years later, in 1934, tintin went to china which was the victim of japanese imperialism. since 1931, japanese troops had occupied parts of the chinese mainland. herge based his story upon the events of the time. for example, in the blue lotus, he found his inspiration in the blowing - up of the south manchurian railway, which brought about the japanese invasion of china and ultimately japan \u2019 s resignation from the league of nations in 1933. herge reproduced all these events in the blue lotus. he had been made aware of china \u2019 s situation by chang and he opposed japan, which was in opposition to the pro - japanese western position. it was the first time he has taken so much interest in international events. less partisan, the presentation of palestine is different in the three versions of tintin in the land of black gold. herge never finished the first which takes place entirely in palestine, because the second world war broke out. in the second version, published in 1949, he referred to the struggle of jewish organizations against the british occupier. but in 1969, british editors put pressure on herge and he removed these allusions. this last version thereby lost its historical aspect. thanks to his narrative techniques, herge referred to events that are normally not treated in comic strips. his method was complex, nevertheless one of his favorite tools was the imaginary country. tintin travels twice to the first imaginary country created by herge, san theodoros. here, in the broken ear, the political context was inspired by the gran chaco war, a bloody conflict - resulting in 100, 000 deaths - between bolivia and paraguay, which began in 1932, 2 then in tintin and the picaros, herge illustrated the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45489417708802227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e91899b-903f-4eee-9e39-0e6efc0fe4f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.545584"}
{"text": "ear, the political context was inspired by the gran chaco war, a bloody conflict - resulting in 100, 000 deaths - between bolivia and paraguay, which began in 1932, 2 then in tintin and the picaros, herge illustrated the economic and political situation in south america. syldavia and borduria are the most successful of herge \u2019 s imaginary countries. these \u201c east european metaphors \u201d recall two critical periods of the twentieth century. 3 the two countries first appeared in king ottokar \u2019 s sceptre, in 1938. since 1933, germany had threatened austria, and on march 11, 1938, german troops had invaded the little country. these events were recent when the serialization of king ottokar \u2019 s sceptre began. in fact, syldavia is the synthesis of three real countries. first, the conspiracy and the \u201c fifth column \u201d infiltrated into syldavia represent the conspiracy against austria. second, its old conflict with borduria, its architecture and its language have polish characteristics. and third, geography and history resemble these of romania. likewise, borduria is similar to germany. for example, they both invaded their neighbour, syldavia and poland on several occasions. moreover, the name of the pro - bordurian party \u2019 s leader, \u201c musstler \u201d, seems to be a synthesis of mussolini and hitler. 4 uniforms that look like ss uniforms, and planes that are very similar to messerschmit 109e fighters, 5 are other signs of herge \u2019 s aim : to describe and denounce an anschluss. sixteen years later, syldavia and borduria were back in the calculus affair ( 1954 - 1956 ) during the cold war. in europe, the situation had been very tense since 1946, a situation worsened by the berlin blockade, the korean war and the warsaw pact. the arms race speeded up and the first h - bomb was exploded in 1953. spying was intense. in the calculus affair, many elements refer to the events of the period. tensions between the two countries appear to have been inspired by the situation between the two germanys. moreover, the personality cult of plekszy - gladz, the bordurian president, resembled stalin \u2019 s personality cult. 6 finally, with its architecture and the methods of its police, borduria is similar to a country of the eastern bloc. syldavia and borduria could easily represent the confrontation between the two blocs, as they represented in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5147027776942694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e91899b-903f-4eee-9e39-0e6efc0fe4f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.546521"}
{"text": ". 6 finally, with its architecture and the methods of its police, borduria is similar to a country of the eastern bloc. syldavia and borduria could easily represent the confrontation between the two blocs, as they represented in the past the conflict between western democracies and germany. 7 through imaginary countries, like syldavia and san theodoros, and direct allusion to real events, herge showed a concern for accurate explanations that had consequences in the perception of tintin stories. many adults read tintin a long time after they discover his adventures, maybe because they did not completely understand the historical context during their childhood. but some questions about the perception of tintin stories still exist. how would a child who does not know anything about history interpret the context of king ottokar \u2019 s sceptre, for example? how would a young japanese interpret the political situation in the blue lotus? nevertheless, enormous sales of tintin \u2019 s stories - more than 120 million copies in 40 languages8 - show that allusions to historical events do not affect the success. events were seen through belgian eyes, but the hero travels the whole world and he is extremely open - minded. nationality, language and religion have little significance, because a reader of tintin \u2019 s adventures can always identify with the reporter. herge said \u201c there are clearly reasons for this success since it has lasted so long and continues to grow. well then? \u2026 it \u2019 s like a flowing stream, but what is its nature? \u2026 i receive, for example, a lot of mail from india. here in the office are two letters from calcutta. now, what can there be in common between a boy in calcutta and myself? \u2026 that \u2019 s something i am still asking myself without finding an answer. \u201d 9 his allusions to historical events may be one of the explanations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5189955935462411, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e91899b-903f-4eee-9e39-0e6efc0fe4f2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.547248"}
{"text": "| antiques digest | | browse auctions | | appraisal | | antiques and arts news | | home | the art of conversation : introduction to conversation principles of conversation if you can talk well culture by conversation rules for conversation reflections on conversation happiness through conversation conversation and courtesy ( originally published 1913 ) several epochs in modern history have been productive of brilliant conversationalists. in shakespeare ' s time, for example, we know that congenial spirits found greatest pleasure in conversing and it may be taken for granted that a keen wit and ready response characterized the sparkling flow of language. dr. johnson and his coterie of friends passed many delightful hours in interchange of ideas at the coffee houses ; if it be said that it happened frequently that johnson talked and the rest listened, it must be remembered that good conversation presupposes sympathetic listeners as well as clever talkers. johnson ' s expression for having spent a pleasant evening invariably was : \" we had a good talk. \" to a friend who would lead him away to inviting country scenes, this lover of men had an answer ready : \" when you have seen one lane, you ' ve seen all lanes. i like men. come, let us walk down piccadilly. \" this profound interest in humanity doubtless accounts for the delight he found in mingling with them and extracting their differences and similarities of thought. during the empire in france, the salons were filled with men and women who talked well. madame de stael, although never looked upon favorably by napoleon, was always the center of brilliant conversation. it is frequently said that this art is passing away. one who scans the prevalent articles written to advise debutantes upon entrance into society would think it might. their bur den is : \" talk, talk, talk - no matter whether you say anything or not. \" the cynic might well observe that one generation of adherence to such counsel would bring to all conversational efforts a well deserved end. but not so ; the old maxim about not being able to mislead all the people all of the time prevails ; there are those remaining who have matters to talk about and who can talk of them acceptably on any occasion. however, it must be admitted that the profusion of light literature and circulating journals have removed the necessity of finding easiest diversion in discussions and in chat. selfishness lies at the bottom of present day disinclination to enter often into converse with others ; intent upon personal concerns, each has less desire to make himself agreeable than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47224247156561494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b4044a6-2bd3-40a2-81f7-1e482630802b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.551239"}
{"text": "lara bonner millar, md the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania? last modified : january 13, 2011 surgery as a medical field has been changing rapidly since the late 1800s, in large part thanks to the development of safe and effective anesthesia. surgical oncology is a specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of a variety of tumors. ephraim mcdowell did the first reported resection of an ovarian tumor in 1809, but as early as the 7th century, ancient egyptians described techniques for removing breast tumors. today, general surgeons can pursue additional training after their residency in the form of a surgical oncology fellowship. however, a surgeon does not have to do a surgical oncology fellowship in order to be a surgical oncologist. what is more common is that a surgeon who is trained in a particular body site may develop expertise in cancers of that site, and thus have experience in the multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of those cancers. for example, a thoracic surgeon who is a surgical oncologist may devote most of his practice to lung cancer, while a head and neck surgical oncologist would be involved in treatment of cancers specific to her training, such as cancer of the larynx. surgery is the oldest form of cancer treatment, and for most patients, part of the curative plan includes surgery. the most important part of the consultation with the surgeon is a complete history and physical exam. before surgical resection, diagnostic and staging studies should be performed. this helps the surgeon determine if the cancer is resectable ( removable with surgery ), and allows him or her to plan the surgical approach. due to improved screening techniques, many patients have disease that is curable with surgery alone at diagnosis. in such cases, after surgery, the patient ' s follow - up care includes close observation and / or radiology and lab tests. the goals of the surgical oncologist are to remove the cancer and an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision, in order to prevent the cancer from recurring in that area ( which is called a local recurrence ). sometimes it is not possible to remove the whole tumor, and a surgery known as \" debulking \" may be done to remove as much of the tumor as possible and to relieve symptoms such as pain, airway obstruction, or bleeding. however, the contribution of the surgical oncologist goes beyond what is done on the day of surgery itself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46774211733717874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:716666dc-9651-4791-8980-4993c1c97448>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.556515"}
{"text": "by dr. veronesi in italy, who performed quadrantectomy ( removing one quadrant of breast tissue ) starting in the 1970s, although it took decades of follow - up to demonstrate that this less extensive surgery was acceptable. nowadays, breast surgeons tend to do even smaller and more cosmetically pleasing surgeries called lumpectomies ( which should be followed with breast radiation ), while still maintaining excellent cancer control. additionally, all women used to have surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the underarm, called an axillary dissection. the dissection left some women with arm swelling, pain, and / or limited range of motion. now, for diagnostic staging of the axilla, sentinel lymph node dissection ( removing only the first draining node ) is done. axillary dissection is reserved for situations where the sentinel node is positive for tumor, or if a sentinel node cannot be found. sometimes, after removal of the tumor, there is a defect left behind that could be physically devastating or impact on function. to remedy this, reconstructive techniques are increasingly being used for certain cancers and are important because of the impact on the patient ' s quality of life. reconstruction can take place at the same time that the cancer is removed, ( \" immediate reconstruction \" ), or weeks to months later, \" delayed reconstruction. \" when a surgical oncologist operates in conjunction with a plastic surgeon - for example, a breast surgeon performing a mastectomy with immediate reconstruction done by the plastic surgeon - the combined surgical approach is described as \" oncoplastic surgery. \" like radiation therapy, the precise details of surgical technique are dictated by patient anatomy, tumor location, and cancer cell biology. therefore, there is not always one exact way of doing things. experience and evidence continue to shape the field of surgical oncology. pollock, raphael e. advanced therapy in surgical oncology. 2008, bc decker, hamilton, ontario, canada. bland, kirby i., daly, john m, and karakousis, constantine p. surgical oncology : contemporary principles & practice. 2001, mcgraw - hill, new york. feig, barry w., berger, david h., and fuhrman, the m. d. anderson surgical oncology handbook, fourth edition. 2006, lippincott, williams, and wilkins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45497449406651724, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:716666dc-9651-4791-8980-4993c1c97448>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.558593"}
{"text": "unix power tools by jerry peek trapping exits caused by interrupts if you ' re running a shell script and you press your interrupt key ( like ctrl - c ), the shell quits right away. that can be a problem if you use temporary files in your script because the sudden exit might leave the temporary files there. the trap command lets you tell the shell what to do before it exits. a trap can be used for a normal exit, too. see table 1. here ' s a script named zpg that uses a temporary file named / tmp / zpg $ $ in a system temporary - file directory. the shell will replace $ $ with its process id number. because no other process will have the same id number, that file should have a unique name. the script uncompresses the file named on its command line, then starts the pg file viewer. the script uses traps - - so it will clean up the temporary files, even if the user presses ctrl - c. the script also sets a default exit status of 1 that ' s reset to 0 if pg quits on its own ( without an interrupt ). there are two traps in the script : the first trap, ending with the number 0, is executed for all shell exits - - normal or interrupted. it runs the command line between the single quotes. in this example, there are two commands separated with a semicolon ( ; ). the first command removes the temporary file ( using the - f option, so rm won ' t give an error message if the file doesn ' t exist yet ). the second command exits with the value stored in the stat shell variable. look ahead at the rest of the script - $ stat will always be 1 unless the pg command quit on its own, in which case stat will be reset to 0. therefore, this shell script will always return the right exit status - - if it ' s interrupted before it finishes, it ' ll return 1 ; otherwise, 0. the second trap has the numbers 1 2 15 at the end. these are signal numbers that correspond to different kinds of interrupts. on newer shells, you can use signal names instead of the numbers. there ' s a short list in table 1. for a list of all signals, type kill - l ( lowercase \" l \" ) or see your online signal ( 3 ) reference page. this trap is done on an abnormal exit ( like ctrl - c ). it prints a message, but it could run any list of commands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4498665246636149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69f2528c-8cee-4dae-a1bf-dc49caf59549>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.562078"}
{"text": "kill - l ( lowercase \" l \" ) or see your online signal ( 3 ) reference page. this trap is done on an abnormal exit ( like ctrl - c ). it prints a message, but it could run any list of commands. table 1 : some unix signal numbers for trap commands | signal number | | signal name | | explanation | | 1 | | hup | | when session disconnected | | 2 | | int | | interrupt - - often ctrl - c | | 3 | | quit | | quit - - often ctrl - \\ | | 15 | | term | | from kill command | shell scripts don ' t always have two traps. look at the nom script for an example. i usually don ' t trap signal 3 ( quit ) in scripts that i use myself. that gives me an easy way to abort the script without springing the trap ( removing temporary files, etc. ). in scripts for general use, though, i usually do trap it. also, notice that the echo commands in the script have 1 > & 2 at the end. that tells the bourne shell to put the output of the echo command on the standard error instead of the standard output. this is a good idea because it helps to make sure that errors come to your screen instead of being redirected to a file or down a pipe with the other standard output text. ( in this particular script, that doesn ' t matter much because the script is used interactively. but it ' s a good habit to get into for all of your scripts. ) if your trap runs a series of commands, it ' s probably neater to call a shell function than a list of commands :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43546703649769314, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69f2528c-8cee-4dae-a1bf-dc49caf59549>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.562738"}
{"text": "a new study by the telethon institute for child health research has uncovered a significant decline in the risk of birth defects amongst wa children born using assisted reproductive technology ( art ). the study, published in the journal obstetrics & gynecology, showed a large decrease in the rate of birth defects between a similar telethon institute study carried out using data from the mid - 90 \u2032 s and that of the updated study which looked at a larger collection of data. the more recent study, which included data up until 2002, showed the risk of birth defects amongst single babies born using assisted reproductive technology in wa dropped from 10. 9 % between 1994 and 1998 to 7. 5 % in the four years following ( 1998 - 2002 ), compared with a rate of 5. 2 % in the naturally conceived group. twins born via assisted pregnancies also showed a similar pattern of decreasing risk from the first time period to the second. \u201c our study suggests an encouraging decline in major birth defect prevalence in children born as a result of assisted pregnancies in western australia, \u201d said telethon institute researcher michele hansen. \u201c changes to clinical practice may be largely responsible with improved culture media and better culture and storage conditions leading to the transfer of \u2018 healthier \u2019 embryos. \u201c whilst our study does still show that babies born using assisted reproductive technology remain at a higher risk of birth defects, couples seeking to use these treatments can be reassured that the vast majority of infants are born healthy and do not have a birth defect. \u201d ms hansen said. \u201c we believe that providing parents with as much information as possible so that they can make informed decisions is important and we would encourage them to talk to their specialist about the prevalence of birth defects in art pregnancies. \u201d the telethon institute research team hope to continue monitoring birth defects to evaluate the impact of more recent changes to art laboratory practice such as extended blastocyst culture and vitrification ( rapid freezing of eggs and embryos ). date created : october 5, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4936164174433181, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:800bd4ff-61b8-4fcf-9e0b-876b84be4121>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.569817"}
{"text": "fetuses, infants, and toddlers, as well as older children and teens are particularly susceptible to environmental insults due to their rapid rate of growth, development and reproduction of cells. this vulnerability makes children a specific focus of environmental health research on the effects of lead, chemical dump sites, pesticides, pcbs, benzene, environmental estrogens, and outdoor and indoor air contaminants. scientists want to know which substances pose significant health risks, how to identify susceptible children, and how to intervene to prevent illness. the following are some of the studies conducted or financed by the national institute of environmental health sciences, one of the national institutes of health, which focus on children : lead ( commonly found in old paint, household dust, soil, pipe solder and some ceramics ) has long been known to cause severe health problems at high doses, including muscle and abdominal pain, mental impairment, paralysis, and even death. recent studies supported by the niehs suggest that a young person ' s lead exposure is linked not only to lower iqs and lower high school graduation rates but to increased delinquency. preliminary data from two other grantees ' studies indicate that young girls exposed to lead store the metal in their bones. this lead can be released when they become pregnant years later, exposing their fetuses. until recently, however, we have not appreciated the devastating effect of low exposures early in life. basic research financed by the niehs has shown the adverse effects of lead on children ' s iq and physical development at levels previously considered safe. based on these and other findings, public health officials declared lead the number one environmental hazard to american children and the federal centers for disease control and prevention lowered the acceptable blood lead level. research by the niehs grantees has helped identify sources of lead in the environment, design public health prevention efforts, and develop treatment to remove lead from exposed children, a process called chelation. to help improve treatments, the niehs supported the study of dimercaptosuccinic acid ( dmsa ) as a chelating agent. known generically as succimer and the trade - name chemet, dmsa binds with the lead, hastening its removal from the body and can be administered orally without hospitalization, an improvement over previous intravenous therapies. succimer is approved by the food and drug administration to treat lead levels that exceed 45 micrograms per deciliter of blood. however, adverse effects of lead are evident at levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.521455481433425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:950cb454-439b-4ffd-b172-772a04004634>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.573513"}
{"text": "for a new and different perception of pivotal soviet events, read on... propaganda in the propaganda state hen the bolshevik party came to power in the october 1917 revolution it immediately began creating the world ' s first modern propaganda state. this is not at all surprising. before 1917 many bolsheviks lived the life of underground agitators. as underground men they devoted their days and nights to propaganda. they operated by avoiding the tsar ' s secret police and by stirring up factory workers with leaflets, slogans, songs, and speeches. bolshevik leaders toiled as journalists, pamphleteers, and lettered instigators long before they seized state power. as revolutionaries, making messages gave their lives meaning. as human beings hackwork gave them the means to buy bread i. e. to live. many a professional revolutionary who lived outside of russia, most in european cities ( paris, geneva, warsaw, london, berlin, krakow ) wrote about revolution long before he or she dirtied their hands making one - - - let alone running the new state born of revolutionary upheaval. in a series of newspapers, lenin hammered out party doctrine. political debates, challenges to his ideas and emerging cannon filled the papers. swift and savage ideas flew like sharp arrows. newspapers written abroad, away from the heavy hand of tsarist censorship substituted for free exchange in a common civic space. revolutionaries printed illegal newspapers on thin almost tissue paper for easy smuggling across poorly guarded borders into mother russia. in cities and towns those who reported back on local events and those who distributed papers, iskra, pravda, became party organizers. readers became party members. factory workers paid attention to party papers. at the front in world war i trench newspapers - highly illegal and highly prized ( once read they could be ripped up and rolled into cigarettes ) cleverly fomented dissent, disobedience of officers and demoralized discontent with the ' overlong imperialist war. ' a repressive regime made an easy target. the acid pens of the properly dressed bolshevik gentlemen ( lenin preferred a three piece suit, tie - even if it was stained and stale ) promoted a popular strategy : overthrow the old lords of the old order. the best party pressmen ( and a few women ) developed a keen sense of how turn a tactic into an effective slogan. to find the lowest common denominator was a mission, not a mistake. if a rival radical group coined a catchy phrase, the bolshevik took the highroad of their revolutionary creed - highway robbery. steal it and spread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49883562151114036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.602082"}
{"text": "an effective slogan. to find the lowest common denominator was a mission, not a mistake. if a rival radical group coined a catchy phrase, the bolshevik took the highroad of their revolutionary creed - highway robbery. steal it and spread it, make it the bolshevik ' s own operated as the operative unprincipled principle. the end justified the means. the bolshevik banners read simply : bread, peace & land. all power to the soviets. as they rode waves of radical spirit and popular support, notably in petrograd, lenin pushed for bolder action. impatient, unwilling to wait out the polite democratic discussion he marshaled his words to put nerve and backbone into the bolsheviks leadership. lenin wanted determined, violent action to seize power. he avowed himself a scientific socialist. yet at crunch time he felt the moment. succinct when it counted he explained, \" the government is tottering. we must deal it the deathblow at any cost. to delay action is the same as death. \" the means of communication - the telegraph office, the telephone exchange, and the radio gear on the cruiser aurora, the telephones at the winter palace - were ordered seized as a priority. the military - revolutionary committee moved swiftly to take over printing plants, too. to hold the means of communication denied them to enemies. public opinion mattered ; making sure rivals could not get their message out mattered more. the only fairness doctrine was the bolsheviks retaining state power. the bolsheviks understood the power of the mass media. their problem would not be the media, but the masses. communism, whose by - word was \" workers of the world unite! \", surprised itself by coming to power in a backward, peasant - dominated country. the scientific plan of karl marx and its endless elucidation by marxists envisioned the proletariat taking power in an advanced capitalist country. even its workers had the stench of peasant mud on their boots. ties to village life, the village way to find a wife, and not so sober vices remained strong. soldiers who went bolshevik at the front to get away from the frozen hell that was wwi largely were just peasants in uniform. those who did not vote with their feet against the status quo ( fleeing home as soon as discipline broke down ) soon wanted to leave their red leaders for the joys of raiding manor houses near their native village, too. 1917 was, the bolsheviks soon realized just an incredible year ; in the heat of revolution they forged amazing partnership with workers, with peasants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5527479369250762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.603183"}
{"text": "down ) soon wanted to leave their red leaders for the joys of raiding manor houses near their native village, too. 1917 was, the bolsheviks soon realized just an incredible year ; in the heat of revolution they forged amazing partnership with workers, with peasants - turned soldiers. but in their heart of hearts the bolsheviks knew it just was not supposed to happen this way in this country. yes, russia had pockets of advanced industry concentrated in a few dense cities. indeed the most technologically sophisticated metalworking plants, perhaps because of their scale and alienating organization produced some of the most revolutionary working class men. the peasants simply outnumbered everyone else. the people in whose name the bolsheviks took over needed - well to put it bluntly they needed culture ; they needed to overcome ignorance, superstition, stupefying traditionalism. the marxist handbooks may have said otherwise, but the men atop the one country where revolution had triumphed looked out at a land tired, drained by five years of wwi. they could only realize their propaganda challenge in overthrowing the old order was the easy part. propagandizing the citizen of the would - be socialist society, winning over the people of the people ' s republic would require a massive effort. the utopian streak in marxist thought impelled the founders of the world ' s first socialist state to create a new kind of society, a new kind of country inhabited by new kinds of people. this first - ever kind of social order would need new kinds of glue, new myths, new gods, and new beliefs to hold it together. because they wanted to realize a radiant future on earth, the bolsheviks really were future oriented. they wanted to do new things in new ways. cutting edge technology in and of itself spoke of progress. so they were eager to show off whatever glimpses of a future world that they could. cutting edge in 1918 was edison ' s invention the gramophone. newer yet was film. movie houses had sprung up in moscow and other cities before wwi. the vast majority in the countryside hadn ' t even heard about movies. so the bolsheviks, who knew they had to win a broader base of support, marshaled their few technical resources to take their message to the people. as practiced propagandists the bolsheviks had mastered the notion - kiss - keep it simple stupid. they believed most ordinary russians thought in images. exposure to european culture forced them to recognize that russian lives were drab. communist visionaries were willing to experiment with bold artists. graphic masters of new kinds of art embraced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48826510039073245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.604327"}
{"text": "kiss - keep it simple stupid. they believed most ordinary russians thought in images. exposure to european culture forced them to recognize that russian lives were drab. communist visionaries were willing to experiment with bold artists. graphic masters of new kinds of art embraced the liberation revolution brought. art enlisted in the cause. brightly colored propaganda trains carried the city based idea that \" the times they were achangin ' \" across the land. stark contrasts served the bolsheviks well. new = good ; old = bad. reds meant progress - most anything else equaled a return to a hellish existence. in the civil war that quickly followed lenin ' s rise to power, the bolsheviks did reach the masses. the idea of the fighters for human justice and equality, the bolsheviks, were battling against all odds, against all the world ' s armies that had come to destroy them received widespread attention. the theme of the new kind of socialist life form doing anything it could to survive in a hostile encirclement of enemies was created during the civil war. this theme would be revived periodically as a leitmotif. to survive a civil war the bolsheviks acted ruthlessly. again, the end justified the mean. equally important, their enemies, former tsarist admirals, generals, counts and liberal politicians ( backed by british, french, american, and japanese troops ) refused to court public opinion with any kind of effective attempt to persuade mass groupings to side with them. white disdain proved fatal. the bolsheviks with the propaganda field to themselves got a message out that opposition armies, the whites, wanted to return the country to the old order. most who would decide, decided to risk the promise of the unknown over a return to the past. ( some of course exhibited total cynicism : a well - know civil war anecdote relates that in a village one peasant shouts : \" hurray for the incoming troops. \" then a neighbor asks the question \" whose side are you on? \" he answers : \" the ones riding in. \" ) the propaganda campaign, plus of course some brilliant military leadership and absolute ruthlessness in dealing with any perceived enemy won the bolsheviks an against all odds victory. the civil war created the idea that bolshevism could do the impossible. it gave rise to a slogan \" there is no fortress bolshevism cannot storm \", that embodied a ' can do ' mentality like that of the u. s. marines. also as a formative experience the civil war ( 1918 - 1921 ) provided the seed bed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5412285111687292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.605382"}
{"text": "there is no fortress bolshevism cannot storm \", that embodied a ' can do ' mentality like that of the u. s. marines. also as a formative experience the civil war ( 1918 - 1921 ) provided the seed bed for new images of heroes and all the metaphors of war campaigns, fronts, volunteers, even vanguards issuing commands, dictating what was needed to stave off destruction by the hostile bad guys. the incredible result of the civil war validated for masses of people, the bolshevik ' s political power grab in 1917. moreover, it created a matrix for how propaganda makers shake and shape attitudes. it reinforced the idea, if it needed any reinforcing, that propaganda was a powerful tool for protecting the newborn proletarian state in an aggressively anti - soviet russia world. another trait the propagandists called on was a pre - revolutionary role that the well educated had played with the masses : as teachers, enlightenment - providers. well before marxism marched east, russian radicals had a long established a tradition of \" going to the people \", the peasants as volunteer teachers. latter in cities how did believing marxist intellectuals make friends with real workers? factory hands, after all, lived in different parts of town, worked long hours, and enjoyed different habits of life from those whose heads swam with a sea of abstract ideas. before the revolution it was not easy ; the tsar ' s secret police, street police, and factory police kept keen eyes out for agitators, especially those trying to incite the masses. they met first in adult education classes for workers. after the revolution the empowered bolshevik wanted to repeat their role as enlightenment - providers on a grand scale. equally important, propagandists realized that if they wanted to build a new society, one imbued with new myths, new rituals, new icon communists had to do away with the old. to make room for the new they had to tear down the old. sometimes this entailed the most literal meaning of the word : iconoclasm - old icons were torn down. churches lost their bells. to change the very soundscape of moscow ( think of the 1812 overture - the piece of music played on 4th of july and other times when fireworks are displayed - - tchaikovsky wrote it to include the sound of moscow ' s many church bells ) radicals tore down church bells ; later some would try to create a new ' proletarian orchestra ' sound by setting off factory whistles everywhere. the church was a prime target for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5334818636191008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.606367"}
{"text": "it to include the sound of moscow ' s many church bells ) radicals tore down church bells ; later some would try to create a new ' proletarian orchestra ' sound by setting off factory whistles everywhere. the church was a prime target for the ' tear down the old ' campaign. it offered an alternative faith to bolshevism. communists brooked no competition in the struggle for hearts and minds. the new officially atheistic state hated the orthodox church for its long subservience to the tsars. russian radicalism, long before lenin and company had a strong atheistic streak. from the mid - nineteenth century on radicals embraced science against faith. there was a practical side to be considered, too. churches had gold in a country racked by wwi, then a revolution, and then a civil war. plus going after church buildings could be construed as a ' new campaign ', a heroic battle like the civil war. this ' religious front ' approach gave those too young to have a role in the earlier battles a chance for glory... not to mention an outlet for youthful energies harnessed by propagandists. at the very same time that the new regime began pulling down longstanding institution, it co - opted fundamental elements of the way russians believed the world was ordered. a concept of political authority seen in personal terms, a wise tsar taking care of his little people transmuted easily. popular sayings held : \" without the tsar, the country is a widow \" or \" the people are the body, the tsar is the head. \" after the revolution trust in the wisdom of the party became paramount. seven decades of soviet socialism only changed the forms of how fundamental ideas are expressed. in his interview, boris efimov said, \" we simple people, we didn ' t do politics. those who sat at the very top did politics. \" those on top drew authority from the sacred symbol of the new faith, lenin. he became the center of a cult, not only as a replacement for the tsar but as a selfless communist, one who exhausted himself to bring the revolution into being. lenin died in 1924. his passing gave a new kind of regime a chance to create new rituals. following all those traumatic years, the passing of the man who guided \" ten days that shook the world \" was a cathartic experience. mass mourning created as well as vented extreme emotions. organized ceremonies took place across the land - the first mass mobilization in peacetime of ordinary citizens. by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862052213724089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.607370"}
{"text": "the man who guided \" ten days that shook the world \" was a cathartic experience. mass mourning created as well as vented extreme emotions. organized ceremonies took place across the land - the first mass mobilization in peacetime of ordinary citizens. by preserving lenin ' s body for veneration soviet science created a sign that it could overcome nature, the decay of death. lenin ' s resting - place became the central showplace, ground zero for the communist movement uniting workers of the world. lenin lived as the man who brought the future into backward russian homes. before he died the revolutionary decided a great symbol for what communism could deliver would be creation of a nationwide electrical system. naturally, the propagandist in him made a slogan out of his techno - idea : \" communism = soviet power + electrification of the whole country. \" when the soviet union became wired up with light bulbs, called by one his nicknames - \" ilych lamps \" enlightened and changed millions of peasants ' lives. it was a change and a propaganda coup that won many over as loyalist of a new state, one that drastically changed things. lenin ' s idea transformed lives and became a foundation myth of the scientific regime. parts of a 1924 poem by the blue blouse workers ' theater gloried : we, the workers and the peasants in the hut of the widow natalka electricity and steam teachers of new generations built on the cult of lenin as a tool for shaping the minds to a new soviet way of thinking. indoctrination came in the guise of school age \" young pioneer \" organizations. pioneers pledged to fulfill his legacy. that legacy proved very malleable. lenin slogans, praise of the proletariat, love for the red socialist - cause were memorized. sugary poems about his pure spirit and dedication to communist revolution go adorned classroom walls, community centers, even the toy stores. lenin ' s ruthless critical approach to thinking quickly passed into the dustbin of history. just as many american school children know just a formula about their founding father george washington ( wooden teeth, could not tell a lie, chopped down a cherry tree, fought the british, maybe owned slaves ) soviet children internalized limited notions of how the ' revolutionary genius \" behaved. a lenin code of conduct became the model to be copied. potted histories of the communist party where lenin always played the lead role served as primers for understanding history. lenin associated rituals regulated daily behavior. children pinned on badges depicting an angelic \" baby lenin. \" boys and girls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5539684465145771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.608534"}
{"text": "model to be copied. potted histories of the communist party where lenin always played the lead role served as primers for understanding history. lenin associated rituals regulated daily behavior. children pinned on badges depicting an angelic \" baby lenin. \" boys and girls raised their hands above their faces vowing to be \" always ready \" as lenin had been ( as heroes in the civil war, too had been ) to defend and to extend the revolution. lenin - centric pioneer activities organized children ' s lives. the best emulators of the best lenin earned a summer at the best - equipped, most prestigious summer camps. of course, as a socialist country summer camp, like many things for kids, including medical care was free. still prestige counted : so did a sense of belonging, a sense of place among peers, a sense ' you had made it '... you were normal and accepted. the social and development psychology played a very important part in the lives of soviet school children. pioneer rituals marked important turning points in the lives of generations of youngsters who did believe that they were building a new kind of society, a socialist society. receiving the pioneer ' s symbol the red tie, mixed joy in growing up and pride in joining the ranks of patriots of the new kind of state - the communist state. tatiana vorontsova explained the pride : \" once you had the tie you had well, pride, it was like a flag. it is like when the flag flies. when you see the olympics and they start to raise your flag, you feel proud. and that pride is what we felt as children. you felt, \" you ' ve got the tie! \" in the massive social experiment that was the soviet union raising a new kind of person, soviet man ( homo sovieticus ), remained of paramount importance. new generations held the key to realizing ' a radiant communist future. ' for those marxists who insisted on creating the world ' s first classless society children meant everything. adults would repeat, \" under communism there is only one privileged class - the children. \" collective responsibility to a party ( comparative ) elder was learned from more senior classmates, the best teachers of lenin dogma proud to assert correct - thinking leadership that would keep others in line and bring them privileges. well - indoctrinated kids brimming full of propaganda could be mustered to help the bolshevik leaders deal with their fundamental problem - that the masses, the older generations, remained backwards. pioneers and members of the more select older young communists league ( koms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5574721217602041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.609590"}
{"text": "indoctrinated kids brimming full of propaganda could be mustered to help the bolshevik leaders deal with their fundamental problem - that the masses, the older generations, remained backwards. pioneers and members of the more select older young communists league ( komsomol ) became agents of change. propaganda put images of the glorious fight for revolution and against the enemies of the state in the heroic period, the civil war in many heads. when stalin, having consolidated power in the 1920 ' s decided to launch a ' revolution from above ' to mark a new decade, to collectivize agriculture, he tapped the energies of young ' true believers ' as well as those who went along simply with the well - organized pressure of their peers. agriculture represented the worst hang - overs from the old regime. inefficient, tradition - bound, manpower intensive, the peasant agrarian world represented the drag of the russian past on the soviet present. stalin and his circle declared a war ( as in the civil war ) against the counter - revolutionary forces, traditional peasants, and called the young to the front lines. often pioneers confronted a familiar enemy : their parents. as during the civil war, the communist party decreed, in effect : desperate times require desperate measures - - - the ends justify the means. the evilness of the means shifted the soviet propaganda and mythmaking apparatus into overdrive. the result was a new cult especially created for pioneers. propagandists knew they needed a simple story, something bold, stark and memorable. they conjured up the legend of a soviet secular saint for kids - pavlik morozov the story of little pavlik morozov ( or affectionate versions of his name pasha, pavlushka, pash ) or more precisely the legend of morozov is emblematic of stalinist times in the soviet union. the pioneers taught generations of soviet school children about pavlik, the boy who informed on his father, a rich peasant. pavlik denounced his dad to the nkvd, the secret police for hoarding grain ( most likely next year ' s seed for crops ). the rich ( read : bad, counter - revolutionary ) endured a quick show trial, then disappeared into the gulag. soon there after, all this is in 1932, his uncles murdered pavlik in an act of revenge for squealing. propagandists for party newspapers reported the tale. a cult of the maniac denouncer received the top culture stamp of approval in a speech by maxim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49515394856958295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.610691"}
{"text": "1932, his uncles murdered pavlik in an act of revenge for squealing. propagandists for party newspapers reported the tale. a cult of the maniac denouncer received the top culture stamp of approval in a speech by maxim gorky ( 1868 - 1938 ) at the 1934 soviet writers congress. gorky, the one - time foe of bolshevik excesses cited pavlik as a paragon of soviet virtue. he became t. h. e. model of correct orthodox behavior. school children adulated him, adults especially those inclined to stray from prescribed party orthodoxy feared his very name. part of \" a poem about hate \" that pioneer ' s pravda published in 1933 conveys a flavor of the morozov cult : pavlushka won ' t be going portraits, statues, and badges of morozov became omnipresent. under the sly smile of treacherous pasha a psychosis of denunciation took firm hold in stalinist ussr. propagandists built the cult on a base of distortions and lies. recent research shows that pavlik, who was not a pioneer by the way, did not report on his father for hoarding grain as the story went. reality was rooted in the quarreling morozov family. pasha had got back on his dad for abandoning his family. pavlik lived with his mother. he ratted on his dad, who was chairman of the village soviet for taking a bribe so as not to deport a family as rich peasants!! pavlik may have been put up to the classical denunciation by his uncles who couldn ' t stand their brother - in - law and wanted to be chairman themselves. pavlik ' s father was arrested in late 1931 and disappeared into the gulag. a few months later in ' 32 someone found pavlik and his brother murdered in the forest. exactly who dispatched the two lovely little devils isn ' t clear. those accused included his paternal grandfather and grandmother, a young morozov cousin and two of his uncles. nice soviet family values. until the fall of the soviet union almost no one knew this. generations venerated the model young communist who did his duty, turned in an enemy of the state and became a soviet martyr. by the way some young pioneers in the 30s were attacked by orthodox ( believing children ) for wearing red scarves ( devil ' s whiskers ) and ( less often ) for violating the commandment to honor thy father and mother. the more stalinism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508569768016202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.611669"}
{"text": "way some young pioneers in the 30s were attacked by orthodox ( believing children ) for wearing red scarves ( devil ' s whiskers ) and ( less often ) for violating the commandment to honor thy father and mother. the more stalinism took hold, the fewer such cases of suspect behavior are known. to survive people conformed. they kept silent. and the continuous propaganda worked. as a schoolgirl in the 1950s tatiana vorontsova remembers she learned the morozov lesson in the fourth grade. \" so he died like a hero. we, of course, would also have liked to be heroes and at that time if i had been in the same situation, and my father had done something against the soviet state, of course, i would simply have gone and reported him, just like that. \" in the terror filled days of his most ruthless rule stalin kept his own cult going. as he signed the death warrants for uncounted large numbers of his comrades and countrymen, the newspaper writers hailed him as the gentle wise leader. stalin ordered the party purged. professionals and leaders from all walks of life, army officers, astronomers, engineers, rocket scientists, writers, painters, were exiled to the gulag if they were not shot. terror filled whole apartment buildings, whole streets, whole towns as the nkvd suddenly appeared to drag people away to unknown fates. the very irrationality, unpredictability, and illogic of arrests, beatings, executions and exile made people feel the terror pervasively. state violence defined the stalinist state. denunciation or the possibility of denunciation even by one ' s own children plus the suspicion that devices such as radios could listen as well as transmit through wired speakers were daily reminders of the possibility of terror visiting a family, a neighbor, a friend. of course, by plucking off so many top leaders and lieutenants in most every field of endeavor stalin created a huge number of job openings. the new generation of people coming of age and education since the revolution seized ( and loved! ) the chance for upward mobility. yet through it all stalin encouraged worshipful respect of his portrait - it was everywhere - as lenin ' s heir and wise interpreter of scientific socialism. stalin had himself depicted by artists, writers, and propagandists as the knowing caring lover of soviet children and virtual equal of the soviet deity, lenin. those who knew about the terror, even prisoners themselves as true believer took comfort in thinking that stalin couldn ' t know.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5151171215296806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.612702"}
{"text": ", writers, and propagandists as the knowing caring lover of soviet children and virtual equal of the soviet deity, lenin. those who knew about the terror, even prisoners themselves as true believer took comfort in thinking that stalin couldn ' t know. the arrests, the gulag, the shots at knvd headquarters were deemed an aberration. makers of mass media messages faced special problems. individuals praised one day, were in lubyanka, the dreaded secret police headquarters the next. one brilliant bolshevik who lenin had once praised as the party ' s fair - haired boy went from being editor of government newspaper izvestiya, to being branded an \" enemy of the people \", then put on display in a elaborate show trial and executed. the campaign to hunt out \" enemies of the people \" signaled a time of communist party cannibalism. stalin ' s communist party killed off the communist elite. old bolsheviks lauded as righteous fighters in the underground struggle against tsarism suddenly were listed as foreign spies. communists lauded on the front pages of pravda and bedecked with prestigious medals for exceptional work in building that key to a workers ' state, heavy industrial plants, suddenly landed on page one accused of \" treason, wrecking, and preparation of terrorist acts against industry. \" everyone everywhere, in pioneer meetings, in neighborhood organization, in work - place gatherings, began searching out \" hidden enemies. \" \" a pillar of socialism one day, an exposed evil agent the next \" mania swept the ussr. to survive propagandists, especially those engaged in providing news to the masses of the mass media, the big newspapers, the newsreels, and the radio learned to tack and to jibe quickly in the stalinist wind. pravda ' s masterful cartoonist, boris efimov, who had a long career as the soviet equivalent of herb block, understood the capriciousness of terror. his brother, the newspaper ' s editor, had been purged - i. e. dragged from communist party ' s top press organization, accused, and shot. boris efimov survived by not questioning, by following orders, \" \u2026 my job as a political cartoonist was also to expose or make fun of or brand as a disgrace whichever of our enemies the given occasion demanded. \" historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people ; people made unpersons - made unmentionable in public after being purged. because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4822278945405436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.613757"}
{"text": "enemies the given occasion demanded. \" historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people ; people made unpersons - made unmentionable in public after being purged. because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted itself in history, the past had to be rewritten frequently. the suppression of unpleasant truths - - such as lenin ' s 1923 ' testament ' where he said, \" stalin is too rude \" and should be shifted to a less essential position in the leadership - became a major industry. george orwell based his idea of \" the memory hole, \" in the novel 1984 on this quintessential feature of stalinism. stalinism forced photographers to master retouching skills. image manipulation became as important to camera totting journalists as picture taking. falsification by airbrushing ( a pre - digital age technique for deleting ) is a hallmark of stalin era photography. other simple methods, including taking a scissors to a negative helped erase visual memories of stalin ' s victims. a photograph of leaders might appear in a newspaper one day and then when one of people was purged, a photographer ' s trick would erase him from visual memory - he was quite literally put out of the picture. and it wasn ' t just a stalinist art form to change representations of those engaged in current events. in a land where intellectuals bitterly noted, \" you cannot predict the past \" retrospective retouching was equally, if not more important. as the two photographs below show how comrades could be removed from the pantheon of lenin ' s closest collaborators. soviet school children grew up with schoolbooks filled with photographs of lenin. many of the most famous and familiar depictions were falsified photographs. stalin ' s archrival, lev trotsky was taken out of the picture. generations of soviet pioneers for whom this photograph is as familiar as gilbert stuart ' s portrait of george washington, never knew that a man they had been taught was an ' enemy of the state ' in fact had stood by lenin in this shot as lenin ' s left - hand man. in painting, of course, it was even easier to make representational art lie. a few deft brush strokes and in the phrase of david king, the great expert on this stalinist phenomenon, the commissar vanishes. this stalinist retouching of reality had a long half - life. the author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in moscow during 1977 - 78", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5643787611818821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.614761"}
{"text": "the commissar vanishes. this stalinist retouching of reality had a long half - life. the author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in moscow during 1977 - 78. a week after intrigues forced a veteran member of the politburo to \" retire \", the same painting showed freshly dried paint where more background covered the old comrade. note too, that in the first few years after the last general secretary of the communist party, mikhail gorbachev, came to power his official photographs - hung throughout the country - - lacked any trace of his trademark birthmarks that are prominent on his bald head. during the forty odd years before mikhail gorbachev together with president ronald reagan ended the cold war, the view from red square promoted by the kremlin ' s propagandists emphasized the evil image of america as a aggressive capitalist enemy of mankind and the soviet union. psychological warfare may have compelled communists always fighting off a bad rival, but the \" bade \" was not always the united states. true, the infant bolshevik government resented the actively hostile policies the us government took against the new revolutionary regime. american soldiers landed in russian ports, as one of the foreign armies that tried and failed to overthrow the bolsheviks. more irritating, washington played ' ostrich ' for 16 years ( 1917 - 1932 ) refusing to recognize the new soviet government. during the formative years of the soviet union there was no american embassy, no ambassador, no american consulate in moscow. most other industrialized nations already had busy official relations with the kremlin. nevertheless there were americans in the country. during the horrific famine of 1921 and for the next two years american relief administration under herbert hoover brought in enough food to feed some 11 million starving socialist citizens. absent an official us presence until 1933, americans still made a showing in the soviet union. even as soviet filmmakers grew into world famous cinema pioneers, inventing techniques such as montage ( sergei eisenstein ) american movies and movie stars dominated soviet screens. mary pickford, douglas fairbanks, and buster keaton were incredibly popular. lenin called film, \" the most important art, \" but until 1928 the most popular movies in his country were made in the u. s. a. many captains of industry, finance, and business ( henry ford, w. averell harriman, armand hammer ) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. capitalists endured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47544299528343237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.616073"}
{"text": "a. many captains of industry, finance, and business ( henry ford, w. averell harriman, armand hammer ) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. capitalists endured ridicule in the press. yet, americans often represented efficient ways of working, modernity, and technological progress. russians, especially those in the cities greatly admired american inventiveness - thomas edison, george eastman, alexander graham bell were held up as paragons of applied creative virtue. american made cars and trucks were copied and cherished. energetic factory workers sometimes got written up in local papers as our russian - americans. these propaganda terms of praise encouraged others to copy the \" americanisms \" : speedy, efficient work skills and willingness to adapt to new ways of doing things. pravda, long the written propaganda bellwether noted in 1935, \" comrade stalin teaches us to combine the broad scope of the russian revolution with american efficiency \u2026 for us america ought to be that standard according to which we can constantly test our technical attainments. \" by communist conviction soviet citizens believed that their nation ' s approach which stressed equality and social justice always overshadowed morally america ' s selfish, exploitative capitalist system. after the wall street collapse of 1929 and the great depression of the 1930 ' s, those in the rapidly growing land of the soviet union ' s economic miracle believed they were well on their way to catching up and overtaking oppressive america. to many disillusioned americans - - including unemployed automobile workers, black sharecroppers, leftwing activists who moved to the soviet to find jobs - the soviet union represented a better way of organizing an economy and a society. however mixed the message about american achievements and inherent evils ( especially racism and capitalism ) before world war ii, on the propaganda front, the news front, and in the mass media the far off us was merely a sideshow. propaganda focused on problems at home and essential foreign issues in the soviet backyards, europe and to a lesser extent china. the atomic bomb that destroyed hiroshima also shook the kremlin. propagandists who had lauded the soviet union ' s great ally in the battle against hitler - - its helping hand with lend lease, its talented general dwight d. eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess - - - changed course quickly with the cold war changing party line. soviet propagandists emphasized the soviet union ' s encirclement in and by a hostile world. rapacious america that had tried overthrow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5084332693097445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.617581"}
{"text": "d. eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess - - - changed course quickly with the cold war changing party line. soviet propagandists emphasized the soviet union ' s encirclement in and by a hostile world. rapacious america that had tried overthrowing the bolsheviks after the 1917 revolution, the propagandists reminded their people as well as foreign audiences. america, they stressed was at it again. under the \" petty shopkeeper \" president harry truman the us was trying to roll back the post wwii spread of socialism. the former ally america quickly became the warmonger of the world. dollar signs came to represent death signals. stalin banned that very american music form jazz. censors curtailed showing of american films ( even though stalin loved cowboy movies ) ; contact with foreigners was outlawed. in the last years of stalin ' s life a soviet citizen could be arrested for talking to the few american citizens left in that land. more than ever under the autarky, the economic isolation of the 1930s, late stalinist soviet society was cut off by the iron curtain and by its iron fisted \" man of steel \" leader ( that is the translation of stalin ' s name ) from the rest of the world. instead of admiring american inventiveness the propaganda apparatus cranked up immense lies. moscow reporters claimed that baseball, the electric light, telephones, television and submarines had all been invented in the soviet union. as a typical teenager in the 1950s tatiana vorontsova remembered going to the movies as a school girl where she watched a newsreel before the main feature, \" you would see this big globe, on the globe appeared the words, soviet union... the narrator said, \"... there was a lot of milk [ here ] \u2026 always the best was told, the best always.... everything was good... and then suddenly [ the narrator ] would say, ' in the united states, for example, people are starving ' and there was a strike somewhere, and something else somewhere else - but it was all bad. so there everything was bad, but we had it all good. so we went to the movies and i watched it... and was proud that in my country, my homeland everything was good and everything was great. \" in the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. the facts of real achievement helped. propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves : the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the nazis. the mass media bragg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4689686314754031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.618589"}
{"text": "\" in the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. the facts of real achievement helped. propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves : the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the nazis. the mass media bragged of a soviet atomic bomb, an h - bomb, sputnik, the fact that the first man in space was a soviet man, and that the first man to do the amazing - walk or float in space as alexei leonov did in march 1965 - was another cosmonaut. these accomplishments buttressed political pride in the spread of socialism to china, vietnam, cuba and not to mention eastern europe. in the 1950s and 1960 ' s soviet citizens felt, \" the future is ours comrades! \" however, sometime in the late 1960s or early 1970 ' s the \" new soviet man \", more urban than his father or grandfather, more likely to catch some western propaganda more eager for things instead of promises, turned pessimistic. the soviet state started by lenin was running out of gas. new generations, the grandchildren and great grandchildren of those who made the revolution did not want to wait for \" the dictatorship of the proletariat \" to deliver the radiant future of communism. what they wanted brezhnev ' s soviet union could not deliver. no amount of bombast, lies, or distortions could mask failings. those trying to reform the propaganda state brought about its destruction. \u00a9 1999 abamedia, unless otherwise indicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5234336674465685, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4bdad93c-aad5-4dae-89bb-5a99a796fd40>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.619220"}
{"text": "overview - basic english teacher ' s edition emphasize skills students need every day. basic english builds and reinforces basic language skills. the high - interest, easy - to - read lessons keep students involved as they learn parts of speech and sentence construction. frequent examples and activities throughout offer abundant basic english is ideal for students who need extra help with language concepts, or those who are learning english as a second language. the program provides clear instruction with the building - blocks of english usage. clearly written explanations and relevant examples make learning easy. plenty of skills practice reinforce lessons on parts of speech, writing skills, and advanced skills such as developing themes and ideas. colorful pages, high - interest graphics, and life - relevant examples and exercises keep students engaged. short lessons, along with goals for learning and chapter reviews, reinforce and link new concepts. easy - to - read text and engaging content holds students attention aligns with state and national standards goals for learning helps students focus on major chapter objectives writing practice activities reinforce skills and focus on practical applications chapter reviews and test - taking tips reinforce lessons and offer advice on applying knowledge in testing formats key vocabulary terms defined in page margins offer immediate reinforcement and build language skills over 300 additional activities on the teachers resource library cd - rom writing sentences, using nouns in sentences, using pronouns in sentences, using adjectives in sentences, using action verbs in sentences, using state - of - being verbs in sentences, using adverbs in sentences, using prepositional phrases, using conjunctions and interjections, recognizing sentence patterns, identifying verbs and verbal phrases, writing compound and complex sentences, repairing sentence problems, understanding paragraph basics, writing better paragraphs, preparing to write a report, includes a special section on the writing process. wraparound teacher ' s edition includes the full student text plus teaching strategies, lesson overviews, application activities, ideas for classroom projects, and tips on learning styles teacher ' s resource library on cd - rom contains the student workbook offering dozens of reinforcement activities ( also available in print ), self - study guide for students who want to work at their own pace, two forms of chapter tests, plus midterm and final tests. just select and print out the materials as needed. everything is reproducible. for windows and macintosh. teaching strategies in english transparencies stimulate learning and discussion in the classroom. graphic organizers present concepts in a meaningful, visual way and help you teach students how to manage information. comes with instruction book and blackline masters. curriculum class set includes 10 student texts, 1 teacher '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492866398791871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2e114e2-7ace-42f7-b783-7a4ab748a57f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.622033"}
{"text": "what is a disciplined life\u00ae? well before the value of social emotional learning became widely recognized in 2003, perspectives co - founders diana shulla - cose and kim day had already realized how critical this kind of learning was to their students ' success. fifteen years ago, they embraced the idea that social emotional learning would be an integral part of the perspectives education model. they understood that the right foundation would help them provide children with safe, caring and well - managed learning environments. believing that character development and academic achievement are interdependent, they began brainstorming ideas for creating a school culture of both personal and academic excellence. they knew that providing their students with instruction in life skills, such as self - discipline, perseverance and good communication, would help them succeed. together, they identified a set of principles that would guide perspectives and called them a disciplined life\u00ae. social emotional learning standards have since been developed in accordance with section 15 ( a ) of public act 93 - 0495. this act calls upon the illinois state board of education to \" develop and implement a plan to incorporate social and emotional development standards as part of the illinois learning standards. \" since the day perspectives opened the doors to its first school, a disciplined life\u00ae has been in place, helping our students to succeed. today, the 26 principles of a disciplined life form the foundation of our culture at perspectives charter schools and help prepare our students for success in college, the workplace and in life. over time, a disciplined life has become integral to every aspect of perspectives, informing our behavior, communication and productivity, while being cornerstone for our curriculum and professional development. it serves as a common language for our students, staff and parents as we work to achieve a culture of success. a disciplined life translates into success for our students. of our 2010 graduates, 97 percent were accepted to college. they have learned what it takes to succeed and understand that character, self - discipline and personal responsibility can change what the future holds for them. we integrate the principles of a disciplined life in all aspects of our school community. from the classroom to the playground, from the front office to staff meetings \u2013 it is our common language and practice. a disciplined life ensures that we are focused and intentional about creating a culture of success for our students and we have recently begun developing assessments to measure impact. how do we measure a disciplined life?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910601970193553, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b78ec73c-e5ae-4a8b-8f69-81867f6a3b89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.624643"}
{"text": "this year, more than 12, 000 u. s. women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer. and more than 4, 210 will die. now, take the pearl pledge and help protect yourself and other women from this preventable disease! cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, which is the opening from the vagina to the uterus. cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. in the united states, 12, 200 women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2010, and 4, 210 women will die of the disease, according to the american cancer society. cervical cancer is caused by \" high - risk \" types of the human papillomavirus ( hpv ). hpv is a very common sexually transmitted infection. in fact, about 3 of every 4 adults will have had hpv at some time in their lives. most hpv infections go away without treatment. infections that do not go away can cause cells on the cervix to change and become abnormal. over time, abnormal cells can slowly develop into cervical cancer. the good news is with proper screening and vaccination, almost every case of cervical cancer can be prevented. cervical cancer does not cause any symptoms until it has advanced to a very late stage. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to get screened regularly even if you feel healthy. there are 2 tests used for cervical cancer screening : the pap test looks for abnormal cells that can develop into cervical cancer. if the pap test finds abnormal cells, your healthcare provider will probably recommend a colposcopy, an exam in which your cervix is viewed more closely. if necessary, the abnormal cells can be treated. keep in mind : abnormal cells are not yet cancer. if abnormal cells are effectively treated at an early stage, they will not develop into cervical cancer. when to have the pap test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend women have their first pap test at age 21. the hpv test looks for the high - risk types of hpv that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer. if your hpv test is positive, it does not mean you have abnormal cells or cervical cancer. it just means that you have hpv and that your healthcare provider will want to follow - up more closely. when to have the hpv test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend that women who are 30 or older get an hpv test along with their pap test. ( hpv testing is not recommended for women under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47548223420245717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcbc8a45-5d79-4675-81c9-2eae0adbfe97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.628728"}
{"text": "- up more closely. when to have the hpv test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend that women who are 30 or older get an hpv test along with their pap test. ( hpv testing is not recommended for women under the age of 30 because hpv infections in younger women are very common and usually disappear on their own. ) if both the hpv test and pap test are normal, women can wait 3 years before their next screening. hpv vaccination protects against the two most common types of high - risk hpv \u2013 16 and 18 \u2013 that cause about 70 % percent of all cervical cancers. when to have the hpv vaccine : hpv vaccines are most effective when given to girls and young women who are not yet sexually active. the hpv vaccines are recommended for girls 11 and 12 years old, and are approved for girls and young women up to age 26. because hpv vaccines do not protect against all high - risk hpv types, they do not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer. even women who have been vaccinated must still be screened to prevent cancer developing from hpv types not covered by vaccination. speak with your healthcare provider about what cervical cancer prevention methods are right for you and how often to get screened.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3798068495282936, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcbc8a45-5d79-4675-81c9-2eae0adbfe97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.629244"}
{"text": "filling out one college application form after another can be daunting, especially when you ' re trying to make a good impression upon the admission committees and get everything done on a deadline. this list should help you get the job done well \u2014 and on time! the college application : what to do - do read college applications and directions carefully. - do make sure that everything that is supposed to be included is enclosed. - do fill out your own applications. type the information yourself to avoid crucial mistakes. - do start with the simple applications and then progress to the more complex ones. - do make copies of college applications, and practice filling one out before you complete the original. - do type or neatly print your answers, and then proofread the applications and essays several times for accuracy. also ask someone else to proofread them for you. - do describe how you can make a contribution to the schools to which you apply ( if you ' re asked ). - do be truthful, and do not exaggerate your accomplishments. - do keep a copy of all the forms you submit to colleges. - do be thorough and turn things in on time. the college application : what not to do - don ' t use correction fluid. if you type your application for college, use a correctable typewriter or liftoff strips to correct mistakes. better yet, fill out your application online. - don ' t write in script. if you don ' t have access to a computer or typewriter, print neatly. - don ' t leave blank spaces. missing information may cause your application to be sent back or delayed while admission officers wait for complete information. - don ' t be unclear. if the question calls for a specific answer, don ' t try to dodge it by being vague. - don ' t put it off! one way to save time when filling out applications is to use the college common application form for the schools you ' re applying to that accept it. this way, you only have to fill out the form once and it can be sent to multiple colleges!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3885019777642408, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca0a06d9-c14c-4620-a88d-aa5dae7368d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.632727"}
{"text": "european decorative arts and sculpture drawing room from lansdowne housemade in england, europe designed by robert adam, scottish, 1728 - 1792. painted decoration by giovanni battista cipriani, italian ( active florence and england ), 1727 - 1785, and antonio zucchi, italian, 1726 - 1795. gilded by joseph perfetti, italian, active london from 1760 - 1778. 1931 - 104 - 1gift of graeme lorimer and sarah moss lorimer in memory of george horace lorimer, 1931 this drawing room is an archetypal example of the work of robert adam, a scottish architect and designer whose name has become synonymous with this style of neoclassical decoration. the room was originally situated on the ground floor of the grand london house that adam designed for the third earl of bute in the early 1760s. adam ' s original plans refer to it as the \" organ drawing room, \" the large recess being intended for lord bute ' s vastly expensive mechanical organ. in 1765, lord bute sold the unfinished house to william petty fitzmaurice, second earl of shelburne and later first marquess of lansdowne, with the provision that adam be retained to continue work on the home. adam was already well known to lord shelburne, whose father had employed the architect to remodel bowood, his family ' s country estate in wiltshire. ( shelburne, who served as secretary of state and in 1783 concluded the treaty of paris granting independence to the united states, entertained benjamin franklin at bowood on several occasions. ) lord shelburne and his wife moved into the house in 1768, when it was in what lady shelburne described as \" so unfurnishd a state. \" yet by the time of lady shelburne ' s death and the end of adam ' s employment by lord shelburne in 1771, the decoration of the drawing room remained incomplete and was evidently abandoned. although the room ' s original furnishings do not survive today, it is known that adam provided designs for a pier - glass and a semicircular pier - table, executed by john gilbert ; circular picture frames, executed by sefferin nelson ; and a carpet, the design for which is in the collection of sir john soane ' s museum in london. in 1929, lord shelburne ' s heirs sold the house to a group of investors. the room was acquired by the philadelphia museum of art in 1931, when the front of the house, including the drawing room and the dining room (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41071131547850726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7a9a5fb-efea-4536-9bf8-80ff9ff57eb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.637025"}
{"text": "the associative array - - an indispensable data type used to describe a collection of unique keys and associated values - - is a mainstay of all programming languages, php included. in fact, associative arrays are so central to the task of web development that php supports dozens of functions and other features capable of manipulating array data in every conceivable manner. such extensive support can be a bit overwhelming to developers seeking the most effective way to manipulate arrays within their applications. in this article, i ' ll offer 10 tips that can help you shred, slice and dice your data in countless ways. 1. adding array elements php is a weakly typed language, meaning you ' re not required to explicitly declare an array nor its size. instead you can both declare and populate the array simultaneously : additional array elements can be appended like this : $ capitals [ ' arkansas ' ] = ' little rock ' ; if you ' re dealing with numerically indexed arrays and would rather prepend and append elements using an explicitly - named function, check out the array _ push ( ) and array _ unshift ( ) functions ( these functions don ' t work with associative arrays ). 2. removing array elements to remove an element from an array, use the unset ( ) function : when using numerically indexed arrays you have a bit more flexibility in terms of removing array elements in that you can use the array _ shift ( ) and array _ pop ( ) functions to remove an element from the beginning and end of the array, respectively. 3. swapping keys and values suppose you wanted to create a new array called $ states, which would use state capitals as the index and state names as the associated value. this task is easily accomplished using the array _ flip ( ) function : suppose the previous arrays were used in conjunction with a web - based \" flash card \" service, and you wanted to provide students with a way to test their knowledge of worldwide capitals, u. s. states included. you can merge arrays containing both state and country capitals using the array _ merge ( ) function : suppose the data found in an array potentially contains capitalization errors, and you want to correct these errors before inserting the data into the database. you can use the array _ map ( ) function to apply a callback to every array element : the standard php library ( spl ) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5100199226910439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d9d41d5-5f23-454d-95a8-8abc57ab3eae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.640521"}
{"text": "use the array _ map ( ) function to apply a callback to every array element : the standard php library ( spl ) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the php language. among these features is the ability to iterate over an array using a convenient object - oriented syntax : $ capitals = array ( ' arizona ' = > ' phoenix ', ' alaska ' = > ' juneau ', ' alabama ' = > ' montgomery ' $ arrayobject = new arrayobject ( $ capitals ) ; foreach ( $ arrayobject as $ state = > $ capital ) printf ( \" the capital of % s is % s < br / > \", $ state, $ capital ) ; / / the capital of arizona is phoenix / / the capital of alaska is juneau / / the capital of alabama is montgomery this is just one of countless great features bundled into the spl, be sure to consult the php documentation for more information. about the author jason gilmore is the founder of the publishing and consulting firm wjgilmore. com. he also is the author of several popular books, including \" easy php websites with the zend framework \", \" easy paypal with php \", and \" beginning php and mysql, fourth edition \". follow him on twitter at @ wjgilmore.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4706866087584059, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d9d41d5-5f23-454d-95a8-8abc57ab3eae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.641122"}
{"text": "estimates and assumptions 6. estimates and assumptions the preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions which, in some circumstances, are based on difficult and subjective judgments and estimates derived from historical experience and assumptions which, each time, are believed to be reasonable and realistic under the circumstances. such estimates affect the reported amounts of some assets and liabilities, costs and revenues, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. the estimates and assumptions will generally refer to the measurement of the recoverable amounts of intangible assets, the definition of the useful lives of property, plant and equipment, the recoverability of receivables and the recognition and measurement of provisions. the estimates and assumptions are based upon data which reflects the current state of available knowledge. accounting policies of particular importance requiring a higher degree of judgment the accounting policies involving a higher degree of judgment by management in making estimates and for which a change in the conditions underlying the assumptions could have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements are the following : in accordance with the accounting policies applied in the preparation of the financial statements, goodwill is tested annually in order to assess whether there is an impairment that should be recorded in the income statement. in particular, the test involves the allocation of goodwill to cash - generating units and the determination of the relative recoverable amount, understood as being the higher of fair value and the value in use. if the value in use is lower than the carrying amount of the cash - generating units, an impairment on the goodwill allocated to them should recognized. the allocation of goodwill to cash - generating units and the determination of their value in use involves estimates which depend on subjective valuations as well as on factors which could change over time with consequent and possibly significant effects on the assessment made by management. impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets in accordance with the accounting policies applied, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested to ascertain if there is an impairment, which should be recognized, when there are indications that would imply difficulties in recovering the net carrying amount through the use of the asset. the verification of the existence of these indications requires management to make judgments based on available internal or external information and historical experience. moreover, when it has been determined that there could be a potential impairment, that impairment must be determined by reference to suitable valuation techniques. the proper identification of elements indicating the existence of a potential impairment and the estimates used to determine it depend on subjective judgments and factors which can vary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4733347682004362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9e66b03-ecb7-4302-8042-44c5bd9255d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.644805"}
{"text": "planet news in 2025 one of the best ways to prevent a crisis from happening is to make projections about what will happen if nothing is done ; if the present course of action is continued. planet news 2025 brings you the stories of the future. this is not fiction. it is science fiction - only the science is true and thus the predictions must also be true if the variables have been accurately ascertained and fitted into a model. it is better to describe planet news 2025 as science faction. energy consumption in 2025 in 2025 energy consumption will increase by 50 % from the present rate in 2012 ( \" growing demands for energy, \" mapping the global future - report of the national intelligence council ' s 2020 project ). despite improvements in energy efficiency the continued rate of growth of the indian, chinese, brazilian and russian economies will require a doubling of the current amount of energy consumed. the present small percentage of energy generated from renewable resources does not bode well for the environmental impact of doubling energy consumption. world population in 2025 by 2025 the world population will reach 7. 9 at the current exponential growth ( u. s. census bureau, \" total midyear population for the world : 1950 - 2050, \" international data base ). in america the population will reach 350 million. not only america but countries around the world will suffer serious urban overcrowding, shortages of housing ( and consequent rises in house prices ). there is likely to be an increase in the number at the bottom of societies that will cause increases in crime and a fast erosion of civil liberties as governments seek to enact draconian measures to counter the rising wave of crime. it is also likely that the movement of people both through legal and illegal immigration will greatly increase as people from developing countries seek to go to developed countries with more employment opportunities and less dense populations. scandinavia and australia will be targeted in particular. in 2007 one third of the world lived in areas identified as having a water shortage. by 2025 over half the world population ( 5 billion people ) will suffer water shortages. this will lead to human disaster zones where many die of drought. the price of water will become so high that a certain percentage of the world population will not be able to afford clean water. wars will be fought over fresh water supplies. the world will rush to bring out better desalination technology, and world leaders will have to fight corporations who seek to profit from the patents on this new desalination technology. although water conservation in the home ( http : /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4670337721343276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.665752"}
{"text": "fresh water supplies. the world will rush to bring out better desalination technology, and world leaders will have to fight corporations who seek to profit from the patents on this new desalination technology. although water conservation in the home ( http : / / www. greeninteriordesign. info / water. html ) will be an everyday part of life in 2025 the average person won \u2019 t have the luxury of taking long baths or showers every day. only the very rich will be able to afford fresh water swimming pools. the scarcity of water will also severely hamper the production of energy as without water cooling systems power plants cannot operate. energy production will move to coastal regions where sea water can be used for cooling. this will be a double edged sword because with rising water levels due to climate change it will be harder to secure the power plants from sea encroachment. social upheaval in 2025 by 2025 conditions will have deteriorated so much that social upheaval will happen across the developed world. just as the arab spring of 2011 saw north african dictatorships crumble under internal dissent and international action, so the supposed \u2018 democracies \u2019 of the west will face open revolt against short - sightedness that has got their nation in the present parlous state. militant green movements will replace marxism as the ideology forcing change. this movement will seek to remove wall street lackeys from the corridors of the white house. economic growth for the first time will be superseded in terms of priority by seeking to limit environmental health decline. greenhouse gases in 2025 by 2025 the permafrost will melt. this will release 190 gigatons of trapped greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. this will signal the end of our window of opportunity to stop climate change. by 2025 temperatures around the world will rise by several degrees. this will result in certain areas of the world becoming uninhabitable. formerly cold and unattractive areas such as northern canada will become desirable places to live. that is the news in brief for 2025. read on to discover more about what will happen in 2025 if nothing is done now. naturally, none of us want the predictions above to come true. the purpose of planet2025news. net is to make people think about what they can do now to make this website defunct in 2025, instead of a chillingly accurate forecast of death, destruction, unrest, shortages and misery. it is widely recognized that production of foods for a meat based diet use up more resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48011272201694716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.668018"}
{"text": "about what they can do now to make this website defunct in 2025, instead of a chillingly accurate forecast of death, destruction, unrest, shortages and misery. it is widely recognized that production of foods for a meat based diet use up more resources \u2013 land, water, energy \u2013 than a plant based diet. in this sense, we know that as the world population continues to increase, we cannot keep on eating meat in such large quantities. in actual fact, it would be beneficial for the health of the planet ( as well as ourselves ), if we could base our diets on whole plant foods. looking around the world, there are more people who consume a plant based diet rather than a meat based diet. it is only westerners who consider eating the quantities of meat that we do, as normal. in asian countries for example, when eaten, meat is used mainly for flavor, so much less is eaten per person. throughout asia, rice is a staple food. we might see it as boring, but without this grain the survival of millions would be called into question. it is a food for the masses. it is interesting to note that looking at countries such as thailand, the philippines and china, any fat people are ones eating a more western style, meat based diet. those who consume a traditional, high carbohydrate, rice based ( plant food ) diet are much slimmer and healthy looking. maybe it would be a good idea for westerners to eat more rice as part of their diet. this, how to cook rice website, talks about various easy to cook rice dishes and how to prepare them. rice cookers are in fact an efficient way to prepare rice and provided the \u2018 keep warm \u2019 function isn \u2019 t used for a long period of time, they don \u2019 t use a great deal of electricity. further reading : sustainability of meat - based and plant - based diets and the environment by david pimentel and marcia pimentel in the american journal for clinical nutrition posted : october 15th, 2012 under resources. tags : asia, rice, staple foods some very brave greenpeace activists have just staged a daring protest on board a coal ship leaving australian waters. they were from several countries and got on board the korean ship mv meister two days ago. the cargo is mostly coal which has been picked up in queensland from abbot point. the reason the activists are targeting australian cargo ships is the huge growth in coal exports the country is experience. some estimates suggest that the export of this fossil fuel will more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43897720074249497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.669372"}
{"text": "the cargo is mostly coal which has been picked up in queensland from abbot point. the reason the activists are targeting australian cargo ships is the huge growth in coal exports the country is experience. some estimates suggest that the export of this fossil fuel will more than double over the next few years. their act is to try and bring the \u2019 coal boom \u2019 issue to the table, despite many green agendas none of the political parties have even suggested possible solutions to this issye. the issue is very real, the export growth of coal will lead to increased climate change. it \u2019 s easy to duck the issue by gaining income from exporting it and pretending that the emissions are the problem of someone else. the fact is that australia is one country that is at huge risk from climate change with some extrme temperatures already in many areas. australia has pledged it \u2019 s part to reduce global emissions, these huge exports of one of the most polluting energy sources are a direct contradiction to that policy. there has been no response from the governments climate change department which was specifically set up to promote cleaner energy and to reduce global emissions. the protest has certainly promoted some important debate within the australian media. there are several shows on the mainstream media highlighting this huge contradiction in government policy \u2013 unfortunately you might need an aussie proxy server to watch some of these shows though. one thing it also highlights is the fantastic job done by the brave activists of greenpeace. posted : may 2nd, 2013 under soutions. tags : environment, activists, coal, energy, politics, australia all across the world people want to censor the internet. in places like iran and syria, there \u2019 s a desperate need to control the internet primarily social media. for protestors, the internet is a place to meet, to plan or to rouse support for the opposition it \u2019 s a place to trap dissent and block free speech. but it \u2019 s not just obvious cases like these where there \u2019 s a drive to control what you can do and see online. in australia, there \u2019 s a huge drive to block access to all sorts of websites using state of the art content filters. in iceland they \u2019 ve decided to wage a war on internet pornography and stop sex based websites from being access from their country. in other countries the censorship is a little more subtle but arguably just as dangerous. you would have thought in the land of the first amendment, where free speech is valued like nowehere else \u2013 that the us would be one land where the internet continues to be unfiltered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45133979686742104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.670611"}
{"text": "a little more subtle but arguably just as dangerous. you would have thought in the land of the first amendment, where free speech is valued like nowehere else \u2013 that the us would be one land where the internet continues to be unfiltered. here though it \u2019 s big business and commerce which is the risk, through proposed legislation like sopa. here the threat is that anyone who owns a website becomes responisble for content that appears on it. so anyone for example who runs a discussion forum they could be liable for any statement or link posted to an illegal site or one which breaches a companies copyright. instantly websites like youtube, twitter and facebook for example become a litigation nightmare. people will be scared to post, scared to host and scared to discuss anything online for fear of stepping into a legal minefield. the censorship via this method would be much more subtle, but arguably more encompassing. slowly the internet would turn into a collection of big web sites with legal backing, hosting preapproved content. smaller, unmoderated sites would slowly disappear, they would simply be not worth the risk and the options for free speech would be slowly eroded. thankfully sopa was defeated, but it was a close call, the mobilisation of millions through organisations like wikipedia and google helped block the bills progress. next time we may not be so lucky, there \u2019 s big business online and powerful lobbying funds seek to dictate the internets direction. the attack will continues from all these sources, it is up to us to defend the neutrality of the internet. for some protestors like aaron swartz the battle has cost them their lives. it is up to us to ensure that politicians, big business and dictators cannot control the internet. make sure that we use proxies and vpns to demonstrate that technical controls can be circumvented. when you use a proxy server to watch iplayer in the us, you are not only getting to watch great tv \u2013 but you \u2019 re showing that content is accessible to all whatever restrictions are implemented. the other battles will happen in places like congress, parliament and of course the market places. any of these places could enforce control over the internet, we should ensure that our voices make sure that this never happens. posted : march 31st, 2013 under soutions. tags : proxies, sopa, censorship, internet, swartz when i left university some 20 plus years ago, i had what i thought was a rather large overdraft. i was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47916796977097564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.671682"}
{"text": "march 31st, 2013 under soutions. tags : proxies, sopa, censorship, internet, swartz when i left university some 20 plus years ago, i had what i thought was a rather large overdraft. i was not alone and at the time a couple of thousand pounds seemed a huge amount of money to pay back, however this is nothing compared with what todays youngsters have to endure. it might be different in other countries but nowadays in the united kingdom most students leave with an enormous amount of debt. they have to pay their fees, tuition plus all the other living expenses that go with being a student. i had a grant, paid no fees and a part time job at the student union and i still managed to stagger out with a big overdraft. but by 2025 i think education will change massively. the standard model is school, college and the some sort of degree at a university or college. this last bit usually involves living away from home and paying lots of money for tuition. this model works reasonably well in times of plenty, sure the bills rack up but graduates can expect to earn much more and paying them off is no big worry. however we \u2019 re now seeing students who can \u2019 t find any job and little prospect of paying off their various loans. however in the future things could have changed considerably, i \u2019 m talking of course about the moocs that appeared last year. these are massive open online courses that are taking the world by storm. the university lectures are delivered across the planet using the medium of the internet. a brilliant professor is no longer restricted to teaching a handful of students in his lecture room, but literally tens of thousands across the world. at the moment nearly all the leading universities in the world are getting involved. it will be interesting to see where it leads, particularly how it \u2019 s funded, currently all the courses are pretty much free. however universities need fees to survive so this model won \u2019 t scale up. perhaps the costs will lower and you \u2019 ll be charged a fee and can study anywhere. maybe you \u2019 ll need to be located in a certain place, perhaps to study in oxford or cambridge you \u2019 ll need to prove you \u2019 re in the uk or at least use a fake ip address! it may not stop there, perhaps all other levels of learning could follow this route? whatever happens, opening up world class education to the world not based on where you are born has got to be a positive thing for the human race. posted :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4868651701147588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.672717"}
{"text": "! it may not stop there, perhaps all other levels of learning could follow this route? whatever happens, opening up world class education to the world not based on where you are born has got to be a positive thing for the human race. posted : january 18th, 2013 under resources. tags : mooc, education, online learning a really important aspect of this overall subject is handicap mobility and the needs of those people that are affected by physical disabilities. there are several arguments about the benefits and drawbacks of a variety of mobility solutions for the physically challenged and what folks can and cannot do in certain circumstances. don \u2019 t let this cloud your view, but when you think about it, vehicles customized for use by the physically handicapped are highly beneficial. if you were ever scared of using or felt intimated by motorized scooters for instance, this may go some way to allay those fears. you know it is not always easy to comment on something that describes the needs of people with disabilities so well. if you want to feel confident about getting up and down stairs, then based from reports of mobility issues along with the social and public aspects, installing a stair lift in your home can increase your access considerably. these amazing yet simple devices provide important and often essential access to parts of the home that would otherwise be off limits to a person with mobility limitations. it helps to be at the right place to learn a lot of new things. knowing where to find definite information is important. most people with disabilities are not so fragile that can \u2019 t navigate some obstacles, but stairs often represent an unassailable barrier for many. being able to ascend or descend easily, safely and without aid can be liberating and dignifying. how would you know if a handicap ramp exists in every building that needs it? while that probably varies from place to place, any specialized form of transportation such as wheelchairs or motorized scooters will find it a whole lot easier to gain access to public buildings with carefully placed ramps as an alternative to stairs. if you really want to learn some in - depth facts about his, a trip to any municipal building will reveal what you need to know graphically. the truth is you can do this for next to nothing, but you can learn much from the exercise. when a handicap vehicle is provided to those who follow the well worn transportation path, it could turn out that you \u2019 ve stumbled upon a great benefit. there are many kinds of specialist vehicles that cater to the needs of those with physical mobility issues that provide useful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49003289851196863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.673922"}
{"text": "a handicap vehicle is provided to those who follow the well worn transportation path, it could turn out that you \u2019 ve stumbled upon a great benefit. there are many kinds of specialist vehicles that cater to the needs of those with physical mobility issues that provide useful transportation to places they may not otherwise have access to. in general, it is worth using knowledge about the many aspects of handicap mobility to see how it works from a different perspective. the issues surrounding handicap mobility can be immense but well worth taking on board. you can learn more about the issues facing people with physical disabilities by visiting this excellent website : handicapeasylife. com. there seems to be little or even no independent thought at all on many of the issues that concern people with disabilities, but attitudes are changing for the better. posted : december 15th, 2012 under soutions. tags : handicap access, mobility issues, people with disabilities a conference scheduled to last 11 days has begun in dubai with the intention to try and agree a direction for the furture of the internet. the goal sounds quite simple \u2013 to agree some common standards for the future of the internet. however the uk organisers were quoted as mentioning that they expect a certain amount of friction within the debates. it \u2019 s been a long time since such talks have taken place, the last global conference on the future of telecoms across the planet took place in 1988. obviously the world has changed a lot since then! one of the key concerns of the organisers is that today still over 4 billion people have no access at all to the internet, this can only lead to inequalities in knowledge and opportunity. some are concerned that censorship and filtering are going to be high on the conference agenda. google has started advertising on their search page asking people to support the principles of a free and open internet. they seem to be worried that governments are intending to impose strict regulations on a global scale on the free use of the internet. the united nations who are driving this conference are keen to deny this allegation. it will be interesting to see where google go with this campaign, they obviously have the potential to leverage enormous power globally simply through their search page. the meetings at this conference are closed to the public however google will be well represented there anyway. we would hope that some of the increasing restrictions and filtering that is happening throughout the world can be addressed. the internet is increasingly being used as a tool either for oppression by denying access like the syrian government or artificial blocks put up by commercial organisations keen to carry on with their global price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44825855433498707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.674995"}
{"text": "the increasing restrictions and filtering that is happening throughout the world can be addressed. the internet is increasingly being used as a tool either for oppression by denying access like the syrian government or artificial blocks put up by commercial organisations keen to carry on with their global price discriminations. the sad truth is to operate on anything like a free and open internet then you need to use some sort of proxy or vpn service like something detailed here - http : / / www. proxyusa. com /. however this require money and not all people are lucky enough to be able to afford such services to protect their online freedom. posted : december 10th, 2012 under resources. tags : itu meeting, internet freedom, censorship one of the most poignant aspects of the future has to be progressive advances made in personal health. it may have taken a long time to finally get people educated to the facts about nutrition and diet, but the obesity epidemic that swept through western civilization in the early part of the century had finally been brought under control. people at last realized that their excessive consumption of sugar and processed foods were largely responsible for their expanding waistlines and the food industry was forced to change. the way that food was presented finally changed and the emphasis switched from high fat, high sugar comfort foods to healthy, fresh produce big companies go under it cost some of the biggest processed food manufacturers their business and huge losses were seen as one household name company after another fell into receivership through the sudden drop off in sales. the survivors were the companies that saw the writing on the wall and changed with consumer eating habits. the biggest casualties were the big name fast food restaurants that failed to come up with completely healthy alternatives to their high fat, cholesterol promoting unhealthy food. consumers saw through the many futile attempts to hoodwink them with healthy looking food that on closer inspection was really no better than the junk they had been serving up for decades before. a long time coming it took several years for the changes to come about. obese people started losing weight once they came to realize that they could still enjoy good food and not load up on so many calories. the nation \u2019 s statistics for overweight citizens fell steadily year after year until it reached levels not seen since the middle of the 20th century! the lesson learned by millions of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking gi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49179912505346585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.676134"}
{"text": "of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking girths of their customers. by the year 2025, populations had become healthy, slim and much happier. it may have been a long time coming, but the lessons learned about the eternal health concepts such as can be seen at http : / / eternalhealthconcepts. com of sensible eating and drinking were well worth learning. people are now living longer on average than they did only a decade ago with far fewer hospital admissions for weight related diseases and conditions. this surely has to be the best time to be alive ever! posted : october 31st, 2012 under soutions. tags : health, sensible diet, health concepts while the current trend seems to be a rapidly expanding world population with an equally rapidly expanding collective waistline, this simply cannot be sustained in the long term. attitudes toward diet and the way we eat must and will change over time as people are better educated in the ways of sensible eating and by having a greater awareness of what is in the food and drinks that they are consuming. the year 2025 is not such a long way off that our current generations will be able to enjoy the many benefits that more widespread health education will bring. a more realistic diet awareness will take over from the current widespread ignorance of what nutritional constituents are in all foods that are consumed. this means that the stranglehold the food industry and manufacturers currently have over people will be dissolved as it cannot be sustained under the weight of greater consumer awareness of what is in the food they buy in stores. so what will this global rise in nutritional awareness mean for the average person on the street? a diet revolution it will mean that all foods that are processed and packaged for convenience will have to be totally transparent as to their constituents and full documentation as to the properties of every single additive must be not only available but proofs that they have been acknowledged and understood by the consumer will be mandatory before they can be purchased. of course, in a changed new world of infinitely more widespread and comprehensive education that ensures that all children leave school with a high level of knowledge of diet and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health. advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. those additives that are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150197153407712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.677276"}
{"text": "and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health. advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. those additives that are currently unsafe or that have a high potentiality to initiate damaging health consequences will not be allowed to be added to any foods. the great hope is that these advances in knowledge and understanding will lead to a healthier population that knows what it should and should not eat or drink. the resulting effect will be a healthier, slimmer population less dependent on health services to treat weight related illnesses. this will be a hugely positive development that will happen gradually over the years. certainly by 2025 the results will speak for themselves just by looking around and seeing a world full of healthier, better informed and happier people. posted : august 3rd, 2012 under soutions. tags : diet, diet awareness as advances have come in the medical and chemical industries, the cosmetic and beauty industry has become somewhat akin the wild west. ingredients aren \u2019 t regulated, so it \u2019 s very possible for untested products to hit the shelves at the expense of eager consumers. sites like the skin deep cosmetics database aim to educate consumers on the dangerous chemicals that lurk inside of their favorite cosmetics. in 2025, however, things will be different. there won \u2019 t just be online databases that warn only the most interested of consumers about the dangers of chemicals in their favorite products. many more government regulations will be in place by then that will ban companies from using carcinogenic ingredients in the products they produce. although many of the government regulations that will be in place in 2025 will have a negative impact on the social and economic structure of the world, these regulations will have a positive impact on the health of citizens. some products that exist today will thrive in 2025. the products that will thrive are the ones produced by companies that are already aware of the dangers of chemicals in beauty products. products like aubrey organics shampoo, nature \u2019 s natural, and mira hair oil will increase greatly in popularity as consumers are forced to abandon the dangerous products that they once ( unknowingly ) used. although there is much to fear in 2025, there are some things to look forward to as well. we have no choice but to be alive in that year, so it is important to look for the positives where they exist. posted : april 18th, 2012 under resources. by the year 2025 the travel industry will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4450840032644869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.678563"}
{"text": "look forward to as well. we have no choice but to be alive in that year, so it is important to look for the positives where they exist. posted : april 18th, 2012 under resources. by the year 2025 the travel industry will have changed considerably. at the moment ( in 2012 ) the travel industry accounts for 5 % of the total gdp of the world. this revenue goes to big travel companies but also to developing countries such as thailand, india, brazil and the caribbean. a lot also goes to the second tier of the developed world such as italy, greece and spain. it is hard to make predictions about whether people will have more or less leisure time in the near future. certainly the wave of money seems to have left the west coast of america and is cresting in china. chinese employers are notorious, like their japanese and korean counterparts, for making their employees work 6 or 7 days a week and severely restricting public holidays. if china holds the economic reins in 2025 then it can be expected that the average length of holidays will decrease. however, it can be expected that those with lots of money will still go on foreign holidays. it is likely that high - end hotels and resorts in koh samui, the bahamas and italy will continue to do good business. with the releasing of the green house gases caught in the perma - frost caused by the melting of the polar caps world average temperatures will rise. this will result in two outcomes. one, places like fiji and the maldives will be underwater and their tourist trade will vanish along with their islands. and secondly, countries that were formerly too cold to attract many tourists such as scandinavia and canada will see an upsurge in tourist numbers, especially from tourists traveling in their own country. finally, with dwindling supplies of petrol, energy costs will be higher. plane tickets will cost more. air - con will cost more. as fewer people can afford to go to the tropics, and as they become hotter their will be initially a price war. this competition will be most strongly felt among mid - range and budget places. to sum up, it looks like less holidays in 2025. there will still be a travel industry, but there will be clear winners and losers. posted : march 28th, 2012 under energy. tags : travel in 2025, energy, price wars, less holidays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4463620422435092, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a03f0ad0-8230-474f-8c09-548a61f48c1e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.679521"}
{"text": "researchers at ucla have built a cheap, optics - free holographic microscope capable of detecting bacteria like e. coli in things like water, food, and blood. and by cheap, we mean really cheap. the researchers say it costs less than $ 100 to build. the microscope has two ways of analyzing samples : a transmission mode and a reflection mode. the transmission mode is good for transparent media, like thin slices of a sample or clear liquids. in this case, the microscope \u2019 s laser can easily penetrate and analyze microscopic objects. for denser, more solid samples the microscope uses holography to generate a 3 - d image of the sample that can be beamed to remote computers for further analysis if necessary. in reflection mode, the microscope basically splits the laser beam using a mirror. it then uses one half of the beam to illuminate the sample. on the other side the sample beam and the control beam are recombined. some \u201c clever mathematics \u201d can then use resulting the changes in the beam to generate a 3 - d image of the object sampled. but while that may sound fairly high - tech, there are no expensive optics or other pricey components required. the photo sensors are of the variety often found in smartphones, and small lasers like the one used in the device are really inexpensive these days as well. that all means that these holographic microscopes could be widely deployed at little cost. and that \u2019 s the idea. places that don \u2019 t have access to high - tech diagnostic equipment could use these devices to sample food and water - - or even human blood - - for harmful bugs and beam the images to more powerful computing devices elsewhere for analysis or diagnosis. that could help contain contaminations and outbreaks faster, saving lives while keeping costs down. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5831307465061649, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbb7aa65-c191-461e-a3b7-5d90d73beae4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.682673"}
{"text": "csiro marine and atmospheric research, barrie hunt, says ' despite 2010 being a very warm year globally, the severity of the 2009 - 2010 northern winter and a wetter and cooler australia in 2010 relative to the past few years have been misinterpreted by some to imply that climate change is not occurring. ' ' recent wet conditions in eastern australia mainly reflect short - term climate variability and weather events, not longer - term climate change trends. conclusions that climate is not changing are based on a misunderstanding of the roles of climatic change caused by increasing greenhouse gases and climatic variability due to natural processes in the climatic system. ' these two components of the climate system interact continuously, sometimes enhancing and sometimes counteracting one another to either exacerbate or moderate climate extremes. ' mr hunt says his climatic model simulations support what is clear from recent observations \u2013 that in addition to the role of climate change linked to human activity, natural variability produces periods where the global climate can be either cooler or warmer than usual. mr hunt \u2019 s results were published in the latest edition of the international journal climate dynamics. he says some such natural temperature variations can last for 10 to 15 years, with persistent variations of about 0. 2\u00b0c. ' such natural variability could explain the above average temperatures observed globally in the 1940s, and the warm but relatively constant global temperatures of the last decade. ' mr hunt also found that seasonal cold spells will still be expected under enhanced greenhouse conditions. for example, monthly mean temperatures up to 10\u00b0c below present values were found to occur over north america as late as 2060 in model simulations, with similar cold spells over asia. variations of up to 15\u00b0c below current temperatures were found to occur on individual days, even in 2060, despite a long - term trend of warming on average. ' these results suggest that a few severe winters in the northern hemisphere are not sufficient to indicate that climatic change has ceased. the long - term trends that characterise climate change can be interpreted only by analysing many years of observations. ' ' future changes in global temperature as the concentration of greenhouse gases increases will not show a simple year - on - year increase but will vary around a background of long - term warming. winters as cold as that recently experienced in the northern hemisphere, however, will become progressively less frequent as the greenhouse effect eventually dominates, ' mr hunt said. this underlying warming trend, reflected in the projections of future climate and the observation that the past decade has been the warmest in the instrumental record, underline the need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5143493679352504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df0d3c64-9bd5-4d02-98f8-7a7c217e5a58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.686818"}
{"text": "the first example ( fig. 1 ) was a great way to look at finger independence, which is our first left - hand technique. having your fingers do independent things is one of the most challenging aspects of playing the guitar. if you had trouble changing chords fast enough when you started playing guitar, you were dealing with finger independence issues. it turns out that out hands aren \u2019 t built equally. there \u2019 s an individual tendon for each of your individual fingers, except the ring finger and pinky. those unfortunate digits have to share one, and now you know why most guitar players only use three fingers on their left hand : the pinky is a bit weak, short, and it \u2019 s sharing a tendon with the ring finger. for a great example of this, place your fingertips on a table and make them all touch at the same time. now, try to lift up just your third finger, making sure your pinky stays down. hard, isn \u2019 t it? have no fear \u2014 while the pinky may be weak and muscularly challenged, it can be beefed up! fig. 2 is the first of our \u201c spider \u201d exercises. i learned these in college and when you do it fast enough, you look like a tarantula walking across the fretboard. it \u2019 s creepy and awesome at the same time. fig. 2 is all about pairs of fingers : first and third, and second and fourth. by moving them together, first in parallel, and then in opposing motion, you \u2019 re making sure that each finger can work independently from each other. while the exercise sounds pedantic, the motion is just what you need to get from chord to chord with ease. in the audio example, i \u2019 m keeping my fingers down as long as i can, forcing the other fingers to work if we break up the fingers and play them one by one, we get fig. 3, which proves that you can apply finger independence drills to enhance your lead playing as well. i \u2019 ve added a string skip to each finger pair to make it a little more i \u2019 ll do one last exercise based on the spider drill with fig. 4. this time, i \u2019 m adding a string skip each time i use all four fingers. this one is tricky, but it really shows how wimpy most people \u2019 s fingers are. now let \u2019 s take the finger independence idea and make all four fingers play at the same time \u2014 you know, like you do with chords. these shapes are called mirrors because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006395919289921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99467c6f-2c6b-4c86-aa89-8e81b6ee2c36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.692592"}
{"text": "researchers develop edible ' peels ' for variety of liquid, semi - solid foods imagine getting your yogurt from a little ball with an edible skin. or your ice cream. how about your soda coming from a vending machine not in a recyclable can, but rather with a peel you can bite right into. it ' s closer to reality than you might think. editor ' s note : this report is part of a collaboration between pri ' s the world and nova. a team of chefs, chemists and designers has come up with a way for you to eat a cocktail, to hold a mouthful of juice in your hands. they \u2019 ve created a biodegradable shell that can enclose ice cream, mousses, cheeses and liquids. take an orange, for example. david edwards, an inventor and engineer at harvard university, slices one open. \u201c now look at that, \u201d he said, pointing to the pulp. \u201c obviously the orange is full of water and moisture. and then you \u2019 ve got the orange peel. \u201d the peel is a kind of durable, biodegradable packaging. few people eat an orange peel, but it is edible. and, of course, we do eat the peels of other fruits, like peaches and apples. the fact that these fruits come in their own built - in packaging is convenient. it means they do not have to be sold in boxes or bags. this idea is the inspiration behind a company that edwards has founded. he wants to change the way we package and eat food. making his own peel this is where things start to get less familiar. edwards fetches a plate of what look like red rubber balls. he picks one up between his thumb and forefinger. \u201c i \u2019 m going to bite into it just to show you what \u2019 s going on here, \u201d he said. edwards bites it in two and holds up the half still in his fingers. greek yogurt sits inside. he squeezes the yogurt out. the innovative part is what is on the outside. it is a protective, biodegradable skin \u2014 like an orange peel. and it \u2019 s edible. \u201c that skin keeps moisture inside, and it keeps germs and other things outside, \u201d edwards said. he won \u2019 t reveal the exact recipe, but he says in this case the raw ingredients come from raspberries and algae. and it is not just yogurt that edwards is wrapping in this kind of edible peel. his vision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43139811319806004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1476567-dad6-4738-bb3d-ae513130326e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.724281"}
{"text": "edwards said. he won \u2019 t reveal the exact recipe, but he says in this case the raw ingredients come from raspberries and algae. and it is not just yogurt that edwards is wrapping in this kind of edible peel. his vision is that one day you will go to the supermarket and, instead of buying cartons of juice and cans of soup, you will fill your cart up with balls of food and drink. \u201c i get home, and i hand ( the food ) to my son, and he hands it to his friend, \u201d edwards said. \u201c and then the friend says, \u2018 but did you wash your hands? \u2019 at that point, i clean it as i do fruit and vegetables today. i can run water over it, and it doesn \u2019 t dissolve, actually. and it can be cleaned, and then i can eat it. \u201d a curious display of food it may sound like something from star trek, but edwards is already trying these products out on the public. his company recently organized a tasting at its test kitchen in paris. just before the event, the company \u2019 s research and development manager, heloise vilaseca, was eager to hear what the taste testers would say. \u201c would they like it? \u201d she wondered. \u201c would they understand the product? would they want to share it with friends? \u201d on this day, four volunteers had arrived to try the new foods. maeva tordo was one of them. she works in business innovation, and her eyes were wide with anticipation. \u201c i \u2019 m really, really curious about it because i always dreamed about being able to eat the cap of my yogurt, \u201d she said. \u201c so i can \u2019 t wait. \u201d before long, the group was brought into a room where the food had been laid out. white spheres of frosty ice cream and brown orbs of mousse rested in shallow bowls. yellow and green cheese marbles huddled on little plates. the gelatinous balls of yogurt were on display, as well. the taste testers plucked them up with their fingers and popped them into their mouths like grapes. they seemed to be loving it, though someone did mention that the ice cream could be improved by making it smaller. perhaps the strangest things on the table were the beverages \u2013 colorful globes of liquid. some contained orange juice. others held a cocktail made with blue curacao, wrapped in a transparent spherical skin flecked with orange rind and placed in martini glasses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42892766250966197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1476567-dad6-4738-bb3d-ae513130326e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.747681"}
{"text": "shots - health news wed february 27, 2013 how guinea pigs could help autistic children originally published on thu february 28, 2013 12 : 18 pm feeling a little awkward? consider skipping the alcohol and grabbing a pet instead. as any dog walker knows, it ' s easy \u2014 unavoidable, even \u2014 to strike up conversations with strangers when accompanied by a canine friend. smaller animals like rabbits and turtles can also lubricate social interactions. given this effect, maggie o ' haire, a doctoral candidate in psychology at the university of queensland, wondered if animals could also help children with autism spectrum disorders connect with other people. as it turns out, they can. in a study described in the latest plos one, o ' haire and her colleagues introduced two guinea pigs into 15 different classrooms and looked at how the presence of these furry creatures affected the interactions of autistic children with adults and non - autistic kids. the researchers found that autistic children were significantly more talkative and cheerful in the presence of guinea pigs than in the presence of toys. the children were also more likely to look at faces, make physical contact, and interact with other children and adults. o ' haire has several theories as to why animals might have this effect. first of all, animals facilitate social interaction by giving people a common focus of attention. \" there ' s something about having an animal present that gets people talking, \" says o ' haire. additionally, animals have a calming effect. for children with autism, the classroom can be a stressful environment, and o ' haire says an animal may relax them enough to make them feel comfortable interacting with peers. animals also make people look better. \" if you have an animal with you, people actually perceive you as friendlier, happier, and less threatening, \" o ' haire says. \" having an animal there may have changed the children ' s perceptions of their peers in a more positive light. \" o ' haire thinks animals could aid autistic children with social interactions in a many places, including classrooms and therapists ' offices. \" i certainly think that in any situation where there ' s rapport that needs to be built, this data seems to show that having an animal would really help, \" she says. but is it practical? more research needs to be done to figure out how to implement so - called animal - assisted interventions, but o ' haire doesn ' t think that it ' s far - fetched to hope that animals could be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4524104250014398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81f7cb19-e032-4d58-a42c-6be0e1451d34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.754209"}
{"text": "try the following rss feeds for books and magazines : | csiro publishing new books & cds | | ecos : towards a sustainable future | and research journals : what are rss web feeds? rss ( really simple syndication ) is a standard file format for syndicating information on the web. there is a wide range of applications that support rss feeds including newsreaders and personalised homepages available. what is a newsreader? a \u201c news \u201d or \u201c feed \u201d reader is a special application that aggregates and displays multiple feeds. your choice of reader will depend on a number of factors including cost ( some are free and some have a fee ) and suitability with your computer \u2019 s operating system. getting advice from a colleague experienced with rss is recommended. two popular examples are : getting started with rss once a reader is installed, select a feed from the list above or look for rss feeds on your favourite web sites which are usually indicated by an orange or rss ( or xml ) button. you then simply copy the url address into your reader ( hint : right click on the feed button, select copy shortcut and paste into your reader ). your reader will regularly check for new information from all sites selected and alert you to any new items found. adding rss feeds to a personalised homepage to place a rss feeds on a personalised homepage, choose a feed from the list above by clicking and follow the simple instructions to sign - up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4727031986294684, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d96722bc-6cfb-4f50-a078-9bcc0d136e7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.762079"}
{"text": "jesus and his disciples were reclining at their passover meal. jesus blessed the matzoh bread then he blessed the wine and passed around his cup. \" drink this, for this is my blood. \" then jesus looked at each of his disciples. his face was full of sorrow. \" one of you sitting here will betray me. \" jesus answered, \" the one to whom i shall give this bread. \" then jesus took a piece of bread from the loaf, dipped it in the dish of wine and handed it to judas iscariot. \" do whatever you have to do, but do it quickly. \" jesus said. with a start, judas got up from the table, left the room, and walked out into the night. photo from greg olsen when jesus and his disciples ate the \" last supper \" it was on the first night of the passover festival, or during the seder meal. during this meal jesus explained to his disciples that the bread was his body and the wine was his blood of the new covenant, shed for the remission of our sins. jesus instructed us to \" do this in remembrance of me \" ( luke 22 : 19 ) the example jesus set in washing the feet of his disciples is sometimes still done today on maundy thursday before the passover supper. most churches offer a maundy service in which they end the service with communion, breaking the bread and drinking the wine in remembrance of jesus ' death. god commanded the israelites to remember the passover as a festival to the lord for generations to come ( exodus 12 : 14 ). most jewish families continue to observe the feast of passover seder ( supper ) on the first day of passover. passover is a week long celebration. today, the meal in the upper room has become part of holy week. each ingredient in a passover meal has a special meaning. as christians we can explain that we are all \" chosen people \" if we have been \" born \" into god ' s family by believing in his son, jesus, as our messiah. we can share the cup of joy with other christians out of thanksgiving that jesus became the final \" lamb \" to be sacrificed in order that our \" joy may be full \". below are the passover foods and the explanations of the meanings from the old testament exodus story ( and the new testament story of jesus ' as our messiah. ) * three whole matzos ( unleavened bread ). a reminder that the israelites did not have time to wait for the yeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4270252164616346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6f0b462-536c-421b-be12-47bb89d35b8f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.774471"}
{"text": "the meanings from the old testament exodus story ( and the new testament story of jesus ' as our messiah. ) * three whole matzos ( unleavened bread ). a reminder that the israelites did not have time to wait for the yeast bread to rise because they had to be ready to move when god said. a piece of the middle one is hidden for a child to find. ( new testament represents the body of jesus christ broken for our sins. as christians it is a reminder to live so that we are always \" ready to go \" when jesus returns. also yeast sometimes represents the evil in the world. god wants his people to be pure. ) * a roasted lamb ~ placed to the host ' s right ~ in memory of the lamb sacrificed by israelites the night before their flight from egypt. ( jesus is our final perfect lamb sacrificed for us. ) * a roasted egg ~ to the left ~ in mourning for destroyed temple. ( symbol of the free - will offering that was given with the lamb. this represents giving more to god than just what is demanded. this is a gift of love. jesus is god ' s ultimate gift. god ' s law demanded justice, but with the gift of jesus, god gives us more than justice ; he gives us mercy, love and forgiveness. ) * maror ( bitter herbs ) ~ placed in the middle a reminder of the bitterness of slavery in egypt. ( as christians we remember that many suffered so that we may know the joy of the good news of jesus. ) * charoseth ( chopped almonds, apple, wine, sugar and cinnamon ) ~ symbolizes the mortar which the jews had to mix in making bricks for the king of egypt. * salt water ~ to signify the red sea which miraculously parted to let the israelites across. ( represents the tears of all of god ' s saints ) * karpar ( celery, parsley, greens ) - the hebrew word means 600, 000 the recorded number who left egypt. ( these plants stay green all year and represent the everlasting life because of jesus christ ' s ressurection. ) * wine or grape juice ~ wine represents joy. as the service proceeds, as each plaque is mentioned, each person sips a little of the wine. this means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete. ( at the last supper jesus said that the wine represented his own life ' s blood, poured out for us. he had to die so that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4784256574334554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6f0b462-536c-421b-be12-47bb89d35b8f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.775525"}
{"text": "wine. this means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete. ( at the last supper jesus said that the wine represented his own life ' s blood, poured out for us. he had to die so that we could know the total joy of freedom and forgiveness. ) * elijah ' s cup ~ usually a treasured one filled with wine ~ is placed on the table to await the arrival of the messiah. ( jesus said in matthew 11 : 14 that john the baptist was the promised elijah who was to announce the messiah ' s coming. for christians this cup does not remain untouched. it is shared by everyone at the table in the joy that our hope had come true. the messiah has come to us and is alive to give our lives eternal joy. the youngest son or male asks the same question 5 times, and the father answers explaining why. here is the question, and the answers. why is this night different from all other nights? on all other nights we eat either leavened bread or matzah. on this night, only matzah. on all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs. on this night, only bitter herbs. on all other nights we do not dip even once. on this night, we dip twice. on all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining. on this night we all recline. on all other nights we eat in any ordinary way. on this night we dine in special ceremony. to start we read exodus 7 - 12. dad starts reading from ex. 7 : 1 - 13. then each of our children take turns reading the 10 plagues. we start with the oldest to the youngest. to represent each plague the younger children painted wooden cutouts, which i found at the craft store. ( a red heart to represent the river nile turning to blood, a green frog, a fly, locust, etc. ) after the child reads the plague from the bible they place the wooden object in a basket that is set in the center of the room. after everyone reads dad explains the seder food and what each represents. the youngest son or grandson asks the question 5 times as explained in the seder ceremony above. after the meal is eaten we move the table back to the dining room clear the dishes. to remember jesus ' washing the disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. this year i wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043284804875264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6f0b462-536c-421b-be12-47bb89d35b8f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.776522"}
{"text": "room clear the dishes. to remember jesus ' washing the disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. this year i wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes that persons feet, and drys their feet with a towel. we continue until everyone has had their feet washed. to concluded we watch either the 10 commandments or the prince of egypt animated movie. after the ceremony it is fun for the family to make jelly bean prayer jars, and address easter cards for friends and elderly people. this craft is really easy to make. you won ' t need a masters degree in special education or an information assurance degree to show your children how to make these prayer jars. after the feast jennifer, jonathan, and jamie preformed a play on the \" ten plagues and passover \". the three grandchildren especially enjoyed the little frogs, flies etc that were tossed towards them during the play. it was a wonderful way to teach the story of moses and the ten plagues and the passover to the kids. to your family may the joy of jesus christ be with you and your family every day! to your family passover linksuncle eli ' s site be sure and click on the story about the 10 placgues and the passover seder. they are both great for kids. and for parents here is a detail passover and seder explanation at us israel. org bitsela. com free art - provided the jewish art enter email to subscribe to our free magazine email us atjust4kidsmagazine. com would you like to recommend this site to a friend??? just for kids magazine ~ april ' s issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4632874986032801, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6f0b462-536c-421b-be12-47bb89d35b8f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.777257"}
{"text": "the british agricultural revolution describes a period of development in britain between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. this in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the industrial revolution. how this came about is not entirely clear. in recent decades, enclosure, mechanization, four - field crop rotation, and selective breeding have been highlighted as primary causes, with credit given to relatively few individuals. prior to the 18th century, agriculture had been much the same across europe since the middle ages. the open field system was essentially post - feudal, with each farmer subsistence - cropping strips of land in one of three or four large fields held in common and splitting up the products likewise. beginning as early as the 12th century, some of the common fields in britain were enclosed into individually owned fields, and the process rapidly accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. this led to farmers losing their land and their grazing rights, and left many unemployed. in the 16th and 17th centuries, the practice of enclosure was denounced by the church, and legislation was drawn up against it ; but the developments in agricultural mechanization during the 18th century required large, enclosed fields in order to be workable. this led to a series of government acts, culminating finally in the general inclosure act of 1801. while farmers received compensation for their strips, it was minimal, and the loss of rights for the rural population led to an increased dependency on the poor law. surveying and legal costs weighed heavily on poor farmers, who sometimes even had to sell their share of the land to pay for its being split up. only a few found work in the ( increasingly mechanised ) enclosed farms. most were forced to relocate to the cities to try to find work in the emerging factories of the industrial revolution. by the end of the 18th century the process of enclosure was complete. joseph foljambe ' s rotherham plough of 1730, while not the first iron plough, was the first iron plough to have any commercial success, combining an earlier dutch design with a number of technological innovations. its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate making it lighter to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. it remained in use in britain until the development of the tractor. it was followed by john small of doncaster and berwickshire in 1763, whose ' scots plough ' used an improved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4367863981501817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7476dd3-0ecd-49bd-b9b6-0229520328e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.786613"}
{"text": "lighter to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. it remained in use in britain until the development of the tractor. it was followed by john small of doncaster and berwickshire in 1763, whose ' scots plough ' used an improved cast iron shape to turn the soil more effectively with less draft, wear, or strain on the ploughing team. andrew meikle ' s threshing machine of 1786 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of captain swing ( a probably mythical character comparable to the luddite ' s ned ludd ). in the 1850s and ' 60s john fowler, an agricultural engineer and inventor, produced a steam - driven engine that could plough farmland more quickly and more economically than horse - drawn ploughs. his ploughing engine could also be used to dig drainage channels, thereby bringing into cultivation previously unused swampy land. although faster than horse - drawn ploughing, the capital costs of a pair of engines would often be too much for a single farmer to purchase for his own exclusive use, which lead to the development of an independent contracting industry for ploughing. during the middle ages, the open field system had employed a three year crop rotation, with a different crop in each of the three fields, eg. wheat and barley in two, with the third fallow. ' fallow ' is a term which means that the field is empty, there is nothing growing there. over the following two centuries, the regular planting of nitrogen - rich legumes in the fields which were previously fallow slowly increased the fertility of croplands. the planting of legumes ( leguminosae, plants of the pea / bean family ) helped to increase plant growth in the empty field because they used a different set of nutrients to grow than the grains. the legumes put back nutrients the grains used, nitrates produced from nitrogen in the atmosphere, and the grains put back the minerals the legumes used. in a way, they fed each other. other crops that were occasionally grown were flax, and members of the mustard family. medieval record keepers did not distinguish between rape seed or other mustards grown for animal feed and mustard grown for mustard seed for condiments. when the pastures were brought back into crop production after their long fallow, their fertility was much greater than they had been in medieval times. the farmers in flanders ( current day belgium ), however, discovered a still more effective four - field rotation system,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49573653911863724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7476dd3-0ecd-49bd-b9b6-0229520328e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.787753"}
{"text": "the pastures were brought back into crop production after their long fallow, their fertility was much greater than they had been in medieval times. the farmers in flanders ( current day belgium ), however, discovered a still more effective four - field rotation system, introducing turnips and clover to replace the fallow year. clover was both an ideal fodder crop, and it actually improved grain yields in the following year ( clover is part of the pea family, leguminosae ). the improved grain production simultaneously increased livestock production. farmers could grow more livestock because there was more food, and manure was an excellent fertilizer, so they could have even more productive crops. charles townshend learned the four field system from flanders and introduced it to great britain in 1730. the increase in population led to more demand from the people for goods such as clothing. a new class of landless labourers, products of enclosure, provided the basis for cottage industry, a stepping stone to the industrial revolution. to supply continually growing demand, shrewd businessmen began to pioneer new technology to meet demand from the people. this led to the first industrial factories. people who once were farmers moved to large cities to get jobs in the factories. it should be noted that the british agricultural revolution not only made the population increase possible, but also increased the yield per agricultural worker, meaning that a larger percentage of the population could work in these new, post - agricultural revolution jobs. the british agricultural revolution was the cause of drastic changes in the lives of british women. before the agricultural revolution, women worked alongside their husbands in the fields and were an active part of farming. the increased efficiency of the new machinery, along with the fact that this new machinery was often heavier and difficult for a woman to wield, made this unnecessary and impractical, and women were relegated to other roles in society. to supplement the family ' s income, many went into cottage industries. others became domestic servants or were forced into professions such as prostitution. the new, limited roles of women, dubbed by one historian as \" this defamation of women workers \", ( valenze ) fueled prejudices of women only being fit to work in the home, and also effectively separated them from the new, mechanized areas of work, leading to a divide in the pay between men and women. towards the end of the 19th century, the substantial gains in british agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports, made possible by advances in transportation, refrigeration, and many other technologies. from that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44759890362641674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7476dd3-0ecd-49bd-b9b6-0229520328e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.788929"}
{"text": "the story explains how huey, dewey and louie originally joined the junior woodchucks. years ago, when the boys were still very small, they were up to so much mischief that donald finally got fed up with it and decided that something must be done. by chance, he ran across a scout group of the junior woodchucks, and this inspired him to send his nephews to join the organisation. at the annual grand jamboree of the junior woodchucks, the boys discovered that their own grandmother is the daughter of the organisation ' s founder. thus interested, the boys wanted to join the junior woodchucks immediately. the chiefs originally didn ' t want to accept them, but when they learned they were the great - great - grandchildren of their original founder, they accepted them immediately. they never had descendants of their founder before, even though huey, dewey and louie weren ' t the first ones to try ; donald had also tried to join them, but was rejected because of his bad temper. as novices in the junior woodchucks, the boys ' first task was to find the remains of the fort duck, which was demolished to make room for scrooge mcduck ' s money bin. the trail led the boys, accompanied by major snozzie, to a wood pulp factory owned by scrooge, where the logs from the fortress were about to be made into pulp. but when the worker responsible for the pulp making learned of the logs ' origin, as a former junior woodchuck himself, he immediately stopped the machines, to avoid destroying the historical remains. the story ends with the boys being promoted to full members of the junior woodchucks and donald being awarded an honorary medal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41999629319890375, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ef8cc2b-82a9-4641-8adc-836daa4d3db5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.790534"}
{"text": "united states department of state, u. s. department of state country report on human rights practices 1993 - vietnam, 30 january 1994, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 3ae6aa54c. html [ accessed 21 may 2013 ] this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. vietnam the socialist republic of vietnam ( srv ) is a one - party state ruled by the vietnamese communist party ( vcp ). a 13 - member politburo and a party central committee are nominally elected by a party congress held about every 5 years. the politburo provides guidelines, often in the form of specific directives, that shape government policies. despite the adoption of a new constitution in 1992 that provides for the rule of law and respect for human rights, in practice the government continued to restrict individual rights on national security and other grounds. in addition, the constitution contains references to \" democratic centralism \" and \" the leading role of the communist party \" that have been used to justify limits on civil liberties. in addition to the military and police force, vietnamese security forces monitor internal movements and activities of the general population. the ministry of interior has units that monitor persons suspected of involvement in political or religious affairs. also, government surveillance through informants, household registration, and party - appointed block wardens continued in 1993. the government continued the market - oriented economic reforms begun in 1986. these reforms have boosted vietnam ' s predominantly agricultural economy and improved the lives of vietnamese citizens. goods and services are more widely available, and the general population is freer to engage in entrepreneurial activity. although some senior srv officials have publicly asserted the profound commitment of the vietnamese people and state to the cause of human rights, the government continued to violate human rights in 1993. the authorities continued to limit severely freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association, as well as worker rights and the right of citizens to change their government. the government continued its longstanding practice of not tolerating dissent and reacted sharply to efforts by buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502497025099058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.816453"}
{"text": "buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect for the integrity of the person, including freedom from : a. political and other extrajudicial killing in 1993 there were no known executions of political prisoners or politically motivated extrajudicial killings. there were also no known cases of deaths of political prisoners while in detention in 1993. there were no documented incidents of political abductions by government security organizations or by antigovernment forces. c. torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment the law prohibits physical abuse, and released reeducation camp detainees report that camp conditions have improved since 1989. although there were no credible, consistent reports of police brutality during interrogation of suspects, reports of severe conditions for those confined in prisons continued. there have been reports of coercion to elicit confessions. after their release in 1993, american citizens held on political grounds reported that they were threatened with violence several times in attempts to coerce confessions, although they were not actually beaten. d. arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile in 1993 vietnam continued to arrest and imprison people arbitrarily. the 1989 criminal procedure code and subsequent amendments provide for various rights for detainees, including time limits on pretrial detention, the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him or her, a ban on coercion or corporal punishment, and the right to have a lawyer present during interrogation. in practice, however, the authorities frequently ignore these safeguards. credible reports indicate that detainees continue to be held incommunicado for indefinite periods without formal charges, with authorities using old administrative procedures in contravention of the new legislation. the retention and continued use of these administrative procedures appear to be a deliberate government policy. the government continued its efforts to implement party directive 135, which calls for the arrest of those who incite opposition to the government or advocate political pluralism. some intellectuals, clergy, journalists, and foreigners have been arrested and detained. for example, doan viet hoat, a scholar who before 1975 had been vice president of the van hanh buddhist university in saigon and had been incarcerated in chi hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in march 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the \" freedom forum \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5299150000074899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.818212"}
{"text": "buddhist university in saigon and had been incarcerated in chi hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in march 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the \" freedom forum \" case. dr. hoat is said to be in poor health. in july the local press reported that an appeals court had reduced his sentence to 15 years. according to reputable international nongovernmental organizations ( ngo ' s ), doan thanh liem is currently serving a 12 - year labor camp sentence after being convicted of spreading anti - socialist propaganda. truong hung thai, arrested with liem, continues to serve an 8 - year sentence. do ngoc long, also arrested in april 1990, was never tried and was released from prison in april 1993 after serving an 3 - year administrative sentence. nguyen dan que, sentenced to 20 years ' imprisonment in 1991, was recently transferred to a labor camp in dong nai province ; he is reportedly in poor health. legislation designed ostensibly to prevent inordinate delays in charging suspects is often, if not routinely, ignored in political cases. in april and may 1992, two american citizens of vietnamese origin were arrested along with numerous vietnamese for attempting to organize two separate political movements. both were held until 1993 without ever being formally charged with a crime. no official statistics are available on the number of detainees held for alleged antigovernment activities, and an accurate account is impossible since arrests are not publicized and secret detentions, trials, and sentencing are common. in june 1993, american citizen nguyen sy binh, arrested in april 1992 for training members of the \" peoples ' action party \", a group he founded, was released from custody and deported. on november 11, four catholic priests and brothers of the coredemptrix order were released from prison in vietnam. reverend john doan phu xuan, reverend hilary do tri tam, brother luke vu son ha, and brother mark tran khac kinh were all freed before the expiration of their sentences. search and arrest warrants are provided for in law, but they can be issued by branches of the security apparatus without judicial review. law enforcement and security personnel appear to be able to arrest and incarcerate people without presenting warrants for their arrest. each province and city has a \" security committee \" under direct party control. this committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. exile is not used as a means of political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46365122559509564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.819199"}
{"text": "warrants for their arrest. each province and city has a \" security committee \" under direct party control. this committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. exile is not used as a means of political control. e. denial of fair public trial the vietnamese court system consists of local people ' s courts, military tribunals, and the supreme court. the last may review cases from either of the lower courts. both the national assembly and state council have the authority to establish special tribunals which may be superior to the supreme court. in addition, local mass organizations are empowered to deal with minor breaches of law or disputes. judges in all regular courts are appointed after the party organization selects all candidates. article 130 of the constitution provides for the \" independence \" of judges and jurors. however, this is negated at all levels by a political system that is closely controlled by the vcp and by a selection process that puts a premium on political reliability. the penal code consists of the criminal code and a criminal procedures code, which was amended in 1990. vietnam has a long - established body of family law but lacks civil law codes. there is virtually no evidence that legislative improvements promulgated in 1990 have been implemented. prison sentences are frequently imposed by administrative procedure, without benefit of due process or judicial review. in addition, such sentences are imposed on persons for the peaceful expression of their views. the srv criminalizes certain forms of peaceful expression, including, for example, \" anti - socialist propaganda. \" over the years people have been sentenced to long prison or reeducation camp terms for such \" crimes. \" for example, after a demonstration in may by approximately 300 buddhists, including monks, several buddhist monks were arrested for inciting antigovernment unrest. the government tried four of the monks in november, and the court announced sentences ranging from 6 months to 4 years in prison. accurate statistics on the total prison population, including pretrial detainees, political prisoners, and persons held arbitrarily are not available due to the secrecy surrounding these procedures. f. arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence in 1993 the government continued to operate a nationwide system of surveillance and control through household registration and party - appointed block wardens who use informants to keep track of individual activities. in general, reports suggest that the system is unevenly implemented throughout the country and that local caprice and corruption are significant factors in its application. urban dwellers appear to be increasingly relaxed about sending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5202615036337455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.820230"}
{"text": "and in internally circulated documents but not publicly. the movements and activities of foreign journalists are monitored but seldom interfered with. criticism is occasionally expressed publicly within established forums, such as national assembly proceedings broadcast over the national radio service. the government does not use systematic prior censorship to control the media, but guidance from party watchdogs is pervasive, and national security legislation is sufficiently broad to ensure effective self - censorship. the government controls all broadcast media and does not normally permit the broadcast of opposing views, though it has broadcast reports of debates during national assembly meetings. in addition to government controlled radio ( both domestic and international ), television stations, and the vietnam news agency wire service, vietnam has five mass daily newspapers and many smaller newspapers. party organizations and the ministries of culture, information, sports, and tourism control the newspapers as well as other publications and cultural exhibits. western and other publications are widely available in stores frequented by vietnamese, without obvious restriction on their sale or distribution. b. freedom of peaceful assembly and association the right of assembly is restricted in law and practice. people wishing to gather in a group are required to apply for a permit, which local authorities can issue or deny arbitrarily. in practice, large informal gatherings in public, like market areas or parts, are commonplace especially in urban areas. there is little evidence to suggest that informal public gatherings are restricted. however, demonstrations or meetings that could be seen as having a political purpose are not permitted and are sometimes forcibly suppressed. for example, the government refused to permit a conference on democracy that was to be held in ho chi minh city in november. the existence of ngo ' s is permitted, but they may meet only for approved and narrowly defined objectives. opposition political organizations and activities are not permitted. c. freedom of religion vietnam has no state religion, and adherence to a religion is not permitted for party members. according to some estimates, nearly three - fourths of the population of 70 million people are buddhists, but the government has claimed that only 6 million of these actually practice their religion. the vatican believes that some 6 million vietnamese are catholic ; a much smaller number are protestant. virtually all foreign clergy remaining in the south in 1975 were expelled at the end of that year. while the srv has permitted visits by foreign clergy, it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in vietnam. reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the government. buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the unified buddhists ( an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5080314568741072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.822452"}
{"text": "it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in vietnam. reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the government. buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the unified buddhists ( an quang sect ) began to protest government control through 1992. the tension increased in early 1993 when the arrest and confinement of numbers of middle - and low - level leaders sent a clear signal to the buddhist hierarchy that they cannot challenge the government. while restrictions on religious organizations are usually severe, they vary widely by locality. this is also true of church attendance. many people report they have generally been free to attend worship services since 1975, and, during the past few years, visitors to vietnam have reported that attendance at religious services is growing. churches in and around ho chi minh city and elsewhere have been observed overflowing during sunday services. buddhist temples and edifices of the hoa hao and cao dai sects in several towns of the south appear active and prosperous enough to be well maintained. freedom of worship is provided for in the constitution, along with the proviso that no one may use religious adherence or belief to violate state laws and policies. the government, concerned that religious groups might become competing centers of influence within the society, has consistently attempted to divide and control religious groups, in part by establishing government - controlled policymaking bodies such as the catholic patriotic association to which clergy are obliged to belong. the government has also attempted to prevent the growth of religious groups by inhibiting the publication of religious materials and the training of new clergy. the government exercises approval authority on the content of speeches and sermons by clergy, but reports continue to indicate that approval is generally granted as long as the content cannot be construed as a challenge to the legitimacy of vietnam ' s one - party system. also, buddhist monks have reported that permission is usually given to young people wishing to study to become monks, if they register with the authorities. several hundred are reported to be enrolled in buddhist instruction in ho chi minh city. the government has regularly detained, arrested, and restricted the activities of religious figures of all faiths on political grounds. authorities leveled charges of \" possessing and disseminating counterrevolutionary propaganda, \" \" fomenting unrest, \" or \" anti - socialist propaganda \" against buddhist monks and nuns and catholic, protestant, and other religious leaders. a number of catholic and buddhist clergy remained in prison or confined to home villages. in september an american citizen reported that an informal prayer meeting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4919730358275948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.823535"}
{"text": "\" or \" anti - socialist propaganda \" against buddhist monks and nuns and catholic, protestant, and other religious leaders. a number of catholic and buddhist clergy remained in prison or confined to home villages. in september an american citizen reported that an informal prayer meeting involving approximately 30 vietnamese and 3 foreigners was broken up by the police, who detained the vietnamese and seized the foreigners ' passports. there have been some releases this year ( see section 1. d. ), and, with the exception of members of the an quang sect, few new arrests. the buddhist patriarch, thich huyen quang of the unified buddhist church, has been under house arrest in quang ngai province since 1982, reportedly because he refuses to submit to the government - dominated vietnam buddhist church. in may, after a self - immolation at the linh mu pagoda ( supporters of quang ) in hue and the police interrogation of the abbot, thich tri tuu, there were large protest demonstrations by buddhists ( see section 1. e. ). thich duc nhuan, a former secretary general of the unified buddhist church, was released in january, after receiving a 1 - year reduction in his sentence. vietnam has in recent years expanded its dialog with the vatican. in 1993, however, the government continued to prevent the return from rome to his archdiocese in ho chi minh city of archbishop francis xavier nguyen van thuan ( a nephew of ngo dinh diem ) to succeed the ageing archbishop nguyen van binh. in september the government rejected the vatican ' s appointment of bishop huynh van nghi to administer the roman catholic church in ho chi minh city. while the government now permits catholic seminarians to be admitted to seminaries every 3 years instead of 6, it still places sharp limits on the recruitment, training, ordination, and assignment of new seminarians, priests, monks, and nuns. the selection of both students and teachers is subject to government veto, and there are continuing difficulties in obtaining teaching materials and in expanding religious training facilities. father dominic tran dinh thu, founder of the mother coredemptrix, was released in may. he had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1987 for \" propagandizing against the socialist system. \" in november four more clergy affiliated with the mother coredemptrix order were freed ( see section 1. d. ). in 1993 the first foreign religious community received government approval to work in vietnam ; mother theresa ' s sisters of charity began work in hanoi at the end of the summer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49748817755245855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.824548"}
{"text": "the mother coredemptrix order were freed ( see section 1. d. ). in 1993 the first foreign religious community received government approval to work in vietnam ; mother theresa ' s sisters of charity began work in hanoi at the end of the summer. after a vatican - based cardinal admonished vietnamese catholics not to join the government - sponsored union of vietnamese catholics, observers noted that fewer priests attended the annual meeting of this organization. at last report the only protestant seminary had not been permitted to take in new students since 12 were admitted 6 years ago. some religious leaders believe that the government ' s goal is to weaken the churches as a social force by limiting personnel and restricting their ability to move their clergy around the country. for example, only 15 priests in haiphong serve over 150, 000 catholics there, and no religious women have been allowed to establish convents or novitiates there. most property of religious institutions remains under government control, including temples, churches, convents, seminaries, former religious schools, libraries, and orphanages. sharp restrictions are exercised on the use, repair, or extension of those facilities that are returned to religious control. d. freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation during 1993 the government continued the trend of recent years of allowing freer movement within the country for most citizens. vietnamese are required technically to obtain permission to change their residence, but it appears that obtaining permission has not been difficult during the past few years. large numbers have changed residence without official permission, apparently without adverse consequences. areas that have previously been off - limits to foreigners were reportedly opened. since april 1, foreigners have been permitted to travel without permits to all areas except islands, border, or highland areas. private travel abroad is usually restricted to 3 months, except travel for education or medical treatment. violators of this limitation may be barred from further travel for 3 to 5 years. the government continued its program of relocating people into sparsely populated new economic zones ( nez ' s ), but we have no reports that these relocations are forcible. there are reports of some people voluntarily moving to the nez ' s to gain access to land or remaining in the nez ' s to which they were sent earlier. the state - run radio has said that, of more than 2 million people who were moved from their homes in cities or crowded areas, only a quarter had substantially improved their living standards. the report admitted that many of the nez ' s were unfinished or short of basic facilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4871905380444839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.825548"}
{"text": "has said that, of more than 2 million people who were moved from their homes in cities or crowded areas, only a quarter had substantially improved their living standards. the report admitted that many of the nez ' s were unfinished or short of basic facilities. the government ' s rationale for relocating people to the nez ' s is to reduce urban crowding, exploit little - used land, and thereby help develop the economy. there have been no reports in recent years of banishment to the nez ' s as a form of punishment. the government continued to permit emigration for family reunification and for amerasian vietnamese and their close family members. the u. s. orderly departure program, including amerasians, former reeducation detainees, and family unification cases, continued to resettle beneficiaries at the rate of about 4, 700 persons per month ; a total of 57, 000 immigrants and refugees in 1993. other nations operate smaller resettlement programs for vietnamese nationals. there are some concerns that members of minority ethnic groups, particularly highland peoples, might not have ready access to these programs. vietnamese who emigrate are generally free to return. the government regards overseas vietnamese both as a valuable potential source of foreign exchange and expertise and as a potential security threat. thus, the government generally grants visas to overseas vietnamese and encourages them to visit vietnam, whether they emigrated legally or had been granted permanent resettlement after illegal departures from vietnam. at the same time the public security police monitor them, especially those who come under suspicion as a result of their actions or associations. during 1993 some overseas vietnamese were arrested, detained, and deported for activities deemed to be subversive, as described in section 1. d. in 1988 vietnam signed a memorandum of understanding with the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) to increase acceptance of voluntary repatriates, provided there was financial assistance. this agreement included a commitment by vietnam to waive prosecution and punitive measures for illegal departure from vietnam of persons who return under the unhcr voluntary repatriation program. vietnam also agreed to permit the unhcr to monitor the returnees through direct visits. this agreement has resulted in a substantial flow of repatriates from several countries back to the srv. although there were suspicions that vietnamese who decided to repatriate to vietnam voluntarily would face discrimination, the evidence indicates they do not. more than 55, 000 vietnamese have returned voluntarily. the unhcr, which monitors them extensively after they return, says they do not face", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47306298312775286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.826512"}
{"text": "vietnamese who decided to repatriate to vietnam voluntarily would face discrimination, the evidence indicates they do not. more than 55, 000 vietnamese have returned voluntarily. the unhcr, which monitors them extensively after they return, says they do not face retribution or discrimination. although the source of refugees itself, vietnam has also been the country of first asylum for between 15, 000 and 20, 000 cambodian refugees ( mainly ethnic chinese ) who have fled to vietnam since 1975. repatriation of these refugees, who have been cared for by the unhcr in well - organized camps, began in 1992. atrocities committed against ethnic vietnamese residents of cambodia resulted in substantial refugee flows into vietnam in 1993. the srv has moved to absorb ethnic vietnamese refugees from cambodia, and there have been no reports of political problems. some 30, 000 are receiving international assistance. section 3 respect for political rights : the right of citizens to change their government citizens are not free to change their government. all authority and political power is vested in the vcp ; political opposition and other political parties are not tolerated. the central committee of the vcp is the supreme decisionmaking body in the nation ; its 13 - member politburo is the locus of policymaking. the secretariat of the central committee oversees day - to - day implementation of leadership directives. debate and criticism is limited to certain aspects of individual, state, or party performance determined by the party itself. no challenge to the legitimacy of the one - party state, or even debate on this subject, is permitted. citizens elect members of the national assembly, ostensibly the chief legislative body, but it is still constrained by party guidance. the 395 delegates were elected in the summer of 1992. candidates for the national assembly election were carefully screened, and credible reports indicate that many people who wished to become candidates were not permitted to run because their views were not considered reliable. although candidates are screened by party front groups, they are not required to be party members themselves, and multiple candidates contest each seat. the law provides for equal participation in politics by women and minority groups, but in practice minority groups and women are underrepresented. the government has claimed that women hold 46 percent of the senior posts in government and that 18 percent of the members of the ninth national assembly are women. a woman was elected vice president of the country in 1992. the most senior leadership, however, is predominately male as can be seen, for example, in the all - male politburo and council of ministers. section 4 governmental attitude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590959601745861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.828654"}
{"text": "a woman was elected vice president of the country in 1992. the most senior leadership, however, is predominately male as can be seen, for example, in the all - male politburo and council of ministers. section 4 governmental attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights vietnam does not permit private human rights organizations to form or operate. moreover, it generally prohibits private citizens from contacting international human rights organizations. since 1989, however, the vietnamese red cross has been permitted expanded cooperation with the american red cross in assisting persons seeking missing relatives, including those in reeducation centers. the srv has permitted international visitors to monitor implementation of its repatriation commitments under the comprehensive plan of action and carried on a limited dialog with human rights organizations. the srv has allowed some human rights organizations to visit. for example, it received a delegation from the u. s. - based human rights group asia watch. in addition, the srv has shown some willingness to discuss human rights issues bilaterally with other governments if such discussions take place under the rubric of \" exchanges of ideas \" rather than \" investigations. \" the srv refused, however, to grant a u. s. senator access to nguyen dan que ( see section 1. d. ). the government has on occasion granted consular access to third - country nationals imprisoned in vietnam. in november srv authorities for the first time allowed a u. s. consular official to visit an american citizen in a vietnamese prison. section 5 discrimination based on race, sex, religion, disability, language, or social status varying levels of discrimination have been reported by people released from reeducation camps in the areas of housing or education. those released from reeducation camps generally are not eligible to regain their citizenship rights until 1 year after their release date. they and their families are not allowed employment with the government, which restricts their access to housing and other benefits given to state employees. priority in social services is given to families of party members and families of soldiers who fought for the government. testing standards of university entrance examinations are reportedly lower for children of party officials. arbitrarily high standards are set to keep the children of suspect background out of a university. study abroad is also restricted to politically acceptable persons. women in general women do not appear to face discrimination in employment and are treated equally under the law. however, they face problems competing with men for higher status positions owing to attitudes deeply ingrained in traditional vietnamese society. such problems persist in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4716816373069039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.829730"}
{"text": "acceptable persons. women in general women do not appear to face discrimination in employment and are treated equally under the law. however, they face problems competing with men for higher status positions owing to attitudes deeply ingrained in traditional vietnamese society. such problems persist in spite of government efforts to mold popular attitudes to conform with the constitution, legislation, and regulations mandating equal treatment before the law in virtually all respects. article 63 of the new constitution provides that women and men receive equal pay for equal work, and a large body of legislation and regulations is devoted to the protection of women ' s rights in marriage as well as in the workplace. government statistics indicate that approximately 50 percent of the primary school students are girls and that women represent about 39 percent of university students. although vietnamese law does address the issue of domestic violence, there is no information readily available on how comprehensive the law is in this area. limited anecdotal evidence indicates that violence occurs ( although its extent is unclear ) and that law enforcement is somewhat limited. there are no official or unofficial statistics on domestic abuse. reputable international ngo ' s reported that the government ' s interest in children ' s issues and promoting child welfare was commendable. for example, the government began a nationwide immunization campaign for children. gradual assimilation appears to be the government ' s long - term strategy for ethnic minorities. a member of a northern highland minority is currently serving as president of the national assembly. the government has created special schools in the hanoi area for the education and indoctrination of members of minorities to be the \" eyes and ears of the party \" among their own people. highland minorities in central vietnam are subject to repression if suspected of ties with resistance groups. officially programmed resettlement of ethnic vietnamese into the highlands is designed in part to increase government control over minority groups. at the same time, the government appears to be trying to narrow the gap in the standard of living between highlanders and lowland ethnic vietnamese. people with disabilities there is little official protection or government support for the disabled, and, apparently, no laws mandating access for the disabled. section 6 worker rights a. the right of association vietnamese workers are not free to form or join unions of their own choosing. if working for the state sector, all workers automatically become members of the union in their workplace, and dues are deducted from their pay. these unions are organized by the party and belong to the party - controlled confederation of vietnamese workers ( cvw ). strikes are considered unpatriotic and are officially forbidden. nonetheless,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4348047302950464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.830773"}
{"text": "their workplace, and dues are deducted from their pay. these unions are organized by the party and belong to the party - controlled confederation of vietnamese workers ( cvw ). strikes are considered unpatriotic and are officially forbidden. nonetheless, authorities have tolerated a few peaceful strikes at foreign - owned factories. b. the right to organize and bargain collectively vietnamese workers do not have the right to organize unions of their own choosing or to bargain collectively. however, the chairman of the cvw is empowered by legislation to attend conferences of the council of ministers and raise issues on behalf of labor that cannot be resolved at lower levels. srv officials have stated that wages are set by a bureaucratic system and that the wage scales provided for existing state corporations are also imposed on newly formed enterprises. with a growing private sector, local market forces played a greater role in wage determination. the question of antiunion discrimination on the part of employers against employees seeking to organize does not arise. c. prohibition of forced or compulsory labor compulsory labor is permitted by the constitution, which states in article 80 that \" citizens must pay taxes and labor in the common interest as provided by law. \" refugees report that every vietnamese citizen is required by law to contribute 15 days of work per year to the state or pay a fee. a number of government projects have used forced labor provided by reeducation camp prisoners. d. minimum age for employment of children according to regulations inherited from the former french colonial administration, the minimum age for employment of workers is 17. there is no reliable information concerning the enforcement of these regulations, but refugees report that they are not enforced. there are no statistics available on the number of child workers in vietnam. refugees report that children under 15 are exempt from compulsory labor requirements. compulsory elementary education laws exist but appear to be honored mostly in the breach for the children of the poor. vietnamese culture holds education in high regard, however, and families send their children to school if they can afford to do so. e. acceptable conditions of work the government adopted the former french colonial administration ' s system of regulations pertaining to working conditions, including a minimum wage ; a maximum workday of 8 hours ; a workweek of 6 days ; and safety standards. existing standards do not appear to be widely enforced. wages are generally low in vietnam, inadequate to provide the cast majority of workers and their families a decent living. the minimum wage for employees at joint venture ( vietnamese and foreign ) companies is $ 35 per month ( vn dong 367, 500 ), which is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704403965249337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3627cec6-98ab-4ded-98d5-0fb056ff5b2b>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.831737"}
{"text": "you are here : rehacare portal. up - to - date. archive. research. testing sign language by cell phone testing students are positive about its quality for fast communication ; \u00a9 university of washington engineers are developing the first device able to transmit american sign language over u. s. cellular networks. the tool is just completing its initial field test. \" this is the first study of how deaf people in the united states use mobile video phones, \" said project leader eve riskin, a university of washington ( uw ) professor of electrical engineering. the mobileasl team has been working to optimise compressed video signals for sign language. by increasing image quality around the face and hands, researchers have brought the data rate down to 30 kilobytes per second while still delivering intelligible sign language. mobileasl also uses motion detection to identify whether a person is signing or not, in order to extend the phones ' battery life during video use. transmitting sign language as efficiently as possible increases affordability, improves reliability on slower networks and extends battery life, even on devices that might have the capacity to deliver higher quality video. this summer ' s field test is allowing the team to see how people use the tool in their daily lives and what obstacles they encounter. eleven participants are testing the phones for three weeks. they meet with the research team for interviews and occasionally have survey questions pop up after a call is completed asking about the call quality. in the first two and a half weeks of the study, some 200 calls were made with an average call duration of a minute and a half, researchers said. a larger field study will begin this winter. \" we know these phones work in a lab setting, but conditions are different in people ' s everyday lives, \" riskin said. \" the field study is an important step toward putting this technology into practice. \" most study participants say texting or e - mail is currently their preferred method for distance communication. their experiences with the mobileasl phone are, in general, positive. \" it is good for fast communication, \" said tong song, a chinese national who is studying at gallaudet university in washington, d. c. \" texting sometimes is very slow, because you send the message and you ' re not sure that the person is going to get it right away. if you ' re using this kind of phone then you ' re either able to get in touch with the person or not right away, and you can save a lot of time. \" some students also use video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4908412834896123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a434906-5cd1-4f8e-9a2c-be3089052fb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.835802"}
{"text": "a number of recent articles including dr. boreinstein ' s study from uc berkeley and a feature in the economist questioning the cost effectiveness of solar, have sparked some serious debate amongst solar enthusiasts and have served to propagate false impressions about solar in the public arena. due to the complexity of the product and misconceptions surrounding solar energy, the solar industry could greatly benefit from a collective advertising and branding campaign in order to achieve consistent messaging and dispel widespread myths about solar. there is a common misconception that solar is not cost effective because most people compare the cost of distributed solar to wholesale electricity prices. this is an inaccurate comparison since homeowners are actually paying retail electricity prices and not wholesale electricity prices. one can argue that solar is cost effective now if we compare apples to apples. the cost of retail electricity in california can run upwards of $. 30 to $ 0. 41 cents per kwh for a household with high electricity consumption ( a home with an air conditioner, swimming pool, refrigerator, tv, and a few electronic toys ). a typical 3kw residential system costs $ 25, 000 without incentives, and will produce 4, 500 kwh per year virtually maintenance - free for 25 years. that works out to be 25 cents per kwh for solar \u2014 on a residential or commercial customer ' s rooftop. with the state rebate and federal tax credit the cost for solar is 18 cents per kwh. despite solar being an obvious smart financial and environmental decision for many home and business owners, daily articles from misinformed journalists claim that solar does not make financial sense. in order to create the drastic shift in the public ' s mind a pervasive and cooperative advertising effort on the behalf of all solar players is perhaps necessary. in fact, the solar industry could learn a thing or two from the beef, milk, and cell phone industries, who all managed to successfully brand their products into mainstream acceptance via collective advertising and branding campaigns. a commodity is a good with very little differentiation. beef, milk, cell phones and pv are all examples of commodities. when it comes to marketing a commodity, an individual company ' s marketing expenditures tend to have a poor return. however, by financing a branding campaign by spreading the cost across the entire industry, every actor in the marketplace pays for and benefits from the increased effectiveness. this strategy minimizes some players ' free - riding on other players ' marketing efforts. the 1985 beef act, passed by congress, was designed to promote the beef industry. the texas beef council spearheaded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4974108409716994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b137ea1-d973-49d7-940c-5e8e0a8e7658>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.841707"}
{"text": "the marketplace pays for and benefits from the increased effectiveness. this strategy minimizes some players ' free - riding on other players ' marketing efforts. the 1985 beef act, passed by congress, was designed to promote the beef industry. the texas beef council spearheaded a branding campaign that included the now - famous slogan, \" beef : it ' s what ' s for dinner \" and financed it with a $ 1 fee per head of beef cattle. this campaign ' s goal was to address the slump during the 1980 ' s within the beef industry. the branding campaign utilized by the beef industry had more than the catchy \" beef : it ' s what ' s for dinner, \" tagline. it also effectively utilized music within the branding campaign. aaron copland, an american composer, had originally written \" hoe down \" for the ballet rodeo in 1942. now, many people associate the distinctive melody with \" beef : it ' s what ' s for dinner. \" the ads for beef displayed everyday americans enjoying beef and focused on ease of preparation and the nutritional benefits. the ads typically displayed a family preparing or sitting down to a meal and featured recipes with estimated prep and cooking times that were typically quite short. through these ads, the beef industry was able to greatly increase its sales and profits by dispelling the unhealthy and difficult - to - prepare reputation that beef had acquired in the early 80s. the milk industry has also undergone several branding and re - branding campaigns as it sought to carve its own brand identity. in the past, milk ads used the tag line, \" it does a body good, \" to emphasize the health benefits of milk. the next generation of milk ads started with the \" got milk? \" campaign. the first \" got milk? \" ad was a television spot in which a fellow with a shrine to the alexander hamilton - aaron burr duel hears a radio promotion asking, \" who killed alexander hamilton? \" he phones into the contest, gets through, and tries to answer \" aaron burr, \" but his mouth is full of sticky peanut butter. because he is out of milk and cannot wash down the peanut butter, his answer is completely intelligible. as he screams in frustration from losing out on the large monetary prize, the words : \" got milk? \" flash on the screen. milk print ads briefly went to the \" where ' s your mustache? \" tagline, but that was dropped in favor of the more memorable \" got milk? \" tagline. these ads combined the memorable phrase with milk mustached celebrities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4556873936625725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b137ea1-d973-49d7-940c-5e8e0a8e7658>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.842698"}
{"text": "the screen. milk print ads briefly went to the \" where ' s your mustache? \" tagline, but that was dropped in favor of the more memorable \" got milk? \" tagline. these ads combined the memorable phrase with milk mustached celebrities, athletes, and other notables. the branding of milk emphasizes the health benefits that result from milk consumption. among the many benefits milk provides are the multiple essential nutrients to promote strong bones and shiny, healthy hair. awareness of the \" got milk? \" branding campaign rates over 90 % nationally, making it a highly successful brand. it is not just the milk and beef industries that have been transformed through branding campaigns. the high tech industry has also successfully used this approach with cell phones. it wasn ' t until 1984 that cellular phones were first mass marketed to the general public. it was a technical marvel by which people could reach into their pockets and simply make a call to someone \u2014 anywhere in the world. this new wireless gadget was bulky, expensive to operate ( compared to nowadays ) and back then seemed like just another toy on the wish list of those who had money. the aggressive branding campaigns from the cellular companies successfully branded the expensive cell phones into must - haves for mass consumers. all three industries have effectively used branding to increase awareness of their product as well as the industry as a whole. instead of putting so much emphasis into nickel and diming the cost effectiveness of solar, perhaps the solar industry would be best served by utilizing a collective branding effort in order to bring solar to the mainstream. to add your comments you must sign - in or create a free account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46424015821385306, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b137ea1-d973-49d7-940c-5e8e0a8e7658>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.843414"}
{"text": "washington - the voting rights act that goes on trial at the supreme court on wednesday has helped boost african americans ' presence in southern legislatures. but in a twist of irony, it also has contributed to their loss of political clout. since its passage in 1965, the law ' s section 5 has forced states with a history of racial discrimination to clear changes in voting procedures with the federal government. the justice department, in turn, has insisted that drawing district lines is one of those procedures \u201a?? one that should give blacks and other minorities ample opportunity to elect their preferred candidates. that has led to the creation of so - called majority - minority election districts dominated by blacks or hispanics, nearly all of them democrats. achieving that goal, however, has required the simultaneous creation of more heavily white, republican districts in surrounding areas. although the voting rights act has played a major role in the south ' s racial transformation, it also has played a supporting role in its political transformation. in 1965, every state legislature was democratic. in 2013, they are all republican. \" african americans are totally and completely shut out of any political influence, with a few exceptions, in the southern states, \" says david bositis, senior research associate at the joint center for political and economic studies. the court ' s decision, expected in the spring, could have an equally ironic result. if the justices keep section 5 intact, it will help maintain or boost blacks ' and hispanics ' ability to win elections. but it won ' t help their party at the polls. \" it is an unintended consequence, \" says chris jankowski, president of the republican state leadership committee, which focuses on building gop majorities. \" it ' s clear that the effect of compliance with the voting rights act to some extent does benefit the republicans. \" in 1965, the 11 states of the old confederacy, stretching from virginia to texas, had a total of three black state legislators. by 2009, the number had grown to 321, or 18 % of the total, according to the national conference of state legislatures. but over the same period, southern legislatures that were overwhelmingly democratic in 1965 have switched to republican dominance. the last ones flipped over to the gop since 2010 in alabama, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, north carolina and virginia. today, the gop controls both houses of the legislatures in all 11 states. even the virginia senate, tied 20 - 20, is ruled by republicans because of a gop lieutenant governor. and only three of the 321 black state legislators are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.376387432452181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02dcce4-9f57-45f9-bf8e-b582d3cc9be8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.848317"}
{"text": "virginia. today, the gop controls both houses of the legislatures in all 11 states. even the virginia senate, tied 20 - 20, is ruled by republicans because of a gop lieutenant governor. and only three of the 321 black state legislators are republicans. most of the others come from majority - minority districts \u201a?? but politically, they ' re back in the minority. the voting rights act ' s focus on creating opportunities for blacks to win election is just one factor. the south had been trending toward the republican party ever since the civil rights era, and in part because of it. the trend, which included democratic office - holders switching to the gop, increased during ronald reagan ' s presidency. \" the real change was not the creation of majority - minority districts, especially in urban areas. it was more the ability of republicans to compete for and win white - majority seats in rural areas held by conservative, white, democratic incumbents, \" says ralph reed, a georgian who chairs the conservative faith and freedom coalition. \" and that took a while for that to happen. \" the phenomenon calls attention to one of the lingering problems in the south that the voting rights act hasn ' t cured : racially polarized voting. for blacks to win election, they often require districts that are majority - black. the same goes for hispanics in the southwest. that dilutes their clout in neighboring districts, making it easier for republicans to capture those seats. at the same time, state legislatures that have sought to design \" safe \" republican or democratic districts for political advantage tend to draw them homogeneously, says haley barbour, a former mississippi governor and republican national committee chairman. \" you have certainly had times where black democrats and white republicans had their interests served by the same redistricting, \" barbour says. some don ' t think it ' s unintended. \" there ' s been this unholy alliance between some democrats and some republicans on wanting to keep section 5 in place for that very reason, \" says hans von spakovsky, a former federal election commission member now with the conservative heritage foundation. \" it drains democratic voters out of surrounding districts, making very nice, tidy republican districts. \" debo adegbile, special counsel to the naacp legal defense and educational fund, puts it another way. \" in redistricting, \" he says, \" race and politics are not entirely distinct. \" the latest effort to combine the two goals came in virginia earlier this month. senate republicans sought to create a sixth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4353254897370321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02dcce4-9f57-45f9-bf8e-b582d3cc9be8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.850570"}
{"text": "educational fund, puts it another way. \" in redistricting, \" he says, \" race and politics are not entirely distinct. \" the latest effort to combine the two goals came in virginia earlier this month. senate republicans sought to create a sixth majority - black district in the 40 - seat senate while increasing the gop ' s margin in eight other districts. the effort, which could have solidified republican control of the 20 - 20 senate, was blocked \u201a?? ironically \u201a?? by the republican house speaker. but in north carolina, lawmakers have boosted black majorities in many legislative districts to greater percentages than are needed to elect black legislators \u201a?? \" effectively bleaching the rest of the state, \" says paul smith, a civil liberties and human rights attorney. \" there is a willful interpretation of the voting rights act that is justifying the re - segregation of north carolina, \" smith says. mississippi, the state with the greatest percentage of black state legislators, is another example. \" we still have a lot of racial polarization, a lot of racial voting, \" says state sen. hillman frazier, a black lawmaker for the past 20 years. \" it has benefited african - americans and republicans in terms of the results. \" copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : voting rights act : a political twist for the south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4363899607273211, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d02dcce4-9f57-45f9-bf8e-b582d3cc9be8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.851311"}
{"text": "see what questions a doctor would ask. loss of speech : the loss of ones ability to communicate through speech. see detailed information below for a list of 49 causes of loss of speech, symptom checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes. listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with loss of speech, as listed in our database. visit the symptom checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. review further information on loss of speech treatments. the following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible causes of loss of speech as a symptom. always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using, including prescription, over - the - counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments. some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for loss of speech may include these symptoms : research the causes of these more general types of symptom : research the causes of this symptom in broader categories : research the causes of related medical symptoms such as : research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom loss of speech : read more about causes and loss of speech deaths. the list below shows some of the causes of loss of speech mentioned in various sources : this information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of loss of speech. of the 49 causes of loss of speech that we have listed, we have the following prevalence / incidence information : the following list of conditions have ' loss of speech ' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. this computer - generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of loss of speech or choose view all. ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. medical story forums : if you have a medical story then we want to hear it. this information shows analysis of the list of causes of loss of speech based on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient : medical conditions associated with loss of speech : symptoms related to loss of speech : speech symptoms ( 1393 causes ), hoarseness ( 417 causes ), voice symptoms ( 550 causes ), early - onset alzheimer ' s, familial forms of alzheimer ' s disease, familial porencephaly, hysteria ( 15 causes ), late - onset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259860898963606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4aa1bb0d-c76e-41b7-b240-9e4ecf6cc523>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.855838"}
{"text": "india experiences three seasons a year : summer, rainy season ( monsoon ), and winter ( although the tropical south does not quite experience a cold winter ). except in the himalayan regions, there is usually never any snow. april and may are the hot months, june through september is the rainy season, and november through january is the winter season. there is a brief spring in february and march, especially in north india. from june through september, the southwest monsoon causes rains over most parts of the country. it hits the west coast the most and therefore the western coastline is much greener than the interior. the northeast monsoon hits the east coast between october and february, and causes much devastation due to the occasional cyclones. the only region that gets rains from both the southwest and the northeast monsoons is northeastern india, which experiences the highest rainfall in the world. india has many different regions and therefore, there are 22 official languages with hundreds of other less prominent languages. hindi is spoken by 30 % of the population and is the main working language of the central government. speaking hindi will allow you to get by in most of india, except in tamil nadu and the northeast, which is met with hostility from the locals. english is widely spoken in major cities and in most government offices. national holidays and festivals january 26 \u2013 republic day august 15 \u2013 independence day october 2 \u2013 gandhi jayanti february or march \u2013 holi ( festival of color ) september or october \u2013 navratri october or november \u2013 diwali ( festival of lights ) the official currency is the rupee. the subdivision is the paise ( at 100 paise per rupee ). the exchange rate as of feb 2010 is 46. 4 rupees to us $ 1. carry small denominations of cash with you wherever you go to avoid problems with changing larger denominations, as many merchants and taxi drivers will not be able to break a large bill or they do not want to be stuck with the large bill. rates for exchanging rupees overseas are often poor. bargaining is normal and is expected with vendors, but not with department stores and the like. you will get better prices when buying multiple items in the same store rather than by bargaining in different stores individually. tipping in india is practiced but is optional ; however, tipping to porters, tour guides, and tour drivers is customary and expected. in restaurants, if the service was good, a small tip is appreciated. in some cases, tipping can be done beforehand to ensure good service. 230v / 50hz ; indian ( old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4743826659717051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2af5319d-58b9-4b87-9062-9271876b5391>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.858453"}
{"text": "snoring is the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs when your breathing is obstructed in some way while you ' re sleeping. sometimes snoring may indicate a serious health condition. in addition, snoring can be a nuisance to your partner. as many as half of adults snore at least occasionally. snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in your throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breathe, which creates those irritating sounds. lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime or sleeping on your side, can help stop snoring. in addition, medical devices and surgery are available that may reduce disruptive snoring. however, these aren ' t suitable or necessary for everyone who snores. depending on the cause of your snoring, in addition to the noise caused by snoring, you may also experience : see your doctor if : these may indicate your snoring is caused by a more serious condition, such as obstructive sleep apnea. if your child snores, ask your pediatrician about it. children can have obstructive sleep apnea too. but, nose and throat problems \u2014 such as enlarged tonsils \u2014 and obesity often underlie habitual snoring in children. treating these conditions could help your child sleep better. there are a variety of factors that can lead to snoring, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight. when you doze off and progress from a light sleep to a deep sleep, the muscles in the roof of your mouth ( soft palate ), tongue and throat relax. the tissues in your throat can relax enough that they vibrate and may partially obstruct your airway. and, the more narrowed your airway, the more forceful the airflow becomes. this causes tissue vibration to increase, which makes your snoring grows louder. the following conditions can affect the airway and cause snoring : snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues, such as your tongue, soft palate and airway, as you breathe. the sagging tissues narrow your airway, causing these tissues to vibrate.... risk factors that may contribute to snoring include : habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. depending on the cause of your snoring, it may result in : preparing for your appointment you '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5033354949072106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd2ca652-884a-4b5b-8a8c-fe28a0ecc49b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.863955"}
{"text": ".... risk factors that may contribute to snoring include : habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. depending on the cause of your snoring, it may result in : preparing for your appointment you ' re likely to first see your family doctor or a general practitioner. however, you may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating sleep disorders or an ear, nose and throat specialist ( otolaryngologist ). because appointments can be brief, and there ' s often a lot of ground to cover, it ' s a good idea to arrive well prepared. here ' s some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor. what you can do your time with your doctor may be limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. for snoring, some basic questions to ask your doctor include : in addition to the questions that you ' ve prepared to ask your doctor, don ' t hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don ' t understand something. what to expect from your doctor what you can do in the meantime tests and diagnosis using sensors placed on your head and various parts of your body, polysomnography records your brain waves, blood oxygen level, heart rate and breathing rate, as well as eye and leg movements during sleep. sometimes, these tests can be done at home, but the in - center sleep tests tend to be more accurate than those done at home. treatments and drugs your doctor will likely first recommend lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime and changing sleeping positions. if lifestyle changes don ' t eliminate snoring, your doctor may suggest : continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) for moderate to severe sleep apnea, your doctor may recommend a common therapy device called a nasal continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) machine. a cpap machine delivers just enough air... lifestyle and home remedies to prevent or quiet snoring, try these tips : because snoring is such a common problem, there are numerous products available, such as nasal sprays or homeopathic therapies. however, most of the products haven ' t been proven effective in clinical trials. for example, msm ( methylsulfonylmethane ) is marketed in a nose drop formula to treat snoring, but there ' s no evidence it has any effect on snoring. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43566937436879277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd2ca652-884a-4b5b-8a8c-fe28a0ecc49b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.865088"}
{"text": "been proven effective in clinical trials. for example, msm ( methylsulfonylmethane ) is marketed in a nose drop formula to treat snoring, but there ' s no evidence it has any effect on snoring. therapies that might help ease your snoring include : coping and support if your partner is the one who ' s snoring, you may sometimes feel frustrated as well as fatigued. suggest some of the home remedies mentioned, and if those don ' t help quiet your partner ' s nocturnal noisemaking, have your partner make a doctor ' s appointment. in the meantime, earplugs or earphones hooked up to soothing music might help block some of the noise. or, you could try going to sleep at different times. maybe if you ' re already asleep when your partner starts snoring, it might not bother you. last updated : 2010 - 05 - 25 \u00a9 1998 - 2013 mayo foundation for medical education and research ( mfmer ). all rights reserved. a single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. \" mayo, \" \" mayo clinic, \" \" mayoclinic. com, \" \" mayo clinic health information, \" \" reliable information for a healthier life \" and the triple - shield mayo logo are trademarks of mayo foundation for medical education and research. terms and conditions of use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44763508869748225, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd2ca652-884a-4b5b-8a8c-fe28a0ecc49b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.865693"}
{"text": "the united states joined more than 50 countries thursday in a recommendation to regional fishery management organizations ( rfmos ) to better track vessels engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing for tunas, swordfish, sharks and other highly migratory species. annual global economic losses due to iuu fishing are estimated to be as high as $ 23 billion. this action is a first step toward procedures for sharing information about vessels engaged in iuu fishing. global cooperation to prevent iuu fishing coupled with sound science and effective management are essential to the sustainability of these wide - ranging species that are highly valued in commercial and recreational fisheries. the recommendation means that the nations that make up the five regional fishery management organizations managing highly migratory species in the pacific, atlantic, and indian oceans and adjacent seas will share information about iuu vessels. rfmo rules require their member nations to prevent iuu fishing in their regions. sharing information about iuu vessels across the rfmos means an iuu vessel previously listed in only one region would have more difficulty avoiding detection by moving to another region. \u201c illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing undermines the sustainability of fisheries and the ability of fishermen who abide by the rules to make a decent living, \u201d said jane lubchenco, ph. d., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and noaa administrator. \u201c sharing information on iuu vessels across oceans will strengthen enforcement and prevent legal and sustainable fishing operations from being disadvantaged in the global marketplace. \u201d this outcome was a key goal for the noaa - led u. s. delegation to the third joint meeting of the world \u2019 s regional fisheries management organizations that manage tunas and other highly migratory species. this week \u2019 s meeting, known as kobe iii because it is the third in a series that began in kobe, japan in 2007, was hosted by noaa in la jolla, calif. \u201c i am pleased with the overall level of cooperation among participants. it has helped us make strides to coordinate measures that improve compliance with international fisheries management, \u201d said russell f. smith, noaa \u2019 s deputy assistant secretary for international fisheries, who chaired the meeting. \u201c now we must focus our efforts on meaningful, binding implementation of these measures within the five tuna regional fisheries management organizations. \u201d delegates also recommended to rfmos a set of decision - making principles designed to ensure all management measures are consistent with scientific advice. \u201c the long - term sustainability of tunas and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40480903098166143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a614980-5471-4876-9ee3-ffbad0fd0a89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.872140"}
{"text": "binding implementation of these measures within the five tuna regional fisheries management organizations. \u201d delegates also recommended to rfmos a set of decision - making principles designed to ensure all management measures are consistent with scientific advice. \u201c the long - term sustainability of tunas and other highly migratory fish stocks depends on international cooperation and a strong commitment to follow the scientific advice when setting quotas and other measures, \u201d said eric schwaab, assistant noaa administrator for noaa \u2019 s fisheries service, who headed the u. s. delegation. although recommendations and actions from the kobe iii meeting are not binding, this week \u2019 s agreements will inform negotiations for binding measures within each of the five regional tuna fishery management organizations. delegates from member countries to all five regional tuna fisheries management organizations participated in kobe iii. representatives from industry, environmental non - governmental organizations, academia, and inter - governmental organizations were observers at the meeting. the five tuna rfmos are the inter - american tropical tuna commission ( iattc ), international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas ( iccat ), indian ocean tuna commission ( iotc ), western and central pacific fisheries commission ( wcpfc ) and the commission for the conservation of southern bluefin tuna ( ccsbt ). the united states is a member of iccat, iattc, wcpfc, and is an observer at iotc. these organizations are charged with coordinating scientific research and developing conservation and management measures for stocks of tunas and other tuna - like species that are caught in the same fisheries ( e. g. swordfish, marlins, sailfish and some sharks. ) to learn more about kobe, read dr. lubchenco \u2019 s opening remarks, see articles about participants and photos, go to http : / / www. nmfs. noaa. gov / stories / 2011 / 07 / kobeiii. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699241287015766, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a614980-5471-4876-9ee3-ffbad0fd0a89>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.872990"}
{"text": "the malagrotta affair was one of the major events that lead up to the reunification war. the incident occurred in february of 2573 and was a ' misunderstanding ' on all sides during an increasingly volatile time. both the star league and federated suns had become angry over the continued indifference of the taurian concordat ; the periphery nation would not bow or acknowledge the inner sphere ' s authority. but the concordat was not entirely clean in this debacle, as long - buried records imply that the ' error ' in navigation was less accident and more intent to gauge house davion ' s resolve. in 2499 the taurian concordat explored the malagrotta star system and discovered on one of the moons orbiting the gas giant deecee was tremendously rich in titanium. but right on their heels came a davion exploratory mission in the same system. though colonized first by the taurians, mining rights to the moon of fontana were granted to both taurian and davion mining concerns following the omsol accord in 2511. this treaty was one of the very few times a resolution was made without military force, a great rarity of the era. the treaty also stipulated that neither the concordat nor the federated suns could establish a military presence in the system. for over 60 years separate mining operations were successful for both nations when, during the escalating hostilities leading to the reunification war, a small taurian warship flotilla entered the system accidentally. the frightened davion mining crews immediately notified a davion fleet that happened to be waiting in a nearby system. the larger davion fleet jumped into the system and found the five taurian vessels orbiting the moon. unable to communicate with the ' invading ' warships, the davion officers ordered an attack, destroying two wagon wheel - class warships and capturing a third vessel. though the taurians were technically in the wrong, the davion response went far overboard. first lord ian cameron ordered both parties to come to him and let him mediate. however, alexander davion attempted to cover up the errors of his officers, and protector caterina calderon was not kind in her assertion that the matter was solely between the federated suns and the taurian concordat ; the first lord and his star league had no right to control mediation. thus, an irate first lord declared the taurians in the wrong and even commented \" we have been compassionate long enough. i ' ll be damned if i am going to pull anymore punches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.432223511038203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73b4ce3e-7771-4fe4-8d10-342f825d76c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.876790"}
{"text": "comparative environmental economic analysis of the tourism sector in the mena region since the beginning of the 1990 ' s, the tourism sector has rapidly grown in the mena countries with adverse environmental effects. the relationship between environmental requirements and tourism productivity is complex. in fact, ecologists consider that tourism activities are incompatible with the current lack of resources ( e. g. fresh water, energy ) and may lead to large landscape and shore deteriorations. on the other hand, managers argue that tourism activities create high value - added and incentives for protecting the natural patrimony. the reality lies somewhere in between. in order to set the limits in this domain, policies are needed. the comparative environmental economic analysis of the tourism sector in the mena region will help to link environmental and economic perspectives. the project approach consists in estimating the monetary value of environmental damages the project will offer decision - making tools that can balance the economic and environmental perception of tourism. the findings and conclusions will support the policy - makers ' strategic choices and prioritizing. the project aims to define and analyse decision - makings tools ( based on the monetary valuation of the environment ) for the tourism sector in the mena region in order to ensure the economic efficiency of environmental protection ( i. e. to guarantee that the most efficient remediation measures are used first ). the overall goal of such environmental economic study is to address several normative issues to guide tourism activities. the environmental economic approach applied to the tourism sector in the mena region will answer the following questions : - what are the economic benefits for the tourism sector to protect the environment? - what are the most efficient remediation measures to be applied in the tourism sector? - what is the share of the tourism sector ( meso level ) in the national degradation of the environment ( macro level )? the project will also provide answers to the following questions : - what are the indicators allowing the monitoring of the environmental degradation evolution at the micro level ( hotel, resort, chain, touristic village, etc. )? - what are the best - chosen indicators to obtain a relevant comparative approach of environmental degradation due to tourism ( meso level ) in the mena region? additionally, the project will take into account potential problems that the tourism sector will face : - what would happen to water resources in case of a massive influx of tourists? - what is the impact of the development of tourism infrastructure on coastal ecosystems and natural resources? - how will the tourism sector evolve environmentally in the mena region? environmental category and data to conduct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4608994159454842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3af1857-70d5-43b9-86bd-cd934210078c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.880536"}
{"text": "to water resources in case of a massive influx of tourists? - what is the impact of the development of tourism infrastructure on coastal ecosystems and natural resources? - how will the tourism sector evolve environmentally in the mena region? environmental category and data to conduct such environmental economic study, it is important to define first the potential damage and inefficiency related to the tourism sector in the mena region. in this respect, the following environmental categories will be addressed : - soil degradation - air pollution - energy consumption - water consumption and pollution the analysis will observe the impact of tourism on the demand of water and natural resources, on traffic congestion and emissions as well as its impacts on land quality ( landscape, littoral ). the project requires secondary data to highlight the economic dimensions of the tourism sector ( va, turnover, direct and indirect employment, number of tourists, prices ) and its environmental repercussions ( resources used, waste generated, pollutant emitted ). the project will have three major outputs : - database of environmental and economic information. this database will be an important tool for managing the environmental dimensions of the tourism sector in the mena region. it will also indicate where important information is missing in order to be collected. - analysis of the main environmental economic results in order to decision - making process and priority setting of tourism managers and policy - makers in the mena region. - final executive report highlighting main findings of the project that will also be published in an international peer reviewed scientific magazine for a wide dissemination. this research is supported by a grant from the economic research forum : www. erf. org. eg main findings will be presented during an international conference to be held in morocco on 27 - 28 november 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4505194784463726, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3af1857-70d5-43b9-86bd-cd934210078c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.881242"}
{"text": "how to calculate and make estimated tax payments by caron _ beesley, community moderator - created : march 5, 2012, 7 : 54 am as a new business owner, understanding your tax obligations is critical and one of the first requirements you \u2019 ll need to understand are estimated tax payments. what are estimated taxes? who must pay them and how? below are some facts from the irs estimated tax guide to help new small business owners understand their estimated tax obligations. what are estimated taxes? the irs and your state \u2019 s treasury department require that individuals and businesses pay taxes almost as quickly as they earn income. if taxes aren \u2019 t withheld from wages or other payments, then you will likely need to pay estimated tax payments each quarter. think of estimated taxes as a \u201c pay - as - you - go \u201d tax. four times a year ( quarterly ), you are required to send uncle sam enough of your revenues to cover your income tax and your self - employment tax ( social security and medicare ) obligations. if you don \u2019 t pay enough tax throughout the year, either through withholding or by making estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax. however, the irs knows that calculating earnings isn \u2019 t easy, so it offers a safe harbor rule \u2013 if you pay at least as much as your previous year \u2019 s liability or pay within 90 percent of your actual liability, there \u2019 s no penalty for underpayment. who pays estimated taxes? if you are self - employed and expect to owe $ 1, 000 or more when you file your annual return, then you must pay estimated taxes on income. if it \u2019 s not through withholding, then it has to be done by quarterly estimated taxes. if your business is structured as a corporation, you \u2019 ll need to pay estimated taxes if you expect to owe $ 500 when you file. how much should you pay in estimated taxes? calculating what you owe each quarter requires figuring out your expected adjusted gross income, taxable income, taxes, deductions, and credits for the year. each business situation is different, especially if you are a new business owner, so it \u2019 s worth spending some time with a tax advisor to understand the best calculation method for your situation. you have a number of options when it comes to calculating what you owe each quarter : - use form 1040 - es \u2013 you can calculate your quarterly estimated tax payment using form 1040 - es ( the same form used to pay estimated taxes ), which includes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4083860213893692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d28693ea-6493-454f-bc65-2e74d36c9b22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.887351"}
{"text": "number of options when it comes to calculating what you owe each quarter : - use form 1040 - es \u2013 you can calculate your quarterly estimated tax payment using form 1040 - es ( the same form used to pay estimated taxes ), which includes a worksheet that helps you estimate how much you owe for the current year. corporations should use form 1120 - w to calculate estimated taxes. - refer to last year \u2019 s return \u2013 if you have been in business for a while, you can refer to your previous year ' s federal tax return. include all the income and deductions you expect to take on your current year ' s tax return and refer to the total tax you paid so that your estimated tax payments are in the same range as last year \u2019 s taxes ( 100 - 110 percent is the range to shoot for to avoid underpayment problems ). - make a quarterly calculation \u2013 if you are a freelancer or independent contractor and face fluctuating or cyclical income, you might prefer to calculate your estimated taxes on a quarterly basis. the irs offers more advice in its estimated taxes guide on how to calculate your payment and adjust estimates if you think you are paying too much \u2013 or too little \u2013 as the year progresses. when are payments due? for estimated tax purposes, the year is divided into four payment periods. payments for each year are due on the 15th day of april, june, september and the following january. you should try to pay at least the minimum owed by the due date ( with the remainder paid on april 15 ), or risk incurring penalties from the irs or your state. how to pay estimated taxes paying your estimated taxes is an easy process. if you are filing as a self - employed individual, use form 1040 - es, which includes quarterly payment vouchers to submit with your payment. corporations can deposit the payments by using the electronic federal tax payment system for deposit coupons ( forms 8109 ). once you are in the system, the irs will send you payment vouchers at the end of each tax year so you won ' t have to worry about downloading the latest forms. paying estimate taxes to your state? you need to pay your estimated state income taxes at the same time you pay your federal taxes. find links to your state ' s tax office for the appropriate forms here. talk to a tax specialist spend an hour with a tax specialist to help you understand what the best calculation methods are, how to appropriately track and deduct expenses, and how to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39421454347070634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d28693ea-6493-454f-bc65-2e74d36c9b22>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.888481"}
{"text": "hands - on is minds - on want to engage every student? break out the old - fashioned scissors and glue second - grade teacher becky hicks has learned that there is no substitute for activities that require kids to use their hands as well as their minds. during literacy hour in hicks ' s class at blanchard elementary school in cape girardeau, missouri, students pair up and head to one of 16 \" corners, \" or centers, to tackle hands - on vocabulary, reading, and math activities. in the abc corner, students thumb through clues to find mystery words. in the math corner, students stack buttons, plastic fruit, and toy bugs to create graphs. and in the spelling corner, they manipulate alphabet puzzle shapes to piece together vocabulary words. in corners, hicks ' s students practice what they know by playing teacher. \" look closely at the clock ' s hands, \" one student says to her partner in her best teacher voice. \" which one shows the hour, and which one shows the minutes? \" some explain their work to other students by showing them how to move, group, or assemble objects. concepts are explained through tactile procedures, and skills are bolstered as children practice new ideas and test out theories. over the years, hicks has noticed that her students are more engaged and focused when they ' re working on hands - on projects \u2014 even those who fidget during large - group lessons. in her classroom, hicks has figured out what research has revealed : the best way to engage kids ' brains is by having them move their hands. busy hands, busy brains as students put projects together, create crafts, or use familiar materials in new ways, they ' re constructing meaning. \" kids learn through all their senses, \" says ben mardell, phd, a researcher with project zero at harvard university, \" and they like to touch and manipulate things. \" but more than simply moving materials around, hands - on activities activate kids ' brains. according to cindy middendorf, educational consultant and author of the scholastic differentiated instruction plan book ( scholastic, 2009 ), between the ages of four and seven, the right side of the brain is developing and learning comes easily through visual and spatial activities. the left hemisphere of the brain \u2014 the side that ' s involved in more analytical and language skills \u2014 develops later, around ages 10 and 11. when you combine activities that require movement, talking, and listening, it activates multiple areas of the brain. \" the more parts of your brain you use, the more likely you are to retain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47810001636474553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a76633-3161-44b2-9e97-9da928f082a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.896241"}
{"text": "skills \u2014 develops later, around ages 10 and 11. when you combine activities that require movement, talking, and listening, it activates multiple areas of the brain. \" the more parts of your brain you use, the more likely you are to retain information, \" says judy dodge, author of 25 quick formative assessments for a differentiated classroom ( scholastic, 2009 ). \" if you ' re only listening, you ' re only activating one part of the brain, \" she says, \" but if you ' re drawing and explaining to a peer, then you ' re making connections in the brain. \" multitasking in the classroom is not a negative when it comes to hands - on activities such as coloring, scribbling, or cutting with scissors. indeed, even adults benefit from the \" busy hands, busy brain \" phenomenon : recent research has shown that people who doodle during business meetings have better memory recall. a report in the journal applied cognitive psychology demonstrated that volunteers who doodled during a dull verbal message were 29 percent better at recalling details from the message. researchers suggest that engaging in a simple hands - on task, such as cutting out a shape with scissors, can help prevent daydreaming and restlessness during a learning experience. if adults in business settings can benefit from mnemonic tricks such as doodling, then students should certainly be encouraged to try these strategies. the hands - on classroom terri lachance, a kindergarten teacher at darcey school in cheshire, connecticut, uses hands - on activities all day, every day, to let all her students shine. currently, lachance is teaching a student who is a gifted artist but has poor language skills. he fidgets during large - group activities but can spend hours drawing or building. lachance nurtures his interest and talent by allowing him to make projects ; she recalls one day when he carefully constructed bird beaks out of recycled materials, then gave them to other kids to wear in class. through art projects and play, lachance has seen the student ' s language skills improve as he answers questions about his creations and illustrations. we know our students learn in many different ways : visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, and social. still, says dodge, most of us teach the way we ' re most comfortable, and that ' s not necessarily the way our students learn. \" it ' s a missed opportunity if we don ' t use the way that a child learns best to hook them and get them excited about learning, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4913400724730028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a76633-3161-44b2-9e97-9da928f082a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.897325"}
{"text": "way we ' re most comfortable, and that ' s not necessarily the way our students learn. \" it ' s a missed opportunity if we don ' t use the way that a child learns best to hook them and get them excited about learning, \" says dodge. hands - on projects obviously engage kids who are tactile or kinesthetic learners, who need movement to learn best. they also engage students who are auditory learners, who talk about what they ' re doing, and visual learners, who have the opportunity to see what everyone else is creating. for social learners, the time spent in small group conversation will strengthen their knowledge. just as hicks has found in her classroom, hands - on activities let students become teachers. \" when students explain and demonstrate skills to each other, \" says sheldon horowitz, edd, director of professional services for the national center for learning disabilities, \" they are validating their understanding of the material being learned and, often in ways that adults are less successful, helping their peers to build and master new skills. \u201d hands - on activities also lend themselves to authentic assessment and observation, says lanise jacoby, a 2nd grade teacher at pierce school in arlington, massachusetts, who observes how well her students follow directions and use fine motor skills during center time. next time your students are working on a craft project or in centers, ask each student to quickly explain what they ' re doing and why, as well as what they ' re learning along the way. using tools such as markers, scissors, and glue in hands - on projects also builds the fine motor skills that children will need to use for functional activities throughout their lives. simple tasks such as buttoning, tying shoes, and using a key to open a lock all require manual precision. the best way to build that precision is, of course, through practice. yet practice need not be dull and repetitive. activities such as constructing a miniature city out of recycled materials, or crafting a butterfly ' s life cycle using fabric scraps, not only help kids strengthen their hands and minds - - they are also fun and engaging. the more arts and crafts that teachers can bring into the classroom, the more opportunity they have to reach every child in the room, from kids with sensory difficulties to those who need an extra challenge in order to stay focused. hands - on, creative, and artistic activities help students to focus and retain knowledge, and at the same time emphasize the importance of beauty and design in our world. tips for using tactile learning here are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46551346966800866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a76633-3161-44b2-9e97-9da928f082a5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.898308"}
{"text": "extra challenge in order to stay focused. hands - on, creative, and artistic activities help students to focus and retain knowledge, and at the same time emphasize the importance of beauty and design in our world. tips for using tactile learning here are more ways to increase the amount of time your students spend with their hands and minds in motion : - provide self - check materials : hands - on activities naturally lend themselves to differentiation, but cindy middendorf suggests adding in tools, such as number charts, for kids to use at each center to help them work independently. - include assessment : in addition to observing and asking students to talk about what they ' ve learned, teacher becky hicks has students record their center work and what they learned on individual accountability sheets. judy dodge suggests creating flip books with a page for each center so children can record what they learn at each station. - keep kids moving : dodge suggests using rotation stations that change every few minutes. some examples : an observation station where students peer at objects under a microscope ; an exploration station where students explore materials that you ' ve just introduced ; a visualization station where students draw what they ' ve learned ; a collaboration station where students talk about what they ' ve learned ; and a \" ketchup and mustard \" ( catch - up and must - do ) station where students can make up work they didn ' t get to. - move the materials : if you can ' t handle all the movement of center rotations, dodge suggests putting each activity and the necessary supplies in a basket. then pass the baskets from table to table instead of moving the students. - group students by interest : grouping students according to what they ' re interested in can increase their engagement. \" when you ' re in a small group, you have more air time, \" says ben mardell, phd, with project zero at harvard university. \" kids can talk more and if you put a group together based on interest, then you have kids who share a passion and they ' re more involved in being there. \" small groups also build accountability, as each child has to attend to the activity for the product to come together. - incorporate language : as students move into third grade and beyond, the amount of language used in class will increase. prepare them by incorporating speaking skills into your assessment of tactile activities : ask students to explain what they ' re doing and end some units with oral presentations. - adjust expectations : kindergarten teacher terri lachance admits that during hands - on activities, her classroom is louder. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4790896032402724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a76633-3161-44b2-9e97-9da928f082a5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.900790"}
{"text": "29 november 2010 | en average growing period for crops may reduce ( grey and black areas ) by 20 per cent ( black ) in africa over the next 80 years thornton et al. ( 2010 ) / the royal society 2010 a widespread farming catastrophe could hit africa if global temperatures rose by four degrees celsius or more, according to a study that calls for urgent planning for a much warmer future and investment in technology to avert disaster. in most of southern africa the growing season could shrink by as much as a fifth, according to scientists at the international livestock research institute ( ilri ) in kenya, who carried out simulation studies based on existing climate change models. the ' four degrees plus ' scenario is increasingly being contemplated as negotiations, which began again in cancun, mexico, today ( 29 november \u2013 10 december ), have stalled on measures aimed at limiting the global temperature rise to two degrees. drastic changes to farming will be needed under such a scenario, said carlos sere, director - general of ilri. \" the general feeling is that the world is not going to move quickly enough on [ confining global warming to ] two degrees, \" he told scidev. net : \" we are not getting traction. \" the common thinking has been that there will be enough variability in farming today to allow us to cope, but the reality is that in a four degree world the range of options is very narrow. \" according to the models, the growing season may increase modestly in eastern africa. but cropping seasons are likely to decline more quickly everywhere in the region except central africa. much of southern africa ' s rain - fed agriculture could fail every other season by the 2090s, says the study. \" it is not difficult to envisage a situation where the adaptive capacity and resilience of hundreds of millions of people in sub - saharan africa could simply be overwhelmed by events. \" simply making crops more drought - tolerant or flood - resistant is just tinkering about the edges, said sere. \" the changes which will be required in the farming system are quite drastic, pushing farmers beyond the limits of their knowledge and experience. they will be overwhelmed by extreme climate events, \" he told scidev. net. \" we are talking about farmers abandoning cropping and migrating out of those regions. but where are farmers who cannot cope with this level of stress in the system to go? \" where is the alternative livelihood for 60 per cent of the continent where farming is still a very key part of coping with food security? you cannot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4500132426941726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c22da9a-5496-4aaf-8220-33d01482f526>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.906531"}
{"text": "those regions. but where are farmers who cannot cope with this level of stress in the system to go? \" where is the alternative livelihood for 60 per cent of the continent where farming is still a very key part of coping with food security? you cannot escape the fact that for decades many people are going to be in the rural sector. it is a moral imperative to give those people a livelihood. \" we need to understand and find much smarter ways to get knowledge out there. extension services in africa have largely collapsed in many countries \". the intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report in 2007 assumed that regional shortfalls in food production in sub - saharan africa could be plugged with imports from global markets, says the paper, but it adds that the experience of the 2008 food crisis highlighted the difficulties of such an ' adaptation ' strategy. instead ilri scientists are calling for better monitoring, in particular ' back to basics ', land - based observation and data collection in africa, which have been in decline for decades. information on weather, land use, markets and crop and livestock distribution is critical for an effective response to climate change, they said. \" africa ' s data - collection systems could be improved with relatively modest additional effort, \" the study says. philosophical transactions of the royal society, series a doi : 10. 1098 / rsta. 2010. 0246 all scidev. net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. for further details see creative commons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44141244696894416, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c22da9a-5496-4aaf-8220-33d01482f526>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.907187"}
{"text": "jan. 21, 2005 wheat grown under elevated levels of carbon dioxide over the next half - century will need slightly more nitrogen to grow, but not as much as previously predicted, according to a two - year study by agricultural research service scientists and cooperators. atmospheric carbon dioxide ( co2 ) levels are projected to increase 43 percent by 2050. the increased co2 makes plants like wheat grow larger. but a bigger plant needs more nutrients such as nitrogen, at least in theory, according to ars soil scientist floyd j. adamsen, who works at the agency ' s u. s. water conservation laboratory in phoenix, ariz. so the ars scientists have been trying to determine whether higher co2 levels will increase the amount of nitrogen that wheat and other crops need to grow. they reported their findings on the interaction between carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the january - february 2005 issue of agronomy journal. at the maricopa agricultural center near phoenix, the team compared wheat grown under current levels of co2 to wheat grown with the co2 levels expected by 2050. a series of tubes injected co2 into circular, open - air field plots to increase the co2 concentration in the air during the two - year experiment. the plants grown with higher co2 levels only used about 3 to 4 percent more nitrogen than the plants grown at current co2 levels. the researchers applied fertilizer four times, which spread out the uptake of the nutrients. based on the study ' s findings, farmers in the future may need to apply fertilizer four times on wheat, instead of the traditional one or two applications. the scientists believe growers need to understand how rising levels of co2 may affect their crops. accordingly, farmers may have to adapt their farming practices - - such as altering the timing and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer - - to produce crops in the changing environmental conditions of the future. ars is the u. s. department of agriculture ' s chief scientific research agency. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4578995646005549, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9042937-699b-47b5-9cf7-cbd998199cfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.910867"}
{"text": "june 14, 2007 at one time cyclone gonu was a powerful category 5 storm packing sustained winds of 160 mph ( 139 knots ), according to the joint typhoon warning center, making it the most powerful cyclone ever to threaten the arabian peninsula since record keeping began back in 1945. fortunately the storm weakened significantly by the time it brushed the far eastern tip of oman, but it still threatened petroleum shipping lanes in the northern part of the arabian sea that are unprepared for such an intense cyclone. while tropical cyclones occasionally form in the arabian sea, they rarely exceed tropical storm intensity. in 2006, tropical storm mukda was the only tropical system to form in the region and it remained well out to sea before dissipating. gonu became a tropical storm on the morning ( local time ) of sat., jun. 2, in the east - central arabian sea. after some initial fluctuations in direction, it settled on a northwesterly track and began to intensify. gonu strengthened from tropical storm intensity on the morning of june 3 to category 2 that night. by daybreak on june 4, gonu had intensified to category 4 with winds estimated at 132 mph ( 115 knots ). nasa ' s tropical rainfall measuring mission ( trmm ) satellite captured an image of gonu as it was moving northwest through the central arabian sea. taken on mon., jun. 4 at 0323 utc ( 11 : 23 p. m. edt on sun., jun. 3 ), it shows the horizontal distribution of rain intensity looking down on the storm. trmm reveals the tell - tale signs of a potent storm. not only does gonu have a complete, well - formed symmetrical eye surrounded by an intense eyewall ( innermost red ring ), this inner eyewall is surrounded by a concentric outer eyewall ( outermost red and green ring ). this double eyewall structure only occurs in very intense storms. eventually the outer eyewall will contract and replace the inner eyewall. another image provides a unique 3 - d perspective of gonu using data collected from the trmm precipitation radar from the same overpass as the previous image. higher radar echo tops are indicated in red. the areas of intense rain in the previous image are associated with deep convective towers both in the innermost eyewall and in parts of outer eyewall. the inner ring has the higher tops at this time. deep convective towers near the storm ' s center can be a precursor to future strengthening as they indicate that large amounts of heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4645874597887565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:304f6c93-31f0-49d8-9017-4c0c2dd36ed6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.914522"}
{"text": "the innermost eyewall and in parts of outer eyewall. the inner ring has the higher tops at this time. deep convective towers near the storm ' s center can be a precursor to future strengthening as they indicate that large amounts of heat are being released into the storm ' s core. at the time of these images, gonu was a category 4 cyclone. several hours later, gonu reached category 5 intensity. the system finally began to weaken during the night of june 4 and was downgraded to a category 3 storm at 1200 utc ( 8 : 00 a. m. edt ) on june 5. nasa ' s quikscat spacecraft also observed gonu. its seawinds scatterometer, a specialized microwave radar, measured near - surface wind speed and direction within the storm. gonu continued to weaken as it neared the coast of oman. the center remained just offshore oman ' s northeast coast as a category 1 storm before turning northward towards iran, where it is expected to make landfall as a tropical storm. trmm is a joint mission between nasa and the japanese space agency jaxa. quikscat is managed by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. images produced by hal pierce ( ssai / nasa gsfc ). caption by steve lang ( ssai / nasa gsfc ), mike bettwy ( rsis / nasa gsfc ), and nasa / jpl / quikscat science team. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778536505453764, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:304f6c93-31f0-49d8-9017-4c0c2dd36ed6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.915230"}
{"text": "sep. 13, 2012 it ' s not a magic trick and it ' s not sleight of hand - - scientists really are using levitation to improve the drug development process, eventually yielding more effective pharmaceuticals with fewer side effects. scientists at the u. s. department of energy ' s ( doe ) argonne national laboratory have discovered a way to use sound waves to levitate individual droplets of solutions containing different pharmaceuticals. while the connection between levitation and drug development may not be immediately apparent, a special relationship emerges at the molecular level. at the molecular level, pharmaceutical structures fall into one of two categories : amorphous or crystalline. amorphous drugs typically are more efficiently taken up by the body than their crystalline cousins ; this is because amorphous drugs are both more highly soluble and have a higher bioavailability, suggesting that a lower dose can produce the desired effect. \" one of the biggest challenges when it comes to drug development is in reducing the amount of the drug needed to attain the therapeutic benefit, whatever it is, \" said argonne x - ray physicist chris benmore, who led the study. \" most drugs on the market are crystalline - - they don ' t get fully absorbed by the body and thus we aren ' t getting the most efficient use out of them, \" added yash vaishnav, argonne senior manager for intellectual property development and commercialization. getting pharmaceuticals from solution into an amorphous state, however, is no easy task. if the solution evaporates while it is in contact with part of a vessel, it is far more likely to solidify in its crystalline form. \" it ' s almost as if these substances want to find a way to become crystalline, \" benmore said. in order to avoid this problem, benmore needed to find a way to evaporate a solution without it touching anything. because liquids conform to the shape of their containers, this was a nearly impossible requirement - - so difficult, in fact, that benmore had to turn to an acoustic levitator, a piece of equipment originally developed for nasa to simulate microgravity conditions. levitation or \" containerless processing \" can form pristine samples that can be probed in situ with the high - energy x - ray beam at argonne ' s advanced photon source. \" this allows amorphization of the drug to be studied while it is being processed, \" said rick weber, who works on the project team at the synchrotron. the acoustic levitat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5748138081202883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf52e359-37bf-4ee5-bbe3-bcea1286fd1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.921947"}
{"text": "at argonne ' s advanced photon source. \" this allows amorphization of the drug to be studied while it is being processed, \" said rick weber, who works on the project team at the synchrotron. the acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range - - roughly 22 kilohertz. when the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave. at certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes. although only small quantities of a drug can currently be \" amorphized \" using this technique, it remains a powerful analytical tool for understanding the conditions that make for the best amorphous preparation, vaishnav explained. argonne researchers have already investigated more than a dozen different pharmaceuticals, and the laboratory ' s technology development & commercialization division is currently pursuing a patent for the method. technology development & commercialization is also interested in partnering with the pharmaceutical industry to develop the technology further as well as to license it for commercial development. after adapting the technology for drug research, the argonne scientists teamed up with professors stephen byrn and lynne taylor at the department of industrial and physical pharmacy at purdue university and jeffery yarger of the department of chemistry and biochemistry at arizona state university. the group is now working on identifying which drugs the levitation instrumentation will impact most strongly. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.590083572575946, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf52e359-37bf-4ee5-bbe3-bcea1286fd1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.922780"}
{"text": "feb. 1, 2013 a genetically reprogrammed herpes simplex virus ( hsv ) can cure metastatic diffusion of human cancer cells in the abdomen of laboratory mice, according to a new study published january 31 in the open access journal plos pathogens. the paper reports on the collaborative research from scientists at the at the university of bologna and specifically describes that the hsv converted into a therapeutic anticancer agent attacks breast and ovarian cancer metastases. past decades have witnessed significant progress in the ability to treat numerous cancers by means of surgery, chemo - and radio - therapy, or combinations thereof. however, many treatments prolong life for a short time only, or are associated with a poor quality of life. lead investigator gabriella campadelli - fiume and colleagues re - engineered the entry apparatus of a candidate oncolytic herpesvirus. the reprogrammed virus no longer infects the cells usually targeted by the wild - type virus, nor does it cause herpes - related pathologies. rather, it acts as a specific weapon against tumor cells that express the her - 2 oncogene. \" numerous laboratories worldwide are using viruses as more specific weapons against cancer cells, called oncolytic viruses, \" says campadelli - fiume, professor of microbiology and virology. \" safety concerns prevailed so far, and all oncolytic herpesviruses now in clinical trials are debilitated viruses, effective only against a fraction of tumors. we were the first to obtain a herpes virus reprogrammed to enter her - 2 - positive tumor cells, unable to infect any other cell, yet preserves the full - blown killing capacity of the wild - type hsv. \" additionally, the laboratory of pier - luigi lollini, patrizia nanni and carla de giovanni in collaboration with researchers at the rizzoli institute, established the new model of human cancer metastases in mice that was used to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of the reprogrammed virus. the positive results obtained in the treatment of experimental metastasis hold the promise that the newly retargeted oncolytic hsv described in plos pathogens is a good candidate to become a novel type of cancer treatment, and represents a key step forward in the path to clinical trials for late stage human breast and ovarian cancers. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by public library of science. - patrizia nanni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47873102489916525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e6e776-3e01-4472-af1b-60ae167d56dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.925534"}
{"text": "the chemical traces of water have been found in this moon rock, called the genesis rock. the moon rock was collected by astronauts during the apollo 15 mission in 1971 and is thought to be a piece of the moon ' s primordial crust. image : nasa / johnson space center the discovery of \" significant amounts \" of water in moon rock samples collected by nasa ' s apollo astronauts is challenging a longstanding theory about how the moon formed, scientists say. since the apollo era, scientists have thought the moon came to be after a mars - size object smashed into earth early in the planet ' s history, generating a ring of debris that slowly coalesced over millions of years. that process, scientists have said, should have flung away the water - forming element hydrogen into space. but a new study suggests the accepted scenario is not possible given the amount of water found in moon rocks collected from the lunar surface in the early 1970s during the apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions. by \" water, \" the researchers don ' t mean liquid water, but hydroxyl, a chemical that includes the hydrogen and oxygen ingredients of water. those water - forming elements would have been on the moon all along, the scientist said. [ water on the moon : the search in photos ] \" i still think the impact scenario is the best formation scenario for the moon, but we need to reconcile the theory of hydrogen, \" study leader hejiu hui, an engineering researcher at the university of notre dame, told space. com. the results were published in nature geoscienceon sunday ( feb. 17 ). water in moon ' s ' genesis rock ' past studies have suggested water - forming elements came to the moon from outside sources long after the moon ' s crust cooled. the solar wind \u2014 a stream of particles emanating from the sun \u2014 as well as meteorites and comets were pegged as possible sources ofwater depositson the moon in recent studies. but that explanation does not account for the amount of water found in the apollo samples, the researchers stated in the new study. because they found hydroxyl deep inside each sampled rock, the scientists say they have eliminated the solar wind moon water explanation, because those particles can penetrate the surface only slightly. an impact from an asteroid or comet could push the hydrogen in further, but it would not be as pristine as the samples the researchers observed, because it would have melted from the heat of the asteroid collision. researchers probed samples from the late apollo missions, including the famous \" genesis rock \" that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4968766401776847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f64d0fb-6a9f-4041-a215-454df9c1625b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.929543"}
{"text": "hydrogen in further, but it would not be as pristine as the samples the researchers observed, because it would have melted from the heat of the asteroid collision. researchers probed samples from the late apollo missions, including the famous \" genesis rock \" that was named for its advanced age of 4. 5 billion years, about the same time the moon is thought to have formed. using an infrared spectrometer, the researchers found water embedded in the genesis rock, as well as all the apollo samples they studied. this implies that the various landing sites of apollo 15, 16 and 17 each had water present. hui ' s research flies in the face of past analyses of apollo rocks that found they were very dry, except for a small bit of water attributed to the rock containers leaking when they were returned to earth. past instruments that analyzed these samples, however, were not very sensitive. hui said those older spectrometers had a sensitivity of around 50 parts per million ( ppm ), while his instruments were able to detect water at concentrations of about 6 ppm in anorthosites and 2. 7 ppm in troctolites, which are both igneous rocks found in the moon ' s crust. troctolites form in the highlands as part of the moon ' s highland upper crust, and anorthosites are believed to be a part of the moon ' s \" primary \" crust, which solidified around the same time as other bodies in the solar system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49231861436960844, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f64d0fb-6a9f-4041-a215-454df9c1625b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.930676"}
{"text": "curbing waste : simple actions like cutting back on food waste or properly inflating tires on your car could collectively cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as one billion metric tons. image : \u00a9 istockphoto. com energy efficiency seems to make rational economic sense \u2014 the less energy used, the more money saved. yet, in the real world it ' s actually competition with neighbors rather than cost savings that can drive people to turn down their thermostats, install insulation or simply switch off the lights when they leave a room. such is the lesson of a host of efforts, ranging from a group called opower ' s comparative use utility billing to switching from miles per gallon to rate vehicle efficiency to gallons per mile. now a new collaborative study from the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ) and the garrison institute ' s climate, mind and behavior project reveals that such simple actions \u2014 from taking one fewer flight per year to wasting less food \u2014 can add up. the environmental group estimates that if all americans adopted 14 such steps over the next decade the country would avoid one billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 \u2014 or the equivalent of the entire annual greenhouse gas emissions of germany. \" much of this is eliminating waste \u2014 and most waste costs you money, \" says nrdc ' s executive director peter lehner. \" if all americans did take a fairly modest range of actions, most of which actually save you money, we can make a big difference. \" the recommendations, in addition to flying less and wasting 25 percent less food, include : carpooling or telecommuting once a week ( 75 million metric tons of co2 equivalent ( co2e ) saved by 2020, if adopted by all americans ) ; maintaining your car or truck, such as keeping tires properly inflated ( 45 million metric tons of co2e ) ; cutting the time spent idling in a vehicle in half ( 40 million metric tons of co2e ) ; better insulation at home ( 85 million metric tons of co2e ) ; programmable thermostats set higher ( 80 million metric tons of co2e ) ; reducing electricity demand from appliances that are \" off, \" so - called phantom demand ( 70 million metric tons co2e ) ; using hot water more efficiently, such as washing clothes in colder water ( 65 million metric tons of co2e ) ; buying energystar appliances when old ones wear out ( 55 million metric tons co2e ) ; replacing incandescent lightbulbs with compact fluorescents ( 30 million metric tons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520027350318491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be7d4ad3-58b7-4875-a08d-c7c6d709db0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.937137"}
{"text": "in colder water ( 65 million metric tons of co2e ) ; buying energystar appliances when old ones wear out ( 55 million metric tons co2e ) ; replacing incandescent lightbulbs with compact fluorescents ( 30 million metric tons co2e ) ; eating chicken instead of beef two days a week ( 105 million metric tons of co2e ) ; increased recycling of paper, plastics and metals ( 105 million metric tons of co2e ) ; \" responsible \" consumption, such as buying less bottled water ( 60 million metric tons co2e ). \" we make bad decisions all the time, \" says sabine marx, associate director at the center for research on environmental decisions at columbia university, thanks to incomplete information or other barriers to action, like high up - front costs for things like insulation. overcoming those \" doesn ' t mean we have to manipulate people ' s minds, \" marx says, but rather make good decisions easier. for example, rates of organ donation vary widely within europe, from 100 percent in france and poland to 17 percent in the u. k. and just 4 percent in denmark. the difference cannot be ascribed to different cultural views about organ donation but rather whether the country in question has a policy that is opt - in ( check this box if you want to donate your organs ) or opt - out ( check this box if you do not want to donate your organs ). \" we think we ' re rational, \" says economist john gowdy of rensselaer polytechnic institute in troy, n. y. \" but really it ' s the person who designs the question on the back of a driver ' s license who made the choice for us. \" nrdc, the garrison institute and others hope to bring this kind of choice editing to the world of personal behavior. part of this is a result of ongoing frustration with broader policy measures, particularly at the national level, when it comes to confronting climate change. \" if congress does enact something, it will be completely inadequate to the task, \" says gus speth, former dean of yale university ' s school of forestry and environmental studies. it would be a \" first step, \" however, lehner notes. the primary benefit of personal action is that it can start immediately, he adds. but lehner admits that his organization has no idea how to convince people to undertake these 14 steps in the next decade on their own. and there is significant danger that any energy efficiency undertaking ends up ultimately increasing energy use. \" the rebound effect is quite clear,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5126523719368135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be7d4ad3-58b7-4875-a08d-c7c6d709db0a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.938116"}
{"text": "warsaw ghetto uprising the event known as the warsaw ghetto uprising began on april 19, 1943 and ended on may 16, 1943. a total of 56, 065 jews were captured by the germans during the uprising, and around 6, 000 were killed during the destruction of the buildings in the ghetto. all the photos on this page are from the photo album of jurgen stroop, the commander of the ss troops who put down the warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943. there are 50 photos included in the stroop report, which documents the destruction of the warsaw ghetto during this action. in spite of the fact that the photo above is included in the stroop report, which was compiled during april and may, 1943, it was identified by holocaust survivor tsvi c. nussbaum as a photo taken after the warsaw ghetto uprising on july 13, 1943 in front of the hotel polski on the aryan side of the warsaw ghetto, where some jews had been living as gentiles. nussbaum claims that he is the seven - year - old boy in the photo and that the woman on his left is his aunt. since nussbaum and his aunt had foreign passports, they were sent to the bergen - belsen detention camp as \" exchange jews. \" the soldier, who is holding a gun on the little boy in the photo, was josef blosche ; he was put on trial in east germany after the war and was executed after being convicted of participating in the action to put down the warsaw ghetto uprising. beginning in june 1942, the jews in the warsaw ghetto were transported to the treblinka death camp on the bug river, near the eastern border of german - occupied poland, where they were immediately killed in gas chambers. eventually, reports of the mass murder got back to the warsaw ghetto and a resistance organization called the z. o. b. ( zydowska organizacja bojowa ) was formed to prevent any more deportations from the ghetto. the leader of the z. o. b. was mordecai anielewicz. in january 1943, the jews in the warsaw ghetto resisted the next round - up for deportation to treblinka ; the young z. o. b fighters fired on german troops as they tried to get the jews into railroad cars to be transported to the death camp. the germans retreated after four days of fighting and the jews began to prepare to hold out against future attempts to liquidate the ghetto. the following quote is from the opening statement by robert jackson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43999045377200086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a3db9-89c0-496e-9b47-1a8f47788b96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.947271"}
{"text": "the jews into railroad cars to be transported to the death camp. the germans retreated after four days of fighting and the jews began to prepare to hold out against future attempts to liquidate the ghetto. the following quote is from the opening statement by robert jackson at the nuremberg international military tribunal in which he reads from the summary of the stroop report : it is the original report of the ss brigadier general stroop in charge of the destruction of the warsaw ghetto, and its title page carries the inscription \" the jewish ghetto in warsaw no longer exists. \" it is characteristic that one of the captions explains that the photograph ( the photo shown at the top of this page ) concerned shows the driving out of jewish \" bandits \" ; those whom the photograph shows being driven out are almost entirely women and little children. it contains a day - by - day account of the killings mainly carried out by the ss organization, too long to relate, but let me quote general stroop ' s summary : \" the resistance put up by the jews and bandits could only be suppressed by energetic actions of our troops day and night. the reichsfuehrer ss ordered, therefore, on 4 / 23 / 1943, the cleaning out of the ghetto with utter ruthlessness and merciless tenacity. i, therefore, decided to destroy and burn down the entire ghetto without regard to the armament factories. these factories were systematically dismantled and then burned. jews usually left their hideouts, but frequently remained in the burning buildings and jumped out of the windows only when the heat became unbearable. they then tried to crawl with broken bones across the street into buildings which were not afire. sometimes they changed their hideouts during the night into the ruins of burned buildings. life in the sewers was not pleasant after the first week. many times we could hear loud voices in the sewers. ss men or policemen climbed bravely through the manholes to capture these jews. sometimes they stumbled over jewish corpses : sometimes they were shot at. tear gas bombs were thrown into the manholes and the jews driven out of the sewers and captured. countless numbers of jews were liquidated in sewers and bunkers through blasting. the longer the resistance continued the tougher became the members of the waffen ss, police and wehrmacht who always discharged their duties in an exemplary manner. frequently jews who tied to replenish their food supplies during the night or to communicate with neighboring groups were exterminated. \" this action eliminated, \" says the ss commander, \" a proved total of 56", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47228698741899056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a3db9-89c0-496e-9b47-1a8f47788b96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.950744"}
{"text": "network for integrated planning and sustainable development strategies - asia & pacific ( sdplannet - ap ) exists to help professionals involved in development planning share innovative approaches for integrating sustainable development into plans, strategies and budgeting processes at national, sub - national and local levels. types of approaches and tools being shared the network focuses on approaches that facilitate forward - looking analysis and adaptive strategy - making and that identify important linkages and trade - offs among economic, social and environmental issues. examples of approaches include, but are not limited to : the use of scenario outlooks for long - term planning ; indicator information systems to measure progress towards improved quality of life and sustainability ; integrated assessment techniques such as sustainability assessment and integrated policy appraisal ; creation and operation of multi - stakeholder councils and advisory groups ; and innovative financing mechanisms such as payment for ecological goods and services. - persons from national governments who are responsible for developing and coordinating national development plans and strategies, including planning and finance departments, as well as environment, natural resources, education, health, and community development - persons from sub - national and local governments, including city officials, who are responsible for developing and coordinating development plans and strategies - persons from organizations who have a mandate and interest in advancing approaches for integrating sustainable development into decision - making - ( not currently conducting ) host bi - monthly internet - based learning events on specific tools and approaches used by network participants and in other countries around the world. - ( currently conducting ) moderate e - mail correspondence among the participants to share new practices and questions posted by the participants. - ( currently conducting online ) share best practices with other similar networks worldwide. - ( currently conducting online ) conduct targeted research on specific tools and approaches of interest to network participants. - ( not currently conducting ) coordinate and host annual conferences featuring tools and approaches for integrating sustainable development into national plans, strategies and budgeting processes. advisory group members \u203a \u203a european environment and sustainable development advisory councils ( eeac ) \u203a \u203a deutsche gesellschaft fur technische zusammenarbeit ( giz ) \u203a \u203a earth council \u203a \u203a economic cooperation organization ( eco ) \u203a \u203a institute for global environmental strategies ( iges ) \u203a \u203a international development research centre ( idrc ) \u203a \u203a international institute for sustainable development ( iisd ) \u203a \u203a organization for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) \u203a \u203a the pacific islands forum secretariat \u203a \u203a secretariat of the pacific regional environment programme \u203a \u203a un division for sustainable development \u203a \u203a un economic and social commission for asia and the pacific ( unescap ) \u203a \u203a unep regional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4697607279435911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7456173e-503a-4b0b-9809-11441929d5f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.963006"}
{"text": "pasadena - it ' s a typical friday afternoon in whyville. the beaches are packed with preteens anxiously planning their weekends and snickering about the opposite sex. gaggles of middle schoolers are filling up the local mall, where they part with hard - earned cash to purchase sparkly earrings and tank tops. for those who feel like getting away from the hustle and bustle, there is always the option of teleporting into outer space, or taking a motorboat to the wetlands and conducting algae research with professional oceanographers. the ordinary and extraordinary coexist almost without distinction inside the pasadena - based whyville. net, a virtual community for youths - usually ages 10 - 13 - founded by a former caltech professor and graduates. once the domain of only hard - core gamers and early adopters, the concept of \" living \" and interacting online is fast reaching the mainstream. millions of users are now registered with a variety of virtual communities worldwide. online, residents form their own digital characters, called avatars, and go about integrating into their chosen online societies. \" there are so many places out there, \" said jacquelyn ford morie, senior scientist and associate director for creative development at usc ' s institute for creative technologies. \" all have their different customs, constraints and social morays based on what we have in everyday life. \" but while there ' s been an explosion in the number first online in 1999, the seeds for the project were planted in 1986 by caltech biology professor jim bower. bower, an innovator in the field of education technology, had created a primitive community inside the los angeles county library ' s computer system that allowed children to explore its offerings. by the late 1990s, he had advanced his work with an array of educational projects, and turned his attention toward a way to teach science to children via an informal, social and interactive setting. \" we knew that if you wanted to engage kids you have to have a social component. we ' re all fundamentally social, we are a social animal, \" he said, adding that, in this setting, learning can be designed to appeal to young people ' s desire to stand out. but while bower saw the virtual community model as the logical direction the internet would take, he had a hard time convincing anyone that it was a worthwhile idea. \" we were trying to convince people for a number of years that this makes sense and nobody in corporate america knew what we were talking about. so we did it ourselves,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.500899151624443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72b6eb26-3ffa-4316-bf4a-248d7885a5a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.990570"}
{"text": ", he had a hard time convincing anyone that it was a worthwhile idea. \" we were trying to convince people for a number of years that this makes sense and nobody in corporate america knew what we were talking about. so we did it ourselves, \" he said. bower, two caltech graduates and a graphic designer from the art center college of design resigned to going at it alone and, using much of bower ' s own money, created whyville and its parent company, numedeon. \" we really just bootstrapped ourselves. it was really exciting, \" said jennifer sun, founding member and president of numedeon. \" we were convinced that the internet was going to be for two - way interaction. we thought that was the most interesting thing that the internet could offer this to education. \" today, whvyille reports 2. 2 million registered users from around the world and a list of sponsor companies that keeps growing. the concept behind whyville is simple. it ' s a world where kids do much of what adults do - with the idea that they are learning practical skills in the grown - up world at play. while a large amount of time is taken up chatting with friends, they also save money for land and build houses on their plots. here, it ' s common for 10 - year - olds take out bank loans to purchase toyota scions ( they all have whyco scores instead of fico scores ) and everyone works to support the economy, which is based on clam shells. in order earn a \" salary, \" and make use of most of what ' s available, users must participate in a variety of educational games and activities often sponsored by science organizations ( toyota is currently the only for - profit sponsor on the site ). one of the latest offerings is found at the most popular whyville hangout, the beach. users arrive to find the ocean has turned red, and are instructed to take a water sample and head to the whyville branch of the very real woods hole oceanographic institution, the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the united states. there they examine the sample and identify the culprit as red bloom algae. then they must investigate what ' s causing the algae outbreak and head out to the wetlands to figure out how to quell it. it ' s a complex process. \" i don ' t know of any other sites of this kind that tries to attempt this type of science learning, \" said yasmin kafai, associate professor of psychological studies in education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973812136225162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72b6eb26-3ffa-4316-bf4a-248d7885a5a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.992048"}
{"text": "quell it. it ' s a complex process. \" i don ' t know of any other sites of this kind that tries to attempt this type of science learning, \" said yasmin kafai, associate professor of psychological studies in education at ucla who has studied whyville extensively and written a range or research papers on the topic. \" i think they are very successful in this respect - constantly innovating. \" while whyville was practically flying solo for a while, the times are certainly catching up with them. in 2003, an adult - themed community called second life came online and began growing fast. in late 2006, second life began attracting tons of media coverage, which sent attention back to whyville in the process. with all the buzz surrounding them, numedeon ' s president, sun, said she can ' t help but feel gratified, \" to have been so ahead of the curve. \" and even with all the new entrants to the game, bower remains convinced his creation is still in a league of its own. \" the land has gotten richer and richer, \" he said, \" but whyville is a lot more deep and a lot more interesting than a lot of virtual worlds out there. \" ( 626 ) 578 - 6300 ext. 4494", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4964417396117917, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72b6eb26-3ffa-4316-bf4a-248d7885a5a9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.992792"}
{"text": "page : | 1 | frog is very worried as he has an important speech to make at his school assembly. the speech is about breathing and he doesn ' t know a thing about it! he asks his friends for help and they teach him all about the lion breath, the crocodile breath, the humming bee breath and the woodchopper breath. can any of these breathing techniques calm his nerves before the big speech? keywords : anger management, anxiety, child psychology, children, education, emotions, fiction, mainstream education, mental health, movement, yoga learning the chinese arts of tai chi and qigong is a great way for children to relax, have fun, and strengthen body and mind. this easy - to - use teacher training pack provides step - by - step instructions and simple techniques that enable anyone to teach tai chi and qigong to children. keywords : anxiety, chi kung, children, complementary therapies, dance and movement therapy, education, health care, mainstream education, mental health, occupational therapy, pastoral care, qigong, tai chi, taiji jian, taiji quan page : | 1 | singing dragon is an imprint of jessica kingsley publishers. jessica kingsley publishers is a limited company registered in england. registered number : 2073602. vat reg. no : 455 2134 66. \u00a9 1996, 2013 jessica kingsley publishers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47633979880326116, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a59b310d-2698-4803-8339-28fdaa0daa4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:51.995640"}
{"text": "the horse chestnut tree, also known as the aesculus hippocastanum, is a large, deciduous hardwood tree that grows in temperate climates. it has large, green leaves with five to seven lobes and white flowers. the seeds of the horse chestnut tree grow in green, spiny cases. when the cases split open, the seeds inside are round, brown and extremely shiny. horse chestnut extract is made from the glossy brown seed of the horse chestnut tree. horse chestnut extract can be found listed as an ingredient in some skin cleansers. the high level of saponins in horse chestnut extract makes it an effective skin purifier. bath oils and infusions sometimes contain horse chestnut extract due to its skin softening properties. horse chestnut extract contains a saponin called escin, which has anti - inflammatory properties. in addition, escin strengthens the walls of the veins and arteries, giving it vasoprotective properties. the condition of capillaries is improved because horse chestnut extract reduces the presence of elastase and hyaluronidase, enzymes that break down protein. horse chestnut extract also thins the blood by impairing the action of platelets. when taken orally, escin has been scientifically proven to be effective in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, a condition which prevents deoxygenated blood being pumped back to the heart effectively. blood can pool in the lower extremities, leading to swelling of the legs and ankles. leg injuries can trigger this debilitating condition. women tend to be more susceptible to chronic venous insufficiency than men. high levels of escin also make horse chestnut extract an effective treatment for varicose veins and hemorrhoids due to its vasoconstricting properties. both varicose veins and hemorrhoids are caused by enlarged, protruding veins. horse chestnut extract tightens and shrinks enlarged varicose veins and hemorrhoids, making them less visible. horse chestnut extract is also used as a herbal treatment for diarrhea. spider veins are a mild type of varicose veins that are not dangerous, but can make individuals self - conscious about their appearance. horse chestnut extract \u2019 s capillary constricting and strengthening properties make it a useful ingredient in skin care creams that have been formulated to treat visible spider veins and unsightly red threads. this includes creams designed to improve the condition of the delicate skin under the eyes. eye creams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45009851543971285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c54d2eb-cbe4-4fcc-add7-32f63252df88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.005694"}
{"text": "##ricting and strengthening properties make it a useful ingredient in skin care creams that have been formulated to treat visible spider veins and unsightly red threads. this includes creams designed to improve the condition of the delicate skin under the eyes. eye creams containing horse chestnut extract effectively lighten dark circles under the eyes by thickening the skin and strengthening fragile capillaries. horse chestnut extract boosts the condition of the skin by improving the circulation and delivering oxygen - rich blood to the dermal matrix. by inhibiting enzymes elastase and hyaluronidase, horse chestnut extract helps the skin to battle the signs of aging that deplete collagen and elastin from the skin. reduced levels of collagen and elastin are a primary cause of wrinkles and sagging skin that are typical of aging skin. when applied topically as a 2 % gel or balm, the escin in horse chestnut extract is an effective treatment for bruised skin. its anti - inflammatory properties reduce swelling, while the broken capillaries under the skin that cause the blue / black discoloration are strengthened and repaired. external, topical application of horse chestnut extract can be effective in treating sports injuries. horse chestnut extract is often found in products that contain centella asiatica, because these two botanical extracts work together in synergy to provide highly effective results. oral supplements of horse chestnut extract are typically found in capsule and tablet format. the extract tastes bitter and can some people may find it unpalatable in liquid form. care should be taken when consuming horse chestnut extract as it can interfere with certain medication, including anticoagulant and blood thinning drugs, such as warfarin or heparin. it should not be taken by individuals with a blood clotting disorder. as horse chestnut extract can lower blood sugar, it should not be taken by anyone with diabetes. it is possible to overdose on supplements of horse chestnut extract. the leaf, bark, flower, and seed of the horse chestnut tree should not be consumed in their raw state because they contain a toxic substance called esculin. ingestion of esculin can cause stomach upset, vomiting, and diarrhea. if raw horse chestnut leaves, bark, flowers, or seeds are ingested, immediate medical attention should be sought.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44770970394182513, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c54d2eb-cbe4-4fcc-add7-32f63252df88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.006639"}
{"text": "| news | education | halal & healthy | parenting | teens | kids | marriage | the quran | glossary | rate this article black history month 11 ideas for learning and teaching during black history month black history month is an excellent opportunity to not only learn about how islam figures in the life and history of africa and muslim africans, but also to share this knowledge with others for the purpose of dawa. here are some tips and ideas of what you, your school, masjid or muslim students ' association can do during black history month 1. attend events held in your community, on campus, at your local library etc. not only will this show a muslim presence. it will also show muslim interest in the topic. too often, muslims are seen as being interested only in \" their own \" issues. your desire to listen and learn will insha allah, provide you with more knowledge of the topic. you can also provide an islamic perspective there if there is none being presented. 2. read a book about the history of islam among african people in the united states and in africa check out some good ones in our recommend bibliography. 3. arrange to have a speaker knowledgeable of islamic history amongafrican - americans to address your masjid this can actually become two events. one will be a lecture to educate muslims. the second will be a mosque open house, where not only will non - muslims learn about african - american muslim history, but about islam as well, insha allah. it will facilitate direct contact between muslims and non - muslims, which is one of the key ingredients of good dawa. make sure there is plenty of publicity inside and outside the mosque of the event. and refreshments, of course. 4. sponsor events with non - muslim african - american organizations this is a great way for the msa, for instance, to organize an activity with another organization which may have more resources ( i. e. money and contacts ). more importantly though, this is a way to show muslim interest in african history through action ( i. e. trying to arrange an event to educate others about the topic ). give the islamic perspective as much as you can as you work with the non - muslims. 5. arrange for a small group discussion / video showing at your home or msa concerning african - american history and its significance to the development of the ummah in this part of the world deeper roots : muslims in the americas before columbus would be a great video to see here. also be sure there are refreshments for everyone at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43949444951719396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:268d6848-5090-48e9-ae8c-9637b783b1f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.011669"}
{"text": "concerning african - american history and its significance to the development of the ummah in this part of the world deeper roots : muslims in the americas before columbus would be a great video to see here. also be sure there are refreshments for everyone at the end. print out a couple of one - page articles or dawa pamphlets on the african - american or african muslims that people can take home, with muslim contact names and numbers on the back. 6. make bedtime story night for your kids a story about african or african - american muslims do you read to your kids at night before they go to bed? if so, talk to them a bit about black history month ( if they go to public school, they may already be doing something on the topic in class ) and read a chapter of a book about notable muslim africans or african - americans. 7. have one of the kids do a presentation on one of the sahabah from africa or a more recent muslim african - american personality during a family meeting they ' ll teach everyone, learn something themselves, and know that muslims have their own africans and african - americans to be proud of. 8. have your school or local library include notable muslim african - americans in its display during black history month talk to the librarian. s / he has probably already decided to have a special black history month exhibit during february. but who has s / he decided to include. give some suggestions of muslim africans and african - americans who contributed to the development of the ummah, america and the world. 9. do the above for a museum contact the organizer of the exhibition and suggest a few names of personalities to include. if they ' re clueless even better : give them the information about these muslims. and add a couple of articles or books about islam while you ' re at it. 10. write an article in your school and / or local paper about what black history month means to you as a muslim this can be done on an individual basis, or better yet, designate someone from the msa or the islamic center to do this. you can talk about the rich history of muslim africa, and how muslim african - americans have impacted the u. s. a. today. 11. do a class presentation on a notable muslim african or african - american if this is a general class assignment, you ' ve just found your topic. if not, suggest it to your teacher. if you ' re afraid your classmates will get angry you gave them extra homework, suggest doing this as a special assignment for yourself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43795233587107507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:268d6848-5090-48e9-ae8c-9637b783b1f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.012647"}
{"text": "scientific name : rhododendron ferrugineum - common nouns : ferruginous rhododendron, rose laurel of the alps, rosage, rose of the alps. - family : ericacees - kind : rhododendron, of the \u201c pink \u201d greek rhodon and dendron \u201c tree \u201d - form : bushes from 30 to 120 cm height, marrying the forms of the relief. - sheets : persistent, glabrous on whole board not cilie, of color dark green and luisantes in lower part. - flowers : odorous of beautiful a pink sharp, grouped by 6 to 10 at the end of the branches. - flowering : from june to august. - habitat : rubbles, lawns, wood lights on the acid grounds of the slopes north. - altitude : between 1600 and 2400 mr. - toxicity : yes, contains arbutine, aricoline and of rhodoxanthine. they are considered of average toxicity, but causes vomiting, various digestive disorders, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. - protected plant : not see tooflowers of the alps | random links : | | pretty hastens machine | corneria | santiago meson | arthur henry shakespeare lucas | fault lines | vitamine |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40296505062472215, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:316bac78-dcf9-4a86-80be-f84d184bb1f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.021642"}
{"text": "adams, d. m., and m. e. hamm. 1992. \" portfolio assessment and social studies : collecting, selecting, and reflecting on what is significant. \" social education 56 : 103 - 105. baker, e. l. 1990. what probably works in alternative assessment. los angeles, ca : ucla graduate school of education ; national center for research and evaluation, standards, and student testing. calfee, r. c., and p. perfumo. 1993. \" student portfolios : opportunities for a revolution in assessment. \" journal of reading 36 : 532 - 537. crowley, m. l. 1993. \" student mathematics portfolio : more than a display case. \" the mathematics teacher 86 : 544 - 547. herman, j. l., p. r. aschbacher and l. winters. 1992. a practical guide to alternative assessment. alexandria, va : association for supervision and curriculum development. herman, j. l., and l. winters. 1994. \" portfolio research : a slim collection. \" educational leadership 52, 2 : 48 - 55. lewis, a. c. 1992. \" no shortcuts for alternative assessment. \" research and development review. 7, 4 : 2 - 3. padilla, a. m., h. sung and j. aninao. 1994. stanford foreign language oral skills evaluation matrix ( flosem ). unpublished manuscript, stanford university, school of education. singer, s., ed., 1993. portfolio assessment in foreign language. evansville, in : evansville - vanderburgh school corporation. slater, t. 1994. \" portfolios in learning and assessment in physics. \" the physics teacher 32 : 370 - 373. thompson, l., ed., 1995. k - 8 foreign language assessment : a bibliography. washington, center for applied linguistics. eric clearinghouse on languages and linguistics. home | organization | map | events and discussions | resources | standards and frameworks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194742919631056, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea00f58d-e54a-4af4-9225-3355bbc7dae4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.026156"}
{"text": "miami followed other cities including san francisco, detroit and washington dc when, in january 1977, it amended its antidiscrimination ordinance to include gays and lesbians. impetus for its passage came from the dade county coalition for the humanistic rights of gays. the coalition had been founded by jack campbell, proprietor of the club baths chain and himself a gay pioneer when he ran for miami city commissioner as the one of first openly gay candidates in the country. the coalition endorsed 49 candidates for local office in 1976, of whom 44 won their races. one of them was ruth shack, who had also been endorsed by singer anita bryant as a favor to her agent, who was shack \u2019 s husband. as a miami - dade commissioner, shack introduced the pro - gay amendment to miami \u2019 s existing antidiscrimination ordinance. bryant, who belonged to the conservative northwest baptist church, a congregation that advertised itself as \u201c bible - believing and soul - winning \u201d and had campaigned against school desegregation, was chagrined when people from her church approached her, saying, \u201c i voted for ruth shack because you said to do it, and now look at the resolution she \u2019 s introduced. \u201d bryant wrote to the dade county commission that passing the ordinance would mean \u201c infringing upon my rights as a citizen and mother to teach my children and set examples of god \u2019 s moral code as stated in the holy scriptures. \u201d she concluded, \u201c i urge you with every ounce of my being to vote no. \u201d go to panel 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43149919130843806, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0fc3cc8-2f39-4775-9dd0-9c0b5a1b9207>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.027733"}
{"text": "as we hold our children a little closer, we wonder how such a tragedy could have possibly unfolded in a quiet new england town. as our hearts ache for those parents who have lost children, and those children who have lost brothers, sisters, parents and teachers, we wonder why. i wonder how they will go on, living with grief, or in fear, as their lives have been changed forever. nothing can bring back their loss, or ease the pain that hundreds of families will endure from a senseless tragedy in newtown, conn. why does violence continue to be breaking news? could it be that we have desensitized our children by allowing them to play video games with guns and weapons that clear a room full of cartoon warriors? do those games normalize violence and killing with a powerful adrenalin rush? children learn what they live. have we allowed violent movies and tv to seep into our everyday lives? many children are permitted to watch movies that are well beyond their understanding. television needs to be monitored, as much of it is completely inappropriate for those who are learning as they watch. have we become too busy or just careless? have we all become desensitized to violence? how can we protect our children? experts across the country are weighing in and recommending how to talk to children about traumatic circumstances. common themes suggest that we provide information, emotional security, stability and love. i believe that every child needs each of those supports every single day, not just when tragedy unfolds. it is always important to tell children the truth so they learn trust, believe what we say, and come to us often with their questions. as parents, we want them to learn that they can rely on us for the answers. however, it is not necessary, or even recommended, to offer more information than is asked. children ask what they need to know. provide a clear, simple answer in one or two sentences, and then stop. wait for your child to process that information. your brief answer may be enough. if your child asks another question, give another brief, one sentence answer. on any given day children ask what they want to know. don \u2019 t tell them more than they can understand or process. children develop a sense of emotional security when they know what to expect. waking up each day to normal routine is always in a child \u2019 s best interest, because emotional and functional learning occurs more readily when a child is comfortable. with a consistent, routine environment children are better able to maintain healthy emotional self -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4459302972228789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca55be74-5509-4667-886d-5c5f52e7c93f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.036992"}
{"text": "to expect. waking up each day to normal routine is always in a child \u2019 s best interest, because emotional and functional learning occurs more readily when a child is comfortable. with a consistent, routine environment children are better able to maintain healthy emotional self - control, and when distressed can often self - regulate more easily. in the face of tragedy, there is very little that is normal, but whenever possible be consistent with routines that directly affect your child. always provide routine comfort at bedtime with time for prayers and stories. increase family time experts suggest that families spend more time together when tragedy occurs. family time includes sharing meals, going for walks or reading together. it is your physical presence that provides comfort and emotional security. family time provides the foundation for children to develop the social skills they need to be successful. turn off the tv and find time every day to play a board game, piece together a puzzle, look through family albums, or bake a family recipe together. make family night part of your weekly routine to instill and reinforce the values you hold true. communicate your love, understanding and support with unexpected hugs or a gentle loving touch. take time to sit and rock together. express your love, with and without words. be there for your child. eliminate access to violent games, tv and movies. teach with thought, and wrap your child in love and hugs every day. diana boggia, m. ed., is a parenting coach who lives in stark county ohio. she is author of \u201c parenting with a purpose. \u201d send your child - rearing questions to familymatters @ cantonrep. com or the repository, c / o family matters, 500 market ave. s, canton, oh 44702. find parenting resources at her website, www. yourperfectchild. com. by diana boggia, ghns stuttgart daily leader - stuttgart, ar by diana boggia, ghns posted dec. 18, 2012 @ 1 : 55 pm \u00bb events calendar connect with stuttgart daily leader - stuttgart, ar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4385466745489361, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca55be74-5509-4667-886d-5c5f52e7c93f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.037822"}
{"text": "source : between the lions : \" spicy hot colors & yesterday i had the blues \" in this video segment from between the lions, tammy lionette ( cleo ) sings about the two sounds made by the letter \" c. \" words that appear on screen include : cry, certainly, card, crate, celebrate, call, cell, city, cycle, december, clear, nicely, crack, circus, camp, center, cramp, circles, crying, can, concede, cope, can \u2019 t, and conceive. the letter \" c \" is in a different color and is colored regardless of where it appears in the word. this video segment provides a resource for phonemic awareness, phonics, letter knowledge awareness, and phonological awareness. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5142858760575736, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9b554f1-e267-4183-89d0-a256b81b5d14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.040940"}
{"text": "it was the favourite fruit of founder steve jobs. he was three months late in filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company apple computers if the other colleagues didn \u2019 t suggest a better name by 5 o \u201d clock. it is not an acronym as popularly believed. it is short for san francisco. this name was formed by using comp, for computer, and paq to denote a small integral object. the name was derived from the founder \u2019 \u2019 s name dr. michael cowpland. it stands for cowpland research laboratory. the name started as a joke boasting about the amount of information the search - engine would be able to search. it was originally named \u201d googol \u201d, a word for the number represented by 1 followed by 100 zeros. after founders \u2013 stanford graduate students sergey brin and larry page presented their project to an angel investor, they received a cheque made out to \u201d google \u201d. founder jack smith got the idea of accessing e - mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. when sabeer bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service, he tried all kinds of names ending in \u201d mail \u201d and finally settled for hotmail as it included the letters \u201c html \u201d \u2013 the programming language used to write web pages. it was initially referred to as hotmail with selective uppercasing. bill hewlett and dave packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called hewlett - packard or packard - hewlett. bob noyce and gordon moore wanted to name their new company \u201d moore noyce \u201d but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to settle for an acronym of integrated electronics. mitch kapor got the name for his company from \u201d the lotus position \u201d or \u201d padmasana \u201d. kapor used to be a teacher of transcendental meditation of maharishi mahesh yogi. coined by bill gates to represent the company that was devoted to microcomputer software. originally christened micro - soft, the \u201d - \u201d was removed later on. founder paul galvin came up with this name when his company started manufacturing radios for cars. the popular radio company at the time was called victrola. larry ellison and bob oats were working on a consulting project for the cia ( central intelligence agency ). the code name for the project was called oracle ( the cia saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5042741270113565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:773c7bb0-9bfd-4f78-b2d6-5d3d51465499>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.045883"}
{"text": ". larry ellison and bob oats were working on a consulting project for the cia ( central intelligence agency ). the code name for the project was called oracle ( the cia saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such ). the project was designed to help use the newly written sql code by ibm. the project eventually was terminated but larry and bob decided to finish what they started and bring it to the world. they kept the name oracle and created the rdbms engine. later they kept the same name for the company. it originated from the latin word \u2018 \u2019 sonus \u201d meaning sound, and \u2018 \u2019 sonny \u201d a slang used by americans to refer to a bright youngster. founded by 4 stanford university buddies, sun is the acronym for stanford university network. andreas bechtolsheim built a microcomputer ; vinod khosla recruited him and scott mcnealy to manufacture computers based on it, and bill joy to develop a unix - based os for the computer. the word was invented by jonathan swift and used in his book \u201d gulliver \u2019 \u2019 s travels \u201d. it represents a person who is repulsive in appearance and action and is barely human. yahoo! founders jerry yang and david filo selected the name because they considered themselves yahoos.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4980200297413535, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:773c7bb0-9bfd-4f78-b2d6-5d3d51465499>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.046401"}
{"text": "living snow fence utilization is one of the most sustainable engineering actions dots can do along highway corridors. living snow fences are designed plantings of trees and / or shrubs and native grasses along highways, roads and ditches that create a vegetative buffer that traps and controls blowing and drifting snow. these strategically placed fences have been shown to be cost effective in reducing highway maintenance associated with blowing and drifting snow conditions. this is not a new concept. as early as 1905 railroad companies planted trees as barriers to control blowing snow along rights of way. by 1915, the great northern railway company had planted over a million trees. in north dakota over 96, 000 trees and shrubs were established. this action reduced snow drifting, line closure and helped maintain an expected level of service along the rail line. many highway road system designs do not take into account the potential of using living snow fences. it is possible that dot and / or consulting designers do not understand the long term cost benefits of these snow fences and are not taking a big picture look at the long term highway maintenance operations and costs, when planning for wintertime conditions. many dots use wooden slat fencing in areas with large open areas and fetches that are expensive to purchase, install and maintain. the maintenance of snow fences was estimated to be $ 3 per mile per year, compared to $ 185 per mile per year for a 4 foot slat fence ( usda, 1994 ). in minnesota, benefit / cost ratios range from 9 : 1 to 46 : 1 in favor of living snow fences ( university of minnesota, 2002 ). why is the implementation of living snow fences such a great sustainable transportation action for highway dots? the living snow fence concept really incorporates all the components associated with sustainable actions such as environmental condition improvements, consideration of financial resources and cooperation with the local landowners / community. the following summarizes the main advantages of living snow fencing and why dots should consider increasing their use along highway corridors : - the service life of living snow fences is 50 - 75 years in comparison to the 20 - 25 year life of a slat fence. - living mature trees can capture up to 12 times more snow than slat fences. - living snow fences can be installed to address tree mitigation from highway construction projects - trees and shrubs sequester carbon that can reduce a dots overall carbon footprint - wildlife habitat is enhanced - maintenance plowing activities and the potential of road closures are reduced - reduced soil erosion along the right of way - reduced amount of snow plowing thus minimizing fuel consumption and costs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46215084953526797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aefaae87-104a-4f54-a0ec-1de7069ecb8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.057192"}
{"text": "reduce a dots overall carbon footprint - wildlife habitat is enhanced - maintenance plowing activities and the potential of road closures are reduced - reduced soil erosion along the right of way - reduced amount of snow plowing thus minimizing fuel consumption and costs, and green house gas emissions - increased vegetation provides enhanced aesthetic features along the highway corridor - maintenance free when trees are established the challenges to living snow fences are that they require more space than the wooden slat fencing, plantings need to be protected from livestock and wildlife and it takes 5 - 7 years to provide effective snow control and up to 20 years for trees to reach full maturity. there may be site conditions such as shallow soils, arid climate and soil ph issues that may challenge plant establishment. the design and implementation of living snow fences requires acceptance and cooperation of stakeholders. generally for large open areas living snow fences need to be 150 - 200 feet away from the road surface which many times requires planting off the dot right of way. coordination with the following stakeholders may make the planning process more complex : 1 ) the local landowner, 2 ) county commissioners, 3 ) resource conservation districts, 4 ) state and federal forest services, 5 ) land management agencies and 6 ) local environmental organizations. cooperation among stakeholder is critical to the success of the living snow fencing in regards to the following : - site access - tree plantings - irrigation water - fencing from livestock or wildlife - weed maintenance - erosion control the minnesota department of transportation initiated a living snow fence partnership program with the us department of agriculture, minnesota association of soil and water conservation districts and the natural resource conservation service. the intent of the program is to efficiently manage blowing and drifting snow on minnesota roadways to reduce accidents and save lives. the living snow fence partnership program is very proactive in establishing work groups, raising public awareness, cost sharing among stakeholders and defining specific program roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders. living snow fences can be a win / win for both the dot and landowner by increasing the number of planted trees to sequester carbon, improving soil stability, improve aesthetics, and wildlife habitat improvements. there needs to be more emphasis on using living snow fences along highway systems. it makes economic and environmental management sense for many dots to implement living snow fence programs. dot \u2019 s environmental, maintenance and engineering professionals need to work together and review potential construction sites for implementing living snow fencing especially during the design - nepa phase of the project. it is possible to directly specify the use of living snow fences in the nepa document that must be incorporated into the final design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4535979330748787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aefaae87-104a-4f54-a0ec-1de7069ecb8c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.058726"}
{"text": "over the years, archaeologist randall white of new york university and his colleagues have discovered various artistic items of southern france \u2019 s abri castanet, a shallow cave in the vexere valley, including ornamental snail shells and engraved limestones. but the researchers were unable to date the art due to a lack of organic matter. so when, in 2007, the team discovered a large block of limestone with paintings of what look like a female \u2019 s vulva that had fallen from the cave ceiling in an area with numerous animal bones, suggesting they dated to around the same time period, they sent the samples to the university of oxford for radiocarbon dating. the results came back dating the bones to somewhere between 36, 000 and 37, 000 years ago, making them as old, or older, than the paintings of lions and other animals in southern france ' s chauvet cave, which have been noted as the oldest known cave art since their discovery in 1994. the researchers, who published their findings yesterday ( may 14 ) in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, suggest that this date likely also applies to the other vulva - like art previously found in the cave. \u201c the fact that the most recognizable image on the newly discovered surface falls broadly within the range of ovoid forms traditionally interpreted as vulva leads us to suppose that the above dates apply to other such images from castanet, many of which were located within a few meters of the engraving described here, \u201d they wrote. the images also differ greatly from the drawings at chauvet, such as the fact that they are displayed in the areas of the cave used for sleeping and eating, as opposed to deeper areas beyond the prehistoric humans \u2019 living space, suggesting regional differences in artistic traditions. \u201c the vulvar tradition in the vezere valley seems to constitute a distinct regional variant within a mosaic of graphic and plastic expression across europe in the early aurignacian, \u201d the authors wrote.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4637938268840731, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c25dc3d-b2dc-4e8f-8a28-842152590df8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.061424"}
{"text": "features of constitution1 | is there a constitution? | | yes | | does the constitution provide for freedom of religion? | | yes | | last amended | | not amended | | source | | kosovo constitution ( constitutional commission ) | | translation | | source is an english translation | | current as of | | may 11, 2011 | constitution excerpts ( clauses that reference religion ) 2 article 8 : secular state the republic of kosovo is a secular state and is neutral in matters of religious beliefs. article 9 : cultural and religious heritage the republic of kosovo ensures the preservation and protection of its cultural and religious heritage. article 24 : equality before the law 1. all are equal before the law. everyone enjoys the right to equal legal protection without discrimination. 2. no one shall be discriminated against on grounds of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, relation to any community, property, economic and social condition, sexual orientation, birth, disability or other personal status. 3. principles of equal legal protection shall not prevent the imposition of measures necessary to protect and advance the rights of individuals and groups who are in unequal positions. such measures shall be applied only until the purposes for which they are imposed have been fulfilled. article 38 : freedom of belief, conscience and religion 1. freedom of belief, conscience and religion is guaranteed. 2. freedom of belief, conscience and religion includes the right to accept and manifest religion, the right to express personal beliefs and the right to accept or refuse membership in a religious community or group. 3. no one shall be required to practice or be prevented from practicing religion nor shall anyone be required to make his / her opinions and beliefs public. 4. freedom of manifesting religion, beliefs and conscience may be limited by law if it is necessary to protect public safety and order or the health or rights of other persons. article 39 : religious denominations1. the republic of kosovo ensures and protects religious autonomy and religious monuments within its territory. 2. religious denominations are free to independently regulate their internal organization, religious activities and religious ceremonies. 3. religious denominations have the right to establish religious schools and charity institutions in accordance with this constitution and the law. article 40 : freedom of expression 1. freedom of expression is guaranteed. freedom of expression includes the right to express oneself, to disseminate and receive information, opinions and other messages without impediment. 2. the freedom of expression can be limited by law in cases when it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49771785665721485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f27e35b-1889-4d89-ab9e-d409ecef9d06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.071273"}
{"text": "of expression includes the right to express oneself, to disseminate and receive information, opinions and other messages without impediment. 2. the freedom of expression can be limited by law in cases when it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion. article 42 : freedom of media 1. freedom and pluralism of media is guaranteed. 2. censorship is forbidden. no one shall prevent the dissemination of information or ideas through media, except if it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion. 3. everyone has the right to correct untrue, incomplete and inaccurate published information, if it violates her / his rights and interests in accordance with the law. article 44 : freedom of association 1. the freedom of association is guaranteed. the freedom of association includes the right of everyone to establish an organization without obtaining any permission, to be or not to be a member of any organization and to participate in the activities of an organization. 2. the freedom to establish trade unions and to organize with the intent to protect interests is guaranteed. this right may be limited by law for specific categories of employees. 3. organizations or activities that infringe on the constitutional order, violate human rights and freedoms or encourage racial, national, ethnic or religious hatred may be prohibited by a decision of a competent court. article 57 : general principles 1. inhabitants belonging to the same national or ethnic, linguistic, or religious group traditionally present on the territory of the republic of kosovo ( communities ) shall have specific rights as set forth in this constitution in addition to the human rights and fundamental freedoms provided in chapter ii of this constitution. article 58 : responsibilities of the state \u2026 3. the republic of kosovo shall take all necessary measures to protect persons who may be subject to threats or acts of discrimination, hostility or violence as a result of their national, ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity. \u2026 5. the republic of kosovo shall promote the preservation of the cultural and religious heritage of all communities as an integral part of the heritage of kosovo. the republic of kosovo shall have a special duty to ensure an effective protection of the entirety of sites and monuments of cultural and religious significance to the communities. article 59 : rights of communities and their members members of communities shall have the right, individually or in community, to : ( 1 ) express, maintain and develop their culture and preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, language, traditions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5040127224656792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f27e35b-1889-4d89-ab9e-d409ecef9d06>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.072396"}
{"text": "59 : rights of communities and their members members of communities shall have the right, individually or in community, to : ( 1 ) express, maintain and develop their culture and preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, language, traditions and culture ; \u2026 ( 12 ) enjoy unhindered contacts among themselves within the republic of kosovo and establish and maintain free and peaceful contacts with persons in any state, in particular those with whom they share an ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity, or a common cultural heritage, in accordance with the law and international standards ; article 81 : legislation of vital interest 1. the following laws shall require for their adoption, amendment or repeal both the majority of the assembly deputies present and voting and the majority of the assembly deputies present and voting holding seats reserved or guaranteed for representatives of communities that are not in the majority : \u2026 ( 6 ) laws on religious freedom or on agreements with religious communities ; 1. data under the \" features of constitution \" heading are drawn from coding of the u. s. state department ' s 2008 international religious freedom reports conducted by researchers at the association of religion data archives. the article by brian grim and roger finke describes the coding of the international religious freedom reports. a dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. used with permission. 2. the constitutional excerpts shown above are reproduced from the websites given in the \" source \" field ; the links to these websites were active as of may 2011. where the constitutional text shown on these websites was provided in a language other than english, this text was translated to english by arda staff with assistance from web - based translation utilities such as google translate and yahoo! babel fish. constitutional text was converted to american english where applicable. constitutional clauses were judged to contain religious content based largely on the standards used in the construction of the religion and state constitutions dataset collected by jonathan fox. emphases were added to the text by arda staff to highlight religious content in articles that also contain content that does not pertain to matters of religion. the data on this page were correct to the best of the knowledge of the arda as of the date listed in the \" current as of \" field shown above. please contact us at firstname. lastname @ example. org if you are aware of any incorrect information provided on this page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47785791513210163, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f27e35b-1889-4d89-ab9e-d409ecef9d06>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.073402"}
{"text": "douglas cardinal describes his creative process as inspired by nature. from youtube. accepted by the school of architecture at the university of british columbia in 1952, he studied there for 3 years. but it was the university of texas school of architecture at austin that provided the intellectually open, yet rigorous, training he needed to develop the complex, undulating architecture for which he is now internationally acclaimed. he graduated with honours in 1963. like many of the renowned western canadian architects developing during the 1950s, douglas cardinal sought to interpret the teachings of european modernism by investigating a regional modification of the international style. he was particularly drawn to the modernity of architects such as hans poelzig and erich mendelsohn, and his mature work harmonizes an attraction to italian and spanish baroque buildings with the expressionist arm of european modern architecture that reached its ascendancy in germany just after the first world war. cardinal was to synthesize his direct experience of architecture in western canada ( prairie expressionism in particular ) and the neo - baroque of mexican church architecture, which he would encounter during his travels in the late 1950s, with his formal training in architecture and the history of architecture. this knowledge was conflated with his experience of the terrain of western canada, in particular the plains and the badlands of alberta, in the development of the curvilinear massing that is a signatory feature of his buildings. in cardinal ' s architecture, principles of seamless unity, sustainability, community, green buildings and ecological design are interwoven with his strong sense for nature. the resulting designs are typified in award - winning projects such as st mary ' s church in red deer, alta ( 1965 - 68 ). his desire to integrate his architecture with these principles brought on experimentation with computer - aided drafting and design systems ( cadd ). it was during the construction of st mary ' s that the cardinal firm began using cadd. by 1981 he was identified as a world pioneer and leader of cadd, and his firm was selected by the federal government as a demonstration site to test and advance canadian cadd technology. douglas cardinal ' s principal public buildings include grande prairie regional college in grande prairie, alta ( 1972 - 76 ), the alberta government services building at ponoka ( 1977 ) and the st albert civic and cultural centre at st albert, alta ( 1983 ), as well as numerous schools, all of which continued the curving wall exterior adapted to ever - increasing complex functional programs. throughout the 1990s cardinal undertook a leadership role by providing architectural definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46219544069997504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfe80b4a-e78a-49d2-9c6f-f73304f3ce63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.079701"}
{"text": "st albert civic and cultural centre at st albert, alta ( 1983 ), as well as numerous schools, all of which continued the curving wall exterior adapted to ever - increasing complex functional programs. throughout the 1990s cardinal undertook a leadership role by providing architectural definition to the aims and aspirations of amerindian communities. these projects included, among others, the saskatchewan federated indian college master plan and concept design for expansion, regina, sask ( 1990 ) ; the institute of american indian arts master plan, sante fe, new mexico ( 1993 ) ; kainai multi - purpose cultural resource centre, blood indian reserve, alberta ( 1996 ) ; and a master plan and design of principal public buildings for the cree village of ouje - bougoumou in northern quebec ( 1990 ), which earned a united nation ' s award of excellence for its environmentally sensitive concepts and was celebrated at expo2000 in hanover, germany. cardinal ' s first project outside alberta and the northwest territories brought prairie expressionism to central canada through the design for the canadian museum of civilization ( cmc ) in hull, quebec, inaugurated in 1989. acknowledged internationally as a technologically complex building that reframed museum architecture, the cmc is a culturally significant building that was designed to accommodate a shifting perspective on amerindian history and national culture at the end of the 20th century. in 1993 cardinal was awarded the commission for the national museum of the american indian on the smithsonian institution mall in washington, dc, which resulted in an outstanding design, finished after cardinal ' s exclusion from the project and surrounded by controversy. renovation of the grotski residence by douglas cardinal contributed to its designation as a municipal historic site. the designation recognizes cardinal ' s \" organic design aesthetic, \" one theme among urban post - war development in edmonton. other accomplishments include the design of the cree cultural institute ( 2011 ) in quebec and the meno - ya - win health centre ( 2010 ) in northern ontario. his works include several masterplans, a student centre at the university of saskatchewan, a stadium in regina and prefabricated / modular housing. cardinal has also designed a gallery to house the permanent collection of the great canadian artist alex janvier in cold lake, alta. these projects show how cardinal ' s material palette has become much more varied, revealing his willingness to continually explore. in 1990 douglas cardinal was awarded the order of canada, in 1992 the canada council molson prize for the arts and in 1995 the national aboriginal achievement award. in 1999 he was awarded the gold medal of the royal architectural institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4327113960755432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfe80b4a-e78a-49d2-9c6f-f73304f3ce63>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.080850"}
{"text": "his willingness to continually explore. in 1990 douglas cardinal was awarded the order of canada, in 1992 the canada council molson prize for the arts and in 1995 the national aboriginal achievement award. in 1999 he was awarded the gold medal of the royal architectural institute of canada, the highest architectural honour bestowed upon an individual in canada. he was awarded the governor general ' s award for visual and media arts in 2001 and in 2002 he received the golden jubilee medal in honour of her majesty the queen ' s 50th anniversary. by the year 2011 he had been granted 12 honorary doctorates in recognition of his significant contribution to excellence in architecture, by every major canadian university. douglas cardinal ' s office is located in ottawa. the douglas cardinal collection of drawings and models is archived at carleton university, beginning with his work in 1984. other material is in the university of calgary archives. author joan acland revised : branka baic trevor boddy, the architecture of douglas cardinal ( 1989 ) ; university of calgary, the douglas cardinal architectural drawings : an inventory of the collection at the canadian architectural archives, university of calgary library ( 1997 ). links to other sites canadian aboriginal writing and arts challenge the website for the canadian aboriginal writing and arts challenge, which features canada ' s largest essay writing competition for aboriginal youth ( ages 14 - 29 ) and a companion program for those who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography. see their guidelines, teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. from the historica - dominion institute. written in stone this multimedia tour of the canadian museum of civilization features extensive commentary about the design, development, and construction of this landmark building in gatineau, quebec. a great resource for students interested in architecture. take a virtual tour of the new ouje - bougoumou community facilities. features stunning architectural designs by renowned canadian architect douglas j. cardinal. douglas j. cardinal architect ltd view illustrations of architectural projects designed by douglas j. cardinal architect ltd. renowned for \u201c living organic \u201d building designs, such as the acclaimed canadian museum of civilization.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974276035773655, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfe80b4a-e78a-49d2-9c6f-f73304f3ce63>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.082120"}
{"text": "deer and carenlarge photo while autumn brings the glorious color display of leaves along the highway, it \u2019 s also the start of fall breeding season for deer. that means motorists need to exercise extra caution during the months of october through december to watch out for deer on the highway and reduce the risk of a deer - vehicle crash. besides damage to the vehicle, any collision with a deer can result in injuries or deaths, particularly if the vehicle strikes another vehicle, leaves the roadway or rolls over. how to avoid a close encounter with a white - tail deer there are some common sense tips to follow that can help you avoid hitting a deer with your car. - slow down after sundown and before sunrise. dawn and dusk are the times to slow down in deer - populated areas. you may be on the way to or from work and otherwise preoccupied, but this is not the time to become lax at the wheel. stay alert. - be extra cautious on two - lane roads. if you \u2019 re traveling along two - lane roads or in an area with deer signs posted, be extra vigilant as deer are likely to appear out of nowhere and be directly in your path at any time. in areas with a heavy deer population, keep alert not only during the fall rut season but year - round as well. - be on the look - out for stragglers after one deer has crossed the road. just because you \u2019 ve seen a deer ahead of you cross the road, this doesn \u2019 t mean you should let your guard down and resume higher speed. deer frequently travel in groups and in single file. sometimes, after one deer has crossed, other deer use that as a signal to also cross, and they do so blindly, just following the deer ahead. deer waiting on the sides to cross may be startled by an approaching vehicle, darting out from any direction without warning. - if you see deer on the side of the road, slow down. fall is the time when bucks may begin chasing does. other times, they may pursue with their heads to the ground nosing a scent trail. and deer will travel up to 40 miles or more during the fall season, up considerably from their normal four to five miles on average. that means drivers need to be always looking out for deer during the october through december timeframe. how to minimize injury in a deer - vehicle crash you can \u2019 t avoid deer - vehicle collisions in all situations. but there are some things that conservation officers, law enforcement and safety experts advise you can do to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4159040968602875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f92d462-717b-4bd6-bbf2-58d0c695021d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.089256"}
{"text": "during the october through december timeframe. how to minimize injury in a deer - vehicle crash you can \u2019 t avoid deer - vehicle collisions in all situations. but there are some things that conservation officers, law enforcement and safety experts advise you can do to help minimize injuries to you and your passengers. - always wear your seat belts. the single - most important safety precaution you can take is to make sure that you and all your vehicle \u2019 s passengers wear their seat belts. make sure child safety seats are properly secured and children firmly restrained with safety belts. - don \u2019 t swerve. since most injuries and deaths occur when motorists swerve to avoid hitting a deer on the road, it \u2019 s important to stay in your lane and maintain control of the car. if you swerve to avoid a deer, this could send your vehicle skidding into another vehicle or cause it to roll over or leave the roadway. when a driver fails to recognize and react to a skid, they are more likely to lose control of their vehicle. - brake firmly and hold onto the steering wheel with both hands. regardless of how you feel about hitting an animal, in this case, a large deer, it is in your best interest to maintain control of your vehicle before, during and after a crash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38931291835443815, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f92d462-717b-4bd6-bbf2-58d0c695021d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.089796"}
{"text": "mao tse - tung 1893 - 1976 mao tse - tung has departed from the world. for one quarter of a century he helped organize and later led a successful revolutionary struggle, and in the next quarter century he eliminated starvation and brough socialism to the globe ' s largest nation state. he violently opposed forces that advocated a pragmatic rather than revolutionary approach to modernization, yet today, industrial production is 20 times what it was at the end of the revolution in october 1949, when mao announced in peking, \" our nation will never again be an insulted nation. we have stood up. \" \" a revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, \" mao said in his early days of organizing. for 20 years, his army marched across the length and breadth of china, educating and organizing the peasants who were the movement ' s core. in one year his army marched and fought across 7000 miles of rugged, kuomintang dominated terrain, losing 90, 000 of its 100, 000 troops. the kuomintang also killed mao ' s sister and first wife. only after the second world war were the communists able to devastate the u. s. - backed forces of general chiang kai - shek, until eventually and finally china ' s major cities \" fell like ripened fruit. \" mao ' s achievements in the face of enormous opposition are miraculous, but they were never enough to satisfy the communist party chairman or occasion complacency. even at age 72 he inaugurated a second revolution in china, aimed at \" revisionists, \" whom mao felt were not true to the goals of socialist revolution. as the personal symbol of china ' s potential for renewed vigor, mao swam against the currents of the yangtze river. when china ' s agricultural production dropped, he went without meat. mao did not expect any chinese citizen to make a sacrifice that he himself could not endure - - he was a leader in the purest sense of the word. and mao proved that leadership is not of necessity the domination by a small elite over the many. day to day decisions in china are now made primarily by councils of workers and peasants. university students and government cadres are sent to the country to perform manual labor and learn from the rural workers. while fighting the kuomintang in the late 1930s mao said that the communist party ' s leaders must be the pupils of the masses as often as their teachers. power did not corrupt the chairman ' s visions. continuous revolution, self - sacrifice, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4900977804658834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b2fd7ee-1180-4476-9cf8-9a5f9fd30cff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.093161"}
{"text": "have you ever sipped a shrub? not a bush, but a fruit syrup, preserved with vinegar and mixed with water or alcohol to make a tangy, refreshing beverage. an old - fashioned favorite, shrubs have steadily made a comeback, especially on cocktail menus, but they aren ' t solely the province of mixologists. making a shrub syrup at home is a fun way to preserve and play with seasonal fruit, and this template may be followed for practically any fruit you have on hand. in addition to drinks, you can use the brightly flavored syrup in salad dressings, as a glaze for meats, or add a splash to homemade jam. the word \" shrub \" is derived from the arabic sharbah, which means \" a drink. \" \" sherbet \" and \" syrup \" also come from this arabic root. although drinking vinegars aren ' t so common today, they have a long history stretching back to the babylonians, who added date vinegar to water to make it safe to drink, and the romans, who mixed vinegar and water to make a beverage called posca. colonial - era sailors carried shrubs, rich with vitamin c, aboard their boats to prevent scurvy. shrubs also gained popularity during the temperance movement and many 19th and early 20th century housekeeping manuals contain recipes for them. although there are several different methods for making shrubs, the most common process involves creating a fruit - flavored vinegar and sweetening it with sugar. the acetic acid in vinegar acts as a preserving agent, so shrubs were \u2013 and still are \u2013 a delicious way to enjoy seasonal fruit juices year - round. i love experimenting with different combinations of fruit and vinegar to make these flavorful syrups. because vinegar is high in acid, it does not support the growth of the bacteria that produces botulism. however, some vinegars may support the growth of other harmful bacteria, so cleanliness and proper storage is important. there are faster, easier shrub instructions out there, but i believe this one to be more reliable in terms of rich flavor and long - term keeping. what you need basic formula : use 2 cups fruit per 1 pint vinegar. sweeten with 1 1 / 2 to 2 cups sugar ( level of sweetness is up to personal preference ). fruit : berries are perhaps the finest fruit for shrubs, but cherries, peaches, plums, pears, and other fruits may be used. they should be ripe and sweet, yet they do not need to be perfect ; this is a great opportunity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43886957170130725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:864517f4-15f7-4b9b-9d04-aa36ee2d8a18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.099390"}
{"text": "berries are perhaps the finest fruit for shrubs, but cherries, peaches, plums, pears, and other fruits may be used. they should be ripe and sweet, yet they do not need to be perfect ; this is a great opportunity to use farmers ' market \" seconds \" and any fruit that is abundantly in season. fruit should be thoroughly washed and may be peeled, chopped, or lightly crushed to shorten the infusing process. ginger, citrus peel, or even peppercorns may also be added for flavor. vinegar : any vinegar may be used, as long as it is labeled at least 5 % acidity. distilled white vinegar has a clear, sharp flavor ; apple cider vinegar tends to be milder with a fruity flavor ; and wine vinegars, while more expensive, often provide a superior smooth flavor. balsamic vinegar is delicious with cherries and strawberries. sugar : white granulated sugar provides a neutral sweetness ; brown and raw sugars may also be used. clean hands and tools are a must! glass container with a lid or cap ( a quart mason jar works well ) measuring cups ( liquid and dry ) funnels ( useful, but not required ) clean kitchen cloth or paper towel fine cheesecloth or coffee filter 1. sterilize the container : wash the container in hot, soapy water and rinse thoroughly. submerge in a pot of warm water to cover by 1 to 2 inches, bring to a boil, and boil for 10 minutes. for the lid or cap, wash it in hot, soapy water, rinse well, and scald in boiling water. 2. add the fruit : carefully remove the container from the pot using canning jar lifters or tongs. place the fruit in the container. 3. add the vinegar : place the vinegar in a saucepan and heat to just below the boiling point, or at least 190\u00b0f. pour the vinegar over the fruit, leaving at least 1 / 4 - inch headspace. wipe the rim with a clean, damp cloth, and cap tightly. 4. let it stand : let the container cool undisturbed and then store it in a cool, dark place such as a cupboard or the refrigerator. let it stand at least 24 hours and up to 4 weeks until the desired flavor is reached. 5. strain it : strain it through a damp cheesecloth or coffee filter one or more times until the vinegar shows no cloudiness. discard the fruit or save it for another purpose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4248496026313424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:864517f4-15f7-4b9b-9d04-aa36ee2d8a18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.101922"}
{"text": "hours and up to 4 weeks until the desired flavor is reached. 5. strain it : strain it through a damp cheesecloth or coffee filter one or more times until the vinegar shows no cloudiness. discard the fruit or save it for another purpose ( it ' s often delicious for use in chutneys ). 6. add the sugar : place the vinegar and sugar in a saucepan. bring to a boil, stirring to dissolve sugar. remove from heat and let cool. pour into a clean, sterilized container ( use the original mason jar or other bottles ; see step 1 for sterilization procedure ) and cap tightly. 7. store : store the shrub syrup in the refrigerator. tightly sealed, it may last for up to 6 months. taste before using to make sure the flavor is still good. discard immediately if it has mold or any signs of fermentation such as bubbling, cloudiness, or sliminess. 8. serve : to serve, mix 1 tablespoon shrub syrup into a glass of still or sparkling water. taste and add more syrup, if desired. shrub syrups may also be used as cocktail mixers, in salad dressings, and more. \u2022 process developed by emily ho based on historical recipes and the \" flavored vinegars \" chapter of so easy to preserve ( cooperative extension, the university of georgia, 2006 ). want more smart tutorials for getting things done around the home? see more how to posts we ' re looking for great examples of your own household intelligence too! submit your own tutorials or ideas here! ( images : emily ho )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3914059282550991, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:864517f4-15f7-4b9b-9d04-aa36ee2d8a18>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.102755"}
{"text": "the lancet, volume 359, issue 9310, page 908, 16 march 2002 doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 08016 - 9cite or link using doi hot, cold, and now bubble fusion for almost 50 years now, physicists have been trying to mimic energy - producing mechanisms that the sun uses. it is very difficult to persuade two people who naturally repel each other to come together - and so it is with nuclear fusion. the hydrogen bomb, a fusion device, needs an atom bomb to get it started. huge and very expensive experiments with \u201c hot \u201d fusion are still in progress, but a commercially viable machine seems as far away as ever. then, in 1989, came \u201c cold \u201d fusion. perhaps deuterium a... this article is made available free of charge, as a service to our users. please login to access the full article, or register if you do not yet have a username and password. already registered? please login new to thelancet. com? thelancet. com is the online home of : - the lancet - the lancet diabetes & endocrinology - the lancet infectious diseases - the lancet neurology - the lancet oncology - the lancet respiratory medicine please register to access selected articles for free, personalize and interact with this site. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5802554906251758, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36265eb2-e84e-4499-9039-e3fe8daa9040>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.104415"}
{"text": "indonesia quake a record, risks for aceh grow singapore, april 13 \u2014 the powerful undersea earthquake off the indonesian island of sumatra this week was a once in 2, 000 years event, and although it resulted in only a few deaths, it increases the risks of a killer quake in the region, a leading seismologist said. wednesday \u2019 s 8. 6 magnitude quake and a powerful aftershock were \" strike - slip \" quakes and the largest of that type recorded, kerry sieh, director of the earth observatory of singapore, told reuters. \u201c it \u2019 s a really an exceptionally large and rare event, \u201d he said. \u201c besides it being the biggest strike - slip earthquake ever recorded, the aftershock is the second biggest as far as we can tell, \u201d said sieh, who has studied the seismically active, and deadly, fault zones around sumatra for years. strike - slip quakes involve the horizontal movement of colliding earth plates, and are typically less powerful than those where there is vertical movement. they are also less likely to trigger big tsunamis, or tidal waves. a magnitude 9. 1 quake in roughly the same region on boxing day in 2004 decimated aceh province on sumatra and killed over 230, 000 people in 13 countries around the indian ocean. sumatra, the westernmost island in the sprawling indonesian archipelago, has a history of powerful quakes and tsunamis, most triggered by an offshore zone along its entire length, where the indian - australian tectonic plate is forced under the eurasian plate. this creates a deep ocean trench as one plate slides under the other at a rate of several centimetres a year. in this zone, called the sunda megathrust, stress builds up when the subducting indian - australian plate bends the eurasian plate like a spring board as it moves down into the earth ' s crust. eventually enough stress builds up that the edge of eurasian plate suddenly jolts upward, triggering an earthquake. the sudden uplift of the seafloor and huge pulse of seawater triggers a tsunami. over the centuries, repeated magnitude 8 and 9 quakes have struck along portions of the megathrust zone off the coast of sumatra, flattening towns and killing thousands of people. more quakes brewing wednesday \u2019 s event was different, sieh said, because it occurred further west from the megathrust zone in a fault that runs north - south. this strike - slip fault involved a sudden horizontal movement of the indian and australian plates along hundreds of kilometres,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43097143177424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd8cc6c8-f0ea-4db5-a528-29f5ed3412c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.109814"}
{"text": "event was different, sieh said, because it occurred further west from the megathrust zone in a fault that runs north - south. this strike - slip fault involved a sudden horizontal movement of the indian and australian plates along hundreds of kilometres, preliminary data suggest. sieh said the indian plate and australian plate are moving relative to each other horizontally at about 1cm a year. \u201c if all of that... is taken up on this one fault and if you make some crude calculations about how much slip occurred during this earthquake, say 20m. it means that this earthquake shouldn ' t happen more than once every 2, 000 years. \u201d wednesday \u2019 s quake caused few casualties and triggered very small waves, despite its magnitude. but the main problem is that it likely to have increased stress on the plate boundaries near aceh, increasing the risks of another major earthquake in the same area as the 2004 disaster. in addition, research by sieh and colleagues published in 2010 showed that the 2004 aceh quake only relieved about half the stress that has built up over the centuries along a 400 km portion of the megathrust faultline. that makes another major quake in the area a matter of time. adding to concerns, further south along another 700km portion of the megathrust fault under the mentawai islands, sieh and colleagues in a separate 2008 research said so much stress was building up on this section that one or more major quakes were likely within years. the mentawai islands, a popular surfing destination, are a chain of about 70 islands off the western coast of sumatra. they face the city of padang on sumatra, home to about one million people and likely to be in the path of any tsunami that is triggered. \u201c i am very confident that we are very likely to have within the next few decades to have this great mentawai earthquake that will have a magnitude at least as big as yesterday \u2019 s, \u201d said sieh. and when it does, history shows there will be more than one quake within a few years. he said a magnitude 8. 4 quake in 2007 that struck this part of the megathrust relieved only a small portion of the pent - up pressure. the last time it ruptured was a magnitude 9 quake in 1833 and an 8. 4 quake in 1797. \u201c we ' ve had so many big earthquakes around in sumatra in the past few years that it seems like an awful lot of the faults around there seem ready to go. \u201d \u2014 reuters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43353406339370276, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd8cc6c8-f0ea-4db5-a528-29f5ed3412c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.110847"}
{"text": "posted by rafiq a. tschannen margari hill, stanford university while the presence of islam in west africa dates back to eighth century, the spread of the faith in regions that are now the modern states of senegal, gambia, guinea, burkina faso, niger, mali and nigeria, was in actuality, a gradual and complex process. much of what we know about the early history of west africa comes from medieval accounts written by arab and north african geographers and historians. specialists have used several models to explain why africans converted to islam. some emphasize economic motivations, others highlight the draw of islam \u2019 s spiritual message, and a number stress the prestige and influence of arabic literacy in facilitating state building. while the motivations of early conversions remain unclear, it is apparent that the early presence of islam in west africa was linked to trade and commerce with north africa. trade between west africa and the mediterranean predated islam, however, north african muslims intensified the trans - saharan trade. north african traders were major actors in introducing islam into west africa. several major trade routes connected africa below the sahara with the mediterranean middle east, such as sijilmasa to awdaghust and ghadames to gao. the sahel, the ecological transition zone between the sahara desert and forest zone, which spans the african continent, was an intense point of contact between north africa and communities south of the sahara. in west africa, the three great medieval empires of ghana, mali, and the songhay developed in sahel. the history of islam in west africa can be explained in three stages, containment, mixing, and reform. in the first stage, african kings contained muslim influence by segregating muslim communities, in the second stage african rulers blended islam with local traditions as the population selectively appropriated islamic practices, and finally in the third stage, african muslims pressed for reforms in an effort to rid their societies of mixed practices and implement shariah. this three - phase framework helps sheds light on the historical development of the medieval empires of ghana, mali, and songhay and the 19th century jihads that led to the establishment of the sokoto caliphate in hausaland and the umarian state in senegambia. containment : ghana and the takrur the early presence of islam was limited to segregated muslim communities linked to the trans - saharan trade. in the 11th century andalusian geographer, al - bakri, reported accounts of arab and north african berber settlements in the region. several factors led to the growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42722973137663667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb07057e-fd97-4796-981c-8d34e961bd7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.115329"}
{"text": "was limited to segregated muslim communities linked to the trans - saharan trade. in the 11th century andalusian geographer, al - bakri, reported accounts of arab and north african berber settlements in the region. several factors led to the growth of the muslim merchant - scholar class in non - muslim kingdoms. islam facilitated long distance trade by offering useful sets of tools for merchants including contract law, credit, and information networks. muslim merchant - scholars also played an important role in non - muslim kingdoms as advisors and scribes in ghana. they had the crucial skill of written script, which helped in the administration of kingdoms. many muslim were also religious specialists whose amulets were prized by non - muslims. merchant - scholars also played a large role in the spread of islam into the forest zones. these included the jakhanke merchant - scholars in [ name region ], the jula merchants in mali and the ivory coast, and the hausa merchants during the nineteenth century in nigeria, ghana, and guinea basau, ]. muslim communities in the forest zones were minority communities often linked to trading diasporas. many of the traditions in the forest zones still reflect the tradition of al - hajj salim suwari, a late fifteenth - century soninke scholar, who focused on responsibilities of muslims in a non - muslim society. his tradition, known as the suwarian tradition, discouraged proselytizing, believing that god would bring people around to islam in his own ways. this tradition worked for centuries in the forest zone including the present day, where there are vibrant muslim minority communities. read more here : http : / / spice. stanford. edu / docs / the _ spread _ of _ islam _ in _ west _ africa _ containment _ mixing _ and _ reform _ from _ the _ eighth _ to _ the _ twentieth _ century /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44980615599117313, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb07057e-fd97-4796-981c-8d34e961bd7e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.116176"}
{"text": "the antimatter costs 62. 5 trillion per gram. in the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. the problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year ( global gdp is 65 trillion dollars ). in physics the ' anti - matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter... californium costs $ 27 million per gram. why is it needed? an element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. in the west it was created only once since its opening in 1950. the californium is a ' chemical element with the symbol cf and the atomic number 98. it is a transuranic element, synthetic, radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c... the price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. the colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. why do we need diamonds? the natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind... materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5211377184385362, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a679192-d177-40fd-b385-ff7fe6dea143>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.120161"}
{"text": "the magnitude system works quite well for quantifying the brightness of stars. we know that a 6th magnitude star will be barely visible to the unaided eye from rural areas, yet easily seen in even the smallest of telescopes. the magnitude system doesn \u2019 t work as well for deep - sky objects. consider the spiral galaxy m33 in triangulum. listed as a 6th magnitude object, it \u2019 s notoriously difficult to view in telescopes. m33 is elusive because its light is spread over an area four times that of the full moon. defocus a 6th magnitude star until it \u2019 s that large and you \u2019 ll get the idea. another reason why m33 is such a demanding target is its location in a star - poor region of the late autumn sky. i usually find it by training my telescope on an area roughly 4 \u00bd degrees west and slightly north of alpha ( a ) trianguli. you can also trace an imaginary line from the andromeda galaxy ( m31 ) to the star beta ( b ) andromedae, then extend an equal distance beyond ( refer to the accompanying finder chart ). in either case, begin a low power sweep of the area until you encounter a large, faint glow. the key to observing m33 is to use an eyepiece that affords a field of view of at least 1\u00bd to 2 degrees. one of the best views i \u2019 ve had of m33 was with a 4 - inch f / 4 rft ( the edmund astroscan ) and a magnifying power of 16x. i \u2019 ve spotted it with 7x50 binoculars, and some observers even report seeing it with the unaided eye. the key, of course, is to conduct a search for m33 from a dark - sky site on a clear, moonless evening. numerous sources credit the discovery of m33 to messier himself ( in 1764 ) ; however evidence exists that the true discoverer may have been the italian astronomer giovanni battista hodiema over a century earlier. m33 is part of the local group of galaxies that includes our milky way and the andromeda galaxy. it \u2019 s approximately half the size of the milky way and lies about 2. 9 million light - years away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899488000508093, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a964755c-840c-4fb5-bf10-6a64094c1257>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.123063"}
{"text": "the camera never lies, so we \u2019 ve been altering photographs to suit our needs since the invention of photography itself. is it a painting or a photograph? it is a harbor. ships sit on the beach at low tide. the clouds are puffy and white in the sky. a city can be seen in the background. lovely cliffs rise up behind. edouard baldus, a frenchman, created the image in 1855. it is a photograph, but the clouds have painted on to the print. the image comes to us from the metropolitan museum of art in the way of an exhibit titled \" faking it : manipulated photography before photoshop, \" on view through january 27th, 2013. the exhibit contains photographs that have been doctored and manipulated from the 1840s all the way up through the 1990s. the inspiration for the show is explained to us thusly : over the past two decades, digital technology has made us all more keenly aware of the malleability of the photographic image, and many lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera. what we have gained, however, is a fresh perspective on the history of the medium and its complex relationship to visual truth. through today ' s eyes, we can see that the old adage \" the camera never lies \" has always been photography ' s supreme fiction. people like to believe this about photography. they like to believe that photographs are a direct testimonial of visual truth, that the camera never lies. when it can be shown, however, that photographs are always lying, that they are always a manipulation of visual truth, it is supposed to be a great revelation. the revelation of fakery in photography thus gives us a \" fresh perspective \" and reveals to us that there is no reason to \" lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera \" since there was no reason to have any faith in the testimony of the camera in the first place. - \" faking it : manipulated photography before photoshop. \" through january 27, 2013. the metropolitan museum of art, new york city. let us be clear about another thing : there were no snapshots in early photography. the technology didn \u2019 t allow for it. there was no immediacy, no illusion about capturing a quick reflection of the world as it really looks. early photography was a laborious process. getting an exposure took a very long time. taking a picture was a tremendously staged process, especially if the photograph was of a person. early portraits are a testimonial to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936137949744767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a2a2eb-531a-4020-8e2f-331b07abeed3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.141689"}
{"text": "as it really looks. early photography was a laborious process. getting an exposure took a very long time. taking a picture was a tremendously staged process, especially if the photograph was of a person. early portraits are a testimonial to patience. the sitter had to sit still, presenting him or herself to the camera while the image developed. it was not unlike sitting down to have your portrait painted. photography was simply a way to take a portrait, or capture a landscape, with fewer intermediary steps than were needed in a painting. in this sense, you could say that all photography was born in the attempt to cut out the middleman. the middleman was the painter. a little history is in order here. during the renaissance, as painters were developing techniques to render three - dimensional scenes into the two - dimensional space of paint and canvas, they rediscovered the camera obscura ( known about since ancient times ). a camera obscura is little more than a box with a hole in it. positioned properly, the light from outside comes through the hole and projects an image of whatever is in front of the box. the image shining through the hole can be projected onto a piece of paper or some other surface. painters would sometimes use a camera obscura to figure out how to paint tricky scenes where the lines of perspective were particularly complicated. they would, literally, trace out the image projected from the camera obscura and then paint in the rest of the details. the camera obscura was a tool for mastering two - dimensional space. leonardo de vinci wrote down explanations for how to build and use a camera obscura in the late 15th century. he seems to have understood the usefulness of the camera obscura for projecting an image that could be used as the basis for painting. it is clear that many of the renaissance masters who came after da vinci were aware of the usefulness of the camera obscura as well. in 2001 the contemporary artist david hockney published a book ( secret knowledge : rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters ) in which he claims that almost all of the great masters of painting after the 15th century used tricks like the camera obscura in order to paint. according to hockney, painters from vermeer to ingres were essentially great at tracing. he admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. but he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three - dimensional space into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202693562299603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a2a2eb-531a-4020-8e2f-331b07abeed3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.143119"}
{"text": "vermeer to ingres were essentially great at tracing. he admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. but he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three - dimensional space into two - dimensions was done by projecting images and then tracing them. hockney ' s thesis has created no small amount of controversy. whether or not hockney is correct in the extent of his claims doesn \u2019 t matter very much. painters, certainly from the early renaissance onward, were obsessed with problems of perspective and they were using any means at their disposal \u2014 camera obscuras, mirrors, drawing machines, and the like \u2014 in order to solve these problems. technological innovations in the early 19th century allowed for the next step. the daguerreotype, for instance, was a technique by which the image projected by a camera obscura could be captured and preserved \u2014 thus, the elimination of the middleman. in the past, the image from a camera obscura still had to be painted. a human being had to take that image and make it permanent, capturing it on canvas and filling it out by means of pigment. with the daguerreotype, the image could be taken and presented as such. voila, photography was born. the work that went into \" doctoring \" early photographs was the same work that had been going on in order to transform the images of the camera obscura into paintings. you could almost say that all paintings, from the mid 15th century until the mid 19th century, were essentially painted photographs. by the late renaissance, painters had transformed themselves into machines for the accurate rendering of perspective and field of vision onto the flat surface of the canvas. the innovation of early photography was to shift the job that the painter was doing out of the hands of a human being and into the hands of a chemical process. the \u201c paintings \u201d were now making themselves, by exposing copper plates covered with silver to the light of day. while this process created miraculous images, the images could also be disappointing. the painters of the early 19th century were, after all, tremendously skilled. the images that they could create \u2014 of people, landscapes, and historical scenes \u2014 were immensely satisfying as visual documentation. they looked real. in many ways, they looked realer than reality. the paintings of the great masters have that intangible dual quality of realism and luminous idealism. it is realism taken to a second order. and these were the visual expectations that early photography had to match", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030349505305741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a2a2eb-531a-4020-8e2f-331b07abeed3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.144345"}
{"text": "ways, they looked realer than reality. the paintings of the great masters have that intangible dual quality of realism and luminous idealism. it is realism taken to a second order. and these were the visual expectations that early photography had to match. the comment that \" the camera never lies \" ( probably first uttered in the mid to late 19th century ) is thus not to be understood as a positive statement about the inherent truth of photography \u2014 it is a complaint. a woman looking at a photographic portrait of herself would say, \" this doesn ' t look very good. is that even me? \" the photographer would reply, \" well, the camera never lies. \" the comment was a photographer ' s excuse, an explanation as to why the camera produces an unsatisfying document. essentially, people were complaining that photographs tended to look worse than paintings. those early portraits could be so lifeless. it is difficult, after all, to sit down for a photograph and to hold one expression for minutes or even hours without that expression becoming wooden. the painter could fix this by bringing life back into the face with his painterly skill. the chemicals of the photographic process had no such flexibility. and so, in early photography, painters were often called in to fix the results, in order to give photographs the look of the painted scenes. there ' s a photo in the metropolitan museum exhibit of a young girl with her hand on her shoulder. it is a daguerreotype from about 1850. the daguerreotype has more or less been turned back into a painting. it has been colored in and many of the lines, especially of the woman ' s dress, have been softened up with painterly techniques. there is fakery here, if you want to call it that. but the fakery is not about making the photograph into something truer to life \u2014 it is about making the photograph truer to painting. and that is the fascinating thing that can be seen in all the wonderful early photographs at the metropolitan museum exhibit. we see this happening with the landscapes as well as the portraits. the exhibit includes a photograph of cape horn, columbia river, oregon done by carleton e. watkins in 1867. the scene shows a cliff by the side of the lake with a cloudy sky shot through with light above and to the right of the photograph. in fact, as a print of the original picture shows, the photograph displayed by watkins is a blend of two exposures. watkins was not able to get an exposure of both the clouds and of the cliff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826764247449251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a2a2eb-531a-4020-8e2f-331b07abeed3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.145530"}
{"text": "above and to the right of the photograph. in fact, as a print of the original picture shows, the photograph displayed by watkins is a blend of two exposures. watkins was not able to get an exposure of both the clouds and of the cliff in the same shot. so, he took two different shots and put them together. the interesting thing is that the two unblended photographs are perfectly satisfying on their own. there are plenty of times in real life when we observe a scene in nature and cannot see the sky due to the brightness of the sun. our eyes can have the same problem of overexposure that affects a camera obscura or a photograph. watkins ' original photo of the landscape with its overexposed sky is only dissatisfying if you compare it to a landscape painting from the same era, with its perfect rendering of both land and sky. watkins wasn ' t worrying about truth or lies in photography when he took that picture of the columbia river ; he was worrying about thomas cole ' s 1836 painting view from mount holyoke, or something like it. watkins was trying to make his photograph live up to the compositional standards of the great landscape painters of his time. the great struggle for photography in those early days was thus to figure out whether photography was simply an extension of painting, a cutting out of the middleman, or whether it was something genuinely new, with its own set of rules and suppositions and formal challenges. the photographs collected in the exhibit at the metropolitan museum of art are a beautiful and moving testimony to that struggle. reality, as is so often the case, has nothing to do with it. \u2022 14 november 2012 morgan meis is a founding member of flux factory, an arts collective in new york. he has written for the believer, harper \u2019 s, and the virginia quarterly review. morgan is also an editor at 3 quarks daily, and a winner of a creative capital | warhol foundation arts writers grant. a book of morgan ' s selected essays can be found here. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org. photographs courtesy of the metropolitan museum of art.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5116593601899444, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8a2a2eb-531a-4020-8e2f-331b07abeed3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.146561"}
{"text": "interesting research that could have ms implications. calcium is spark of life, kiss of death for nerve cells march 1, 2007 - - oregon health & science university research shows how calcium regulates the recharging of high - frequency auditory nerve cells after they ' ve fired a burst of signals, and it may have implications for neurological disorders. the study by scientists at ohsu ' s vollum institute and the university of arkansas for medical sciences, which appears in the current issue of the journal nature neuroscience, shows that calcium ions play a greater role in keeping in check the brain ' s most powerful circuits, such as those used for processing sound signals, than previously thought. a better understanding of that role could someday help prevent the death of neurons behind some diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis, the scientists say. the research, led by postdoctoral fellow jun hee kim, ph. d., and her advisor, henrique von gersdorff, ph. d., both scientists at the vollum institute, found that calcium tempers the activity of a high - throughput sodium pump, located in the plasma membrane covering nerve endings, that controls how quickly and accurately a nerve cell continues firing after an initial burst of spiking activity. \" what ' s happening in the brain is you have all these action potentials ( spikes ) that are firing - the action potential is the way you transmit information quickly from neuron to neuron - and when you have an action potential, you have an explosive influx of sodium ions into the cell, \" von gersdorff said. \" as a result, the cell is depolarized and it needs to be quickly repolarized. \" to repolarize a cell so it can continue firing, and do so accurately and at high - input frequencies, the sodium pump ejects three positively charged sodium ions and imports two positively charged potassium ions. the net result is one positive charged is expelled from the cell, causing a hyperpolarization of the cell ' s membrane potential. quick repolarization of the nerve cell is essential. mature auditory nerve cells fire at frequencies that are 10 to 100 times higher than most high - frequency cells in the brain - 1 kilohertz, or 1, 000 hertz. most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 hertz. \" in the last few years, we have been studying high - frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384226529802232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec80bc5d-2c52-41ff-9b9e-828c4f0ff116>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.154955"}
{"text": "most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 hertz. \" in the last few years, we have been studying high - frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain. we found that these cells and nerve terminals are amazing because they can fire at 1, 000 hertz without failures and with high precision, \" von gersdorff said. \" that discovery in our lab prompted us to ask the question : how is it that these nerve cells can handle all this high - frequency firing? \" enter calcium, which, by inhibiting the activity of the sodium pump, regulates signal firing, and may conserve energy and keep the high - frequency cells from burning out. but calcium in high levels within a nerve cell can be toxic, so the researchers discovered another purpose for the sodium pump : powering a protein located on the nerve terminal membrane called the sodium - calcium exchanger, which removes the calcium and replaces it with sodium. that action, in turn, triggers the sodium pump, and so on. the sodium - calcium exchanger \" can import high concentrations of sodium from outside the cell, and it uses the gradient of low internal sodium in the cell as a form of energy to get rid of calcium. that energy comes, ultimately, from the sodium pump and its use of atp, the cells ' major fuel, \" von gersdorff explained. the pump is \" always keeping sodium concentration in the neuron low and that allows the sodium - calcium exchanger protein to constantly exchange sodium for calcium. \" otherwise, if allowed to get too high within the cell, the calcium shuts down the sodium pumps, creating a \" vicious loop, \" von gersdorff said. \" you then get a simultaneous build - up of calcium and sodium in the cell, and it ' s ' goodbye to your neuron. ' it goes at some point into an irreversible cycle of death, \" he said. one potential therapeutic approach to preventing cell death caused by increasing calcium levels is making the sodium pump more insensitive to calcium. a potential new drug, for example, could \" help the neuron to keep extruding sodium so it can help the sodium - calcium exchanger get rid of calcium, thereby not allowing calcium to reach toxic levels, \" von gersdorff said. for the time being, von gersdorff ' s lab will continue studying how calcium regulates the sodium pump. \" our hope is that these basic, fundamental issues will eventually lead to therapeutic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5176889307126014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec80bc5d-2c52-41ff-9b9e-828c4f0ff116>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.156009"}
{"text": "if you look at a modem, with it ' s small central processing unit and special - purpose digital signal processor, and then look at a modern pc, with it ' s large cpu and general - purpose dsp on the sound card, you may wonder if the hardware duplication of an external modem is necessary. a \" winmodem \" incorporates the cpu and dsp of the modem into the slightly - enhanced fabric of a pc. they are called \" winmodems \" because they originally only shipped with microsoft windows device drivers. these device drivers presented the illusion of a serial port attached to a hayes at - style modem. for a long time only windows versions of these drivers where available. some manufacturers now provide linux versions of their device drivers as well, these modems are jokingly called \" linmodems \". it is probably possible to use a linmodem as a linux console. at the most this would require altering the source code to dumb - down the at command emulation of the modem and recompiling the kernel. boot loaders, however, work in a very confined software environment and struggle to support a simple serial chip. considering that some boot loaders do not even handle interrupts, handling the complex dsp of a linmodem is well beyond what is practical.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024410624334557, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90eab6ae-0878-46ae-82ea-f8db97f171ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.161557"}
{"text": "tubulovillous adenoma polyp awareness about tubulovillous adenoma polyp the development of polyps is a common problem in the digestive tract of the body wherein most cases affect the colon and this condition is called as colon polyps. tubulovillous adenomal polyp is one of the common forms and considered dangerous as well, since it can lead to cancer, therefore awareness about this condition is vital for its total treatment. the importance of awareness about tubulovillous adenoma polyp the digestive or gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract of the body is composed of several vital organs such as the stomach and the intestines ( small intestines and large intestines ). the upper section includes the stomach while the intestines belong to the lower section. the colon is part of the large intestine and the last organ in the gi system which is responsible in the absorbance of water and nutrients ( specifically potassium ) in the body. just like the stomach, the colon also has lining which is known as \u201c mucous membrane \u201d, and for some reasons masses of tissues described as \u201c polyps \u201d may grow in this area then it develops to colon polyp. the growth of polyps in the colon is normally benign ( or non - cancerous ) when it \u2019 s beyond the normal size of not more than one centimeter. however, this is not always the case since it can grow larger and turned into \u201c adenoma \u201d, an abnormal growth of polyps in the swelling lining of the colon. there are several forms or classification of colon polyps based on their shapes and sizes : - hyperplastic \u2013 of all the common forms of colon polyps, this type is classified low risk in terms of turning into cancer, even though that the polyps are growing not on its size but also to its number. - inflammatory \u2013 this form is also considered benign because it is rare to become malignant or develop to cancer. in medical terminology, it is known as \u201c pseudopolyps \u201d which means false polyps, and most common to occur on patients with ibd and ulcerative colitis. - adenomatous \u2013 colon polyps under this category are the most common and have the highest risk of becoming cancerous if not discovered or treated immediately. there are three types of adenamatous colon polyps - tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. tva or tubulovillous adenoma polyp is the most dangerous type that usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44546037440829667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bd4b560-b41e-4cfe-bcb9-e242a96bd0d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.168057"}
{"text": "if not discovered or treated immediately. there are three types of adenamatous colon polyps - tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. tva or tubulovillous adenoma polyp is the most dangerous type that usually develops to colon cancer. the possibility of development of polyps to become tubulovillous adenoma polyp depends on the appearance and the size of the adenoma. pedunculated ( with thin stalk ) polyp and sessile ( flat without stalk ) polyp are the two common shapes, wherein the sessile polyp is known to have greater chances to become cancer if not removed in time. sessilepolyp. com explains well about this condition. possible treatment for tubulovillous adenoma polyp based on studies, people aging 60 and above are prone to colon polyps wherein biggest percentage of cases are found to be adenomatous which includes tubulovillous adenoma polyp. therefore, before it \u2019 s too late for you to know that you have tva, you can undergo colon cancer screening test which is effective in diagnosing colon polyps. sigmoidoscopy is one of the procedures used in diagnosing colon polyps aside from colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing. the polyps should be removed on its early stage before it turned out to be colon cancer in the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4236875871385298, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bd4b560-b41e-4cfe-bcb9-e242a96bd0d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.168751"}
{"text": "college essays are mostly written on controversial topics, or on ethical debates. it plays a key role in accepting or denying an idea, query or issue. the college essay questions are mostly technical or logical which emphasize on giving your view point about it. a college essay needs to be backed up with facts, evidences and proofs to defend your views. the significance of college essay does not only depend on arguing or defending your viewpoints, but also your writing does matter. arguing in a calm way is much effective than writing in an aggressive tone. using a correct tone at correct timings may influence the writers. a college essay should not be written too long or too short. it may not exceed more than 5 pages and should not be less than one and a half page. always patronise your work using facts and figures that can be rechecked. a college essay may not be copy pasted from any source, i. e., plagiarism is a serious crime which can result in your termination from educational institution or you may be \u201c black listed \u201d. it should be understood that plagiarism is a serious crime which may cause serious damage to your academic career. getting admitted in a college depends on gpa, sat results, interview and your writing abilities that may lead to successful career pathway. a college essay must be edited and proofread according to the requirement of the institution. if they are strict to their rules, then follow what they have asked from you. the referencing should be cited in the required format. article lesson : college essays are the true reflection of your mind - set and thinking. the basic concept behind it is to check students \u2018 abilities and calibre by knowing their point of views regarding a certain controversial topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.466634500656721, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d5f381-6383-4471-a780-1acccfd4a585>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.171823"}
{"text": "these are two of my favorite pictures from my research on children \u2019 s books about einstein and curie. ( you can click on them to see the bigger images ). they are i think, the most visual example of my thesis \u2019 s argument and i think they are also illustrative of exactly what we need to pay attention to in children \u2019 s biography. stories about famous figures \u2019 biographies are the most directly applicable aspect of children \u2019 s literature. this is the part of the story that with which children can most readily identify. tragically, this part of the story of these lives is generally the thinest part of the historical record. because children \u2019 s literature is so rarely reviewed by historians, this is not an issue for many children \u2019 s authors. they can simply invent the figures childhood. the first picture is a picture of the young albert einstein terrorizing his baby sitter. albert is described as cruel, and angry, he throws tantrums the text tells young readers that \u201c his temper so terrifies a tutor hired to help young albert prepare for school that she runs away, never to be seen again. \u201d in the picture albert and his anger are foregrounded as the tutor runs away in terror, apparently never to be seen again. you will be hard pressed to find historical precedent for this story : by all accounts albert was a much more timid boy, but it is easy to see here how masculinity and power are imbued on this child. the second picture is of curie crying in the arms of her teacher. before i get into the details, consider the differences between these two images. notice the relative size of curie and her teacher. einstein is bigger than his tutor, while the small ( and surprisingly aryan ) curie is presented as significantly smaller. in the second picture, the teacher does not come down to her level and instead maintains her size and visual power. this story appears in almost every single children \u2019 s book about curie. the young manya sk\u0142odowska was the youngest and smartest student in her class. her school, which was run by polish teachers, was under constant threat from the russians who occupied poland. the school was barred from teaching children in polish and teaching polish history. instead, schools were required to have children memorize russian history and learn russian language. the school that manya attended disobeyed these rules. when russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look - out in the hallway would warn the class and the class", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271540800269188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70673dd1-ffc1-485d-b016-87cf7655a1ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.178650"}
{"text": "required to have children memorize russian history and learn russian language. the school that manya attended disobeyed these rules. when russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look - out in the hallway would warn the class and the class would hide their polish books. once the inspector came in, the teacher would call on manya to answer his questions. in the story, manya succeeds by answering all of the russian inspector \u2019 s questions in russian to his liking. after he leaves she cries. in this story it becomes apparent that while manya is very smart and strong she still has a kind of frailty. readers are told that manya \u2019 s knowledge gives her a kind of importance. she is called on in class and because of her impressive memory ; she saves the class from the inspector. while the stories of einstein were exaggerate stories that stress his clashes with authority the story of the russian inspector is usually treated in a way that is much more consistent with the authoritative texts. however, eva curie tells several other stories about manya that only make it into one of the children \u2019 s books, and thus the picture of the young manya is shaped more by exclusion than by exaggeration. the following anecdotes come from eleanor doorly \u2019 s 1939 book, the radium women : madame curie. doorly \u2019 s book went through many printings and was highly acclaimed, being recommended in three consecutive editions of the children \u2019 s catalogue. doorly states quite clearly in the opening of her book that it is a children \u2019 s adaptation of eva curie \u2019 s biography of her mother. this book stays very close to eva \u2019 s biography and offers insight into a different trajectory that could have been developed in accounts of curie. these selections come from the second chapter of her book, appropriately entitled \u201c rebels. \u201d in the russian - run high school manya and her friend kazia \u201c took delight in inventing witticisms against their russian professors, their german master, and especially against miss mayer who detested manya only a little less than manya detested her. \u201d their teacher miss mayer stated, \u201c it \u2019 s no more use speaking to that sklodovska girl, \u201d she said, \u201c than throwing green peas at a wall! \u201d on one occasion eva tells us of a time in which manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. \u201c i won \u2019 t have you look at me like that! \u2019 miss mayer would shout. \u2018 you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4845009955016173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70673dd1-ffc1-485d-b016-87cf7655a1ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.179911"}
{"text": "a wall! \u201d on one occasion eva tells us of a time in which manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. \u201c i won \u2019 t have you look at me like that! \u2019 miss mayer would shout. \u2018 you have no right to look down on me! \u2019 \u201d manya responded \u201c \u2018 i can \u2019 t help it, \u2019 said manya truthfully, for she was a head taller that miss mayer. no doubt she was glad that words sometimes have two meanings. \u201d in the second series of stories, the young manya is openly disrespectful of her teachers. while the story of her crying in front of the russian inspector is interesting it should be seen as just one of several stories about manya \u2019 s school experience. importantly, it is the only story that puts her in a position of weakness against the authority of both the teacher and the inspector. other stories show the potential of portraying a manya who is similar to the exaggerated einstein, openly disrespectful of a rather hostile teacher. brown, don. odd boy out : young albert einstein. houghton mifflin, 2004. doorly, eleanor. the radium woman, a life of marie curie ; and woodcuts. new york : roy publishers, 1939.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49484982367500274, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70673dd1-ffc1-485d-b016-87cf7655a1ed>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.180470"}
{"text": "landscape, water and religion in ancient india ritual sites and water resource structures in their archaeological landscape project is geared towards building integrated models of religious, economic and environmental history in central and western india through the documentation of ritual sites and water - resource structures in their archaeological landscape. central question is how did the spread and institutionalisation of buddhist and brahmanical religious traditions between c. 3rd century bc and 6th century ad relate to other important processes such as urbanisation, state - formation and innovations in agriculture? there are two major interrelated research themes : religion in the landscape ; and water and civilisation, with three main geographical zones of application : madhya pradesh, maharashtra and gujarat. - religion in the landscape the study of ancient indian religion has long since been dominated by textual scholarship which has given priority to the sanskrit tradition, and drawn on archaeology largely for supplementary evidence. furthermore, until recently the site - based focus of south asian archaeology has meant that ritual sites have tended to be studied in isolation from wider patterns in the landscape. this project has sought to build a more integrated approach to textual and archaeological scholarship on early indian religion, focussing in particular on the following questions : what was the changing relationship between the state and religion? how did the different religious traditions attract local patronage networks? how did they relate to local agricultural communities? what was the nature of inter - religious dynamics? - water and civilisation the development of advanced irrigation systems has been seen as a major factor in the rise of complex, urban societies in ancient india. however, a number of questions regarding the history and chronology of irrigation technology and its role in the wider economic, political and religious landscape, have remained unanswered. the traditional view, based largely on readings of problematically dated texts such as the arthasastra, is that the building and management of irrigation works was dependent on centralised state administration. marxist - inspired models such as wittogel \u2019 s \u2018 hydraulic civilisations of the orient \u2019 have led to similar notions regarding asian economic systems as a whole. in recent years, these have undergone major revision following studies of more devolved systems of irrigation management in sri lanka and southeast asia involving village councils and religious institutions. in india, however, traditional models have until recently remained unchallenged due in part to the paucity of archaeological research on irrigation. steps towards redressing this problem have been taken in relation to a group of dams documented during the sanchi survey project ( madhya pradesh ) with comparative studies in gujarat and maharashtra. datable to the early centuries bc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.488220273563123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbdd0f92-9488-49bd-aa3c-358e5979a2b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.207014"}
{"text": "india : optically stimulated luminescence and pollen sequences from the sanchi dams \u2019, asian perspectives 46 ( 1 ) : 166 - 201. - shaw, j. ( 2005 ), ' the archaeological setting of buddhist monasteries in central india : a summary of a multi - phase survey in the sanchi area, 1998 - 2000 ', in c. jarrige and v. lefevre ( eds. ), south asian archaeology 2001 : proceedings of the 16th international conference of the european association of south asian archaeologists, paris : editions recherche sur les civilisations, adpf, vol. 2, 665 - 676. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2005 ), \u2018 ancient dams and buddhist landscapes in the sanchi area : new evidence on irrigation, land use and monasticism in central india \u2019, south asian studies 21, 1 - 24. - shaw, j. ( 2004 ), \u2018 naga sculptures in sanchi \u2019 s archaeological landscape : buddhism, vaisnavism and local agricultural cults in central india, first century bce to fifth century ce \u2019, artibus asiae lxiv ( 1 ), 5 - 59. - shaw, j. ( 2004 ), \u2018 early historic landscapes in central india : recent archaeological investigations in districts raisen and vidisha, madhya pradesh, 2003 - 4 \u2019, journal of interdisciplinary studies in history and archaeology 1, 143 - 150. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2003 ), \u2018 ancient dams, settlement archaeology and buddhist propagation in central india : the hydrological background \u2019, hydrological sciences journal 48 ( 2 ), 277 - 291. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2003 ), \u2018 water management, patronage networks and religious change : new evidence from the sanchi dam complex and counterparts in gujarat and sri lanka \u2019, south asian studies 19, 73 - 104. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2001 ), \u2018 ancient irrigation works in the sanchi area : an archaeological and hydrological investigation \u2019, south asian studies 17, 55 - 75. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), \u2018 the sacred landscape \u2019, in m. willis, with contributions by j. cribb and j. shaw, buddhist reliquaries from ancient india, london : british museum press, 27 - 38. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), \u2018 sanchi and its archaeological landscape : buddhist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49426071415427314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbdd0f92-9488-49bd-aa3c-358e5979a2b5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.209274"}
{"text": "with contributions by j. cribb and j. shaw, buddhist reliquaries from ancient india, london : british museum press, 27 - 38. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), \u2018 sanchi and its archaeological landscape : buddhist monasteries, settlements and irrigation works in central india \u2019, antiquity 74, 775 - 776. shaw, j. ( 1999 ), \u2018 buddhist landscapes and monastic planning in eastern malwa : the elements of intervisibility, surveillance and the protection of relics \u2019, in t. insoll, ( ed. ), case studies in archaeology and world religion : the proceedings of the cambridge conference, oxford : archaeopress, 5 - 17. publications in preparation - shaw, j. ( ed. ) archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., \u2018 introduction \u2019. archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., \u2018 archaeologies of religious change in south asia \u2019. archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., \u2018 archaeologies of well - being and suffering : environmental ethics and buddhist economics in ancient india \u2019 ( 2013 ) - shaw, j., \u2018 buddhist mortuary rituals in ancient india \u2019. invited paper for pre - circulation in seminar to be held at the mcdonald institute, cambridge in april 2011. papers will be peer reviewed and published in a single volume by 2013. seminar title : death shall have no dominion. organisers : colin renfrew, michael boyd, and ian morley - shaw, j., and a. beck, \u2018 the archaeological application of satellite remote - sensing in central india ' 2012 / 3 ). - shaw, j., j. sutcliffe, and e. brown. \u2018 irrigation and complex society in ancient india : an archaeo - hydrological assessment \u2019. water history ( journal ). ( 2012 ) - shaw, j., j., sutcliffe, e. cork, and h. bakker. \u2018 archaeological landscapes at ramtek and mansar : religion, politics and water in the vakataka empire \u2019, south asian studies ( 2012 ) - british association for south asian studies ( 2006 - 8 ) - department of archaeology, museums and archives, madhya pradesh, bhopal ( pi ) - john sutcliffe, reading - religious change - social & economic change - landscape archaeology - water management - ancient irrigation - patronage & kingship - ritual landscapes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46673394190489104, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbdd0f92-9488-49bd-aa3c-358e5979a2b5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.210181"}
{"text": "information for parents what your child may experience : for your son or daughter, college will likely be a period of intellectual stimulation and growth, career exploration and development, increased autonomy, self - exploration and discovery, and social involvement. during this period, your children may forge new identities or seek to clarify their values and beliefs. this may require an examination of self, friends, and family. it may also be a time for exploration and experimentation, and a period in which your children may question or challenge the values you hold dear. the changes your son or daughter may experience can occur quickly, as they begin to develop new peer relationships, gain competence in new areas, and learn to manage their independence. it is important to recognize that every child will experience his or her own unique set of challenges and adjustments, just as every parent will have different expectations for and reactions to their child ' s college experience. what parents may experience : often overlooked is the fact that the college experience is a significant transition for parents as well as their children. as parents, you may experience feelings of happiness, excitement, and pride when your child leaves for college. at the same time, you may feel a sense of sadness and pain and have understandable fears and concerns about your child ' s future and well - being. you may worry about your child ' s safety and ability to care effectively for him or herself. you may fear losing your child as he or she begins to function more independently and form deep attachments with peers. you may be concerned about how your child will deal with alcohol, drugs, and sexual relationships. you may also wonder how your child ' s performance in college will reflect on you as the parent. recognize that feelings of conflict, happiness, excitement, sadness and ambivalence about your child ' s leaving home are normal. for most families, this step can seem like a dramatic separation of parent and child, although it is usually the separation of adult from almost - adult. it is normal, too, to look forward to the relative peace and quiet of having your active older adolescent out of the house and having the place to yourself, or being able to spend time with your younger children. allow yourself to feel whatever emotions come up. there is little benefit in pretending that you don ' t feel sad, guilty, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. you probably aren ' t fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions ; a healthier approach is to talk about them - with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5218077139748893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2941d6e-d575-4dae-8aec-3df02d905fce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.217471"}
{"text": ", relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. you probably aren ' t fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions ; a healthier approach is to talk about them - with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources of support. tips on how to support your child : be sure to keep open communication going on a regular basis. pick a regular time to talk that fits both schedules. creating a routine is good for you because you will feel less intrusive. it may be good for your child because if they stay out of touch for long periods of time and then need your help, it might feel awkward to break the silence. it is important to maintain regular contact with your child, but also to allow space for your child to approach you and set the agenda for some of your conversations. let your child know that you respect and support his or her right to make independent decisions and that you will serve as an advocate and an advisor when asked. let your child know that they do not have to protect you from their problems. engage in active listening. be patient ; allow them to finish their argument or point before formulating a response. finally, recognize that it is normal for your child to seek your help one day and reject it the next. such behavior can be confusing and exhausting for parents, so make sure to take care of yourself by talking about your feelings with your own support system. be realistic and specific with your child about financial issues including what you will and will not pay for, as well as your expectations for how your son or daughter will spend money. most students come to school with a fairly detailed plan about how tuition, fees, books, and room and board will be paid for, and what the family ' s expectations are about spending money. being specific at the outset may help avoid misunderstandings later. it is also important to be realistic about your child ' s academic performance, recognizing that not every straight - a student in high school will be a straight - a student in college. the university attracts bright students from all over the world, and not every freshman who excelled academically in high school will be an all - a student here. developing or refining the capacity to work independently, consistently, and to demonstrate mastery can be more important than grades, as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the university. help your children set realistic academic goals ; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. know the warning signs. you know your child better than anyone,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4681605413031324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2941d6e-d575-4dae-8aec-3df02d905fce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.219545"}
{"text": "as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the university. help your children set realistic academic goals ; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. know the warning signs. you know your child better than anyone, and it is important that you still keep alert to the signs of change, upset, and distress. if you notice symptoms of depression, substance abuse, anxiety, eating disorders, or suicidal thinking - start a dialogue with your child that will facilitate support and help. the fact that your child has left home does not necessarily prevent family problems from arising or continuing. refrain from burdening your children with problems from home they have no control over and can do nothing about. sharing these problems with your children may cause them to worry excessively and even feel guilty that they are away from home and unable to help. if your child does experience difficulties at uga, encourage him or her to take advantage of the wealth of resources available for students. for academic issues, talking with the professor, teaching assistant, or academic advisor is probably the first step, but the academic enhancement and career center are also both available to help. the office of the dean of students can assist with a variety of concerns. if your son or daughter could benefit from counseling, counseling and psychiatric services ( caps ) is located in the health center and can be reached by calling 706 - 542 - 2273. uga is a big place, but you can help your child by reminding him or her of the many resources available on a large campus. kadison, r. & digeronimo, t. f. ( 2004 ). college of the overwhelmed : the campus mental health crisis and what to do about it. josey - bass, san francisco. pgs : 183 - 212", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42606390918334014, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2941d6e-d575-4dae-8aec-3df02d905fce>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.220748"}
{"text": "the road to rio + 20 and beyond world bank group twenty years on from the earth summit 1. twenty years ago, the rio earth summit provided the staging ground for a global conversation that continues to this day? a conversation about the long - term survival of the planet and the quality of life of those who live on it. prompted then by environmental challenges like deforestation and increasing threats from climate change as well as rising social and economic inequality, the summit provided the needed political impetus for an agenda for global action. 2. rio 1992 called for action at global, national and local levels that would deliver on the brundtland commission? s recommendations of 1987 for? development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. \" the summit resulted in agenda 21, which called for action and required countries to draw up national strategies for sustainable development? development which would meet social, economic and environmental objectives. it also led to the adoption of the convention on biological diversity, the framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ), principles of forest management, and the establishment of a funding mechanism ( the global environment facility ). it also pushed discussion on the convention to combat desertification, which was signed two years after rio. 3. twenty years on from rio 92, the world is a different place. growth and social policies have resulted in a decrease in the share of people living in poverty from some 42 percent of the developing world in 1990 to an expected 15 percent by 2015. substantial progress has been made on literacy, gender inclusion, health, and life expectancy. yet an increasing population that is more prosperous has expanded global consumption. this has led to two interlinked challenges for sustaining progress : meeting the demands for improved lives for a larger, more prosperous and more urban global population, and addressing environmental pressures and governance challenges that could undermine the world ' s ability to meet these demands. 4. climate change limits the solutions available but is focusing minds. rising greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and land use change now threaten to increase the warming of the planet by more than 2\u00b0c. climate change adds layers of cost and complexity to the development agenda? hitting poor people disproportionately. the accompanying changes in sea level, rainfall patterns, glacial retreat and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. in rio 1992, climate change was the future? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44284810262887003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.257919"}
{"text": "and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. in rio 1992, climate change was the future? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action lag behind science. 5. global efforts have not been enough to ensure either a world free of poverty or a world that is economically, socially or environmentally sustainable. the world has become increasingly complex, unequal and hazardous. some 900 million people could still be in poverty by 2015. growing floods, droughts, fires and hurricanes interact with financial, food, and fuel crises, placing the most severe burden on those least able to adapt, and risking increases in poverty. unequal patterns of consumption and control over resources among and within countries at all income levels contribute to divergent trajectories of opportunity and human well - being. political disenfranchisement, lack of good governance, and conflict stymie efforts to find solutions. renewed political commitment 1. in this context, the need for renewed global commitment to meeting sustainable development challenges is stronger than ever. as the world grapples with the continuing impacts of a global economic crisis, countries are increasingly challenged to find inclusive and greener growth paths that provide jobs and sustainably manage their natural resources, ensuring people have access to clean air, land and water. twenty years since these issues dominated discussions at the first rio conference and notwithstanding successes in some areas, we still do not have local, national and global systems in place to bring economic, social and environmental considerations into balance. 2. the world bank group is looking to rio + 20 to reiterate the political commitments made 20 years ago in today? s context and to set new benchmarks for action. the world needs a clear global roadmap that sets a path toward sustainability - - a way forward that does not put the burden of sustainable development on the poor and socially excluded. the bank group regards rio + 20 as an important opportunity to agree on such a roadmap and commits itself to helping countries to meet their continuing development challenges. 3. the world bank group therefore supports the unsg? s high - level panel on global sustainability goal :? to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? we also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the millennium development goals. 4. in addition, the world bank group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49523007423737087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.259129"}
{"text": "sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? we also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the millennium development goals. 4. in addition, the world bank group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined in the common statement by the un system chief executives board on the outcome of the united nations conference on sustainable development. a framework for action 10. rio 1992 was about setting an agenda for action. we hope rio + 20 will be about realizing that agenda by shifting economic incentives and systems and rallying political will. as part of the design of a global roadmap for sustainable development, the world bank group suggests rio + 20 strives for agreement on :? the adoption by countries of development strategies that are consistent with the concepts of green and more inclusive growth while maintaining a strong poverty reduction focus? a global methodology and process for incorporating natural capital and ecosystems services into countries? national accounts by 2030? a discreet set of sustainable development goals by 2030 complementing the mdgs e. g. for energy, sanitation, water, land, and oceans, and reinforcing them for biodiversity. 11. we support the three global energy goals outlined in the action agenda of the un high - level group on energy and the united nations? sustainable energy for all? year 2012 :? universal access to modern energy services? doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and? doubling the share of renewable energy - all by 2030. 12. we are ready to support efforts to develop more sustainable development goals. toward a green and inclusive growth path 1. we will maintain our focus on growth given its centrality to poverty reduction, but growth needs to be green and inclusive. the world needs a form of growth that is socially and environmentally sustainable that takes resource limits and climate change into account. gdp growth in developing countries will still be necessary to enhance living standards, reduce poverty, and cope with growing populations. but we know that growth per se is not enough. during the recent global economic downturn, some countries continued to see growth at levels of 7 percent a year or more, yet millions of people fell below the poverty line. 2. green and inclusive growth is climate - resilient, water - smart, land - saving, energy - efficient and reliant on diverse energy sources. it also generates decent jobs and improves livelihoods across a diverse set of productive and service sectors. it is underpinned by properly valued natural capital, the value of which is fully integrated into countries? systems of national accounts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47317681793979977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.260244"}
{"text": "exit, improving access to finance, opening up trade and investment regimes, while at the same time assuring sound environmental and social performance of production and innovation, and strengthening skills and capacity development. 19. the role of fiscal policy is central in allocating public resources to activities with high social and development returns, consistent with green growth principles. market - based fiscal instruments? like taxes, targeted subsidies, renewable energy feedin - tariffs, energy efficiency certificates, and emission trading schemes - are critical to ensuring the right incentives for shifting consumption, production, investment and innovation to efficient, clean, least - cost options. targeted fiscal policies can help create the conditions for the poor to contribute to green and inclusive growth, while reducing unintended costs in terms of public health, social tensions and violence. 20. the role of the private sector in driving the green, inclusive growth agenda needs to be emphasized. sound public policies and investments are central but are not enough. the private sector is the engine of innovative solutions and the main channel through which the benefits of growth are shared through incomes for rural and urban populations. green and inclusive growth requires the private sector to operate in ways that decreases its environmental footprint and assures healthy and fair conditions for its workforce. the private sector is a repository of organizational and management expertise that can increase the effectiveness of service delivery, develop new business models and help finance the research and development necessary to transform growth paths. 21. as companies develop more inclusive business models, they will be able to provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to underserved populations, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. growth in businesses that engage with people living at the base of the economic pyramid has so far been driven by talented and resilient business entrepreneurs as well as by value - conscious consumers. taking successful models to scale will require improvements in many countries? investment climates as well as innovative, long - term investment decisions by the private sector. 22. establishing innovative financing mechanisms will be vital as sectoral transitions will require significant investments, both public and private. in rio 1992, the focus was on how to raise new and additional resources, and transactions were assumed to be from developed to developing countries. now there is a broader choice of private and public finance available which can be mobilized domestically, internationally, and through instruments like the climate investment funds. targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47476425472422346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.262744"}
{"text": "and through instruments like the climate investment funds. targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their global commitments? such as those agreed at monterrey ( on official development assistance ) and cancun ( on climate finance ). 23. for middle - income countries, domestic financing options such as green taxes and payments for environmental services are becoming viable options for leveraging financing for environmental investments. in the interim, concessional financing will still be necessary to promote sustainable energy and environmental efforts. less developed countries will rely more on international transfers and private capital flows to meet their needs to finance the transformation. private investors will need stable investment climates and different incentive structures, promoting accountability through transparency, and deploying inclusive business models in sourcing and distribution. financial markets have a key role to play in mobilizing financing that is long - term and suitable to finance the transformation. special attention needs to be paid to how such innovative mechanisms are structured to ensure that the poor and vulnerable are not further marginalized but are empowered to contribute actively to realizing the goals of sustainable development. social protection policies can complement such mechanisms so as to ensure that the livelihoods of vulnerable groups are resilient in the face of episodic shocks and chronic stresses. 24. more rapid green growth is inconceivable without technological innovation. frontier innovations shift out production possibilities, allowing the production of more environmentally - friendly outputs with fewer inputs. for developing countries, innovation includes frontier or? new - to - the world? innovations and adaptation to local conditions, and dissemination of existing technologies. 25. advancing the green growth agenda requires a systematic consideration of equity, social inclusion, gender, equality and indigenous people? s rights. environmental degradation is often highly skewed, disproportionately affecting the poor and disadvantaged, where women, children and the elderly are often the worst affected. carefully designed social protection programs can help alleviate these shocks on the most vulnerable in society. there is growing evidence of the positive links between human development outcomes and more evenly distributed gains from economic growth, higher levels of civic engagement, and the empowerment of women in governance at all levels. the equity agenda goes beyond the use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877521046808089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.263796"}
{"text": "use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable development. ensuring the transformation 26. combined with an integrated development strategy, the green growth transformation requires targeted action at various levels? globally and locally. priority action is needed in the following areas that are listed as key topics for rio + 20 by the uncsd ( rio + 20 ) secretariat : 27. infrastructure and energy : infrastructure plays a key role in responding to regional and global issues like rapid urbanization, energy sector and sanitation challenges, and climate change. the next five to 10 years present a major opportunity as huge investments in infrastructure will be made across the developing world. for at least the next 25 years, cities will grow by some 250, 000 additional people every day? 2 billion more urban residents by 2035. green growth discourages investment decisions that entrench countries, cities, and communities in environmentally damaging, carbon - intensive systems. there are tremendous win - win opportunities for improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air and water quality, tackling urban poverty as well as reducing vulnerability to climate change at the city - level. 28. the three sustainable energy goals put forward by the un on universal access to modern energy, doubling renewable energy use and improving energy efficiency by 2030 are ambitious but achievable. they are vital for improving the lives of the 1. 4 billion people without access to electricity and the 2. 5 billion people now using polluting, traditional cooking stoves. 29. private investments in renewable energy, in particular in solar and wind, have grown tremendously over the past five years, and as the cost of production drops, removing implicit subsidies for fossil fuels will help further transform the global energy balance. there is a need for energy transition, and hydropower represents an important clean energy source which will become a larger share of the world? s energy production as lower income countries develop their capacity. regional power projects and transmission infrastructure will be needed to make best use of available natural resources, including renewable energy resources. 30. developed and developing countries need to embark on low emission development ( led ) paths to sustain growth. an approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. strategies for achieving these goals must be gender - sensitive if they are to be effective and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4712926708929313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.264911"}
{"text": "growth. an approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. strategies for achieving these goals must be gender - sensitive if they are to be effective and benefit those who are most adversely impacted. led is a critical ingredient to protecting growing urban populations from fine particle inhalation, which often results in increased mortality and morbidity through respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. reaching who - set air quality standards is critical to improving basic environmental health conditions. 31. measurable targets could include reduction in urban poverty, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improved air and water quality, increased energy efficiency in buildings and appliances, reduced energy losses in generation and distribution, and share of trips taken by low carbon modes of transportation. strong enforcement to reach nationally and particularly internationally - set air and water quality standards is needed. 32. water and food and energy nexus : a world free of poverty is not consistent with 800 million people without access to safe drinking water, 1. 6 billion without access to electricity, and one billion suffering from hunger. water resources must be allocated between agriculture, energy, urban consumption, mining, and increasingly threatened ecosystems. population and economic growth are expected to increase demand for food, energy and water further, making the efficient allocation of water absolutely critical. 33. currently, 70 % of the world? s withdrawn freshwater resources are being used for agriculture. by 2030, it is estimated that 30 - 45 percent more water will be required to meet increasing food demands. already, 50 percent of food globally comes from irrigated areas, and of this irrigation water, 50 percent comes from aquifers which are being depleted at a rapid pace in many countries. and with more than 50 percent of the world? s population now in cities, urban centers will increasingly compete with farms for water. 34. another 15 % of the world? s withdrawn water resources are being used for industry, mostly for energy production. hydroelectricity and many solar energy systems? two key alternative sources of clean energy? require water. stable and ample energy supply is important for water provision and food production. maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services also requires an overall decrease in groundwater withdrawal, and these ecosystem services are critical for groundwater supply. to turn these linkages from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. in addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2. 4 billion people living without basic sanitation. to meet the challenges of providing water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4981196378933163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.266639"}
{"text": "from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. in addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2. 4 billion people living without basic sanitation. to meet the challenges of providing water and basic sanitation to the bottom billion, regressive subsidies need to be removed ; sustainable solutions that work need to be scaled up ; innovative results - based financing instruments that reward efficiencies need to be promoted ; incentives to reduce water use need to be supported ; institutional frameworks and water utilities need to be strengthened ; and capacity building for service providers in long - term planning needs to be promoted. 36. oceans : healthy and biologically diverse oceans are essential for humans, providing food, jobs, recreation, and pharmaceutical resources. oceans are also the planet? s main carbon sink by capturing and storing a large part of greenhouse gas emissions. today, oceans are absorbing more co2, which is changing the ph and oceans are becoming more acidic. climate change is also leading to ocean warming since oceans moderate our climate. human pollution? approximately 6 million tons of solid waste plus industrial, agricultural and human waste runoff? is also affecting the health of the oceans. 37. warming, acidification, and pollution are also affecting coral reefs and mangroves. in turn, this? natural infrastructure? provides critical ecosystem services at a time when fish resources are already direly affected by over - exploitation. the world? s oceans and shared seas provide 20 percent of the animal protein and 5 percent of the total protein in the human diet. they also provide food and livelihoods for 8 percent of the world? s population. bold action to improve governance of marine resources is needed to reverse the loss of habitats, restore fish stocks, and manage coastal environment so that it provides socio - economic benefits for communities and maintains countries? natural resource wealth. catalytic funding is needed to : move towards rights - based fisheries management, increase marine protected areas, harmonize certification of wild and cultured fish, improve coastal zone management and reduce marine pollution. currently, only 1 percent of oceans are under some form of protection. for shared seas, in particular, environmental management across all riparian countries is critical. 38. biodiversity : the planet is in the throes of a sixth great extinction that is liquidating the goods and services on which pro - poor growth and sustainable development depend. iucn has listed 208 species as? possibly extinct?, and a further 17, 300 species are considered under threat. we must deliver on the aichi targets established", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45025081180481175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.268558"}
{"text": "is liquidating the goods and services on which pro - poor growth and sustainable development depend. iucn has listed 208 species as? possibly extinct?, and a further 17, 300 species are considered under threat. we must deliver on the aichi targets established at the cbd cop10 in nagoya, japan. this includes targets for mainstreaming biodiversity considerations across government and society ; reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity ; safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity ; and enhancing the benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services. to do this, countries need to mainstream biodiversity considerations into planning processes and production sectors, set public policy to ensure that the private sector deploys sourcing, production and distribution practices that leverage biodiversity as an asset, strengthen civil society to become an effective partner in protecting biodiversity, and meet targets for safeguarding at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020. 39. social development : the early years of the 21st century have brought home just how complex, interconnected, hazardous, uneven and uncertain patterns of global development have become. it is increasingly recognized that socially inclusive and resilient as well as environmentally sustainable patterns of growth require attention to good governance, voice and representation for those who are marginalized from the economic and political mainstream. twenty years ago in rio, consideration of women was just an add - on. now, gender equality is part of smart economics as it enhances productivity and improves development outcomes. we expect that gender will be far more prominent in the debate around rio + 20. 1. rio 1992 compelled the world to face up to the environmental, social and economic crises of its own making. it put the idea of sustainable development on the table and, to a certain degree, brought about a global shift in thinking? away from? progress at all costs? toward? inclusive growth.? it backed up the talk with an agenda for action that, in many ways, defined international efforts for a generation. 2. rio + 20 presents the world with an opportunity to shift the thinking again? this time through a transformation to green and inclusive growth that will be supported by a new kind of gdp? one which acknowledges that growth which depletes natural and social capital is not sustainable. agreeing on a set of sustainable development goals for 2030 that build on the mdgs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. in rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. at rio + 20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4600864310941332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.270004"}
{"text": "build on the mdgs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. in rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. at rio + 20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning. in 1992, women and children were added on to documents under pressure from civil society. today, gender inclusion is regarded as smart economics. rio 1992 focused on mobilizing additional financing. now it is clear that without broader and more innovative financing mechanisms, we will not see results. there is also a realization that transferring knowledge from north to south is not enough. now knowledge must also flow from south to south and south to north. 4. the world bank group itself has come a long way since 1992? our thinking and actions have shifted enormously towards a focus on sustainable development. we see rio + 20 as a vital agenda - setting moment in history and we embrace the opportunity to put our skills, experience and thinking behind the next phase of global transformation. annex : world bank group actions to support green growth 1. the world bank group? s comparative advantage is that it can help developing countries try innovative ways to sustainably grow their economies in sustainable ways by leveraging knowledge, fostering innovation, sharing of good practices and lessons learned across the world and building capacity to implement them. we also provide innovative financing instruments and partnerships with public and private sector to fund action along with advice on metrics to measure progress. 2. our contribution to the rio + 20 agenda is guided by a number of sustainable development sector strategies which include : agricultural and rural development, energy, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, water, oil and gas, transport, urban, social development, manufacturing, mining, and environment. at the program level, our support to meeting the rio + 20 agenda includes : green growth knowledge the green growth knowledge platform will facilitate continued work on identifying and remediating knowledge gaps and implementing green growth policies in developing countries. the knowledge platform is also a mechanism to develop partnerships and join? conversations? with an emerging community of practice involving scholars, policymakers, practitioners, and other concerned individuals and institutions in developed and developing countries. the platform will provide online tools for collaboration and discussion on green growth issues. the bank? s main partners in this are unep, oecd, and the global green growth institute. we will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for? how.? green issues will play a growing role in the world bank? s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4713338275931292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.271078"}
{"text": "oecd, and the global green growth institute. we will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for? how.? green issues will play a growing role in the world bank? s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stability, growth, competitiveness, poverty reduction and equity issues. careful analysis of the growth and distributional impact of environmental pricing policies is needed. the bank group will continue to support countries to assess such effects and to design and implement transfers or other social protection programs to help address them. we will also continue working with developing countries to strengthen budget and public expenditure management systems, while paying careful consideration to public oversight and social accountability mechanisms, including systems to evaluate and allocate environmental spending relative to other fiscal priorities and to better ensure that allocated spending is accountably and efficiently used. wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services ( waves ) through the waves global partnership, launched at the nagoya cbd cop in 2010, the bank group will expand the number of countries undertaking environmental accounting. already, waves is undertaking pilot programs in six developing countries while partnering with developed countries leading the way in the area. waves will build knowledge and experience and gradually, broaden the number of countries participating. a key goal of the bank group? s work in this area is to demonstrate how countries can use environmental accounts to improve decisions about more sustainably managing natural capital. our low carbon development studies - undertaken between 2008 - 10 in seven client countries have been scaled up into development policy operations and clean technology fund investment plans, among other options. numerous low - emission development studies ( leds ) have also been undertaken. the creation of a decentralized knowledge platform for low emission development that can provide upstream advice and support to developing countries is being considered with external partners. this includes paying careful attention to the distributional, poverty and social impacts of policies designed to bring about low - emission development, with systematic use of poverty and social impact analysis ( psia ) to help better inform policy choices we will continue to support developing countries with their nationally appropriate mitigation action plans ( namas ), enhancing access to the carbon market including through the newly established partnership for market readiness, capacity building activities, and the establishment of innovative financing schemes for led. the elements of reducing an institution? s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5147856032033857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.272157"}
{"text": "s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank will continue to be? walking the talk? by continuing to measure and reduce the environmental impact of its own corporate operations to set an example to other public and private agencies.? renewable energy and energy efficiency our support for the common goals on access, energy efficiency ( ee ) and renewable energy ( re ) has come in the form of financing and technical assistance. our work in these areas has contributed to increased access to electricity through grid - based and off - grid electrification. bank group support has also helped develop enabling policy reforms, institutional frameworks, and innovative financing for ee and re projects. ifc has invested, in fy10 alone, $ 1. 7 billion in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, aiming to increase the relative share of financing into this segment to about 20 % of its commitments by 2013. importantly, ifc financed and advised on, through partnerships with over 60 financial institutions around the world, a large and growing portfolio of energy and resource efficiency investments by small and medium enterprises, a sub - set of the private sector which to reach is critical for green growth to take off. the wbg has also built a strong alliance of partners to further these goals. for instance, the global alliance on clean cookstoves will help distribute nearly 100 million advanced cookstoves, through gender - sensitive strategies, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and increasing safety for the users of these stoves and other household members. through the lighting africa project, wbg in collaboration with the private sector is promoting the market - based provision of safe, affordable lighting based on solar systems to nearly 2. 5 million people in sub - saharan africa. the goal of universal access to modern energy will benefit from harnessing the power of the private sector. for instance, removing barriers to private sector entry, especially in rural areas far from electricity grid access, will substantially accelerate access to modern renewable energy sources. in countries with some of the lowest rates of access to electricity, the private sector has found new ways of providing rural populations with clean options : biomass - fueled generators using agricultural by - products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village - sized mini - grids, and photovoltaic - based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low - income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5191318061072442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.273205"}
{"text": "products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village - sized mini - grids, and photovoltaic - based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low - income users. the bank group plans to increase its investment in preparatory analysis in the area of sustainable hydropower to ensure benefit sharing and adequate social and environmental protections and will also conduct analysis on how best to manage water releases to ensure downstream flow regimes can be managed as sustainably as possible. this analytical work will aim to help clients to adapt their policies and approaches in hydropower to reach their energy goals. the bank group is helping to conserve conventional energy resources through a public - private partnership, global gas flaring reduction. converting flared natural gas to productive uses will reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and energy poverty? clean transport we are committed to addressing the linkages between poverty and social exclusion, environmental quality and human health with efficient transport services. in line with its 2008 - 2012 business strategy for? safe, clean and affordable transport?, the bank? s transport sector seeks to establish the governance, strategies, policies and services that will deliver safe transport for development in a way that is economically, financially, environmentally and socially sustainable. the strategy focuses on reducing ghg emissions which has shifted our lending portfolio accordingly. food, water and climate nexus? climate smart agriculture ( csa ) csa is a core part of the broader green development agenda for agriculture, which is about meeting the needs of people for food, fuel, timber and fiber and contributing to economic development and poverty reduction and food security while maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural ecosystem functions.? food security the ifc has launched the private sector component of the wbg global agriculture and food security program to assist in the implementation of pledges made by the g - 8 and g - 20 to strengthen food security in low - income countries. the program will channel donor funding to support private initiatives developed by client countries to improve governance, productivity, and competitiveness of their agribusiness sectors. good practice guidelines include safeguards concerning the land rights and natural resource claims of local land users. ifc will provide long - and short - term loans, credit guarantees, and equity to local companies and financial intermediaries. as part of the integrated wbg approach to food security, ifc is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather - related shocks, and support small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4975702818460399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.274372"}
{"text": ". as part of the integrated wbg approach to food security, ifc is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather - related shocks, and support small and medium agribusiness enterprises, particularly in the poorest countries. the bank group will continue to help client countries tackle water issues through a growing portfolio of investment and knowledge that supports improved integrated water resources management, improved irrigation / agricultural water management, and improved access to water supply and sanitation. water is at the core of many countries? climate adaptation strategies and improved water resources management in the agricultural sector and across sectors, more productive irrigation, and better knowledge about how climate change will affect water variability ( eg through more frequent droughts / floods ; glacier melt ) is fundamental to meet increasing global food demands in a changing climate. public funding for water is limited but there is growing private sector interest in industrial water - demand management and efficiency, as well as improved wastewater management. public - private partnerships are helping balance competing demands for access to water and ensure sustainability. the water resources group entity, a neutral platform where public, private - multilateral, and nongovernmental - organization actors can collaborate on transforming the water sector was formally launched in october, 2011. the entity, which is to be housed at ifc, is the result of a partnership between the world economic forum and the water resources group to provide expertise to governments wishing to transform their water sectors. the bank group has developed a considerable body of knowledge and experience on climate adaptation through its projects and the pilot program for climate resilience under the climate investment funds as well as through knowledge products like the economics of adaptation to climate change. our experience in developing and implementing innovative climate - related disaster risk financing and insurance tools helps countries reduce, pool, and share climate - related disaster risks, particularly through risk financing and transfer mechanisms. increasing attention is being paid in this context to how the design of such instruments, and their coherence with complementary social protection and other policies, can help build resilience in the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable in particular. we have a significant work program underway on sustainable cities, with a specific thematic emphasis on climate change. in particular, a knowledge paper on? towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5129783016436775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.275554"}
{"text": "towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an international standard for measuring city ghg emissions that has been agreed with c40, iclei, oecd, unep, and un - habitat ; an urban risk assessment framework ; the mayors? task force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor ; and a guide to adaptation in cities. implementation of the eco2 cities program in several pilot cities is underway. a new global initiative on municipal solid waste is also under development. analytical work is underway that articulates a common definition and standardized measures / tools for sustainable cities, building on initiatives like the global city indicators program. the bank group will continue its support to clients in sustainable urban growth and transport, water and sanitation, wastewater management, and climate resilience projects. we are exploring options for an ocean initiative ( oi ) with the world? s premier ocean - focused organizations, combining cutting edge knowledge with finance for workable solutions to meet country demands for improved marine resource management. our clients are seeking catalytic funding to move towards rights - based fisheries management, increasing marine protected areas, improving coastal zone management and reducing marine pollution. in line with our open data and transparency agendas, the oi would support knowledge sharing and connecting practitioners. the bank group has accumulated considerable experience in supporting a variety of biodiversity programs around the globe? from saving species to protecting key biodiversity areas as well as supporting civil society to advocate for biodiversity. our investments and operations demonstrate that biodiversity is a key element of the solution to many global challenges, from food insecurity to climate change mitigation to fuel crises and water stress. biodiversity conservation and ecosystem - based approaches? employing a range of different institutional arrangements such as protected areas and payment for environmental services schemes, can spur and sustain clean, green and resilient development, generate jobs and attract private investment in the rural frontier, all while reducing vulnerability against natural disasters in an era of adaptation. social inclusion and gender the bank group is working to ensure that development benefits those who need it most, including women and youth. women are critical to economic growth and job creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under ida16. ifc is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender - based barriers to investment. ifc is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521380170367044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.276630"}
{"text": "creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under ida16. ifc is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender - based barriers to investment. ifc is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries acquire the skills necessary to meet the job opportunities that will emerge as these countries. we are also undertaking analytical work on how climate and other environmental trends affect households and communities, access to opportunities, vulnerability and outcomes. this provides bedrock information for building well - designed policy responses to help the poor and vulnerable adapt to environmental change. in engaging the private sector to create more inclusive business models that would provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to people at the base of the income pyramid ifc has deployed targeted investments and used its convening power to share knowledge and promote innovation across the business community. about 150 ifc clients today are using inclusive business models to provide direct benefits to the underserved population at the base of the pyramid, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. we will continue to assist developing countries in scaling - up, accelerating and expanding their initiatives leading to stronger pollution management and environmental health performance. we share good pollution management results and experiences with developing countries through, for example, extensive south - south collaboration and substantive environmental awareness events. an updated sourcebook on pollution management is close to completion. strategic environmental assessments over 100 countries already successfully use strategic environmental assessments ( sea ) and impact assessments ( ia ) through directives, policies or laws. sea and ia help ensure that policies, programs and projects are designed and implemented to have more sustainable outcomes while reducing poverty and advance green economy objectives. their results are used to inform the development of future proposals. sea and ia should be recognized as effective high level decision support processes that can assist in the implementation of political commitment to sustainable development and green economy initiatives. at the bank group, sea is increasingly used in the forestry, mining, water and transport sectors in countries where we are working. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.493244259950667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.277624"}
{"text": "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 we, members of the united nations system chief executives board, recognize the historic opportunity provided by the united nations conference on sustainable development to reset the world on a sustainable development path. 2 we affirm that sustainable development is a top priority for our organizations, and reaffirm the continuing validity of the principles in the 1992 rio declaration on environment and development and of agenda 21, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. we recommit to a renewed system - wide effort, in partnership with the full range of governmental, civil society and private sector stakeholders, to support the realization of these principles. 3 despite substantial improvement in many key areas of development and environment, the world has not made the progress towards sustainable development aspired to in the outcomes of the united nations conference on environment and development held in rio de janeiro in 1992, and in subsequent related world conferences. 4 over the past twenty years, the world has witnessed strong economic growth and significant progress toward attaining a number of the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). it is of grave concern, however, that these positive trends have been accompanied by increasing disparities and inequalities, persistent gender inequality, social inequity, a growing deterioration of the environment, and recurrent economic, financial, energy and food crises. 5 at the united nations conference on sustainable development ( or rio + 20 ), renewed commitment and urgent action are therefore needed to lay a firm foundation for a longer - term process of redressing imbalances, agreeing on priorities, and reforming institutional arrangements at all levels, to bring about coherence and the integration of policies across the economic, environmental and social pillars, with human beings and their wellbeing at the centre. the conference must also address the means of implementing outcomes, through the provision of resources, including for technological transformation and capacity building. 6 charting the way forward to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. there are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593865898513306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.278699"}
{"text": "sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. there are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement ; resource consumption has increased, and production patterns are more unsustainable. but there has also been wide - ranging technological progress, from renewable energy and energy efficiency, to innovative measures for adapting to climate change impacts, and new and efficient means for social networking, dialogue and participatory engagement, providing opportunities that were not available twenty years ago. 7 against these changing parameters, rio + 20 must acknowledge that economic, social and environmental objectives are not independent variables, but are mutually supportive, with progress in each area facilitating advancement in the others. our objectives should be to enhance equity, revitalize the global economy, and protect the planet and its ecosystems that support us so that all people, women, men and children, can live in dignity. 8 the sustainability of future growth and development will rely critically on innovation, improved economic, energy and natural resource efficiency, an open and supportive multilateral trading system, better fiscal policies providing incentives for sustainability, comprehensive wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services, equitable access and inclusive political processes and the capacity to create sufficient decent work. growth must lead to strengthened resilience? of households, ecosystems, and economies, and improved water, food and nutrition security. 9 economic growth must be of high quality and inclusive. it should occur hand in hand with relevant efforts to accelerate progress in global health, gender equality and women? s empowerment, the realization of human rights, greater equity, improved access to and quality of social protection and the rule of law, and the fair distribution of the benefits of development. policies must avoid trade protectionism and negative impacts especially on the poor and vulnerable groups such as refugees and internally displaced persons. these objectives are all key elements of the green economy approach, and we pledge the support of our organizations to member states as they engage in this critical and transformational transition. 10 the shift to sustainable development presents challenges, but also offers opportunity for substantial investments, both public and private, in productive infrastructure, technological transformation, science, education and human capital development. the un system stands ready to assist member states as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 in the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4579810251171738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.279787"}
{"text": "states as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 in the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably needed at national, regional and international levels, to integrate the dimensions of sustainable development, improve effectiveness in implementation, urgently scale - up activities, and bring about further coordination and coherence of policy. 12 the un system is determined to do its part on institutional reform, by improving system - wide coordination mechanisms, and by reviewing and improving policies and programmes, including through joint programming. but this may not be sufficient, and rio + 20 should consider continued efforts on broader reforms within the un system, for example, the strengthening of institutions, mandates and regulatory frameworks, or making structural changes. 13 at a more specific level, from a range of priority issues, a number have emerged that warrant particular attention in the context of sustainable development at rio + 20. among these are : energy, water, oceans, green jobs, sustainable cities, sustainable agriculture and food security, disaster risk reduction, and investing in health, education, youth, gender equality and women? s empowerment. 14 these issues require a coordinated approach by the un system, stakeholders from government, civil society and the private sector, to find joint innovative and lasting solutions. the organizations of the un system have been intensifying efforts and cooperation to address the challenges of the water, energy and global food security crises. rio + 20 will provide an appropriate platform to support selected initiatives, such as the sustainable energy for all initiative, which illustrate a collective renewed commitment to sustainable development. at rio + 20, we must build upon and scale up the achievements, best practices and lessons of the mdgs, and lay strong foundations for the post - 2015 development agenda. we must chart a course for measurable progress towards sustainable development goals, using milestones that integrate the economic, environmental and social dimensions and a new generation of metrics to measure our achievements. the un system stands ready to support the world? s nations and peoples to make sustainable development a reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735855211574769, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6d5906c-325d-4a9a-9ec3-67b8562c9a01>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.281197"}
{"text": "defined as the change in position of an object ( displacement ) per unit of time. velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point. v = s / t ( where v and s are vectors ) where ( using si units ) : v is the velocity of the body in metres per second ( ms ^ - 1 ) s is the displacement of the body in metres ( m ) t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds ( s ) 1. ( one dimension ) if you start at point a and travel directly north to point b which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms ^ - 1 due north. 2. ( one dimension ) if you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, your velocity for the trip will be. 05ms ^ - 1 due west. 3. ( two dimension ) if you start at point a and travel north at 3kmh ^ - 1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh ^ - 1 to point b, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh ^ - 1 n53\u00b0e ( 53\u00b0t ) change in position over change in time. a measure of how fast something is moving. measured in m / s, ft / s, mph or km / h. the velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second. smackdown ' s version of heat where it mostly features cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as paul london, billy kidman, spike dudley, funaki, akio, etc. chavo guerrero vs. billy kidman is gonna be on velocity this saturday night!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5941054371476107, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c29bbfe-16b4-49fb-8ceb-feedbeebdcba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.287926"}
{"text": "- agriculture and food security - increasing food security through feed the future - food aid reform - expanding and enhancing agricultural markets and trade - supporting agricultural capacity development - supporting global nutrition - investing in sustainable agriculture - food assistance - board for international food and agricultural development - democracy, human rights and governance - economic growth and trade - environment and global climate change - gender equality and women ' s empowerment - global health - science, technology and innovation - water and sanitation - working in crises and conflict february 4, 2013 food security situation zimbabwe is a low - income, food - deficit country. increasing levels of poverty and high unemployment constrain the ability of many households to access food. as a result of complex political and economic policies, it ranks 173 of 187 on the un development program ( undp ) 2011 human development index. according to the famine early warning systems network ( fews net ), reduced harvest due to the 2011 - 2012 seasonal drought in the southern half of the zimbabwe may lead to above - average emergency food assistance needs. the government of zimbabwe estimates that more than1. 6 million people, equivalent to 19 percent of the rural population, will be food - insecure in zimbabwe between january and march 2013. this figure represents a 60 percent increase from those in need of food assistance in early 2012. food assistance programs the office of food for peace ( ffp ) contributes in - kind vegetable oil and pulses as well as cash to buy cereals for the un world food program ' s ( wfp ) seasonal targeted assistance program. ffp also supports activities that promote resiliency and improve communities \u2019 ability to mitigate shocks in eight highly food - insecure districts through the promoting recovery in zimbabwe ( prize ) program. interventions include asset building activities that support the construction and development of dams, community gardens, and livestock dip tanks. prize activities also enhance market linkages and value chains, establish rural savings and loan groups, and promote conservation agriculture, seed security, and improved livestock practices. food for peace contributions | u. s. dollars | | metric tons | | fiscal year 2013 | | $ 8. 0 million | | 9, 637 mt | | fiscal year 2012 | | $ 42. 9 million | | 25, 165 mt | | fiscal year 2011 | | $ 50. 7 million | | 29, 580 mt | | fiscal year 2010 | | $ 79. 5 million | | 30, 930 mt | | fiscal year 2009 | | $ 165. 0 million | | 188, 710 mt | fiscal year 2013 contribution breakdown : | u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4503983410373392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6811f2b7-07cc-47f4-b365-711c52a092c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.291989"}
{"text": "carmel mountain preserve, a 400 - acre mesa top, is truly one of san diego county \u2019 s remaining natural wonders. when you hike its several miles of trails, you will be treated not only to ocean views, but to a landscape truly unlike any other. on its flat mesa top, there are huge patches of a hard gray moss, called ashy spike moss, that actually have an interesting purpose. you \u2019 ll also come upon puddles of water that settle in the mesa \u2019 s depressions, which are actually vernal pools \u2014 an amazing environment that hosts species found nowhere else. the chaparral lands conservancy has called it \u201c a special noah \u2019 s ark of nature surrounded by suburban development. \u201d every type of vegetation found on carmel mountain is \u201c unique and imperiled, \u201d it says. its habitats \u2014 southern maritime chaparral, coastal sage scrub, wet meadows and vernal pools \u2014 support more than two dozen rare species, some of which have been listed as federally endangered. southern maritime chaparral is a habitat that occurs only on weathered sandstone formations that lie within the coastal fog belt, and exists only in san diego county from la jolla to carlsbad. \u201c only about 15 percent of southern maritime chaparral that historically occurred in san diego and orange counties remains, and most of this is located on carmel mountain, in torrey pines state park and in carlsbad and encinitas, \u201d said rick halsey of the california chaparral institute. characteristic species of this habitat include chamise, white coast ceanothus \u2014 a wild lilac that can grow into huge specimens here \u2014 and mission manzanita. endangered species \u2014 found only in san diego and orange counties \u2014 include white - flowering del mar manzanita and orcutt \u2019 s spineflower. threatened species include the yellow - flowering big - leaved crown - beard and shrubby encinitas baccharis. the vernal pools, though, are even more precious. rarely more than 6 inches deep, the pools fill with water only after rainfall and rarely remain filled longer than 45 days at a time. when dry, they simply appear to be lifeless bare spots in chaparral or coastal sage scrub. half of the plant species growing in california \u2019 s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. \u201c because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3978341148553248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed4cd046-ab4d-471c-a65f-6dc975a89f0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.296008"}
{"text": "s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. \u201c because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to develop property by individuals unfamiliar with their value, \u201d halsey said. indeed, the carmel mountain preserve was dedicated in 1999 after being saved from development by a coalition spearheaded by the carmel mountain conservancy. some 97 percent of san diego \u2019 s vernal pools, which once covered some 28, 500 acres in the county, have been destroyed, and that naturally includes its rare species. vernal pools, however, do also exist in northwest baja. both plants and animals of vernal pools must be able to withstand weeks of winter rains and summer drought. animals that live here include spadefoot toads and their favorite food, the san diego fairy shrimp. living next to the vernal pools is the short - leaved dudleya, a tiny succulent that lives in only five places in the world, all in del mar and la jolla, according to the chaparral lands conservancy. when not in bloom, it looks like the marble - like iron pebbles that are also unique to north county coastal mesas, which helps it avoid being eaten by rabbits and rodents. when it blooms \u2014 more rainfall brings more blooms \u2014 tiny white and yellow flowers burst open. that ashy spike moss helps them thrive by preventing invasion of weeds and gophers, according to a placard on the trails.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37106689659697545, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed4cd046-ab4d-471c-a65f-6dc975a89f0a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.296653"}
{"text": "uu for kids unitarian universalists make a concerted effort to impart our values to our children. here then are a uu child ' s easy way of remembering our principles : my seven principles : 1. each person is important ( the inherent worth and dignity of every person ) 2. be kind in all you do ( justice, equity and compassion in human relations ) 3. we ' re free to learn together ( acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations ) 4. and search for what is true. ( a free and responsible search for truth and meaning ) 5. all people need a voice. ( the right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large ) 6. build a fair and peaceful world. ( the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all ) 7. we care for the earth ' s lifeboat. ( respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part ) the sources of faith unitarian universalists get their values from many places. 1. awesome experiences of mystery, beauty, and belonging that all people feel. ( direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life ) 2. words and actions of wise and brave people that make us want to change things that are unjust or cruel, and to offer kindness and love instead. ( words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion and the transforming power of love ) 3. ideas from lots of different religions that help us figure out what is good and true and fair. ( wisdom from the world ' s religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life ) 4. jewish and christian teachings that encourage us to treat others the way we would like to be treated. ( jewish and christian teachings which call us to respond to god ' s love by loving our neighbors as ourselves ) 5. use of science, common sense, and our own brains to think things out. ( humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit ) 6. teachings of people who celebrate nature and remind us to live in harmony with nature. ( spiritual teachings of earth - centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131321505020242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c97383c-723f-4779-af8f-3aa93fa9f192>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.301288"}
{"text": "rsv : risk of complications topic overview back to top with respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ) infections, there is an increased risk of having complications, especially in certain babies and young children and in adults older than 65. babies and young children - babies younger than 6 months, especially those born early. - children who have existing heart or lung disease. conditions that put babies and young children at higher risk for problems include : - congenital heart disease. - chronic lung disease ( bronchopulmonary dysplasia ) and cystic fibrosis. - an impaired immune system, which can involve various health factors. for example, having a severe chronic illness, such as cancer, can affect the immune system. and certain medicines, such as chemotherapy or steroids, suppress the immune system. - exposure to tobacco smoke. if your young child has a health condition, your doctor may recommend medicine to help prevent problems from rsv. adults older than 65 have an increased risk for complications following infection with rsv. pneumonia from an rsv infection is a particular risk for people in this age group, especially if they have other diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) or heart failure. other complications older adults may develop as a result of rsv infection include bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. older adults may also recover more slowly from rsv and complications than people in other age groups do. related information back to top references back to top other works consulted - committee on infectious diseases, american academy of pediatrics ( 2009 ). modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. pediatrics, 124 ( 6 ) : 1694 \u2013 1701. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | susan c. kim, md - pediatrics | | specialist medical reviewer | | john pope, md - pediatrics | | last revised | | june 25, 2012 | to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39872739502729865, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf67b0d5-6814-4369-bcb2-0a4434373798>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.303882"}
{"text": "click here to learn more. most antifreeze solutions contain high levels of ethylene glycol, an ingredient that, once metabolized, is extremely toxic to dogs and cats. pets are often attracted to the liquid because of its sweet taste. even small amounts can be lethal to animals. a cat that walks through spilled antifreeze and then licks its paws may ingest enough to be fatal. as little as 2. 5 tablespoons of antifreeze could kill a 20 - pound dog. once ingested, ethylene glycol is quickly broken down in the liver to other substances that can lead to kidney failure and death within 12 hours to a few days. that \u2019 s why antifreeze ingestion is a medical emergency. if you suspect that your pet has consumed antifreeze, contact your veterinarian immediately. the signs of antifreeze poisoning vary, depending on the amount of antifreeze the pet drank and length of time since ingestion. initially, pets may stagger or walk like they are drunk. other signs include : antifreeze poisoning is generally diagnosed based on the results of blood and urine tests. however, as kidney failure sets in, these tests may be less accurate. free - roaming pets that have signs consistent with antifreeze ingestion should be treated as soon as possible. to be effective, treatment needs to be initiated as soon as possible after antifreeze ingestion. if your pet is seen within an hour of consuming antifreeze, the veterinarian may induce vomiting and possibly anesthetize the animal to flush out the contents of the stomach. they may also administer a liquid solution of activated charcoal to help prevent further absorption of the ethylene glycol. if it has been longer than an hour since ingestion, the veterinarian will most likely give your pet a medication to help prevent the liver from metabolizing the ethylene glycol. the pet may also be placed on intravenous fluids and other medications to encourage excretion of the toxic substances produced during metabolism of ethylene glycol. once kidney failure has begun, it may be difficult to save the animal because the damage from antifreeze is often irreversible. there are a number of steps you can take to prevent your pet from drinking antifreeze : like this article? have a point of view to share? let us know! during a tv interview, someone spotted barbara garcia ' s pup, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4628725872903617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:680e6008-0416-4cd3-84ec-ee6d2da3ac68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.306868"}
{"text": "\u201c if god is all - powerful and all - good, it would have created a universe in the same way it created heaven : with free will for all, no suffering and no evil. but evil and suffering exist. therefore god does not exist, is not all - powerful or is not benevolent ( good ). a theodicy is an attempt to explain why a good god would have created evil and suffering. the most popular defence is that it is so humans could have free will. however the entire universe and the natural world is filled with suffering, violence and destruction so any humanity - centric explanation does not seem to work. \u201d the most common theodicy is the free will theodicy1. this is that god created evil so that we could then choose between good and evil, and make moral choices. if all choices result in good, there would be no moral choices. if love is acceptable, it must be chosen over hate and therefore evil and suffering result when we make morally poor choices. however this classical theodicy does not hold up, for many reasons. although many believers adhere to the free will theodicy, it is not preached in the holy books of the main monotheistic religions. see : monotheism and free will : the christian bible and the quran both teach strict determinism - that god decides all of our fates, and our own choices and decisions cannot change god ' s plan for everyone. prominent historical christian theologians who have rejected the free will theodicy include st augustine, martin luther and john calvin2. the arguments on this page are thousands of years old, but, many continue to believe in the simplicity of the free will theodicy, so, it does no harm to state the arguments against it again. the fact that there is both free will and no evil in heaven tells us that evil and suffering are not a requirement of free will. if there is no reason for suffering in heaven, then, god should instantly put everyone in heaven, where we would all continue to have free will, but also not suffer. \u201c earthquakes, volcanoes, floods and disease affect human beings indiscriminately and result from geological factors not from free will. unborn babies lay amongst the victims. animals and humans alike suffer as a result of natural evil. these disasters have been prevalent for all of earth ' s history so have nothing to do with human agency. not only that, but the entire universe is steeped in large - scale destruction and violence as part of the very design of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48228594724622625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79dfa149-f3b7-4316-b5e3-5f20a27df503>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.319472"}
{"text": "of natural evil. these disasters have been prevalent for all of earth ' s history so have nothing to do with human agency. not only that, but the entire universe is steeped in large - scale destruction and violence as part of the very design of the physical world. none of this indicates that there is a ' good ' design behind it all, and it especially indicates that there is no good god. \u201d god not only created the possibility of suffering, pain and sin, but it appears that it made us with a strong inclination towards it. life being \" unfair \" is a symptom of pain or suffering, of inadequacy or feelings or even sinful emotions such as greed. god created these emotions, we do not choose to accept them, they are inherent in our nature. god could have created us so that we do not feel these emotions, that they simply don ' t exist. it would eliminate a lot of evil, and would not take away our free will - we ' d just have a different range of emotions that we didn ' t choose to have. the fact that god has created our nature and instincts to be geared towards sin and imperfection means that it wants us to choose evil over good. it has created evil, and created us so that we will mostly \" choose \" it. god sometimes creates people with ( for example ) genetic diseases that predispose them to paranoid schizophrenia, violent crime, sexual abuse and amorality and other inherited personality defects. other people are born with a predisposition to calmness, subordination and pacifism. both types of person have free will. god could easily create the majority of humanity so that our personality is much better and kinder in general and not just in outstanding individuals. it seems that the actual quantity and evil and suffering could be much less, and free will would still exist. suffering is not required for free will. when someone commits a crime or otherwise causes suffering, why does the victim suffer? the victim has not chosen evil, they are merely the unfortunate victims of someone else ' s choice. if justice or morality exist, and come from god, then only those acts that are evil should be punished. when someone is a victim, god itself should put the crime right, and avoid the innocent suffering. the person responsible for the evil may still suffer punishment or retribution, but why does the victim need to suffer? if suffering and evil are the result of free will, then, why is it that much suffering is caused by outside agencies? this transmission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904841774074642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79dfa149-f3b7-4316-b5e3-5f20a27df503>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.320972"}
{"text": ". the person responsible for the evil may still suffer punishment or retribution, but why does the victim need to suffer? if suffering and evil are the result of free will, then, why is it that much suffering is caused by outside agencies? this transmission of the effects of one person ' s bad choices to another ' s experience is unnecessary for free will. in a society where there are no victims, punishment would be unnecessary. if our nature was geared towards good, there would be no need for punishment to be used as a terror tactic to reduce crime. that punishment is necessary means that god cannot be all - powerful. it is not an effect of free will that we should suffer the consequences of each other ' s bad choices, it is an effect of a universe operating under a different, amoral sense of justice, and not under the care of an all - powerful, just god. free will is the ability to make choices. this means, we must have options. what these options are is irrelevant. a saint, jesus, muhammad, etc, had free will. these people also did not ( perhaps ) ever commit a sin. nevertheless it is ludicrous to say that because a person does not choose evil that they have no free will. in other words, it is possible for a person never to accept evil, and still have free will. this means that we could have a nature that never wills transgression, and we could still have free will. there are many millions of choices and paths you can take in life, there is no requirement for \" cause evil \" to be an effect of them. free will still exists without it. if god was good, we would all exist ( as those in heaven do ) in a situation where we all continually have the free will to choose between different good courses of action. evil simply isn ' t required for free will. when a person chooses evil, god could rectify the real life effect of it, and simply let the perpetrator feel its effect. there is no need for evil to manifest outside of a person ' s own choices. evil, in short, could be chosen, but not realized. there is no reason for evil to cause suffering. if we had a choice between doing something good or bad, if we chose bad, why does it cause suffering? why must it? it seems we could chose bad, and for it to have no effect other than to prevent us feeling that we did good. that is enough for free will. a forgiving god would note that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47442144963349925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79dfa149-f3b7-4316-b5e3-5f20a27df503>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.322144"}
{"text": ", why does it cause suffering? why must it? it seems we could chose bad, and for it to have no effect other than to prevent us feeling that we did good. that is enough for free will. a forgiving god would note that someone just chose badly, and rectify their mistake and forgive them. no suffering would result. if it means that those who choose badly fail to get to heaven then so be it, but, there is no need for actual suffering to occur. \" evil begets evil \" is not the fruit of a good god ; bad choices by us needn ' t result in the punishment of pain or suffering for anyone. the lack of separation of evil from its effects shows that god is not interested in preventing evil. some monotheistic religions such as christianity and islam preach that adam and eve were the beginning of mankind rather than our evolutionary predecessors ( which was a whole species rather than two individuals ). in these religions, adam and eve are said to have been created in paradise, but banished for committing the original sin. the original sin is the reason christians say that human beings experience suffering - as a result of adam and eve ' s actions. humankind was created in, and was supposed to exist in, a state of immortal paradise. but as a result of adam and eve ' s original sin, we have all been punished with our earthly existence, completely with suffering, pain and death ( romans 5 : 12, 1 corinthians 15 : 21 ). genesis 3 : 14 - 19 describes some of the punishments in more detail. the reason there is any death at all is because adam and eve disobeyed god. the story in the qur ' an, sura 7 : 24 - 27, tells of when adam and eve are punished and banished from paradise, and must thereafter live on the earth complete with its suffering, pain and death. this however, makes all their children and descendents suffer from the same punishment. this is despite the qur ' anic statement that \" none shall bear the burden of another ' s sin \" ( 35 : 18 and 53 : 38 ). before augustine coined the phrase original sin it was known simply as ancestral sin. it is a feature of christianity that been much criticized. famed antagonist richard dawkins asks \" what kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor? \" 4. is it is really moral to punish someone for someone else ' s actions? all good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4487984031540282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79dfa149-f3b7-4316-b5e3-5f20a27df503>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.323198"}
{"text": "asks \" what kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor? \" 4. is it is really moral to punish someone for someone else ' s actions? all good parents teach their children that that is not fair and unjust. hence, the story of adam and eve teaches us that god is unjust or at least, not always just, and therefore is not perfectly benevolent. the story teaches us that it is divine will that sometimes the relatives of sinners can be punished for the guilty. the story teaches us that free will is not the cause of the suffering of mankind. we are all born in a world of pain and death because someone - else committed a crime, which was nothing to do with our own free will to choose wrongly. the free will justification for evil does not work. free will does not require the existence of evil or suffering - heaven is a place where there is free will, and no suffering. there is a lot of suffering and evil that is not the result of free will such as from natural disasters, so free will could not actually account for all suffering, only some of it. the question of why god creates additional suffering would still exist. also, the free will of one person can cause suffering for another innocent person, god should not allow the moral choices of one being affect other beings as this goes against accountability, which is the whole point of free will. in short, it seems that the existence of pain and suffering contradicts the existence of a good god. \u201c to the present day, all theodicies have failed to explain why a good god would create evil, meaning that the existence of evil is simply incompatible with the existence of a good god. after thousands of years of life - consuming passion, weary theologians have not formulated a new answer to the problem of evil for a long time. the violence of the natural world, disease, the major catastrophes and chaotic destruction seen across the universe and the unsuitability of the vastness of reality for life all indicate that god is not concerned with life, and might actually even be evil. failure to answer the problem of evil sheds continual doubt on the very foundations of theistic religions. \u201d the koran. translation by n. j. dawood. penguin classics edition published by penguin group ltd, london, uk. first published 1956, quotes taken from 1999 edition. the bible ( niv ). the niv is the best translation for accuracy whilst maintaining readability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617417965461749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79dfa149-f3b7-4316-b5e3-5f20a27df503>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.324267"}
{"text": "memorial a lasting tribute to heroes who saved the world and changed it the world war ii memorial, sober and sunk low in a long frame of elms, rests between the two structures that anchor the mall. the monument to america ' s first great warrior, george washington, towers over it on one side. the statue of america ' s great uniter, abraham lincoln, looks on from the other. in such company, the location and initial look of the new memorial to those who fought in world war ii had its doubters. it would trample on ground consecrated by the civil rights movement, some said. its design smacked of imperialist architecture, others said. the controversy, settled in granite and bronze, came down to this : was world war ii - - the lives lost, the victories gained - - a hinge event of american history, on par with the founding and the civil war? or not? historians say it was : the war transformed america, and, in turn, america transformed the world. \" world war ii was the seminal event of the 20th century, \" says victor davis hanson, military historian and classicist at the university of california in fresno and author of \" carnage and culture, \" a study of the military pre - eminence of western civilization. \" quite literally, western civilization as we know it hung by a thread - - and was saved by the efforts of americans. \" \" the totality of it is what made it unique for the american experience, \" says edward j. drea, a historian of world war ii who lives in fairfax. \" it affected everyone, of every class. \" from december 7, 1941, to aug. 6, 1945, america spent 400, 000 lives beating back german dictator adolf hitler ' s march across europe and japanese emperor hirohito ' s advance in the south pacific. sixteen million americans served during the war, fully 10 percent of the population at the time. the movement of so many young men and so much materiel radically reshaped our society. the country literally was in flux, its industrial capacity energized like never before, its agrarian roots fading further from view. the population migrated northward and, drawn by a humming new industry centered on construction of aircraft, to california. global war demanded a rapid acceleration in the technology of weaponry and medicine. mr. drea, who focuses on the south pacific theater in books such as \" macarthur ' s ultra : codebreaking and the war against japan, \" notes that the war led to wider use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.419274167650783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14813c77-ca4a-4985-be0a-eae6e8d03fae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.342575"}
{"text": "acceleration in the technology of weaponry and medicine. mr. drea, who focuses on the south pacific theater in books such as \" macarthur ' s ultra : codebreaking and the war against japan, \" notes that the war led to wider use of malaria suppressants such as quinine and the insecticide ddt, which helped stop typhus epidemics. the united states devoted all its energies to the war, rationing meat, sugar and metals on the home front. a shortage of shellac, used to manufacture phonograph records, stunted the recording of new music. short supplies of rubber and gasoline - - and trains filled with soldiers - - knocked touring musicians off the road. popular bandleader glenn miller sent his own musicians packing to form the army air force band and died in 1944 when a military flight disappeared over the english channel. yankee legend joe dimaggio and movie star jimmy stewart joined the war effort at the height of their careers by serving in the army and army air corps, respectively, and mr. stewart became a decorated pilot. up to 40 percent of the movies hollywood cranked out between 1941 and 1945 propagandized for the war. hum - phrey bogart squared off against the nazis in 1943 ' s \" action in the north atlantic \" ; cary grant captained a submarine in \" destination tokyo \" the same year ; and future president ronald reagan teamed with errol flynn in 1942 ' s \" desperate journey. \" women flocked to jobs in the men ' s absence. teenagers too young to fight also took jobs, setting in motion a new youth culture that would flourish as veterans and their wives created waves of new children for the next 20 years. after vanquishing european fascism and japanese militarism, the postwar nation assumed the leading role in defending the world against the other great poison of the 20th century, the menace of stalin and expansionist soviet communism. \" the self - destruction of europe created the conditions for the ascendancy of the u. s. in world affairs, \" mr. hanson says, \" and, tragically but necessarily, demanded a new responsibility to expend blood and treasure - - immediately after our greatest sacrifice - - to prevent the soviet union from capitalizing on the ruin of europe. \" other reverberations were no less significant, from the invention of modern japan to the reconstruction of europe, unprecedented acts of statecraft both. a broad american middle class arose at home, elevated by the gi bill of rights and linked, eventually, by a new interstate highway system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46983330755330427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14813c77-ca4a-4985-be0a-eae6e8d03fae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.343747"}
{"text": "no less significant, from the invention of modern japan to the reconstruction of europe, unprecedented acts of statecraft both. a broad american middle class arose at home, elevated by the gi bill of rights and linked, eventually, by a new interstate highway system and the commercial airline industry. american gis helped saved the world, and those who survived came home still young men, in their early 20s. they were just getting started. in the 59 postwar years during which the mall had no world war ii memorial, modern america itself was their legacy. the good war british prime minister winston churchill famously said he \" slept the sleep of the saved \" after the japanese bombed pearl harbor. a reluctant america, with all its potential industrial might and manpower, finally would tip the balance in the allies ' favor. yet arnold krammer, a history professor at texas a & m university, says it was no sure thing. after world war i, america, isolationist in outlook, dramatically scaled back its standing army and produced little in the way of new weaponry. \" we were unprepared, \" mr. krammer says. \" the american military had 183, 000 men and 488 machine guns in 1940. \" mr. drea says, \" it wasn ' t inevitable ; no one knew what would happen. \" the number of american conscripts would bloom to 8 million, culled from what mr. krammer calls, in a slightly irreverent tweaking of nbc news anchor tom brokaw ' s tribute book, \" the bored generation. \" \" they were coming out of the great depression, \" mr. krammer says. \" here was an opportunity for excitement. it was a chance for most boys to see what the rest of the world looked like. we were, after all, quite a rural country, no matter how many people lived in big cities. \" \" we were still boys ; that ' s the crazy thing, \" says m. d. elevitch, 79, a native of duluth, minn., who fought in the 94th division under gen. george s. patton. a volume of his correspondence, \" dog tags yapping : the wwii letters of a combat gi, \" was published last month. \" i was totally innocent, inhibited, \" mr. elevitch recalls. still, he adds, in words that might epitomize the mood of the country, \" we knew right from the beginning what we needed to do. \" peter kuznick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41862131470998787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14813c77-ca4a-4985-be0a-eae6e8d03fae>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.345079"}
{"text": "innocent, inhibited, \" mr. elevitch recalls. still, he adds, in words that might epitomize the mood of the country, \" we knew right from the beginning what we needed to do. \" peter kuznick, a historian of the 20th century at american university, actively opposed the vietnam war and remains a fierce critic of nuclear weapons. world war ii, he says, is nonetheless unimpeachable. \" if there ' s ever been a war in history in which one can identify good guys and bad guys, it ' s world war ii, \" mr. kuznick says. mr. drea adds : \" there was never a direct [ foreign ] threat to the survival of the republic before. at pearl harbor, there sure seemed to be one. \" japan ' s surprise attack on the pacific fleet at pearl harbor mobilized a \" sleeping giant, \" in adm. isoroku yamamoto ' s prophetic phrase. \" it felt to people at the time that this was a great war, \" mr. kuznick says. \" it had to be won, and they were willing to sacrifice. \" ' a giant step ' the approximately 400, 000 u. s. troops killed in world war ii are second only to the 620, 000 of the civil war, in which, of course, there was no foreign enemy. mr. elevitch was wounded by mortar fragments, his lungs taking in blood, and he underwent an emergency operation in a tent on a german battlefield. like many other veterans, he did not speak of his experiences for decades. he broke his silence with a short story, \" the finger, \" published in 1989 and inspired by the sight of a disembodied digit. reticent and scarred by battle, the soldiers came home feeling purposeful, at the least with a hopeful drive to \" go on with our lives, \" mr. elevitch says. \" we had a sense of confidence if we survived. \" \" in some communities, \" president franklin d. roosevelt said in a 1942 \" fireside chat \" heard on radio, \" employers dislike to employ women. in others they are reluctant to hire negroes.... we can no longer afford to indulge such prejudices and practices. \" practically and morally, the war forced a re - examination of the treatment of blacks in america. actor ossie davis, 86, who served as a surgical technician in the army medical corps in liberia, remembers segregated accommodations at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41015393891526275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14813c77-ca4a-4985-be0a-eae6e8d03fae>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.347747"}
{"text": ", and we were doing our part to help the guys who were fighting overseas, ' \" ms. sewell says. \" it seems so strange to people who didn ' t live through it, who can ' t appreciate the enormity of the effort, \" mr. drea says of america ' s determination to see world war ii through to victory. americans, by and large, were united in purpose and passion. the nation won great victories in europe and the south pacific. the war generation ' s reward was prosperity : college degrees paid for by the federal government ; higher salaries ; new homes in the suburbs outfitted with modern appliances. events didn ' t stop churning, however. mr. kennedy writes of the year 1948 : \" the russians had just exploded their own atomic bomb, and the communists had recently taken power in china. somehow the good war had not settled things to the degree that roosevelt had promised. \" today, world war ii seems distant to, and perhaps unappreciated by, the children and grandchildren of the war generation. mr. hanson, the military historian, worries about how the war is taught in schools : with laserlike focus on the use of atomic bombs in hiroshima and nagasaki and the internment of japanese in the united states, to the neglect of climactic battles. \" very little actual military history is being taught, \" he says, \" and, thus, most of our youth know only the social or cultural consequences of the war but almost nothing about the war itself. \" a very sad development, given the amazing sacrifices and skill shown by an entire generation of americans. \" even after the battles at the bulge ( december 1944 - january 1945 ), where 19, 000 u. s. troops died in the ardennes forest of the german - belgian border, and at the island of okinawa ( april - june 1945 ), where 13, 000 died fighting the japanese - - even after these staggering losses, which came at a time when the country was being told the war was almost over, the american public, already tested by a long depression, didn ' t falter. has the nation lost the energy - - the singleness of purpose, the resolve, the willingness to sacrifice - - that marked the world war ii era? \" none of us knows, \" mr. hanson says. \" we are in year three of the so - called war on terror, so i suppose we shall soon find out. \" by john solomon how the government ' s punishing of the exposure of official wrongdoing can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4192810062823092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14813c77-ca4a-4985-be0a-eae6e8d03fae>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.352751"}
{"text": "yellow fever vaccine safety cases of viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination were described in the united states and other countries, and current evidence suggests that these cases were a result of vaccine - type virus and not of reversion of the vaccine virus to wild type. unlike the viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccination, reported neurotropic cases from the united states have not been fatal. the neurotropic cases presented as gbs ( thought to be immunemediated ), encephalopathy ( thought to be due to active invasion of the central nervous system by the virus ) or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis ( thought to be caused either by direct invasion of the brain by the virus or by an immune - mediated response to the virus ). all cases of viscerotropic disease to date have been reported in primary vaccinees, starting 2 \u2013 5 days after vaccination. whether this reflects the persistence of pre - existing immunity at the time of revaccination or lower rates of revaccination in the study populations cannot be determined. the rate of reported viscerotropic disease varies in different settings. in particular, a lower rate has been reported in brazil than in the united states. gacvs considered that it would be important to examine the possibility that naturally circulating yellow fever virus in endemic regions may account for some of these differences in risk. the risk of viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccine is age - related ; individuals aged 65 years and over who are first recipients of the vaccine are at considerably higher risk than younger subjects ( although the young are not excluded from the risk ). recent evidence from the united states also suggests a higher risk of neurotropic disease in older vaccinees. there needs to be a better estimate of the risk, and prediction of subjects at risk and of factors predisposing to risk of both types of serious complication of the yellow fever vaccine. in communicating such risks, consideration needs to be given to highlighting potential contributing factors, such as age or sensitivity of surveillance systems, to risk estimates based on currently available data. particular care should be taken that the vaccine is received only by those travellers truly at risk for yellow fever exposure. furthermore, care should be taken that routine yellow fever vaccination programmes are not jeopardized by risk \u2013 benefit ratios that may be inapplicable to the target populations in endemic countries. a critical and unresolved issue is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49411662680198065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d65248a-ad33-46f0-ae28-8e5da56ba1e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.360645"}
{"text": "a digital camera is a type of camera that takes photographs or videos with the use of an electronic image sensor. this device has the capacity to display photographs on the screen several seconds after the image has been recorded. other brands of the cameras can edit the layout, color as well as the entire appearance of the picture. because of the popularity and wide use of the device, it is incorporated in other devices like mobile phones and pdas. to learn about the history of the device, it is best to start with the person behind the development of the digital camera. who invented the digital camera? this device was first created by eastman kodak engineer steven sasson in 1975. the camera used a solid state ccd image sensor chips manufactured by fairchild semiconductor. the device weighed 3. 6 kilograms and it took above 20 seconds to capture an image. this camera was developed as a prototype and it is not intended for mass production. however, this device has the capacity to record black and white pictures. additionally, the first digital camera has a resolution of 10, 000 pixels or 0. 01 megapixels. the first digital camera that was introduced to the public is the fuji ds - 1p, which was launched in 1988. the device has a 16 mb internal memory card and it has a battery. the device was not launched in japan as well as in the united states. the next digital camera that was commercially available is the 1990 dycam model 1. it has a ccd image sensor and it can be connected to a computer or a laptop to transfer and store data. eastman kodak launched the first professional digital camera named as the kodak dcs - 100 in 1991. in order for the product to be used in special events, it featured a 1. 3 megapixel sensor. the device was offered at $ 13, 000. after the release of this model, many companies featured different models of digital cameras. in 1996, kodak launched the first digital camera that has compactflash. additional information and other important details digital cameras have different types. these include the compact cameras, bridge cameras, digital single lens reflex cameras as well as the electronic viewfinder. aside from these, consumers can also purchase digital rangefinders and line scan camera systems. the image resolutions of cameras available in the market today range from 0. 01 to 60. 5. image data storage devices used are compact flash, memory stick, microdrive, secure digital card and floppy disks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5552105390574733, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:badc17c5-270b-4170-b007-af506b5385d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.363415"}
{"text": "getting to the heart of a healthy diet : alcohol there is no doubt that drinking large amounts of alcohol is bad for your health. but, given the potential health benefits of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol, the american heart association recommends that adults should consider drinking some alcohol. however, it is important that adults who drink should do so only in moderation. women should have no more than one alcoholic drink per day and men should have no more than one to two drinks per day. if you are considering beginning or continuing to drink alcohol, you should : - consult your physician to discuss its benefits and risks given your family history. certain people should not consume any alcohol, such as pregnant women, people with liver disease, or those who are on certain medications. - limit your alcohol intake to one drink a day if you are a woman and one to two drinks a day if you are a man. - periodically review your use of alcohol with your doctor. you may need to change your drinking behavior if you begin to consume too much or experience harmful consequences as a result of drinking alcohol. - never drink alcohol if you are going to be driving or operating machinery. people who drink moderately have heart disease less often than nondrinkers. alcohol appears to increase hdl, the good form of cholesterol. some other ways that researchers believe alcohol may help protect the heart include : - the alcohol or some other substance in alcoholic drinks may prevent platelets in the blood from sticking together. this, in turn, will reduce clot formation and the risk for heart attack or stroke. - flavonoids and other antioxidants in red wine may protect the heart and arteries. however, there are many negative health effects associated with alcohol intake, as well. this is especially true with heavy alcohol consumption. these include : moderation is essential with alcohol because many chronic health problems can develop, or be exacerbated, from alcohol abuse. one drink equals no more than 1 / 2 ounce of pure alcohol. for example : - 12 ounces of beer - 4 ounces of wine \u2014 it is important to note that a \" glass \" of wine usually means 8 - 12 ounces for most people. however the official size of a glass of wine is 4 ounces or 1 / 2 of a cup. measure it once, into your wine glass to see what that amount actually looks like. - 1 - \u00bd ounces of 80 - proof spirits - 1 ounce of 100 - proof spirits if you choose not to drink, you are not missing out. you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4346825310961137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b523632-7db2-40d4-9261-85614049697b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.372446"}
{"text": "make a levitating motor out of pencils and magnets - 7 : 30 am how often, really, do you get to see something levitate? i did, at ( where else? ) maker faire new york last september. chris connors showed me this project. it consists of a base made out of pencils and 3d - printed connectors, with magnets placed to repel a rotating pencil equipped with its own magnets as well as a mess of magnet wire powered by small solar cells. the mendocino motor floats in its own magnetic field and converts light into electricity and magnetism, which are then converted into the motion of the motor. building and studying this project provides the satisfaction of creating an amazing bit of technology, and the opportunity to explore magnetism, electromagnetism, electric motors, solar power generation, and personal manufacturing. build the base that holds the magnets and provides a bearing point for the motor. then wind the motor coils, and solder them to the solar cells. when the motor is assembled, you \u2019 ll balance it so it spins freely, and perform any troubleshooting to make it work properly. want to learn more about chris \u2019 s project? check out the make projects writeup and the thingiverse page where you can download the files to print your own connectors. finally, watch a video of the motor in motion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730666885971872, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c4b3f2b-e6d2-4748-a2aa-24a587914b8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.374115"}
{"text": "a new study demonstrates a link between homophobia and repressed homosexual desire. the study, according to science daily, is the first to document the roles that parenting and sexual orientation play in the development of anti - gay prejudice. conducted by a research team from the university of rochester, the university of essex, england, and the university of california in santa barbara, the research is set to be published the april issue of the \u201c journal of personality and social psychology. \u201d through a series of psychological studies, the researchers found that people with an unacknowledged same - sex attraction who grew up with parents who strongly denounced such desires were more likely to support anti - gay policies and to have self - reported homophobic attitudes, discriminatory bias and hostility towards gays. \u201c individuals who identify as straight but in psychological tests show a strong attraction to the same sex may be threatened by gays and lesbians because homosexuals remind them of similar tendencies within themselves, \u201d said netta weinstein, the study \u2019 s lead author and a lecturer at the university of esse. \u201c in many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward, \u201d said co - author richard ryan, professor of psychology at the university of rochester. he helped direct the research. \u201c this study shows that if you are feeling that kind of visceral reaction to an out - group, ask yourself, \u2018 why? \u2019 \u2019 ryan said. \u201c those intense emotions should serve as a call to self - reflection. \u201d the authors say their findings may help to explain the personal dynamics behind some bullying and hate crimes directed at gays and lesbians. people in denial about their sexual orientation may lash out because gay targets bring their internal conflict to the forefront, the authors write. wisconsin \u2019 s leading anti - gay group, wisconsin family action, is led by a stereotypically masculine - acting woman who has never married and has lived for many years with another never - married woman. the two, julaine appling and diane westphal, own a home together in watertown. the primary focus of wfa is to prevent same - sex couples from achieving legal recognition. the researchers looked at higher - profile cases of such hypocrisy, including the ted haggard scandal, and suggested that \u201c these people may often themselves be victims of repression and experience exaggerated feelings of threat. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4989793804799039, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a17c5c2-e71f-4c9a-b4ec-b2a637a28d02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.376805"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email process costing is a management accounting cost allocation method used by companies that produce copious amounts of homogenous or extremely similar consumer goods. examples of these types of companies include food manufacturers, bottling companies, printing companies, and other similar businesses. companies use process costing to allocate the business costs related to each process of production, because allocating costs to each individual good is too difficult and time consuming. under cost allocation methods, management accountants determine the cost of operating each individual function used in the production process. the total process cost is divided by the number of items produced during each specific function. the dollar amount resulting from this calculation is allocated to each good produced by the process. the costs included in each process costing production system relate to the amount of direct materials used to produce goods, direct labor of employees running the process, and the amount of manufacturing overhead used in the production process. manufacturing overhead often includes indirect materials, indirect labor, and the utilities used to run the production equipment. each individual process has business costs allocated as goods enter into the production process. the costs are tracked until the goods leave the process and move through the production system. while production systems usually depend on the type of goods a company produces, similar production processes may be involved in these types of systems. for example, in magazine production, production processes include printing, cutting, and stapling. each process usually adds costs to the goods produced in a process costing system. process costing reports three types of inventories on a company \u2019 s financial statements : raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. raw materials represent any economic resources or business inputs that have yet to be used in the production system. a work in process is a detailed breakout of goods that have been going through the production system but are not yet finished. work - in - process inventories are valued by the number of processes the goods have gone through and the costs associated with producing the goods up to that point. production companies may have various levels of work - in - process inventories that are listed on their balance sheet. finished goods inventories are all goods produced that are available for sale to consumers. this inventories number also includes goods waiting to be moved to distributors or wholesalers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48627115817041444, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f427c8ed-f611-439f-80a2-d05eea601f70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.379455"}
{"text": "it came closer... closer... and then it started heading away. but you may not have noticed at all. an asteroid passed relatively close to earth around 2 : 24 p. m. et friday. as scientists had been predicting all week, it did not hit. a different and unrelated small asteroid entered the atmosphere over russia on friday, hours before the much larger asteroid ' s fly - by, injuring about 1, 000 people. scientists say that incident was a pure coincidence. the larger asteroid, called 2012 da14, never got closer than 17, 100 miles to our planet ' s surface. stargazers in australia, asia and eastern europe could see the asteroid with the aid of a telescope or binoculars. at the gingin observatory in australia, the asteroid appeared as a bright white streak as viewers watched a live nasa video feed. scientists are studying this asteroid so extensively that they can already predict its path for most of the 21st century, said paul chodas of nasa ' s near earth object team. but it is only one of thousands of objects that are destined to one day enter our neighborhood in space. \" there are lots of asteroids that we ' re watching that we haven ' t yet ruled out an earth impact ( for ), but all of them have an impact probability that is very, very low, \" don yeomans, manager of the near - earth object program office at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, said at a press briefing. the long and short of it the asteroid is thought to be 45 meters - - about half a football field - - long. current estimates suggest that the russian meteor - - which was a tiny asteroid before it hit the earth ' s atmosphere - - was only 15 meters wide, making it much harder to detect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43977861472211244, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b71fad7-574b-4701-a7ca-2b35c09beeb0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.381175"}
{"text": "from salad fixings and root veggies to herbs and more, it is possible to sustain a healthy vegetable garden in your kitchen, sunroom, or another sunny corner inside your home. hate giving up your delicious home - grown vegetables once winter arrives? well, there is a way to grow an array of vegetables inside you ' re home. vegetables you can grow indoors : \u2022 beans, green \u2022 carrots, small fingerling \u2022 red peppers \u2022 other dwarf varieties of larger vegetables ask your local nursery if your veggie choice will grow better indoors from seed or seedling. what you ' ll need : \u2022 sunlight, maybe a sunny window sill or corner ( plants that produce a vegetable, not just a leaf, need 5 - 6 hours of sunlight per day ; 9 - 10 hours is ideal ) or grow lights if you have no direct sunlight. \u2022 light - colored, reflective surroundings and surfaces ( white, foil, etc. ). \u2022 containers with water trays. choose containers with plenty of room for the root system to grow up and out. ceramic tends to last longer in direct sunlight than plastic. \u2022 to assist with drainage and airflow, add some rocks to the bottom of your container before you add the soil. \u2022 good, lightweight potting soil mix that ' s suitable for containers. buy new potting soil to avoid bringing in any outdoor garden pests. \u2022 trellis for your container if you ' re growing vine climbers, like tomatoes, beans, or peas. \u2022 worm compost is a good addition. have you had any luck growing vegetables or fruits indoors? 12 ideas for modern valentine ' s day home decor school gardens : teaching kids a love of food 5 valentine ' s day crafts 8 cheap ways to stay warm this winter merrilee liddiard of mer mag : show & tell home tour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39960875649007477, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24fd7b96-2257-4d7b-b1fc-fd2169058b54>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.383452"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a form or part that is folded or coiled. - n. one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the act of rolling. or winding together, or of winding one part or thing on another ; the motion or process of winding in and out. - n. the state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or wound together. - n. a turn or winding ; a fold ; a gyration ; an anfractuosity ; a whorl : as, the convolutions of a vine ; the convolutions of the intestines. - n. in anatomy, specifically, one of the gyri, gyres, or anfractuosities of the brain, especially of the cerebrum. see cuts under brain and corpus. - n. in mathematics, such a connection between the relations of any asyzygetic system that each is applied alternately in the aggregate of the remaining relations. - n. something that is folded or twisted. - n. any of the folds on the surface of the brain. - n. the shape of something rotating ; a vortex. - n. mathematics a form of moving average. - n. computing a function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. the act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another ; a winding motion. - n. the state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together ; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. - n. ( anat. ) an irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part. - n. a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain - n. the action of coiling or twisting or winding together - n. the shape of something rotating rapidly - from latin convolutus ( \" to roll together \" ), past participle of convolvere, from con - + volvere ( \" to roll \" ). ( wiktionary ) \u201c it was in 1861 that he announced his discovery of the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of broca. \u201d \u201c it is of small size, and consists of a square - shaped convolution,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6777770485509571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceff98f7-8210-4ea5-ae69-c2181d003857>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.389374"}
{"text": "the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of broca. \u201d \u201c it is of small size, and consists of a square - shaped convolution, which is termed the precuneus or quadrate lobe. \u201d \u201c in front of this precentral convolution are the three frontal convolutions, and it would seem that the functions of these convolutions are higher movements and attention in fixation of the eyes ; moreover, in the lowest frontal region, indicated by fine dots, we have broca ' s convolution, which is associated with motor speech ; above at the base of the second middle frontal convolution is the portion of cortex in which is localised the function of writing. \u201d \u201c m. alain ' s expensive way of life, his clothes and mistresses, his dicing and racehorses, were all explained : he was in the pay of buonaparte, a hired spy, and a man that held the strings of what i can only call a convolution of extremely fishy enterprises. \u201d \u201c the interior portion of the convolution is the more intellectual portion of the organ, while the exterior portion is that which holds the closest relation to the fibres of the _ corpora striata _ in the middle lobe, and may therefore most properly be called the organ of language or of speech, the impairment of which produces aphasia, or loss of speech. \u201d \u201c in particular, fourier analytic methods are particularly useful for studying operations such as convolution in frequency space ( the domain of the frequency variable \u201d \u201c he looked again and decided that it was the purple haze of the hills made dark by a convolution of the canon wall at its back. \u201d \u201c at some length and terminological convolution on their part, making these exact same points to them, even that one about the computer program, with little effect \u2026 it is the most bizarre thing. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 convolution \u2019. a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. abbe - helmert crit..., a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three - dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three - series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5103227398001428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceff98f7-8210-4ea5-ae69-c2181d003857>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.390482"}
{"text": ", a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three - dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three - series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely unbias..., absolute error and 4171 more... abducens..... draw..., ablation..... carr..., acetylcholine......., adrenalin..... nea..., afferent..... to c..., agnosia..... no kn..., alar..... wing - like, alexia..... no words, alveus..... canal, amacrine..... no l..., ambidextrous........, ambiguus..... doub... and 701 more... ruptured blood ve..., clot, pressure on a blo..., tumor, brain region, comprehension of..., production of mea..., autonomic nervous..., conservation of t..., catecholamine, arousal, regulation of sleep and 564 more... - a unit of language consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. derivatives from chapter 19 of part one of english words from latin and greek elements \" cerebral \" cerebral terms looking for tweets for convolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5922295883459514, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ceff98f7-8210-4ea5-ae69-c2181d003857>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.390983"}
{"text": "muncie, ind. ( ap ) \u2014 more than a third of indiana adults who consume alcohol say they regularly binge drink, a new ball state university study found. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention defines binge drinking as men consuming five or more drinks or women consuming four or more drinks in about two hours. the cdc provided the data for ball state ' s study. ball state researchers found that in 2011, about half of indiana adults classified themselves as regular drinkers and nearly 35 percent of them said they binge drink, the times of munster reported ( http : / / bit. ly / w4undv ). university researchers found that indiana has the 32nd highest percentage of binge drinkers among the 50 states and the district of columbia. adults 22 to 25 years old are more likely to binge drink and drink heavily, according to the study. the percentage of adults in indiana who say they binge drink or drink heavily goes down as age increases. alcohol tolerance varies from person to person, so those who drink should watch how it affects them specifically, said dr. peter mavrelis, a gastroenterologist who works with indiana university northwest. \" just because your friend can hold down two six - packs doesn ' t mean you can do the same, \" he said. mavrelis also said he was surprised at how little alcohol is considered binge drinking, noting that people often consider binge drinking as drinking to the point of incapacitation. still, he said, people should keep their alcohol consumption to less than two or three drinks a day. information from : the times, http : / / www. thetimesonline. com photo courtesy tim pearce @ flickr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40106371925945905, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22d091e5-f3a3-4fdc-a76c-88f3427de6f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.393696"}
{"text": "a new world record wind gust : 253 mph in australia ' s tropical cyclone olivia the 6, 288 - foot peak of new hampshire ' s mount washington is a forbidding landscape of wind - swept barren rock, home to some of planet earth ' s fiercest winds. as a 5 - year old boy, i remember being blown over by a terrific gust of wind on the summit, and rolling out of control towards a dangerous drop - off before a fortuitously - placed rock saved me. perusing the guinness book of world records as a kid, three iconic world weather records always held a particular mystique and fascination for me : the incredible 136\u00b0f ( 57. 8\u00b0c ) at el azizia, libya in 1922, the - 128. 5\u00b0f ( - 89. 2\u00b0c ) at the \" pole of cold \" in vostok, antarctica in 1983, and the amazing 231 mph wind gust ( 103. 3 m / s ) recorded in 1934 on the summit of mount washington, new hampshire. well, the legendary winds of mount washington have to take second place now, next to the tropical waters of northwest australia. the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) has announced that the new world wind speed record at the surface is a 253 mph ( 113. 2 m / s ) wind gust measured on barrow island, australia. the gust occurred on april 10, 1996, during passage of the eyewall of category 4 tropical cyclone olivia. figure 1. instruments coated with rime ice on the summit of mt. washington, new hampshire. image credit : mike theiss. tropical cyclone olivia tropical cyclone olivia was a category 4 storm on the u. s. saffir - simpson scale, and generated sustained winds of 145 mph ( 1 - minute average ) as it crossed over barrow island off the northwest coast of australia on april 10, 1996. olivia had a central pressure of 927 mb and an eye 45 miles in diameter at the time, and generated waves 21 meters ( 69 feet ) high offshore. according to black et al. ( 1999 ), the eyewall likely had a tornado - scale mesovortex embedded in it that caused the extreme wind gust of 253 mph. the gust was measured at the standard measuring height of 10 meters above ground, on ground at an elevation of 64 meters ( 210 feet ). a similar mesovortex was encountered by a hurricane hunter aircraft in hurricane hugo of 1989, and a mesovortex was also believed to be responsible for the 239 mph wind gust measured at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44102398794353526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cf8391c-7628-4b73-b23d-af8d16292401>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.399766"}
{"text": "at an elevation of 64 meters ( 210 feet ). a similar mesovortex was encountered by a hurricane hunter aircraft in hurricane hugo of 1989, and a mesovortex was also believed to be responsible for the 239 mph wind gust measured at 1400 meters by a dropsonde in hurricane isabel in 2003. for reference, 200 mph is the threshold for the strongest category of tornado, the ef - 5, and any gusts of this strength are capable of causing catastrophic damage. figure 2. visible satellite image of tropical cyclone olivia a few hours before it crossed barrow island, australia, setting a new world - record wind gust of 253 mph. image credit : japan meteorological agency. figure 3. wind trace taken at barrow island, australia during tropical cyclone olivia. image credit : buchan, s. j., p. g. black, and r. l. cohen, 1999, \" the impact of tropical cyclone olivia on australia ' s northwest shelf \", paper presented at the 1999 offshore technology conference in houston, texas, 3 - 6 may, 1999. why did it take so long for the new record to be announced? the instrument used to take the world record wind gust was funded by a private company, chevron, and chevron ' s data was not made available to forecasters at australia ' s bureau of meteorology ( bom ) during the storm. after the storm, the tropical cyclone experts at bom were made aware of the data, but it was viewed as suspect, since the gusts were so extreme and the data was taken with equipment of unknown accuracy. hence, the observations were not included in the post - storm report. steve buchan from rps metocean believed in the accuracy of the observations, and coauthored a paper on the record gust, presented at the 1999 offshore technology conference in houston ( buchan et al., 1999 ). the data lay dormant until 2009, when joe courtney of the australian bureau of meteorology was made aware of it. courtney wrote up a report, coauthored with steve buchan, and presented this to the wmo extremes committee for ratification. the report has not been made public yet, and is awaiting approval by chevron. the verified data will be released next month at a world meteorological organization meeting in turkey, when the new world wind record will become official. new hampshire residents are not happy residents of new hampshire are understandably not too happy about losing their cherished claim to fame. the current home page of the mount washington observatory reads, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4431865295162844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cf8391c-7628-4b73-b23d-af8d16292401>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.401663"}
{"text": "in turkey, when the new world wind record will become official. new hampshire residents are not happy residents of new hampshire are understandably not too happy about losing their cherished claim to fame. the current home page of the mount washington observatory reads, \" for once, the big news on mount washington isn ' t our extreme weather. sadly, it ' s about how our extreme weather - - our world record wind speed, to be exact - - was outdone by that of a warm, tropical island \". comparison with other wind records top wind in an atlantic hurricane : 239 mph ( 107 m / s ) at an altitude of 1400 meters, measured by dropsonde in hurricane isabel ( 2003 ). top surface wind in an atlantic hurricane : 211 mph ( 94. 4 m / s ), hurricane gustav, paso real de san diego meteorological station in the western cuban province of pinar del rio, cuba, on the afternoon of august 30, 2008. top wind in a tornado : 302 mph ( 135 m / s ), measured via doppler radar at an altitude of 100 meters ( 330 feet ), in the bridge creek, oklahoma tornado of may 3, 1999. top surface wind not associated with a tropical cyclone or tornado : 231 mph ( 103. 3 m / s ), april 12, 1934 on the summit of mount washington, new hampshire. top wind in a typhoon : 191 mph ( 85. 4 m / s ) on taiwanese island of lanya, super typhoon ryan, sep 22, 1995 ; also on island of miyakojima, super typhoon cora, sep 5, 1966. top surface wind not measured on a mountain or in a tropical cyclone : 207 mph ( 92. 5 m / s ) measured in greenland at thule air force base on march 6, 1972. top wind measured in a u. s. hurricane : 186 mph ( 83. 1 m / s ) measured at blue hill observatory, massachusetts, during the 1938 new england hurricane. buchan, s. j., p. g. black, and r. l. cohen, 1999, \" the impact of tropical cyclone olivia on australia ' s northwest shelf \", paper presented at the 1999 offshore technology conference in houston, texas, 3 - 6 may, 1999. black, p. g., buchan, s. j., and r. l. cohen, 1999, \" the tropical cyclone eyewall mesovortex : a physical mechanism explaining extreme peak gust occurrence in tc olivia, 4 april 1996 on barrow island,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44080164039308956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cf8391c-7628-4b73-b23d-af8d16292401>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.402912"}
{"text": "west virginia university dr. john f. baniecki, extension specialist in plant pest management program - new york city has been infested with asian longhorned beetles that have already caused 5, 000 trees to be removed. as a remedy, imidacloprid is going to be injected into hardwood trees in an effort to reach the larvae of the beetle. the beetle has the potential to cause more tree damage than dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and gypsy moths combined ( $ 41 billion in damage by the usda ' s estimate ). ( environmental news network ) http : / / www. enn. com. - usda agricultural research service ( ars ) cooperators have recently elucidated a scenario in which caterpillar - infested tobacco plants released compounds during the day and night. those released at night were repellent to female moths, who are looking for sites to deposit eggs. this information is in addition to that which demonstrated corn seedlings released chemicals that attract parasitic wasps when fed upon by caterpillars. ( usda ars news service ) www. ars. usda. gov. - usda ars researchers have also determined how to reduce intestinal loads of salmonella typhimurium and e. coli 0157 : h7 in pigs and cattle. these two bacteria have an enzyme, nitrate reductase, that is absent in beneficial microorganisms. when fed sodium chlorate, the enzyme converts chlorate to chlorite, which kills the bacteria. it is estimated that these two organisms produce 1. 5 million cases of food borne illnessper year. ( the florida cattleman, april, 2001 ). - a whitefly - vectored crinivirus ( tomato chlorosis virus ) has been detected in tomato plants grown in puerto rico for the first time. signs of infection include interveinal chlorosis, necrotic flecking, leaf thickening, and leaf rolling. ( promed via agnet, 3 / 25 ) www. promedmail. org. - a whitefly - vectored begomovirus ( tomato yellow leaf curl virus israeli strain ) has been detected in tomato plants grown in louisiana for the first time. signs of infection include severe stunting, leaf cupping, and chlorosis. ( promed, 3 / 27 ). - auxein corporation and mycotech corporation have announced their merger into emerald bioagriculture corporation. the company is based in lansing, mi with production operations in butte,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4686657985438011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e16a6ce-f134-4b72-a09b-e6d6fc2392a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.406398"}
{"text": "and chlorosis. ( promed, 3 / 27 ). - auxein corporation and mycotech corporation have announced their merger into emerald bioagriculture corporation. the company is based in lansing, mi with production operations in butte, mt. the company has eight epa - registered products. ( citrus & vegetable magazine, march, 2001 ). - a new biological fungicide ( contans\u00ae wg ) has been granted epa approval. produced by encore technologies, the material is billed as the only biological control product available in the u. s. for controlling sclerotinia diseases in the soil ( caused by s. sclerotiorum and s. minor ). info. at http : / / www. contans - wg. com. akari\u00ae 55c miticide / insecticide ( fenpyroximate ) for use on greenhouse ornamentals, floral and foliage crops has received fdacs approval as of february 19, 2001. ( pesticide registration evaluation committee agenda, april 5, 2001 ). registrants with active pesticide registrations - 1, 963 farms and business sites regulated under pesticide programs - 2, 246, 512 - farms - 2, 194, 070 - domestic pesticide manufacturing establishments - 11, 305 - foreign pesticide manufacturing establishments - 1, 137 - commercial pest control firms - 40, 000 farm workers - 2, 952, 600 - self - employed farm workers - 1, 570, 000 - hired farm workers - 890, 300 - unpaid farm workers - 487, 500 certified applicators - 1, 187, 515 - private applicators - 803, 423 - commercial applicators - 384, 092 helping you put knowledge to work the west virginia university cooperative extension service, u. s. department of agriculture and west virginia counties cooperating. equal opportunity / affirmative action institution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.455642413163416, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e16a6ce-f134-4b72-a09b-e6d6fc2392a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.407089"}
{"text": "microformats in context there has been a lot of discussion in xml circles as to how far the extensibility revolution promised by xml can take ( or has taken ) us. is xml really a tool for creating specialized languages so that information can be expressed in the most natural formats practical? or is it just a way to reduce the burden on those who write code to consume web content ( be strict in what you accept so that you can be liberal with your time spent fly - fishing ). are schema technologies a way to manage the flexibility that xml brings to the table, or just another weapon to put down users ( \" you don ' t validate. go away \" )? of course, the way i ' ve posed these questions reveals my bias. i think that xml should be a tool for expressiveness and controlled diversity on the web. i disagree strongly with the notion, recently expressed in a few quarters, that there are only a few viable xml formats, and that people should stop creating more. at the center of this controversy is the new web 2. 0 hotness : microformats. if you ' re not already familiar with this phenomenon, first read \" what are microformats \". it ' s a div ' s world microformats enshrine the idea that rather than creating whole new vocabularies, developers should piggy - back off existing, widely supported and deployed formats such as xhtml. ( in this article i ' ll focus mostly on microformats with xhtml as a host language. ) the problem is that xhtml, at its best, does is good for basic document structure but, at its worst, tends to be used for the presentation of documents. microformats are a lightweight way to express more specialized information within the structure of xhtml without changing its syntax. the idea is that the success of this approach rests on modest ( hence \" micro \" ) constructs in modules that are mutually independent and focused on very specific domains. through such simplicity and modularity microformats minimize the strain on the host languages, as well as the implementation effort and overall conceptual load. unfortunately, the strain is rarely avoided in practice. many of the xhtml - based microformats i ' ve seen abuse the semantics of xhtml. a / @ rel tends to come in for special abuse. the html 4. 01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by xhtml, says : this attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5085893488657822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de843d34-aa1b-47ea-b9be-46a6fab4ff18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.412220"}
{"text": "semantics of xhtml. a / @ rel tends to come in for special abuse. the html 4. 01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by xhtml, says : this attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified by the href attribute. the value of this attribute is a space - separated list of link types. a microformat, such as google ' s rel = ' nofollow ', stretches this definition to breaking. \" don ' t follow this link \" is an instruction to the user agent ( more likely an automated agent such as a search index robot ). this is related to what was known as \" actuation \" in the xlink specification and a very different matter from the conceptual relationship between the two documents. i ' ll hasten to add that these problems are to some extent understood in the microformats camp, and that there are some quite reasonable uses of rel - tag. then again there is which is still designated a draft but does perpetuate without any apology in the spec. the abuse of a / @ rev in the vote - links microformats is an even more heinous example. before you write off my complaints about abuse of existing xhtml constructs as too rarefied and academic, consider that it leads to a very real problem when microformats collide. will the real rel please stand up there are only so many xhtml attributes to hitch a ride on, and if you can stretch the semantics of each attribute pretty much to suit yourself, it ' s inevitable that you will need to use clashing microformats. imagine you have a weblog that automatically asserts rel = ' nofollow ' on comment links to discourage comment spam. an example comment looks as follows. < p > nice blog. buy your medz < a href = ' http : / / medz. com ' rel = ' nofollow ' > here < / a > < / p > but you have another tool that looks for personnel links within your organization and marks them using a colleague designation in the xfn microformat. < p > i just want to be sure your readers know we ' re aware of the stability problems with the latest release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / ~ jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague ' > my own blog < / a >. < /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5464474617023767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de843d34-aa1b-47ea-b9be-46a6fab4ff18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.413191"}
{"text": "release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / ~ jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague ' > my own blog < / a >. < / p > you now have some sorting out to do. of course you cannot have two on the same element. you could set a priority that xfn annotation overrides rel - ' nofollow ' ( this is probably what you ' d want in practice ), but this means that suddenly your microformats are no longer really independent, and they ' re certainly not modular. microformat tools have to be aware of the different specs that might clash, and you introduce a bit of a negative network effect. you could use the nmtokens escape hatch, which would mean that after both tools have done their work the comment would look as follows : < p > i just want to be sure your readers know we ' re aware of the stability problems with the latest release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / employees / jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague nofollow ' > my own blog < / a >. < / p > one problem with this is that when you have a microformat such as xfn, which already allows multiple tokens within a / @ rel, you ' re still inviting clashes because it ' s not clear which tokens are part of xfn, and which come from other conventions. it also becomes a land grab for terms across microformats. rel = ' date ' as a statement that you have a romantic involvement with the person represented by the resource indicated by the this could make for some stickiness in a microformat for references to calendar rel = ' date ' would have a markedly different meaning. u. g. l. y. you ain ' t got no alibi...! another problem that stems from being restricted to a host language is that you often end up with very contorted and ugly constructs to force the fit. xoxo is an eminent example of this problem. i once did an exploration of xoxo as a language for exchanging weblog lists, rather than the more established, but quite awful, opml. i ended up with something like listing 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5063073052814394, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de843d34-aa1b-47ea-b9be-46a6fab4ff18>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.413979"}
{"text": "schools that implement strong nutrition standards for snacks sold at school increase student meal participation and school revenue, according to a study just published by the rudd center and the harvard school of public health. the study, published in the american journal of public health, provides support for efforts to implement strong national nutrition standards for all food sold at school while promoting student participation in the national school lunch program. read more. regardless of body weight, teens had high brain activity during food commercials compared to nonfood commercials, according to researchers from the university of michigan, the oregon research institute, and the rudd center. the study, which appears in the current issue of social cognitive and affective neuroscience, may inform the current debates about the impact of food advertising on minors. children see thousands of commercials each year designed to increase their desire for foods high in sugar, fat, and salt. researchers analyzed how the advertising onslaught affects the brain by measuring the brain activity of teenagers while watching food and nonfood commercials. regions of the brain linked to attention, reward, and taste were active for all participants, especially when food commercials aired. overall, they recalled and liked food commercials better than nonfood commercials. read more. efforts to encourage healthy beverage choices by people receiving federal food assistance are paying off, according to a study published by the rudd center in pediatrics. the study shows that purchases of 100 percent juice declined among participants in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children ( wic ) after the program changed in 2007 to offer foods that better reflect dietary recommendations for americans. while 100 percent fruit juices are widely marketed as healthy beverages, they contain the same amount of calories as soda and lack the fiber that is present in whole fruit. in addition, previous research in pediatrics has shown that excessive consumption of 100 percent juice is associated with increased risk of weight gain. the wic program is designed to help meet the needs of pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and young children who are at nutritional risk. prior to the wic food package revisions, the federal monthly allowances of 100 percent juice exceeded dietary recommendations for juice consumption in young children. new wic food packages provide considerably less juice. read more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4906486109421242, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2e164a4-7e10-4fd3-948f-2b7f4fcaf884>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.417208"}
{"text": "to touch something is to understand it \u2013 emotionally and cognitive. it\u00b4s one of our important six senses, which we use and need in our daily lives. but accidents or illnesses can disrupt us from our sense of touch now european researchers of the projects nanobiotact and nanobiotouch delve deep into the mysteries of touch and have developed the first sensitive artificial finger. the main scientific aims of the projects are to radically improve understanding of the human mechano - transduction system and tissue engineered nanobiosensors. therefore an international and multi disciplinary team of 13 scientific institutes, universities and companies put their knowledge together. \u201c there are many potential applications of biometric tactile sensoring, for example in prosthetic limbs where you\u00b4ve got neuro - coupling which allows the limb to sense objects and also to feed back to the brain, to control the limb. another area would be in robotics where you might want the capability to have sense the grip of objects, or intelligent haptic exploration of surfaces for example \u201d, says prof. michael adams, the coordinator of nanobiotact. the scientists have already developed a prototype of the first sensitive artificial finger. it works with an array of pressure sensors that mimic the spatial resolution, sensitivity and dynamics of human neural tactile sensors and can be directly connected to the central nervous system. combined with an artificial skin that mimics a human fingerprint, the device\u00b4s sensitivity to vibrations is improved. depending on the quality of a textured surface, the biomimetic finger vibrates in different ways, when it slides across the surface. thereby it produces different signals and once it will get used by patients, they could recognise if the surface is smooth or scratchy. \u201c the sensors are working very much like the sensors are doing on your own finger \u201d, says physicist dr. michael ward from the school of mechanical engineering at the university of birmingham. putting the biomimetic finger on artificial limbs would take prostheses to the next level. \u201c compared to the hand prostheses which are currently on the market, an integrated sense of touch would be a major improvement. it would be a truly modern and biometric device which would give the patient the feeling as if it belonged to his own body \u201d, says dr. lucia beccai from the centre for micro - robotics at the italian institute for technology. but till the artificial finger will be available on large scale a lot of tests will have to be done. nevertheless with the combination of computer and cognitive sciences, nano", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5849748121662501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:422b5182-ad47-48c4-aa02-a1cf9d42514b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.422016"}
{"text": "note the cold spots are not along the geographic line from the n. pole to the s. pole but where the globe, tilted and tipped, is getting the least amount of sunshine! depending on the tipping and what part of the globe is getting sunlight, the coldest spot is not the geographic n. pole, but that part of the globe that gets less sunlight. on the weather maps below, the italy face makes russia, not sweden, receive less sunlight as sweden is tilted toward the sun. the americas face makes the areas nw of hudson bay, not the n. pole, receive less sunlight as this part receives a shorter day as it is pushed into an early sunset during the tilt swing. the new zealand face shows an uneven distribution of cold along latitude 60\u00b0 as the globe is pushed up and away from the sun over new zeland. this is then pulled forward over the india face for warmer temperatures north of mongolia. the weather maps, and the verbal descriptions, match. dec 3 : no precise sunset data because of the clouds, but but somewhere between 280\u00b0 and 320\u00b0. [ assume 300\u00b0. compass reading, subtract 30\u00b0 for deviation. skymap expects azi 238\u00b0. sunset north by 32\u00b0 ] dec 19 : i think we have passed the actual solstice already a week ago at least, as the sun is already now again higher in my view in europe than it was 2 weeks ago. i feel we have rolled by at least 12 - 30 degrees. dec 21 : sun set ssw rather than sw at azi 225\u00b0. dec 2 : sunset early by 30 minutes, south. dec 3 : sunset south by 21\u00b0 dec 5 : sunrise north by 11\u00b0 dec 11 : sunset south by 12\u00b0 dec 11 : sunset south by 14\u00b0 dec 13 : sunset south by 22\u00b0 dec 14 : sunrise north by 7\u00b0 dec 26 : sunrise north by 12\u00b0 dec 6 : sunrise high by 19\u00b0 north, early. dec 7 : sunrise 50 minutes, north. dec 8 : dark in the 2nd week of nov at 5 pm, normal for in the first week of dec. dec 21 : sunset south by 14\u00b0 dec 23 : sunset south by 16\u00b0 dec 24 : sunset south by 18\u00b0 dec 8 : south by 38\u00b0! dec 10 : sunset south by 6\u00b0 dec 18 : sunset south by 3\u00b0 dec 22 : sunset south by 8\u00b0 dec 18 : sunset 5\u00b0 south. sunset dec 3 : south by 9\u00b0. sunrise dec 11 : south by 8\u00b0 sunset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4652458943261488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c22f6858-5b30-4acd-b9da-15d49797c5ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.425899"}
{"text": "u. s. department of energy - energy efficiency and renewable energy building technologies office hospital energy alliance : daylighting video ( text version ) below is a text version of the hospital energy alliance video showing the importance of daylighting to hospital energy efficiency, staff performance and retention, and patient healing. daylighting brings natural light into hospitals to reduce the use of electric lighting. daylighting has also been shown to aid in patient healing, to improve the work environment of staff, and to enhance the well - being of patient families. daylighting is using the sun to offset electric lighting. and so there is a huge potential for energy savings there because you ' re using the glass to help provide some function in the building other than just views. you ' re actually using it for energy savings. we can almost eliminate cooling in probably 50 percent of the hospital just by reducing the loads : reducing the solar gains, controlling the light, and being very careful with equipment. these systems all lead us back to quality - of - light issues, the role of light in reducing cooling loads, which actually is a large energy consumer, but is a key component in capital costs. when you look at the energy use in a hospital, the electric lighting loads can tabulate almost 30 percent of the entire electric bill, so if you want to look at saving energy, that ' s one of the largest chunks. most buildings have windows ; therefore, there ' s opportunity for daylighting. we can get more of an advantage by designing those windows to really improve the lighting quality in the space and get the electric lights off. we ' re involved a lot with better bricks. they are the commercial buildings initiative for the northwest energy efficiency alliance. when this legacy project started, they offered to help out and do a daylighting study of parts of the hospital and we did two studies, one specifically for the patient rooms and one for the public areas. and they came back to us with nine strategies for designing the exterior wall of the patient rooms to maximize the amount of daylighting that we could get and the study was fantastic, ' cause it showed that they could save almost $ 6, 500 a year in electricity savings just by utilizing some of these strategies alone. i think the biggest strategy we used was separating out the daylighting window from the view window. we like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside \u2014 a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye ; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5288004269191107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b69c676b-83f0-4ebf-80c4-736a2b892b41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.431235"}
{"text": ". we like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside \u2014 a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye ; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also need to think about the quality of light. to get the light into the patient room, you only need the top portion of the window, which is above six feet to the underside of the ceiling. you can see that we ' ve divided the patient room window up into to the daylighting window and the view window, so the daylighting window glazing specification allows more light into the room and the view window has a higher performance glass that lets less light into the window and reduces glare for the patient and the visitors. daylighting is also central to the energy efficiency strategy of the dell children ' s medical center of central texas. the way we planned mechanical units, where we chose to have glass and glazing versus where we chose not to in terms of orienting it to the sun. it ' s a totally integrated system of technology and just good old - fashioned design. the biggest impact on the space layout was the decision to add courtyards to the building. they were originally driven by the desire to get daylighting. the building has four different types of windows in it, depending on whether they are facing north, south, east or west. we did computer models of what the ambient exterior light would look like from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, all four seasons of the year and arranged the lighting system in the building to accommodate that, so that we can save energy. scientific studies have shown that the exterior views that can accompany daylighting have a profound impact on patient healing. all life, including human life, was evolved under a sunrise and sunset, and the spectrum of that was natural blue light coming in the morning and sunset with no blue light and only some red and orange in the evening. our genes were all developed for that. you need to have the proper lighting in the morning for the alertness because that makes serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol, and that turns on the immune system that gets rid of infections, that gets rid of bacteria, that helps fight viruses. but at night, if you have the blue light, you ' re interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn ' t just a sleep hormone ; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. access to light is also critical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257612779208267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b69c676b-83f0-4ebf-80c4-736a2b892b41>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.432345"}
{"text": "you have the blue light, you ' re interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn ' t just a sleep hormone ; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. access to light is also critical to hospital workers, a fact that affects the bottom line at health care facilities because of the importance of employee retention and the high cost of replacing key staff. in critical task spaces, we ' re really concerned about, one : they get view, but two : the quality of light is one that doesn ' t provide a lot of glare and provides at least a minimum level of illumination for ambient tasks within a space, which usually means diffuse light. we ' ve realized in the last 10 years that our eyes are more than just for vision. they also capture daylight on a physiological level through a photo - biological receptor that captures light ; light during the day and it ' s just as important for these hormonal cascades to have dark at night. this has a big implication in our health care environments. for the staff who potentially will go in in the morning in the dark, come home at night in the dark \u2014 12 - hour shifts with no light during the day. so that has ramifications on our built environment in the hospital setting to create spaces for staff that allow daylight into their work areas. my favorite thing about this facility is that you can ' t be farther than, i don ' t know what the exact number is, but 30 - 40 feet from an open courtyard or light streaming in. if the staff is working at night, they are going to suffer from certain shift - work problems. but if you can have natural lighting during the day, and the natural darkness in the evening, then when they go home, they ' ll be able to sleep. daylighting, part of a comprehensive energy strategy that benefits patients, staff, and the bottom line of today ' s hospitals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5237880055752527, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b69c676b-83f0-4ebf-80c4-736a2b892b41>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.434653"}
{"text": "racial double standards in uncle tom ' s cabin by catherine mountcastle when harriet beecher stowe published her novel uncle tom \u2019 s cabin in 1852, she gained instant notoriety. her novel helped spread the reality of the cruelties and injustices of the american slavery system nationwide and eventually across the globe. however, mrs. stowe was not without critics. shortly after the release of uncle tom \u2019 s cabin, william lloyd garrison, a famous abolitionist and founder of the liberator published a scathing review of stowe \u2019 s novel arguing that her stance on slavery was a double standard. stowe \u2019 s novel clearly does contain racial double standards ; however, this attributed to the novels popularity amid a northern white audience in the mid - nineteenth century. william lloyd garrison was a well known abolitionist. his review of stowe \u2019 s novel may have seemed shocking at the time of its publication since both he and stowe were abolitionists. however, his accusations of racial double standards throughout uncle tom \u2019 s cabin are not far fetched. one of stowe \u2019 s main criticisms throughout uncle tom \u2019 s cabin is that slavery is unjust to slaves. she finds slavery to be an evil which should be eliminated form american society. she obligates blacks to end their own enslavement. her opinion on how blacks should end their enslavement is extremely passive. she advocates that blacks should remain obedient and subservient to their masters while remaining pious and faithful to god. in the end, blacks will gain a greater freedom than the physical world has to offer them. by having faith in god and refusing to act out violently against their masters despite the hardships that they may have to endure, they will eventually be rewarded with eternal salvation. stowe embodies these ideas in the character of tom. throughout stowe \u2019 s novel, tom places his faith in the lord an accepts his fate no matter what happens. an excellent example of tom \u2019 s unrelenting faith in the lord and his refusal to act out violently against his master is his struggle with simon legree. legree is an evil man and an extremely cruel master. however, no matter what he is threatened with tom never physically fights back against legree. this is demonstrated in uncle tom \u2019 s cabin prior to tom \u2019 s first beating. tom says : mas \u2019 r if you mean to kill me, kill me ; but as to raising my hand agin any one here, i shall never, - - i \u2019 ll die first! no! no!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41213262778644955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbb57f71-2d3f-42fe-8909-c14b0aaa8999>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.442300"}
{"text": "tom \u2019 s first beating. tom says : mas \u2019 r if you mean to kill me, kill me ; but as to raising my hand agin any one here, i shall never, - - i \u2019 ll die first! no! no! no! my soul an \u2019 t yours, mas \u2019 r! ye can \u2019 t buy it! it \u2019 s been bought and paid for, by one that is able to keep it ; - - no matter, no matter, you can \u2019 t harm me! ( stowe 508 ). these statements by tom are a clear demonstration of stowe \u2019 s beliefs, which are expressed throughout the novel. tom is defiant against legree, but it is for the safety of another individual, another one of god \u2019 s creatures. he never raises a hand in opposition to legree, nor does he resist when legree sends him to be whipped as punishment for his defiance. instead, tom boldly states his faith in the lord, proclaiming that legree may physically take his life, but he will never be able to own tom \u2019 s soul because his soul belongs to the lord. garrison views stowe \u2019 s beliefs as a racial double standard. he states his opinion at he very beginning of his review of the novel when he writes, \u201c we are curious to know whether mrs. stowe is a believer in the duty of non - resistance for the white man, under all possible outrage and peril as well as for the black man \u201d ( garrison ). in other words, if white people were to be enslaved and treated under the same conditions which black people were in the mid - nineteenth century, would stowe still advocate non - violence and piety as a solution to the problem? he then continues by pointing out that the reason he believes she advocates nonviolence, obedience and piety by slaves are because they are black. i agree with garrisons accusation. i think stowe \u2019 s beliefs stem primarily from her lack of first hand interaction with southern black slaves. she portrays her characters through the beliefs of a romantic racialist. stowe writes, \u201c the negro, it must be remembered, is an exotic of the most gorgeous and superb countries of the world, and he has, deep in heart a passion for all that is splendid, rich and fanciful \u201d ( stowe 253 ). this depiction of \u201c the negro \u201d is a perfect demonstration of stowe \u2019 s use of romantic racialism. she is making a generalization about an entire race. she views black people with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819177321402156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbb57f71-2d3f-42fe-8909-c14b0aaa8999>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.443283"}
{"text": ", rich and fanciful \u201d ( stowe 253 ). this depiction of \u201c the negro \u201d is a perfect demonstration of stowe \u2019 s use of romantic racialism. she is making a generalization about an entire race. she views black people with the same stereotypes as most mid - nineteenth century white americans did. what makes a black person different from a white person other than the color of their skin? it is easy to answer that question from a twenty - first century viewpoint. the answer is nothing. there is no difference between a black person and a white person except for the outside skin color. we are all human which means that blacks have the same mental capacity, same emotions same everything. however, in the ante - bellum time period the answer to the above question was much more difficult, because people truly believed that blacks were different from whites not only physically, but that they were inferior in intellect, morals, and maturity. i think that because stowe was a white northern woman with little one - on - one contact between herself and southern slaves, she subconsciously prescribed to general stereotypes about black people and wrote them into her characters. garrison not only highlights that stowe \u2019 s romantic racial beliefs \u201c is everywhere taken for granted, because the victims are black \u201d ( garrison ), but he also argues against her religious stance when he asks : is there one law of submission and non - resistance for the black man, and another law of rebellion and conflict for the white man? when it is the whites who are trodden in the dust, does christ justify them in taking up arms to vindicate their rights? and when it is blacks who are thus threatened, does christ require them to be patient, harmless, long - suffering, and forgiving? and are there two christs? ( garrison ) garrison is addressing a main conflict which is present in uncle tom \u2019 s cabin. if god / christ are supposed to be just and fair, how can they make one group of people \u201d superior \u201d to another? this issue is clearly addressed in uncle tom \u2019 s cabin when marie st. clare is waiting for tom to prepare the horses in order attend church. during this scene in the novel, stowe delves into mrs. st. clares thoughts and shares them with her audience. she writes : perhaps as god chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor africa in the furnace of affection to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, then every other kingdom has been tried, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097124898839513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbb57f71-2d3f-42fe-8909-c14b0aaa8999>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.444374"}
{"text": "writes : perhaps as god chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor africa in the furnace of affection to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, then every other kingdom has been tried, and failed ; for the first shall be the last and the last first ( stowe 275 ). marie is rationalizing the fate of slaves by pondering whether or not god had a greater purpose for them. religion is a conflicting struggle throughout the novel as certain characters embrace it and other characters reject it. garrison brings up the issue of religion in uncle tom \u2019 s cabin because it seems hypocritical to say that slaves must behave and worship the lord when in return for their piety they are beaten. however, it is okay for white people to beat a fellow human being, because they are white and the other is black. how can god allow that? i think it is very interesting how garrison places religion and violence together in his statement. it is very fitting when you apply it to the american revolution. it was okay for us as white colonialists to fight against the british monarchy for our independence and for our religious freedom. however, stowe seems to think that it is not okay for blacks to fight against whites in order to gain their independence and religious freedom. this is extremely hypocritical. while i do agree with garrison \u2019 s arguments that uncle tom \u2019 s cabin is based on racial double standards, i think stowe was very meticulous in how she presented her concepts to her white northern audience. in order for stowe to get her message out to people, she had to create a novel that people would want to read. to do this, she had to make the issue of slavery palatable to her readers. stowe had to prescribe to romantically racial concepts in order to not offend her audience. stowes use of romantic radicalism worked. her novel became a success across the world. however, the usage of romantic racialism in turn created racial double standards throughout the novel. william lloyd garrison \u2019 s complaint of racial double standards in uncle tom \u2019 s cabin is a valid argument. i agree that mrs. harriet beecher stowe upholds a different set of morals for white people as compared to black people. however, i believe that this dichotomy of values for blacks versus whites is a result of the author \u2019 s desire to appeal to an audience in order to have her opinions voiced to the public and make them aware of the cruel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48103327934744977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbb57f71-2d3f-42fe-8909-c14b0aaa8999>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.445560"}
{"text": "helping teachers improve math and science achievement according to the teaching commission ' s report teaching at risk : a call to action, the u. s. job market is so scientifically and technologically based that math and science knowledge is critical for the health of our economy. 17 while science and technology advance at lightning speed, stagnant math and science performance in schools shortchanges our students ' future and endangers our prosperity and our nation ' s security. improving math and science instruction around the nation no child left behind supports the belief that developing teachers ' knowledge and skills in math and science will contribute substantially to the goal of improving student learning, and that students will perform better on assessments of math and science if their teachers have in - depth knowledge of the subjects they teach. in the united states, the professional preparation programs for many teachers at the elementary, middle school and high school levels include very little math and science. only 43 percent of middle school students take science from teachers who have a major in science and are certified to teach science. 18 no child left behind requires that federal funds go only to those programs that are backed by evidence of their effectiveness. over the last decade, researchers have scientifically proven the best ways to teach reading. we must do the same in math. we must work toward using research - based teaching methods. how well did students perform in 2003? 19 the figures to the right show that 32 percent of fourth - graders and 29 percent of eight - graders performed at or above the proficient level in 2003. the percentages of students performing at or above basic in 2003 were 77 percent at grade 4 and 68 percent at grade 8. note : detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. source : u. s. department of education, institute of education sciences, national center for education statistics, national assessment of educational progress ( naep ), 2003 mathematics assessment. no child left behind creates math and science partnerships to rally every sector of society to work with schools to increase math and science excellence the mathematics and science partnership ( msp ) program is the signature program for improving math and science education in no child left behind. this program provides funding to every state in the nation on a formula - grant basis to support high - quality professional development for math and science teachers. each state is required to conduct a competitive grant program to support projects that are partnerships among science, engineering, and mathematics, and other high - tech departments at institutions of higher education, high - need school districts, and other interested organizations, with the purpose of enhancing the content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5108067889250861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77c55d7b-87eb-4f46-838e-c2999beba5b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.448898"}
{"text": "bob henson | july 2, 2012 \u2022 with a ferocity to match the record heat it displaced, a thunderstorm complex raced from illinois to the delaware coast in a mere 12 hours on friday evening, june 29. it knocked down countless trees and power lines, with wind gusts topping 80 miles per hour in many spots. it threw millions of people into turmoil, with air conditioners, computers, and phones out for days. and it brought to light a weather word du jour with an obscure but intriguing history. this storm complex was a derecho ( pronounced deh - rey - cho ). it \u2019 s a phenomenon too infrequent to be familiar, but too dangerous to be ignored. a derecho is akin to the gust fronts we commonly experience when a thunderstorm arrives, except it plays out in far more spectacular fashion. while the high winds of a tornado or hurricane spin around powerful, circular updrafts, a derecho \u2019 s wind consists of rain - cooled air that descends and plows into very warm, unstable air. most such downbursts only span a few miles and last a few minutes, but sometimes the atmosphere is primed for this process to intensify in a repetitive fashion. in that case, the winds generate new thunderstorm updrafts as they push forward, and in turn, this creates more rain - fueled downdrafts. if there \u2019 s a brisk jet stream adding momentum to the successive downdrafts, then a derecho can race forward at interstate speeds along a track that \u2019 s almost bullet - straight, often traversing several states in a single day or night. most parts of the united states east of the rockies experience a derecho about every year or two. they \u2019 re typically strongest and most common in two areas : the corn belt of the midwest ( where the june 29 event began ) and the ozark mountain region, centered on southwest missouri and northwest arkansas. derechos favor the months of may, june, and july, when rain - cooled downdrafts can slam into extremely warm, moist air. that was certainly the case this time, as much of the ohio valley and mid - atlantic were experiencing one of the hottest early - summer days in their weather history. the derecho lashed the washington area just hours after reagan national airport hit 104\u00b0f, which was two degrees above the city \u2019 s previous june record. while they don \u2019 t hold a candle to the worst tornadoes, derechos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4671689856856665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72904d0e-c03d-4a42-8d98-faa5ff0c59a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.458640"}
{"text": "history. the derecho lashed the washington area just hours after reagan national airport hit 104\u00b0f, which was two degrees above the city \u2019 s previous june record. while they don \u2019 t hold a candle to the worst tornadoes, derechos can easily inflict damage comparable to an ef1 twister on the enhanced fujita scale, and their havoc is wreaked over a much larger area. in many parts of the central or eastern u. s., a wind gust of 100 mph ( 161 kph ) is more likely to come from a derecho than a tornado. virginia governor bob mcdonnell said the june 29 damage was his state \u2019 s most extensive for any single weather event outside of a hurricane. the derecho \u2019 s name helps illuminate the meteorology behind it. in spanish, derecho has several meanings, including \u201c straight. \u201d the word was plucked by iowa scientist gustavo hinrichs in 1883 to describe a type of thunderstorm - related wind he dubbed \u201c the straight blow of the prairies. \u201d he may well have intended a direct contrast to tornadoes, whose spanish root tornar means \u201c to turn. \u201d hinrichs discussed derechos in an 1888 article for the now - defunct american meteorological journal, accurately describing several aspects of the phenomenon based on an iowa example. but after shifts in u. s. meteorology put a damper on severe weather research, the term languished in the meteorological dustbin for nearly a century, until it was revived in a 1987 paper by robert johns and william hirt. ( here \u2019 s an essay ( pdf ) by johns on the origin and use of the term. ) after that, the term quickly caught on among meteorologists, although it \u2019 s only now entering more general use \u2014 a trend that might accelerate with coverage of the june 29 event. by modern forecasting standards, the derecho in d. c. came as a relative surprise. residents did get several hours of notice that wild weather was possible, thanks to a severe thunderstorm watch. and the arrival of the derecho itself was well warned. but less than 24 hours earlier, it wasn \u2019 t obvious that such a destructive event was in the cards for the washington area. on friday morning, the new york times \u2019 national forecast called for thunderstorms from south dakota and nebraska to maine and massachusetts, with most producing little rain ; the mid - atlantic outlook focused on the heat risk. at noaa \u2019 s storm prediction center ( sp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067428000587147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72904d0e-c03d-4a42-8d98-faa5ff0c59a1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.459795"}
{"text": ", the new york times \u2019 national forecast called for thunderstorms from south dakota and nebraska to maine and massachusetts, with most producing little rain ; the mid - atlantic outlook focused on the heat risk. at noaa \u2019 s storm prediction center ( spc ), the initial severe weather outlook for june 29, issued around 2 a. m. edt, did not include maryland or virginia in its primary risk area for the day, and the odds of high wind in those states were pegged at less than 5 %. by morning, though, the signals were starting to come together in data from radiosondes ( weather balloons ) and forecasts from weather models, which increasingly pointed toward a storm complex moving from the midwest toward the appalachians. derechos seldom cross the appalachians intact, which keeps d. c. - area forecasters cautious about forecasting such a leap. indeed, a storm complex that produced 80 to 90 mph winds in chicago on sunday, 1 july, fizzled en route. but on june 29, the extreme warmth and depth of the air mass, plus energy from the jet stream, kept the derecho powerful all the way to the atlantic ocean. by 2 : 30 p. m. edt, the fast - moving storms had already produced a 91 - mph ( 147 - kph ) wind gust in indiana. spc raised the risk of damaging winds in the d. c. area and noted that \u201c the system may continue to the coast. \u201d over the last few weeks, ncar \u2019 s advanced research version of the weather research and forecasting model ( dubbed arw ) has been producing detailed forecasts twice daily, in part to support a study of thunderstorms and air chemistry in colorado, oklahoma, and arizona called dc3. these forecasts track the atmosphere at horizontal points separated by only 3 kilometers ( 1. 9 miles ), which is a sharp enough resolution to capture many aspects of a given day \u2019 s thunderstorm action. the arw outlook produced with data from 8 : 00 a. m. edt captured the genesis of the derecho across illinois and its rampage toward d. c. later that day. the model indicated a few pockets of surface wind of at least 35 meters per second ( 78 mph ) along the derecho ' s path. ( see map at left. ) given its toll of damage and disruption \u2014 possibly the largest from a derecho in u. s. history \u2014 it \u2019 s tempting to call this event a super derecho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4409539729495865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72904d0e-c03d-4a42-8d98-faa5ff0c59a1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.460712"}
{"text": "derecho ' s path. ( see map at left. ) given its toll of damage and disruption \u2014 possibly the largest from a derecho in u. s. history \u2014 it \u2019 s tempting to call this event a super derecho. in fact, a group of scientists did just that for another powerful storm not long ago. clark evans, a former ncar postdoctoral researcher now at the university of wisconsin \u2013 milwaukee, teamed with morris weisman ( ncar ) and lance bosart ( university at albany, state university of new york ) to study a stupendous event from may 8, 2009, that they dubbed a \u201c super derecho. \u201d the storm complex moved from kansas to kentucky, spinning off tornadoes and developing a vortex that resembled a hurricane \u2019 s warm central core. weisman and evans analyzed the derecho in companion talks at a 2010 meeting of the american meteorological society, and the team now has a paper in the works on the event and how it was depicted by the arw model. some aspects were predicted 24 hours in advance. how similar were the 2009 and 2012 derechos? while the 2009 event showed up in models a full day ahead, the details of the 2012 derecho didn \u2019 t begin crystallizing until a few hours before it formed. there were a number of other differences as well, including the time of day ( nighttime vs. daytime ), geographic location ( central plains vs. ohio valley and mid - atlantic ), tornadic activity ( there was little to none with the 2012 event ), and the presence of an intense vortex with the 2009 derecho. \u201c though they both were high - end events responsible for significant damage and are part of the same archetype of meteorological phenomena, the two cases had many aspects that were quite different, \u201d says evans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4875366312775364, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72904d0e-c03d-4a42-8d98-faa5ff0c59a1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.461510"}
{"text": "hampshire is set to be at the forefront of energy research in the uk by taking part in an innovative project that uses fuel - producing algae to power a new type of energy plant. hampshire county council is taking part in the launch at the kent science park in sittingbourne on 19 october of ' ecotec 21 ', an anglo - french consortium set up to study combined heat and power ( chp ) technology. the launch will announce collaboration on chp development, bringing together uk and french universities, research institutions, government - funded organisations, energy and facility managers, designers and architects. combined heat and power technology captures the by - product heat created by power plants and uses it for heating or hot water. ecotec 21, co - funded by ' interreg iv a ' under the european cross - border cooperation programme and 50 % match funded by hampshire county council, is a new project that will investigate the potential for chp to reduce heating costs in buildings. the project will look at three experimental biomass power plants, one of which will be built by the university of greenwich. the greenwich plant will investigate how glycerol can be used in a chp engine and will eventually provide some of the heating for the university campus. some algae produce glycerol as a protective by - product when they are kept in very salty water. the glycerol is then harvested for use in the chp engine. glycerol has many advantages over other biomass materials as it is water - soluble, bio - degradable, non - odorous, non - volatile, non - toxic and produces virtually no combustion particulates. councillor mel kendal, executive member for environment and transport said : \" because they capture the waste heat that normally goes into the atmosphere, chp plants can reach efficiencies of over 80 % compared with about 50 % efficiency for conventional gas turbines or even less for coal - fired plants. this is an exciting chance to help hampshire reduce its carbon footprint. \" with this ' interreg iv a ' funding, we can create our own in - house chp technical ' know - how ' which will benefit hampshire ' s residents and enable us to investigate other energy - efficient processes. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.569254394500839, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da8be3f2-6d0f-4b12-9ddf-1cf4ad840e49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.463767"}
{"text": "the presidential election of 1800 effectively relegated the federalist party, including hamilton, to political and popular irrelevance. jefferson, the \" sage of monticello, \" had risen to the nation ' s highest office and, despite the near - hysterical warnings of federalists against anarchy and \" jacobinism, \" went on to preside over an unprecedented era of peace and prosperity. the country had entered a new century and had never seemed on such sure footing. in this climate, hamilton soon retired from the political sphere to pursue his private new york law practice. during the election, the federalists, with hamilton leading the charge, had contributed to their own downfall by embroiling themselves in ugly internecine disputes ( which ultimately would result in hamilton ' s duel with burr ). hamilton made known his low opinion of president adams, who, against hamilton ' s strongest wishes, was pursuing a policy of peace with france. on a personal level, hamilton considered the president an unstable, jealous, vacilliating man prone to unseemly outbursts of temper. hamilton ' s plan for the election was to maneuver federalist electors into choosing charles pinckney, a south carolina congressman, and leaving adams to be content with the vice - presidential spot on the ticket. entering into hamilton ' s preference, no doubt, was the fact that pinckney had demonstrated a greater susceptibility to hamilton ' s personal influence than had adams. in october, 1800, in response to a charge by adams that he led a faction of \" british partisans, \" hamilton distributed to federalist leaders his letter from alexander hamilton concerning the public conduct and character of john adams. here, he presented a variety of dubious evidence purporting to show the president ' s \" disgusting egotism, \" \" ungovernable indiscretion, \" and so on. rather than swaying opinion against adams ( the letter, after all, conceded the president ' s patriotism and talent ), hamilton ' s move redounded to his own discredit. moderate federalists rallied behind adams, and even noah webster, a erstwhile admirer of hamilton ' s, was inspired to write, \" your ambition, pride and overbearing temper have destined you to be the evil genius of the country! \" in contrast to such divisive intraparty politics, the republicans put forth jefferson and aaron burr with relativley little fuss. as the election approached and the federalists saw the writing on the wall, some of them began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4073292518646088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.477714"}
{"text": "country! \" in contrast to such divisive intraparty politics, the republicans put forth jefferson and aaron burr with relativley little fuss. as the election approached and the federalists saw the writing on the wall, some of them began to support burr over jefferson, whom they still regarded as embodying the worst kind of dreamy, agrarian populism. but hamilton, partly out of personal dislike for burr and partly out of a desire to keep his party from forming an alliance with any republican, swallowed his pride and endorsed jefferson. if jefferson won, he reasoned, the federalists would be able to survive as a party by concentrating their fire on their traditional bete noire, rather than being absorbed into a more sympathetic burr administration. as it turned out, his reasoning was off the mark. when jefferson, in his inaugural address, declared that \" we are all republicans, we are all federalists, \" he signalled not only a conciliatory attitude, but the undermining of the federalists that hamilton feared. the jefferson administration effectively appropriated key aspects of the federalist platform, and left the federalists little room in which to form a relevant opposition ideology. once in office, jefferson proved to be a pragmatist who could appreciate the benefits of an energetic central government. he also seemed to have matured in his view of the executive office, saying in 1810 that the people were \" looking to the executive to give the proper direction to their affairs, with a confidence as auspicious as it is well founded. \" even more significantly, since jefferson recognized the infeasibility of reversing the hamiltonian financial system, his administration simply began to use it effectively. the bank of the united states survived and even thrived, the adminisration aided individual banks with government funds, and business went on much as it had before. politically, jefferson made the smart decision to repeal the excise tax, depriving the government of some funds, but winning public favor in the process. hamilton found himself in the unenviable position of supporting the widely unpopular tax. as the country surged into the new century and as public support for jefferson steadily mounted, the federalists were reduced to harping upon increasingly unpersuasive themes : the rise of demagoguery in the form of a jacobite regime, the dismantling of republican government, the growing threat to virtue and property. the opposition task was a dreary and not very effective one, and many federalists retired from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47166190220882875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.479194"}
{"text": "rise of demagoguery in the form of a jacobite regime, the dismantling of republican government, the growing threat to virtue and property. the opposition task was a dreary and not very effective one, and many federalists retired from politics altogether. hamilton himself, becoming further separated from the mainstream of public opinion and further isolated in his stale critique of jeffersonianism, returned to his law practice in the fall of 1801. in an 1802 letter to his friend and political ally james bayard, a representative from delaware, hamilton spelled out some of the reasons he thought underlay the federalists ' decline. the letter suggests that the republicans ' appeals to reason and enlightened sensibility were self - serving appeals to vanity that would also trump the federalists ' sober emphasis on principle. hamilton wrote : \" unluckily... for us, in the competition of the passions of the people, our opponents have great advantages over us ; for the plain reason that the vicious are far more active than the good passions ; and that, to win the former to our side, we must renounce our principles and our objects, and united in corrupting public opinion till it becomes fit for nothing but mischief. yet, unless we can contrive to take hold of, and carry along with us some strong feelings of the mind, we shall in vain calculate upon any substantial or durable results. \" hamilton ' s diagnosis, while biased, was largely correct, but the federalists were unable to enact a cure. the image of jefferson remained unassailable during the decades leading up the civil war. in the election of 1828, for instance, both the national republicans, under henry clay, and the jacksonian democrats invoked jefferson ' s memory as the banner under which their respective parties marched. jackson, in his gruff populism, was a natural heir to the jeffersonian legacy. the name of hamilton was on few people ' s lips as jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank of the united states and the maysville road bill, both of which represented the increasingly discredited hamiltonian centralism. a number of historians, however, recognized the implications of the country ' s adoration for jefferson : while northern abolitionists seized upon the declaration of independence for their denunciations of slavery, southerners insisted upon jefferson ' s doctrine of states ' rights to resist any interference in their \" peculiar institution. \" thirty - two years after jackson ' s election, the country would be plunged into a violent resolution of this conflict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43474072075671794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.480209"}
{"text": "jersesy, a town which hamilton had founded. significantly, the restoration of hamilton ' s image took place primarily on the plane of academic history. it is important to note that many of the new scholarly histories published during this time were written by new england historians steeped in federalist tradition, who tended to see hamilton as vindicated by the course of american history. the major works included george bancroft ' s history of the united states ( 1834 - 1874 ), john bach mcmaster ' s the history of the united states ( 1883 - 1913 ), and henry adams ' s history of the united states... 1801 - 1817. hamilton ' s son, john c. hamilton, also got into the act with a tome entitled history of the republic of the united states, which argued that the civil war could have been avoided altogether, if only the country had more closely followed the elder hamilton ' s policies. the language of these books, to a modern reader, can seem shockingly biased. mcmaster, for instance, portrayed jefferson as a man \" saturated with democracy in its rankest form \" who \" remained to the last day of his life a servile worshipper of the people. \" on the other hand, wrote mcmaster, \" of all men who, in the judgement of posterity, are ranked high among the founders of the republic... by far the most brilliant and versatile was hamilton. \" beside the histories, a number of biographies and other writings sympathetic to hamilton also appeared during the post - bellum years and gilded age. gertrude atherton, in her romantic novel the conqueror ( 1902 ), wrote that hamilton with his \" inherent philosophy, \" pursued \" measures in whose wisdom he implicitly believed, and which, in every instance, time has vindicated. \" similarly, herbert croly, the future founder of the new republic, put a distinctly positive spin on hamiltonianism when he wrote in the promise of american life ( 1909 ) that it \" implied a conscious and indefatigable attempt on the part of the national leaders to promote the national welfare. \" the momentum of the civil war in the resurrection of hamilton ' s image lasted, with natural variations of intensity, all the way through the 1920s. in 1923, president harding and secretary of the treasury andrew mellon dedicated a statue of hamilton placed in fron of the treasury building, where it stands to this day. the next year saw a successful movement to save hamilton ' s manhattan residence, the grange, which had been steadily deteriorating. later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43760403725338115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.482365"}
{"text": "the treasury andrew mellon dedicated a statue of hamilton placed in fron of the treasury building, where it stands to this day. the next year saw a successful movement to save hamilton ' s manhattan residence, the grange, which had been steadily deteriorating. later in the decade, president coolidge invoked hamilton to praise mellon, who had managed america ' s financical system with \" a genius and success unmatched since hamilton. \" in retrospect, the praise smacks of irony. the year 1929 would see both the crash of the american economy and the corresponding decline in hamilton ' s image - - a decline that has never been significantly reversed. at first glance, one might expect that the great depression would have elevated hamilton ' s standing in the public consciousness. after all, the new deal involved the greatest expansion of federal power that the country had seen, and the vast majority of americans supported its programs. james m. beck, in a speech to congress in 1934, declared that the roosevelt administration \" is realizing beyond any dream of alexander hamilton his ideas as to the nature of our government and what its desired form should be. \" yet hamilton ' s star faded precipitously during the 1930s, and here we return to the proposition that administrative successes matter much less than emotional populism in the realm of public opinion. the economic foresight and efficiency of hamilton ' s policies, their direct relevance to the new deal, did not change the popular conception of him as an aristocrat unsympathetic to the plight of the \" little guy. \" franklin roosevelt, campaigning in 1932, sounded the theme that stirred many americans ' souls during the 1930s, a theme distinctly non - hamiltonian in character. invoking the early struggle between jefferson and hamilton, roosevelt referred to a \" a new day \" in the nation, \" the day of the individual against the system, the day in which individualism was made the great watchword of american life. \" this formula clearly favored jefferson ' s rhetorical emphasis on personal liberty and individual virtue over hamilton ' s efforts to construct a potent system of governmental control. although political groups ranging from the communists to the republicans continued to employ jefferson ' s image, roosevelt and the democrats did so most successfully. they presented roosevelt as a champion of the common man in the true jeffersonian tradition. hamilton, on the other hand, was the man who had warned against the potentially dangerous nature of human ambition, and argued that government must be vigilant against the excesses of human nature. in 1943, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4633678805390749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.483621"}
{"text": "in the true jeffersonian tradition. hamilton, on the other hand, was the man who had warned against the potentially dangerous nature of human ambition, and argued that government must be vigilant against the excesses of human nature. in 1943, a play by sydney kingsley pitted caricatures of jefferson and hamilton against each other. the fictional hamilton boasts, \" and when you stir up the mobs, remember - - we who really own america are quite prepared to take it back for ourselves, from your great beast, ' the people '. \" the portrait of hamilton that kingsley drew is not entirely deserved, but not entirely off - the - mark, either, and it captured a persistent image of him as a calculating patrician out to protect the interests of wealthy americans. several developments give a sense of how far hamilton had fallen. the hamilton club of chicago went bankrupt. the anniversary of hamilton ' s birth went unobserved, even at the site of his tomb in manhattan ' s trinity church. hamilton grange in manhattan sunk into decrepitude and obscurity. nonetheless, a collection of scholars and conservative republicans still carried the hamiltonian torch and argued that his vision was what had provided the ship of state sufficient ballast to carry it through the turmoil of not only the civil war but of the early twentieth century as well. broadus mitchell, a professor of economics at johns hopkins, and two columbia economists, joseph dorfman and rexford tugwell, all sought to disentangle hamilton ' s reputation from a speciously dichotomous relationship with jefferon ' s. they sought to do justice to both men ' s lives. mitchell, for example, wrote in heritage from hamilton that \" the federalists, pitching their case on the need for order and control, were correct at the outset. they were pragmatic and serviceable in the first formative period. \" a dispirited hamiltonian revival occurred in 1957, the bicentennial of his birth, but it consisted mainly of another round of academic biographies. there was no memorial erected. a national bicentennial commission tried to whip up interest in hamilton by sending out letters to various publications, libraries, radio stations and such, but garnered little more than statements of support from a variety of organizations including the american bar association, the american dental association and the loyal order of the moose. a signal of the dispassion that hamilton aroused came in a 1956 commemorative speech, in which president eisenhower gave flaccid acknowledgement to hamilton ' s \" sincere efforts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47196721763625993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.485300"}
{"text": "association, the american dental association and the loyal order of the moose. a signal of the dispassion that hamilton aroused came in a 1956 commemorative speech, in which president eisenhower gave flaccid acknowledgement to hamilton ' s \" sincere efforts and inspiring leadership in the work of the men who laid the foundations, raised the structure, and built the sustaining traditions of the government of the united states. \" the last two decades of the 20th century appear unlikely to herald any sort of renewal of interest in or respect for hamilton. a resonant, even dominant theme, of modern political debate was sounded by ronald reagan when he vowed to \" get the government off the backs of the people. \" the expansion during the 1960s of liberal programs in the spirit of the 1930s appears to be screeching to a half. everyone, including the leadership of the democratic party, agrees on the necessity of \" downsizing \" government in the 1990s. if this situation indicates on one hand that the united states realized or even surpassed hamilton ' s vision of a strong federal government, it suggests on the other that many americans now want to move in the opposite direction. the concept of states ' rights is heard more and more often. the image of a \" bloated federal bureaucracy \" represents a bugbear which everyone recognizes. few people invoke hamilton ' s name in praise, if at all. while visual images of jefferson and washington have become nearly ubiquitous, most people would be hard pressed to identify without help the portrait of hamilton that hangs in the capitol building.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475974442196468, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:642a3098-62ba-4931-bfab-ccc5b7fc9f03>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.485987"}
{"text": "india \u2019 s central statistics office has published their energy statistics 2012 document, a provisional assessment of the state of play for the country. it \u2019 s interesting, to say the least. they lead off with an energy map of nuclear power generation \u2013 and india has 52 plants with 6, 780 mw capacity either up and running or under construction. nuclear power capacity grew 4. 8 % in 2011. when the report covers renewable energy \u2013 wind and solar \u2013 it concentrates on potential, referring to an estimated wind power potential of 49132 mw ( 55 % ), shp ( small - hydro power ) potential of 15, 385 mw ( 17 % ), biomass power potential of 17, 538 mw ( 20 % ) and 5000 mw ( 6 % ) from bagasse - based cogeneration in sugar mills. that \u2019 s because actual renewable production is fairly low. india is 10th in the world for solar, but it amounts to about 600 mw installed last year. when it comes to current capacity, \u201c the total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power, which was 16817 mw as on 31. 03. 2010 had gone up to 19971 mw as on 31. 03. 2011 indicating growth of 18. 75 % during the period. out of the total installed generation capacity of renewable power as on 31 - 03 - 2011, wind power accounted for about 71 %, followed by small hydro power ( 15. 2 % ) and biomass power ( 13. 3 % ). for electricity generation, the report says, \u201c the total installed capacity for electricity generation in the country has increased from 16, 271 mw as on 31. 03. 1971 to 206, 526 mw as on 31. 03. 2011, registering a compound annual growth rate ( cagr ) of 6. 4 %. there has been an increase in generating capacity of 18654 mw over the last one year, which is 10 % more than the capacity of last year. \u201d ( my bold. ) the sad tale of the tape is next \u2013 india dreams of nuclear and renewables, but their feet are firmly planted in coal. \u201c at the end of march 2011, thermal power plants accounted for an overwhelming 64 % of the total installed capacity in the country, with an installed capacity of 131. 2 thousand mw. hydro power plants come next with an installed capacity of 37. 6 thousand mw, accounting for 18. 2 % of the total installed capacity. besides, non - utilities accounted for 15. 9 % ( 32. 9 thousand mw ) of the total installed generation capacity. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4944257117001543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:870abf9c-3ff2-4c70-8af6-b0c510ba7724>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.491372"}
{"text": "next with an installed capacity of 37. 6 thousand mw, accounting for 18. 2 % of the total installed capacity. besides, non - utilities accounted for 15. 9 % ( 32. 9 thousand mw ) of the total installed generation capacity. the share of nuclear energy was only 2. 31 % ( 4. 78 mw ). \u201d what the report didn \u2019 t cover india is the 5th largest energy consumer in the world and its people wish mightily that it ranked higher. their energy consumption in 2009 was 21. 7 quads, not nearly enough for their huge ( and growing ) population. their per capita energy consumption is on a par with swaziland. india imports about 75 % of its oil. in fact, one - third of all india \u2019 s imports consist of oil. that is expected to rise to 80 %, as energy consumption rises. india \u2019 s need to import gas is not as bad, but it is also rising \u2013 from 25 % of their needs to half by 2015, according to the financial times. oh \u2013 by the way. that link to india importing 75 % of its oil? the title of the article is \u201c india \u2019 s energy consumption set to double by 2031. \u201d so i \u2019 m not the only one \u2026 and coal? readers will remember that i am concerned about coal powering the rise of the developing world. well, india has a lot of coal to burn \u2013 \u201d coal production in the country during the year 2010 - 11 was 533 million tonnes ( mts ) as compared to 532 mts during 2009 - 10, registering a growth of 0. 12 %. considering the trend of production from 1970 - 71 to 2010 - 11, it is observed that coal production in india was about 73 mts during 1970 - 71, which increased to 533 mts during 2010 - 11, with a cagr of 5 %. \u201d and india has more where that came from \u2013 \u201d india has a good reserve of coal and lignite. as on 31. 03. 11 the estimated reserves of coal was around 286 billion tones, an addition of 9 billion over the last year, \u201d according to india \u2019 s energy statistics 2012. their reserves actually grew 3 %, primarily because india \u2019 s bureaucracy and corruption make it very hard to get coal out of the ground. but that \u2019 s okay, i guess. because india \u2019 s imports of coal grew by 31 % this year \u2026 and just to cheer you all up, \u201c india \u2019 s coal imports are likely to touch a who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44668401445745526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:870abf9c-3ff2-4c70-8af6-b0c510ba7724>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.492356"}
{"text": "lesson 2 : the pieces shogi is played with 8 types of pieces. each player gets 20 pieces, for a total of 40 pieces in the game. like xiangqi ( chinese chess ), shogi pieces are flat with their names written on them in chinese characters. each player gets the following pieces : 2 silver generals 2 gold generals?? ( fuhyou ) \u2013 foot soldier the pawn moves one square forwards, and captures the same way. it cannot move any other way under any circumstances, and there is no capturing en passant?? ( kyousha ) \u2013 incense chariot the lance moves any amount of squares forward, and must stop when it reaches the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or when it captures a piece.?? ( keima ) \u2013 cassia horse the knight can move to the square 2 squares forward and one square to the side, like the chess knight, but it can only move forwards. it can also leap over other pieces.?? ( ginshou ) \u2013 silver general the silver general can move one square diagonally in any direction and one square forwards.?? ( kinshou ) \u2013 gold general a gold general can move to any adjacent square except diagonally backwards.?? ( kakugyou ) \u2013 angle mover the bishop can move any amount of squares diagonally until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece.?? ( hisha ) \u2013 flying chariot the rook can move any amount of squares forwards, backwards, and sideways until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece.?? ( oushou ) \u2013 king general?? ( gyokushou ) \u2013 jewel general the king can move to any adjacent square. the difference between the king general and the jewel general is that the superior uses the king general and the inferior player uses the jewel general. examples of this are when a title holder plays against the challenger in a professional title match, a higher ranked player plays a lower ranked player in a tournament, a father plays his son, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49653253268457626, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a990e68-e6e6-47dc-9584-61c765c17dba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.494625"}
{"text": "a history of innovation, a path to the future march 1994 visual c + + strategy the microsoft visual c + + development system family of products meets the need of developers to develop sophisticated windows - based applications quickly. it also protects existing investments in the microsoft foundation class library ( mfc ) and the windows api and establishes a clear path to developing 32 - bit applications for windows that run on multiple software and hardware platforms. with the visual c + + development system family of products, microsoft \u2019 s strategy is to provide the shortest path for developers to access the full power of windows, the smallest and fastest executables, and the safest investment for the future. these fundamental principles have guided the development of visual c + + and will continue to do so in the future. in order to deliver on these promises, we have chosen to focus our development efforts as follows : c + + is the language we will focus on for the long term. we will implement new features in the language as standards emerge. however, in order to reduce the complexity that c + + brings with its power, we will implement a subset of the language in our class library and minimise the work involved in creating windows - based applications in c + +. we believe that the greatest gains in productivity can be achieved through the use of a well - written class library. a key element of visual c + + is the mfc architecture, which not only provides the fundamentals for developing windows - based applications but also provides significant amounts of reusable code that developers can use in their applications. in addition, we have designed the visual c + + development environment so that developers can easily exploit the full power of mfc. improvements in the development environment and build throughput provide the next level of productivity gains. visual programming tools, integration and task orientation are the key areas of focus for achieving this objective with visual c + +. microsoft continues to lead the industry in c and c + + optimisations to help create the smallest and fastest executables possible. we have tuned mfc so that developers incur very little overhead in developing applications using c + + and mfc compared to using c and the windows sdk. tools are provided for all the platforms supported by the windows family. mfc and the tool set support all the latest features of the windows operating system so that developers can take advantage of these features in their applications. it is essential to preserve customers \u2019 knowledge base and their investments in code into the future. for that reason, the mfc architecture is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4976271437492996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.518075"}
{"text": "support all the latest features of the windows operating system so that developers can take advantage of these features in their applications. it is essential to preserve customers \u2019 knowledge base and their investments in code into the future. for that reason, the mfc architecture is built around the windows api to utilise existing knowledge. existing applications based on c and the windows api can be migrated to c + + and mfc. once developers invest in mfc, their investment is completely protected from version to version and platform to platform. visual c + + 1. 0 : the move to c + + research into developer needs defined the major design goals of microsoft visual c + + 1. 0. research showed that while 70 % of developers wanted to move to c + +, only 15 % were actually using it because of the difficulty in learning and using the language. furthermore, developers didn \u2019 t want to learn an entirely new api or throw away their existing source code. thus visual c + + was created to provide the shortest path to c + + programs for windows. to ease migration to c + +, microsoft introduced the innovative wizard technology along with a new, more powerful version of mfc. mfc version 2. 0 included and application architecture and features that further simplified application development, while providing full backward compatibility with version 1. 0. wizards were added to make it easier to exploit the full power of mfc. wizards make it possible to generate fully featured applications for windows without writing thousands of lines of tedious implementation code. an integrated editor, compiler, debugger and source browser make the edit - build - debug cycle as short as possible. an integrated visual resource editor makes it possible to develop user interfaces rapidly. in addition, visual c + + 1. 0 continued to focus on providing the smallest and fastest executables of any commercially available compiler. because it combined industry - leading performance with breakthroughs in ease of use, visual c + + 1. 0 became the shortest path to developing c + + applications for windows. microsoft foundation classes mfc 1. 0 was first introduced in 1992 with microsoft + 7. 0. mfc 2. 0 in visual c + + 1. 0 followed in february 1993. mfc 2. 0 built on the windows - specific foundation established in 1992 by adding sophisticated architectural elements such as document / view architecture, high - level application - specific features such as mdi support, tool bars, status bars, true device - independent output including print preview, and object linking and embedding ( ole )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4746865899636482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.519523"}
{"text": "by adding sophisticated architectural elements such as document / view architecture, high - level application - specific features such as mdi support, tool bars, status bars, true device - independent output including print preview, and object linking and embedding ( ole ) support. in short, designing mfc to handle the standard interface chores and platform issues eliminated much of the tedious details facing c + + application developers. most importantly, mfc 1. 0 was upward - compatible with mfc 2. 0. mfc 1. 0 programs merely had to be recompiled to gain all of the new benefits of mfc 2. 0. investments in code were preserved without sacrificing innovation. to ensure compatibility, we implemented mfc 1. 0 and mfc 2. 0 using a practical subset of c + + that exploited the language \u2019 s strengths without relying on unusual or compiler - specific features. as a result, the framework is portable between different vendors \u2019 tools and compilers. mfc was written to solve real application problems of professional developers. it is tuned for both speed and size, to produce professional, industrial - strength c + + code for windows with copious diagnostic support. mfc has been licensed to other leading c + + tools vendors including blue sky, metaware, symantic and watcom, affirming it as the premier c + + application framework for windows. now, with version 2. 5, mfc demonstrates its leadership by adding support for ole version 2. 0 and open database connectivity ( odbc ) while maintaining source - code compatibility with mfc 2. 0. the mfc library has been available for the win32 api since august 1993 and later versions will soon support other platforms, further demonstrating its portability. a year after visual c + + 1. 0 was released, 81 % of developers are using c + +, with 30 % already having completed several c + + projects. visual c + + and mfc have helped make the move to c + + a reality. microsoft visual c + + 1. 0, 32 - bit edition : the move to 32 - bits because developers needed tools to create 32 - bit applications for windows, in august 1993 microsoft introduced visual c + +, 32 - bit edition. this was the first integrated 32 - bit development environment for professional c + + programmers for windows that was hosted on the windows nt operating system and that targeted both windows ( via the win32s api ) and windows nt ( via win32 ). to ease developers \u2019 learning curves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4289985133352979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.520917"}
{"text": "32 - bit development environment for professional c + + programmers for windows that was hosted on the windows nt operating system and that targeted both windows ( via the win32s api ) and windows nt ( via win32 ). to ease developers \u2019 learning curves, this product has the same tool set and class library as visual c + + 1. 0, but on 32 bits. it is the safest investment in c + + development tools because it provides an easy migration path from previous 16 - bit microsoft c + + products. mfc applications need only be recompiled to become fully functional 32 - bit windows - based applications. because developers can write applications from a single source - code base that will run on windows 3. 1 and windows nt, the 32 - bit edition increases their productivity and allows them to take advantage of the performance benefits of 32 - bit programming on both platforms. windows nt is the host for the 32 - bit compiler because it is the most robust development platform choice. in addition, the true 32 - bit platform enables the development of powerful 32 - bit applications. we exploited its pre - emptive multitasking and multithreading capabilities to enable seamless background compilation and simultaneous multiple project builds. to aid debugging we added in the 32 - bit edition a memory window on the current contents, support for structured exception - handling to help in locating errors, and support for threads, allowing developers to analyse and view window messages, relationships between windows, processes and threads as well as their details. books online technology revolutionised the presentation and usefulness of product documentation. new optimisations for the i486 and pentium processors helped ensure the smallest and fastest 32 - bit executables. visual c + +, 32 - bit edition is proven technology : microsoft used it to build windows nt itself. visual c + + 1. 5 : the move to ole 2. 0 in april 1993, microsoft released ole 2. 0 \u2013 a breakthrough for component - based software development. ole 2. 0 provides a standard means of defining what an object is and how objects can interact. with ole 2. 0, developers from different companies can write objects that interact with one another without relying on the specifics of how those objects work. with ole 2. 0 developers can use entire applications as components, which makes application integration and combining information from multiple applications easier. hundreds of companies have announced support for ole 2. 0, and corporations and independent software vendors ( isvs ) are already using it to develop sophisticated applications for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.442213688888923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.522023"}
{"text": "use entire applications as components, which makes application integration and combining information from multiple applications easier. hundreds of companies have announced support for ole 2. 0, and corporations and independent software vendors ( isvs ) are already using it to develop sophisticated applications for their end users. visual c + + 1. 5 makes ole 2. 0 easy microsoft research shows that although more than 75 % of developers would like to develop applications for ole 2. 0, less than 10 % of them had started development before visual c + + 1. 5 was available. this was because native ole 2. 0 development can be difficult. however, visual c + + 1. 5 and mfc 2. 5 make ole 2. 0 development easy. using appwizard, developers can create an ole 2. 0 client, server or container ( even with ole automation ) in seconds. because appwizard creates default code to deal with all ole messages and requests, developers need only write code for the functionality that they want to support, thus significantly reducing the amount of time it takes to get started with ole 2. 0 applications. appwizard, c1asswizard and mfc 2. 5 support full ole 2. 0 functionality, including toolbar and menu negotiation, visual editing, drag and drop, in - place activation, all structure and storage mechanisms, incremental read / write, component object model, and synchronous function completion. more than 19, 000 lines of c + + code are provided in the mfc 2. 5 library to support ole 2. 0 development - code that developers don \u2019 t have to write. enabling database development incorporating support for database access in windows - based applications can be difficult, yet it is increasingly important. mfc makes it easy. odbc classes and wizards allow full odbc support for accessing local or remote databases to be built into windows - based applications with just a mouse click. odbc drivers are available today for a diverse set of database formats and implementations. plans of leading edge developers for windows in order to better understand developers \u2019 needs for the future, we surveyed more than 5, 000 developers who attended the win32 professional developer \u2019 s conference in december 1993. we asked developers specifically what their plans were for 1994. the key results are shown in figure 1 : | more than 80 % are using mfc | | more than 50 % are targeting win32 - based applications | | more than 50 % are using win32 as a host platform | | more than 20 % are targeting win32 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4777259898375116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.523057"}
{"text": "figure 1 : | more than 80 % are using mfc | | more than 50 % are targeting win32 - based applications | | more than 50 % are using win32 as a host platform | | more than 20 % are targeting win32 - based risc and macintosh platforms | | more than 60 % are targeting ole 2. 0 more than 90 % are using high - performance hardware ( intel 486 20mb ram, cd - rom ) | figure 1 - developer plans for 1994 new issues for developers in 1994 the survey indicated a very strong interest in the development community in targeting win32 and ole 2. 0 - based applications using mfc. developers also want the flexibility to target other software and hardware platforms as they become more popular. they would like to do this through a single source - code base that is developed using a single tools set and class library. finally, developers have the necessary hardware to host a win32 - based platform such as windows nt and exploit the advanced capabilities that windows nt provides. key challenges for visual c + + tools from the perspective of development tools, these goals presented us with four challenges : provide tools that developers can use to create leading - edge applications for windows that exploit the latest systems features, such as ole 2. 0, while enabling them to use their code investment in the future. provide a clear and easy migration path to the 32 - bit future of windows through guaranteed upward compatibility. provide a consistent tool set and class library that enable developers to easily target multiple platforms through a single code base. provide tools that allow developers to exploit advances in host operating system platforms to increase productivity. for example, support background builds on a multitasking operating system such as windows nt. microsoft \u2019 s answer : visual c + + everywhere the visual c + + 2. 0 family of products provides a consistent tool set and class library ( mfc ) that enables the development of win32 - based applications that target a wide range of platforms including windows, windows nt ( inte1 - and risc - based ), microsoft windows \u201c chicago \u201d ( the next major release of microsoft windows ), and the macintosh. the visual c + + 2. 0 family utilises microsoft \u2019 s systems strategy to provide the win32 api along with key systems features such as ole 2. 0 and odbc on all these platforms. developers need only learn one tool set and api ( mfc and win32 ) to develop and support win32 - based applications that are portable and compatible across a range of leading platforms. developers will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4541945403995992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.524050"}
{"text": "0 and odbc on all these platforms. developers need only learn one tool set and api ( mfc and win32 ) to develop and support win32 - based applications that are portable and compatible across a range of leading platforms. developers will be able to continue maintaining their 16 - bit applications for windows using visual c + + 1. 5. in addition, we will work with developers licensed to provide the windows api on unix platforms to make sure that developers can easily port their mfc applications using these platforms as well. the visual c + + 2. 0 family the visual c + + 2. 0 family consists of the following products : visual c + + 2. 0 intel edition. this product hosts on a win32 - and intel - based platforms ( windows nt or windows \u201c chicago \u201d ) and enables developers to target win32 - and intel - based applications that run on windows ( through win32s ), windows nt, and windows \u201c chicago \u201d. visual c + + 2. 0 risc editions. these products host on a win32 - and risc - based platform and target the same platform. the tool set is identical to the intel - based tool set described above. the first version will be available for the mips platform followed by the digital alpha axp and other risc platforms supported by windows nt. visual c + + 2. 0, cross - development edition for macintosh. this product is an add - on to the visual c + + 2. 0, intel edition and enables developers to target the macintosh through a core win32 code base. when this product is installed on top of the visual c + + 2. 0, intel edition, developers will gain new options to target the maointosh. all development, compilation and linking are performed on the windows nt - based machine. debugging is performed across a network or serial connection to a macintosh using the integrated debugger in the visual c + + development environment. the table in figure 2 illustrates the visual c + + 2. 0 product family : visual c + + 2. 0 : continue the innovation in addition to the multiplatform support, visual c + + will continue to provide the shortest path to developing applications that exploit the full power of the windows family. visual c + + 2. 0 continues the leadership established by visual c + + 1. 5 by making it easy to develop 32 - bit ole 2. 0 and odbc applications through innovative wizards technology and a 32 - bit compatible version of mfc. in addition, all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4420024812341158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.525060"}
{"text": "0 continues the leadership established by visual c + + 1. 5 by making it easy to develop 32 - bit ole 2. 0 and odbc applications through innovative wizards technology and a 32 - bit compatible version of mfc. in addition, all versions of visual c + + 2. 0 exploit the power of windows nt as the host development environment. visual c + + 2. 0 provides a completely redesigned and integrated environment ( ide ) that makes application development even easier than with previous versions of visual c + +. everything is truly integrated, so there is no longer a separate app studio application for resource editing, for example. the ide includes all the latest innovations found in the latest microsoft applications such as customisable toolbars and dockable windows. powerful project - management capabilities make it possible to manage complex development projects. developers will also gain a dramatic boost in productivity through a new incremental linker that is aimed at producing 10 - second links so developers can get from edit to exe very quickly. the browser can now be updated on demand rather than on every build, and it supports navigation of both definitions and references. finally, c + + templates and exception handling have been added to the c + + compiler, enabling developers to benefit from the latest c + + language features. we have continued our leadership in c - based optimisations to turn our focus on new c + + optimisation. our goal with the new optimisation technology, called opt + +, is to eliminate most, if not all, of the additional overhead that comes with using c + + rather than c. this technology along with highly tuned versions of mfc will enable developers to deliver applications built using c + and mfc that have very little performance overhead compared to that of comparable programs built using c and the sdk. maximum compatibility and portability visual c + + 2. 0 once again demonstrates our commitment to preserving developers \u2019 investments in mfc. visual c + + does this in a number of ways : version to version. mfc 3. 0 is completely upward compatible with previous versions of mfc. new features provided with mfc 3. 0 can easily be incorporated with little additional work. 16 - to 32 - bit conversion. 16 - bit windows - based applications written using mfc 2. 5 included in visual c + + 1. 5 need only be recompiled with mfc 3. 0 to convert them to 32 - bit applications. intel to risc. applications written to mfc 3. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4510125782082174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.526094"}
{"text": "written using mfc 2. 5 included in visual c + + 1. 5 need only be recompiled with mfc 3. 0 to convert them to 32 - bit applications. intel to risc. applications written to mfc 3. 0 are 100 % source - code compatible across all win32 platforms. they only need to be recompiled with the processor - specific visual c + + compilers to produce executable files for different target platforms. win32 to macintosh applications. as above, most mfg 3. 0 applications can simply be recompiled with the visual c + + 68k cross - compiler to produce executable files for the macintosh. applications written directly to the win32 api can achieve 80 % or greater compatibility, depending on the apis used by the application. visual c + + portability : riscbased multiplatform editions risc editions of visual c + + are identical to the intel - based visual c + + product. they also exploit the fact that windows nt is the same on all hardware platforms. this means that developers who use visual c + + can use the same tools, regardless of which platform they are targeting. also, features of the visual c + language - for example, c + + templates or exception handling - are implemented in the same manner on all platforms. the same apis, win32 and mfc, are implemented identically across all supported platforms. a developer \u2019 s knowledge and code base can be used across all risc platforms. to provide true targeting for windows nt, 21 development system must support all windows nt - compatible hardware platforms. microsoft is working closely with all licensees of windows nt and is already shipping versions of the microsoft c / c + + development tools for mips and alpha axp through the win - 32 sdk program. microsoft has licensed the compiler to several licensees of windows nt and is actively integrating the compiler with each chip makers \u2019 back - end optimising code generators. visual c + + 2. 0 has also been designed to be completely portable across various win32 - based hardware platforms. microsoft is working with licensees of windows nt to port the entire visual c + + development environment, including mfc, to all windows nt - compatible hardware platforms. the result is a compatible language implementation, integrated tool set, system api and c + + application framework across the entire family of windows - compatible hardware. developers will be able to use their existing source code, makefiles and development experience with visual c +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4096151682297212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.527102"}
{"text": "result is a compatible language implementation, integrated tool set, system api and c + + application framework across the entire family of windows - compatible hardware. developers will be able to use their existing source code, makefiles and development experience with visual c + +. they will benefit from the ease of use of the visual g + + development system and from the high performance of the chip makers \u2019 optimised native - code generators. the application architecture is depicted in figure 3. | figure 3 - the application architecture | visual c + + portability : macintosh cross - development edition the cross - development tool set is an add - on to the intel - based visual c + + 2. 0 development environment tailored for targeting the 68k - based family of macintosh computers, and in the future, power macintosh versions of the same tools. the product provides all the tools necessary for developing and debugging native applications for the macintosh. these include an optimising c / c + + cross - compiler, linker, resource compiler, remote debugger and profiler. the tool set also includes a macintosh version of mfc 3. 0 and a win32 portability library. these tools are all integrated into the visual c + + 2. 0 development environment. the architecture of macintosh applications generated by visual c + + is shown in figure 4. | figure 4 - macintosh application architecture | the application source code can be written in c or c + + and can be from a single source - code base that supports both windows and the macintosh. the win32 portability libraries for the macintosh simplify the porting of an application written to the win32 api and / or to the macintosh foundation class library. these libraries generate appropriate macintosh system 7 instructions from calls to the win32 api. as depicted in the figure, developers can also program directly to the system 7 api to take advantage of platform - specific features. the resulting application, however, incorporates the native look and feel of a macintosh application. rigorous performance - tuning of the win32 portability library ensures there will be very little performance penalty for the ported application. in fact, microsoft uses this technology for its macintosh application developments, such as excel and foxpro for the macintosh. ole custom controls microsoft recently announced the ole custom control architecture, which merges the popular microsoft visual basic custom control architecture with the open, standard architecture of ole. ole custom controls make component - based development a reality by allowing developers to easily utilise existing bodies of functional code encapsulated as ole controls. an ole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4632456753193619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.528351"}
{"text": "the popular microsoft visual basic custom control architecture with the open, standard architecture of ole. ole custom controls make component - based development a reality by allowing developers to easily utilise existing bodies of functional code encapsulated as ole controls. an ole control is a custom control, implemented as an ole 2. 0 compound document object with visual editing support. an ole control has additional capabilities beyond those of ordinary ole objects, such as the ability to fire events. ole controls will be supported in the future by all microsoft development tools, including applications through visual basic, applications edition. most ole 2. 0 objects require a substantial amount of implementation effort. fortunately, an ole control deveioper \u2019 s kit ( cdk ) - along with visual c + + - provides most of the required implementation, so developers only have to fill in details that are specific to the ole control. the cdk includes both 16 - and 32 - bit mfc extensions to support controls, a controlwizard for creating an initial custom control project, c1asswizard extensions, a test container to verify the ole control, full online documentation, and sample code. microsoft visual c + + and the ole cdk make component - based software development a reality. visual c + + 2. 0 for intel and mips and the cross - development system for the macintosh 68k are scheduled to be made available in the first half of 1994. a future version of this tool set will target other windows nt - and risc - based platforms and the power macintosh platform. the ole cdk will be available in the same time frame as visual c + + 2. 0 for intel. the visual c + + development environment and the microsoft foundation class library will continue to evolve to support microsoft windows operating systems in the years ahead. overload journal # 5 - sep 1994 + programming topics | browse in : | | all > topics > programming ( 488 ) any of these categories - all of these categories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4618815472132667, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dbf9581-7577-4b95-8e5b-255701854a09>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.529189"}
{"text": "description - this national monument was the first designated site established in utah by the national park service. it preserves and protects the terrain surrounding owachomo, sipapu and kachina natural bridges. this site lies in the desert of southeastern utah far from any supplies and services. it has limited facilities, but water is available on site. - the biggest attraction at natural bridges national monument is the natural beauty of the desert terrain in which it lies. there are few developed facilities at this park. a small visitor center lies along state road 275. it contains a sales area with books, maps, posters and postcards and an exhibit area which explains the geology, natural and cultural history of the region. an audiovisual program is periodically shown throughout each day at the visitor center and rangers are available to answer questions. water is available at this site as are restrooms. a 13 - site campground is maintained by the park service near the visitor center. it is open on a first come, first served basis. individuals should arrive early to reserve a campsite. other facilities within the park include a nine - mile scenic drive and several overlooks. short trails lead to each bridge and horsecollar ruin. a longer loop trail leads to a viewpoint of each bridge. bikes are permitted on the scenic drive, but not on trails in the monument. recreation - visitors to natural bridges can enjoy hiking, camping, viewing exhibits, photography and scenic driving. the scenic loop drive along the rim of white canyon is open year - round. overlooks of each bridge are accessible for individuals using wheelchairs. informal interpretive programs may be given on the patio of the visitor center during peak season. climate - southeastern utah is the high desert. summer highs reach 85 to 95 degrees f, with lows near 50 to 60 degrees. thunderstorms often occur during summer afternoons. during autumn highs reach 60 to 75 degrees f, with lows dipping to 40 to 50 degrees. this time of year is mild and snow can be expected late in the season. winter highs usually reach 40 to 50 degrees f during the day with lows near 0 to 30 degrees at night and snow likely. spring is a pleasant time to visit the desert with highs ranging from 50 to 70 degrees f and lows dipping to 20 - 40 degrees. snow is possible anytime until may. most of the precipitation in this area falls in the spring. winter snows also can contribute significantly to precipitation amounts. this preserve lies in the southeastern corner of utah east of lake powell. the site is accessible from bland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44127216271198544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d44ef9b2-6cce-4ecf-933c-c8bd9f9a1e4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.532182"}
{"text": "think like a philosopher : psychosomatics and the luo vessels by nicholas sieben, lac the philosopher was given great respect within classical chinese culture. the dao de jing has many passages extolling the virtues of the \" philosopher king. \" the same was true within medicine. it is not enough to look at things in their literal sense : the nei jing asks a bit more from us than that. much of the classical texts are written in code, using philosophical metaphor to present their wisdom. my teacher jeffrey yuen has called chinese medicine \" applied chinese philosophy, \" advising that we ' d benefit as acupuncturists by learning chinese philosophy. every teaching we received from yuen was rooted in philosophy relating to that particular tradition. to illuminate the mysteries of the chinese medical classics, we must try to understand and think like the philosophers who wrote them. acupuncture is popularly seen to address physical problems. the notion that acupuncture also affects the mind and emotions is confusing to some ; enticing to others. an acupuncturist works on the external tissues of the body, exciting the \" jing luo \" ( channels and collaterals ), which travel along the body ' s external muscles. the jing luo have resonance with the internal organs, which control physical as well as mental - emotional function. physiology of the mind ( and emotions ) is usually discussed in classical chinese medicine in relation to blood, and explored through study of the primary channels, especially those relating to blood : the heart / pericardium, spleen / stomach and liver ; pathology can be explored through the \" collaterals, \" mainly the luo vessels. luo vessels are conduits of ying qi. they relate to the interior of the body. as collaterals, the luo vessels are created as needed to take on pathology from the primary channels. they are pathological channels representing a disturbance to the normal physiological flow of qi and blood. the luo are a major arena where battle between internal pathogenic factors and the body ' s physiology is played out. internal pathogenic factors are mainly considered to be the seven emotions within classical medicine. the \" collaterals, \" or so - called \" secondary channels of acupuncture \" can be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. when the primary channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5535895001502932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ec53e9-2384-47d7-b391-2d84b500c366>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.544377"}
{"text": "be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. when the primary channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function. the luo do not treat the pathogenic factors they inherit, but hold them in a state of latency as \" fullness. \" when the luo reach saturation, they \" empty \" back into the primary channel, or deeper into the source. to study pathology of the mind and emotions, the luo vessels are paramount. it can be confusing however, when studying the luo, to see most classical symptoms associated with them are somatic. the only \" psychological \" luo vessel symptom mentioned in chapter 10 of the ling shu is \" mania, \" associated with the stomach luo. even the heart and pericardium ' s luo symptoms sound very physical : \" chest / heart pain, \" \" loss of voice, \" \" stiffness of the neck. \" commentators, such as yuen, have said the somatic language used to describe luo vessel pathology is the result of confucian politeness, keeping discussion of the emotions within the family. it is historically considered inappropriate to speak of such things in the clinical setting. people expressed psychological pain through somatic language. \" heart pain \" expresses a sense of heartache, betrayal or disappointment ; \" neck stiffness \" : the stubbornness or inability to see new options. thinking like a philosopher, it ' s not difficult to see connection between the somatic and psychological within classical discussion of the luo vessels ; descriptions in ling shu chapter 10 are subtly illustrative and evocative. let ' s examine the small intestine luo vessel from this point of view. the symptom of \" fullness \" of the small intestine luo is described as \" looseness of the elbow joint. \" commentators have said this is somatic language for difficulty handling situations in life. the elbow represents the ability to grasp a situation and manipulate it. the channel travels through the elbow into the shoulder, where it terminates. progression of this luo vessel shows inhibition in ability to manipulate situations becoming difficulty reaching out and grasping, represented by movement of pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. small intestine follows the pericardium in the luo vessel progression, as presented by chapter 10 of the ling shu : lung, heart, pericardium, small intest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362738684797683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ec53e9-2384-47d7-b391-2d84b500c366>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.545385"}
{"text": "pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. small intestine follows the pericardium in the luo vessel progression, as presented by chapter 10 of the ling shu : lung, heart, pericardium, small intestine, large intestine, ect. by the stage of the pericardium luo, the body has failed to release a pathogenic factor from the chest via the lung ' s ability to diffuse and let go and the heart ' s ability to articulate and expel the problem through use of the tongue. the problem becomes stuck in the chest, creating a sensation of \" chest pain : \" a sign of fullness of the pericardium luo. as the vessel progresses into \" emptiness, \" the neck tightens to prevent heat stagnation from reaching the brain. the small intestine luo shows progression from a growing state of helplessness coming from the pericardium luo. the person has lost ability to see new options to their problem, as represented by the stiff neck. the small intestine tries to use its yang qi to open the chest, becoming deficient from the struggle. incidentally, the small intestine is the first luo to show symptoms of consumption and degeneration. einstein has a famous quote : \" doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result, is the definition of insanity. \" emptiness of the pericardium luo, in which a person can only see a situation in one way, can lead to doing the same thing over and over trying to get something to change. overuse or \" lao \" will eventually lead to consumption of qi and degeneration, a term known as \" wei atrophy syndrome. \" the stage of progression represented by the small intestine luo suggests this scenario can eventually lead to autointoxication through weakening of the bowels. psychologically, fullness of the small intestine luo is described as the inability to accept feedback, manifesting in a defensive demeanor. all criticism is taken as an attack. the world begins to be perceived as a toxic place where the person feels they must always defend themselves. this state progresses into a sense of insecurity as the vessel empties. \" pebbly stools \" : the symptom associated with emptiness of the small intestine luo shows impact on the bowels, damaging the ability to separate the pure from the turbid. the second emptiness sympt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.562677631465211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ec53e9-2384-47d7-b391-2d84b500c366>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.546509"}
{"text": "problem to the bladder to be expelled. metal is no longer giving birth to water ; instead the reverse is occurring, going against the generation cycle of the five elements. fullness of the lung ' s luo is described as \" heat in the palms, \" representing hyperactive sensuality : the constant need for contact and stimulation ; a seemingly excess symptom relating to the stage of psycho - social development governed by the lungs. the large intestine primary channel becomes involved during the teething process of a child, when the world begins to become something to \" masticate. \" discrimination and association begins with the large intestine. the stomach channel follows, providing the capacity for primal feelings of like and dislike. if food is not good, the child will vomit it back up. there is not yet a mental process involved at this stage, but one of pure feeling. the spleen, which comes next in the progression, provides the mental component, through the yi. the grouping of these four channels has been called \" the survival stage \" of development by yuen. if these criteria are not met, one cannot progress into the further stages of \" interaction \" and \" differentiation. \" without adequate respiration and digestion, life cannot be sustained. the same is true for the psycho - social. one must be able to make contact and discriminate one thing from another, especially in terms of harmful or safe, to be able to interact and ultimately differentiate within the more advanced level relating to perception and major life choices. the luo vessel becomes activated when there is a disturbance within one of the primary channels. luo vessel symptoms indicate trauma relating to blood. they can be formed during a person ' s developmental process, pathologically influencing demeanor, perception and behavior as the person grows into adulthood. some of us never learned how to deal with the word \" no. \" we became rebellious whenever we were not allowed to do something, showing a disturbance within the psycho - social development of the heart primary channel. luo vessels manifest in rebellious qi. we have already established symptoms need not be physical. within this model, the luo vessel progression follows that of the primary channels, as they are pathological outgrowths of psycho - social development. the \" heart pain \" of being told \" no \" can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper - vigilant \" fight or flight \" demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive - compulsive behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5608468438524246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ec53e9-2384-47d7-b391-2d84b500c366>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.550731"}
{"text": "no \" can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper - vigilant \" fight or flight \" demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive - compulsive behavior. the psycho - behavioral progression described here is that of a disturbance to the heart, manifesting through its luo, and progressing to the small intestine, bladder and kidney luo vessels, respectively. this person could be treated through working with the affected luo vessels : to expel the blood stasis disturbing normal psycho - social development. once the blood stasis is resolved, the primary channel is given the opportunity to build itself back, restoring natural function. much of the language within the classics is codified. it must be read with a philosophical, three - dimensional point of view mirroring the three levels of energetics. what may seem simple and straightforward often has deeper meaning, illustrated through the somatic language of the channel systems of acupuncture. the wonderful thing about chinese medicine is that it is an art as well as a science ; built upon philosophy. there have been thousands of commentators to the classics throughout history ; some very popular, whose way of seeing the world have inspired others. this has given rise to numerous traditions. each of us must make the medicine our own, honoring ourselves as philosophers and commentators who create our own style based on the way we see the world. only then does chinese medicine remain a living system, imbued with shen : like the blood. click here for more information about nicholas sieben, lac.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5435410455759215, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7ec53e9-2384-47d7-b391-2d84b500c366>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.551435"}
{"text": "thank you. this is very helpful. to be safe, i ' ll probably go with batteries, or buy some separate 9 v wall warts for the arduinos. i expect we will be using the arduinos for other projects, so it might be good to have separate power supplies for them. next design question : displaying data. in my prototype i have the arduino connected to my computer, so i just send the rotation speed to the serial monitor where a student could read it. but the computers in my classroom are old. they are 10 year old imacs running os 9. 2, which is not really supported by the arduino software. here are the options i ' m considering : 1 ) finding a way to make these old imacs work with arduino. i found one link about how to do this online, but it isn ' t really enough info for me, and i ' m not sure it is an easy fix. 2 ) i have access to a set of old pc laptops, but these are running windows 2000, which also does not appear to support arduino without a fair amount of fiddling : http : / / arduino. cc / playground / main / unowin2k 3 ) buying an lcd display for each setup would probably work, but i ' d rather find a cheaper alternative, since i have to build 8 to 10 of these. 4 ) a four - digit 7 segment display would be sufficient. reading about these, i think i would also need a shift register chip. ( might i need four of these, one for each digit? ) or i could use a led driver chip, but these seem to be more expensive. and if i go with led displays, i think i would need extra transistors to provide the necessary current for all the segments in the four digits. so the cost here starts to add up, since i will be building 10 of these setups. 5 ) another very elegant solution, in lieu of connecting directly to computers, would be to connect to students ' ti calculators. the calculators have a link port built into them, and i have extra link cables in my lab. i found someone on youtube who is able to do this ( http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = cmnoghkqdqk & nr = 1 ), but i ' m going to need to learn some z80 assembly language programming to interface the ti calculator to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4954992915087995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97ca12f4-2685-4da5-bd32-6c6356920792>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.555645"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia in general, a nun is a female ascetic who chooses to voluntarily leave the world and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. the term \" nun \" is applicable to roman catholics, eastern orthodox christians, anglicans, lutherans, and buddhists, for example. the male equivalent of a nun is a monk. in roman catholicism a nun is the term for a female monastic regular, equivalent to that of a male monk. in the catholic tradition, there are a number of different orders of nuns each with its own charism or special devotion. in general, when a person enters a convent she has a trial period ( noviciate ) that lasts a number of years. upon completion of this period she may take her vows. in the various branches of the benedictine tradition ( benedictines, cistercian and trappists ) nuns usually take formal vows of stability ( that is, to remain a member of a single monastic community ), obedience ( to an abbess or prioress ), and \" conversion of life \" ( which includes the ideas of poverty and chastity ) while in other groups like the \" poor clares \" ( a franciscan order ) and cloistered dominicans the three - fold vows of chastity, poverty and obedience are used. nuns observe \" papal enclosure \" rules and their monasteries typically have walls and grilles separating the nuns from the outside world. the nuns rarely leave, though they may have visitors in specially built parlors that allow them to meet with outsiders. they are usually self - sufficient, earning money by selling jams or candies or baked goods by mail order, or by making liturgical items ( vestments, candles, bread for holy communion ). they sometimes undertake contemplative ministries \u2013 that is, a monastery of nuns is often associated with prayer for some particular good : supporting the missions of another order by prayer ( the maryknoll order has both missionary sisters and cloistered nuns ; and the sisters of daughters of saint paul are supported in their media ministry by the nuns of daughters of divine wisdom ), prayer for a diocese, etc. technically, a convent is the home of a community of sisters \u2013 or, indeed, of priests and brothers, though this term is rarely used in the u. s. the term \" monastery \" is usually used by communities within the benedictine family, and convent ( when referring to a cloister ) of certain other orders. a nun who is elected to head her monastery is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111983982436521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b89f99df-2da3-41a8-8d61-ebd60662f769>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.569813"}
{"text": "is rarely used in the u. s. the term \" monastery \" is usually used by communities within the benedictine family, and convent ( when referring to a cloister ) of certain other orders. a nun who is elected to head her monastery is termed an abbess if the monastery is an abbey, a prioress if it is a priory, or more generically may be referred to as the mother superior. the distinction between abbey and priory has to do with the terms used by a particular order or by the level of independence of the monastery. roman catholic nun or sister? \" nun \" is not to be confused with \" religious sister \". though commonly called nuns in informal conversation, women belonging to orders like the sisters of charity, franciscans or dominicans are religious sisters, not nuns. nuns and sisters are distinguished by the type of vows they take ( solemn vow vs. simple vow ) and the focus of their good works. the type of vow that one must take to become a member of a religious community is decided by the roman curia upon the approval that community. the religious community of a nun is referred to as a \" religious order \" while the religious community of a sister is referred to as an \" institute \" or \" congregation \". nun and sister are mutually exclusive religious paths. to be a nun, one must a ) live in a cloistered community or monastery ; b ) have taken the solemn vows of poverty, chastity and obedience ( as opposed to the perpetual simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience taken by sisters ) ; and c ) recite the liturgy of hours, divine office, or other prayers together with her community. nuns are restricted from leaving the cloister, though some may engage in limited teaching or other vocational work depending on the strictness of enforcement. visitors are not allowed into the monastary to freely associate with nuns. in essence, the work of a nun is within the confines of her monastary, while the work of a sister is in the greater world. both sisters and nuns are addressed as \" sister. \" eastern orthodox christian in the eastern orthodox church there is no distinction between a monastery for men and a monastery for women. in the greek language both domiciles are called monasteries and the ascetics who live there are monastics. in english, however, it is acceptable to use the terms \" nun \", \" convent \", and \" abbess \" simply for clarity and convenience. orthodox monastics do not have \" orders \" as in the catholic church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47937736707726664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b89f99df-2da3-41a8-8d61-ebd60662f769>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.571140"}
{"text": "there are monastics. in english, however, it is acceptable to use the terms \" nun \", \" convent \", and \" abbess \" simply for clarity and convenience. orthodox monastics do not have \" orders \" as in the catholic church. orthodox monks and nuns lead identical spiritual lives. there may be slight differences in the way a monastery functions internally but these are simply style differences ( gr. typica ) dependant on the abbess or abbot. the abbess is the spiritual leader of the convent and her authority is absolute ( no priest, bishop, or even patriarch can override an abbess within the walls of her monastery ). there has always been fair equality between men and women in the orthodox church. abbots and abbesses rank in authority equal to bishops in many ways and were included in ecumenical councils. abbesses hear confessions and dispense blessings on their charges though they still require the services of a presbyter ( i. e., a priest ) in order to celebrate the divine liturgy and other priestly functions. there have been, however, cases where nuns have functioned as deaconesses ; though the last one to serve in that position was in the 19th century. there are a number of different levels that the nun passes through in her profession. when one enters a monastery the first three to five years are spent as a \" novice \". novices may or may not dress in the black inner robe ( isorassa ), this being dependent on the abbess \u2019 wishes. the isorassa is the first part of the monastic \" habit \" of which there is only one style for orthodox monastics ( this is true in general, there have been a few slight regional variations over the centuries ). orthodox monastics, in general have little or no contact with the outside world, especially family. the pious family whose child decides to enter the monastic profession understands that their child will become \" dead to the world \" and therefore be unavailable. if a novice chooses to leave during the novitiate period no penalty is incurred. when the abbess deems the novice ready, the novice is asked to join the monastery. if she accepts she is \" tonsured \" in a formal service, she is given the outer robe ( exorassa ) and veil to wear, and because she is now dead to the world she receives a new name. nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood, however, tonsured nuns are usually called \" mother \". the next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45177342722147573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b89f99df-2da3-41a8-8d61-ebd60662f769>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.572269"}
{"text": "now dead to the world she receives a new name. nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood, however, tonsured nuns are usually called \" mother \". the next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess feels the nun has reached a level of discipline, dedication, and humility. once again, in a formal service the nun is elevated to the \" schema \" which is signified by additions to her \" habit \" of certain symbolic pieces. in addition, the abbess increases the nun \u2019 s prayer rule, she is allowed a more strict personal ascetic practice, and she is given more responsibility. the final stage, called \" megaloschemos \" or \" great schema \" is reached by nuns whose abbess feels they have reached a high level of excellence. in some monastic traditions the great schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service. denominations that are directly descended from the roman catholic church, such as the lutherans, anglicans, and even calvinists continue to have small monastic communities. in some anglican orders, there are nuns who have been ordained as priests. nuns also appear in buddhist traditions. while monks and nuns are celibate, it is not unusual for both to exist within the same monastery. there are many variations to the style of \" habit \" worn by these monastics, however, most, male and female, shave their head. other uses of the word nun - in biology, nun is a genus of the hillstream loach, a type of small freshwater fish. - in egyptian mythology, nun is an alternate spelling for nu, the name by which ancient egyptians called both the mysterious underworld from where life was renewed and the primordeal god residing there. the name translates as \" abyss \". - nun is also the fourteenth letter of the hebrew alphabet. - nun and nunnery were also elizabethan era slang for prostitutes and brothels. - nun is also the name of the father of joshua, the right - hand man and successor of moses. - a nun buoy is a type of buoy. - sister wendy beckett - the sound of music - the singing nun - sisters of the third order of st. francis - poor clare nuns in rockford, illinois the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5178136204279968, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b89f99df-2da3-41a8-8d61-ebd60662f769>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.573573"}
{"text": "current computer graphics are fairly well known and understood. but how did we get here? the evolution of computer graphics is intertwined with textual display, and it is difficult to consider the two separately. an old saying has it that a picture is worth a thousand words. the exact quantification of the value of imagery versus text appears to vary somewhat with subject matter, and is probably better left to psychologists and social scientists. but there is little question of the kernel of truth in the saying, and it has been a driver of computer architecture for many years. computer graphics are taken for granted today. but it has been a long and painful struggle, with hardware rarely keeping up with the demand for better images. in english, there are a relatively small number of characters which comprise text. the same is not true of images : graphics are computationally intensive. they always seem to take as much speed and memory as there are available. but the demand was high enough that early computer graphics could be fairly crude and still be in demand. from blinking lights to plotters getting computers to type text was, in comparison, a simple process. even in the early days of computing, there were existing devices which could translate a simple binary pattern into text. the military, for example, had used teletype machines for many years. programming a computer to output the pattern that outputs the code for a textual character on a teletype machine is relatively simple. early computers used mostly flashing lights, with punched cards or paper tape for input and output. when there is only room for a few hundred instructions, you take input and output in its simplest form. but sometimes the available technology drives applications, and sometimes, the need to do something becomes a driver of seeking new technology. the potential for getting a computer to produce a picture of the data wasn \u2019 t missed. it would be more valuable if the picture were produced rapidly enough for the user to interact, but even producing an image of some sort that represented the computer contents or calculations in the recent past had its merits. ibm was offering an output printer on its 701 model in 1952. it also offered a primitive graphics solution ( the model 740 \u201c cathode ray tube output recorder \u201d ) in 1954. the 740 demonstrates just how big the demand for graphics was, and how minimal a capability was considered meaningful. the 740 was a cathode ray tube to which a camera could be attached. digital - to - analog converters drove the cathode ray tube, slowly drawing lines, based on the digital outputs of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740290618689453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4f16d7b-309f-44b8-8c68-27fa5788eb89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.580379"}
{"text": "minimal a capability was considered meaningful. the 740 was a cathode ray tube to which a camera could be attached. digital - to - analog converters drove the cathode ray tube, slowly drawing lines, based on the digital outputs of the computer. this method gradually came to be known as \u201c vector graphics, \u201d to distinguish it from other technologies. lines were plotted one point at a time. ibm justifiably bragged ( at the time ) that points were plotted at a rate of 8, 000 per second, with a display accuracy of a given point of only 3 %, but with good repeatability. you couldn \u2019 t reliably scale the resulting image, but the image would have at least conceptual value. typically, the camera shutter was opened when the drawing started, and closed when it finished. at that time, the film could be developed, and the image could be viewed later the same day. needless to say, this tech wasn ' t suitable for playing video games. of course, one could maintain a simpler image on the display simply by repeating the drawing instructions at a fairly high rate. but this used most or all of the cpu time, and limited the detail which could be drawn. the 740 had a sister display, the 780, which had a long - persistence phosphor ( 20 seconds ). while not as precise, when paralleled with the 740, it allowed the operator to verify that the image being produced was indeed the one desired. when you have to wait several hours for the film image to be developed, that \u2019 s a good idea. but there is another way to get an image with a slow computer, and one that will yield an image to the users much sooner : a plotter. gene seid and robert morton, two of the founders of calcomp, developed the idea in 1953, but lack of funding kept the device off the market until 1959. the idea is simple : drive a pen on two axes. that takes a pair of stepping motors, and something to put the pen down at the start of a line, and lift it again at the end. software can calculate when the pen should be stepped in either axis to draw straight lines between two points, curved lines, or whatever. in time, fairly sophisticated software packages were developed which isolated the users from the plotter, and allowed them to describe the image in more human - friendly terms such as \u201c m = 1, plot y = mx + b for x = 1 to 6, \u201d and so on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257645424994901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4f16d7b-309f-44b8-8c68-27fa5788eb89>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.581605"}
{"text": "billy the kid : a short and violent life by robert m. utley university of nebraska press, 302 pages, $ 22. 95 while momaday ` s ` ` the ancient child ` ` presents the umpteenth fictive portrait of billy the kid, readers interested in a more authentic account of the renegade ` s life will not be disappointed by robert m. utley ` s careful study. utley demonstrates that the kid was very much a media creation even before pat garrett killed him on july 14, 1881. eastern newspaper reporters were already on hot pursuit of the colorful outlaw ` s trail. garrett and ash upson ` s ` ` the authentic life of billy the kid, the noted desperado of the southwest, whose deeds of daring and blood have made his name a terror in new mexico, arizona & northern mexico, ` ` published less than a year after the kid ` s death, assured his fame. thereafter, myth took over. utley describes billy as a ` ` hero and anti - hero, ` ` whose career did not live up to his reputation. the kid certainly did not kill 21 men ( one for each year of his life ) as is generally believed. the exact number may have been as few as four. ( in shoot - outs, it was often difficult to determine who shot whom. ) moreover, utley illustrates beyond any doubt that billy was very much concerned with going straight. billy ` s appeal has continued largely because of the american fascination with the ` ` twin specters of corruption and violence. ` ` reading this first - rate account of the celebrated outlaw ` s life, one cannot help concluding that if billy the kid were alive today, he ` d be very much at home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4101882598292445, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a71e0c6-5f4d-4913-97e4-02cea7913a65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.584278"}
{"text": "read has also worked on the evolution of bacteria that resist antibiotics. in a provocative paper published last year, he suggested that typically prescribed doses of antibiotics can sometimes favor resistant strains. smaller doses, which allow the immune system to kill resistant bacteria, could prove a better long - term approach. in infectious disease, individual bugs compete within a host, as do individuals in any population of organisms. if a drug or vaccine doesn ' t completely wipe out or prevent infection, the intervention can tip the evolutionary playing field and possibly favor not only bugs that resist that particular drug, but ones that spread faster, or cause more severe symptoms, read said. the malaria findings, published in last week ' s issue of the journal plos biology, are being taken seriously by vaccine researchers. \" if there is an effect like this we need to be mindful of it and take steps to minimize this kind of impact, \" said patrick duffy, chief of the laboratory of malaria immunology and vaccination at the national institutes of health. the findings don ' t apply to most existing vaccines, such as those used against smallpox, measles, and mumps. those prevent people from ever getting infected, so there ' s no opportunity for the viruses to evolve in immunized people, read said. but the malaria parasite is a more complex organism and no vaccine being tested now can wipe it out. so far, the best scientists can do with vaccines is to stave off infection and ameliorate the symptoms, so that infected children are less likely to die. but vaccinated people still harbor the parasite, and, through mosquitoes, can spread it to others. such imperfect vaccines are referred to as \" leaky \" because the pathogens can still multiply and evolve inside infected people. other \" leaky \" vaccines may eventually be used to treat hiv. evolution may also play a role in how other diseases react to vaccines. whooping cough is one of them, read said, since the vaccine can wear off. researchers should also be vigilant about evolution of human papillomavirus ( hpv ), which causes cervical cancer, he said. the current vaccine doesn ' t protect against all strains of the virus and may allow nontargeted strains to become more virulent. \" we ' re moving into situations where parasites are evolving in the presence of immunized populations, \" he said. \" we have to be sure we don ' t create situations where we ' re allowing hotter strains to spread. \" while the malaria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5002413617273793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bfc9aa1-ce6f-4520-9f6d-60031a90c542>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.589472"}
{"text": "\" we ' re moving into situations where parasites are evolving in the presence of immunized populations, \" he said. \" we have to be sure we don ' t create situations where we ' re allowing hotter strains to spread. \" while the malaria parasite that infects humans can ' t be given to laboratory mice or rats, these animals can be infected with a different version of the parasite that in nature infects african rodents called thicket rats. for a vaccine in this mouse experiment, read and collaborator victoria barclay chose a protein called ama - 1, which is the key component in several vaccines now in human trials in africa. they allowed the parasite to spread through 10 different immunized mouse hosts. then they let it infect unvaccinated mice. this new malaria parasite made unvaccinated mice much sicker than malaria that hadn ' t evolved in vaccinated hosts. read said they are still trying to figure out the specific mechanism by which the malaria parasites became more aggressive and virulent. it ' s possible, he said, that the immune response prompted by the vaccine knocked out the weakest parasites, leaving the more aggressive, fast - spreading ones to grow without competition. nih ' s duffy said the results will influence how they conduct human vaccine trials now going on in several african countries. in read ' s experiment, it was the unvaccinated mice that got the worst disease down the road. if things play out the way they did for read ' s experimental mice, he said, the vaccines might benefit some people but make the situation more dangerous for those who remain unvaccinated. \" we not only need to follow the people who we ' ve given the vaccine to, but other people in the community, \" duffy said. researchers are exploring a number of different tactics for vaccine development, duffy said. they ' re targeting the parasite in different stages of its complicated life cycle, including the phase in which it lives inside the mosquito. some of these stages may be less likely than others to allow the parasite to evolve. he and read agree that this new paper should increase awareness of evolution but not fuel irrational fears of vaccines. \" vaccines are still our best public health tool, \" duffy said. \" they are our most cost - effective way to improve public health. \" contact faye flam at 215 - 854 - 4977, firstname. lastname @ example. org, or follow on twitter @ fayeflam. read her blog at philly. com / evolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4402389605031625, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bfc9aa1-ce6f-4520-9f6d-60031a90c542>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.590386"}
{"text": "it is a depressing commentary on our times that even in the waning years of the 20th century, a majority of the earth ` s nations still feel compelled to imprison, torture and kill citizens who speak out against them. amnesty international, the human rights group that documents mistreatment of political prisoners, has released its annual report. it is another chronicle of human misery, pain and injustice that spares few governments from indictment. no less than 135 nations were accused of abusing human rights in 1987 - - the most since amnesty was founded in 1961. at least 760 political prisoners in 39 countries were executed, but the report said the number probably was much higher because of secret executions. ` ` in at least half the countries of the world, ` ` the report said, ` ` people are locked away for speaking their minds, often after trials that are no more than a sham. in at least a third of the world ` s nations, men, women and even children are tortured. in scores of countries, governments pursue their goals by kidnapping and murdering their own citizens. ` ` while the report singled out the middle east as the region where political imprisonment and torture was most prevalent, it also pointed a finger at the united states for the louisiana execution of a mentally retarded man who had raped and murdered a child. no region was exempt from condemnation. the soviet union, which released 259 political prisoners, received no praise in the report because they had been unjustly arrested in the first place. china, haiti, iraq, iran, south africa and israel came in for special censure. even great britain, which suppressed the findings of a police inquiry into the killing of six unarmed irish guerrillas, was cited by the report. but amnesty international, which received the nobel peace prize in 1977, did find some reason for hope. it noted that more than 1, 000 groups committed to human rights recently have sprung up around the world. it also cited a proliferation of new laws to protect the rights of prisoners. by shining its spotlight of worldwide publicity on human rights abuses by governments, amnesty international serves as a kind of global conscience. that its spotlight is required at all is a sad admission that despite centuries of cultural and technological accomplishments, mankind has not yet progressed far beyond dark - ages barbarism in its treatment of disagreeable people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4373869247219454, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f066562f-adab-466e-aeac-769c2ff4b2da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.592827"}
{"text": "[ a. k. a sekmines \u2013 seventh sunday after easter in lithuania and in neighboring countries, traditions of pentecost are related with the end of sowing and the start of summer labors. this is a spring gathering and shepherds ' holiday. the most distinctive feature of pentecost is nature worship. the power of nature was attributed to young, green birch trees. it was believed that the birch tree can pass her vitality to the soil, to animals, protect from illness and all evils. on the eve of pentecost, village girls dispersed in fields and woods in search of flowers and greenery that were used to make wreaths. young men picked branches off birch trees, which they placed around doors, gates, inside porches and in living rooms. wreaths and bunches of flowers decorated the entire house. tables were covered with linen tablecloths, garden paths were sprinkled with sand and greens. it was believed that the souls of the dead, while visiting homes on pentecost, rested on birch tree branches. shepherds decorated cows with birch wreaths, to keep them calm and together, be good milkers and to please the mistress of the house so she would be kind and generous throughout the year. the writer, b. buraeas described this tradition of decorating the herds in his writings, saying that on the night before pentecost, shepherds returning home with the herd dressed the animals with birch and marsh marigold wreaths. they even tied birch branches to cattle horns. in some regions women placed a piece of bread in a white linen kerchief, tied it with three double birch branches and tied this kerchief to their apron sash believing this to be a protection from snake bites. whipping with bathing birch - rods in bathhouses was believed to chase all ailments out of the body. on pentecost morning, the master of the house whipped his cows to make them more active while grazing in the fields. when christianity came to lithuania, churches began blessing grasses. then on this holiday, churches were decorated with birch trees and other greenery. people arrived in church carrying bunches of greenery, which were blessed. these blessed greens were set on fire and their smoke was used to incense dying persons, new buildings and storm clouds. it was believed that smoke from pentecost greens had the power to chase away evil spirits, protect buildings and send storm clouds away. wayside crosses and ritual tables were also decorated with pentecost greenery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45762622116876805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a16fd44-7721-48a6-a5a5-3373efd12ec3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.599187"}
{"text": "persons, new buildings and storm clouds. it was believed that smoke from pentecost greens had the power to chase away evil spirits, protect buildings and send storm clouds away. wayside crosses and ritual tables were also decorated with pentecost greenery. j. balys wrote in \" lithuanian calendar holidays \" how plants are used in charmings. first of all, many wreaths were twined and each one was given a man ' s name. the largest wreath was given the name of the girl who wanted to know the name chosen name. the wreaths are thrown into the well or into the pond in the evening, so as not to be seen by anyone. early in the morning the girl went to see if her wreath was beside the largest wreath. if it was, she would marry him. before pentecost one must twine a large wreath of cornflowers with three branches of rue in it. before evening this wreath is placed on the girl ' s head and fastened to the hair so it would not fall off. he, who in a dream removes this wreath, will be the one too take away her virginity. n. gimbutas in \" baltic mythology \", wrote that there was tradition to go to the woods on pentecost. a birch tree was picked out, decorated and taken into the village. about hundred years ago this was an important ritual which involved the entire community. on this holiday there are fire and water glorification rituals. the church on pentecost blessed fire and water. in many regions holy water was sprinkled on grain seeds, so that they would sprout fast and that birds would not peck at the grain. sprinkling with holy water was meant to keep insects away from the crops and keep ponds and rivers safe from drownings. to keep horses well and give them shinny coats, their food was also sprinkled with holy water. after pentecost, according to the folk calendar, it was safe to swim in rivers and lakes, especially if these bodies of water were close to churches, they were blessed by the priests to protect the swimmers from drownings. country folk poured holy water into their wells and ponds for pentecost is one bright day in the shepherds ' year. this day was begun by the blare of the herdsman ' s trumpet before sunrise, awakening the shepherds. that day, every shepherd planned to take his herd out at the earliest and play his small horn. each shepherd made his own small horn for pentec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48796324252444534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a16fd44-7721-48a6-a5a5-3373efd12ec3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.600301"}
{"text": "by the blare of the herdsman ' s trumpet before sunrise, awakening the shepherds. that day, every shepherd planned to take his herd out at the earliest and play his small horn. each shepherd made his own small horn for pentecost from osier or alder wood and added a hollow cow ' s horn to give it a better as the animals were leaving the barn, they were incensed with burning, dried herbs by the mistress of the house. the herd grazed until noon, then the shepherds decorated the entire herd and themselves and returned to the village singing and playing their horns. then the feasting began, hosted by the head herdsman. shepherds ' outings were organized on pentecost, called shepherds ' omelet, [ a. k. a. pautiene ]. in some regions shepherds stopped at homesteads in the morning to pick up prepared foods, while in others they asked for eggs, flour, butter, milk and salt so that they could bake their own omelet. in dzukija the following greeting was voiced, \" happy pentecost, spent happily and peacefully with horses neighing and cows mooing. i was sent to you by the oxen for bread, for milk by the cows, by sheep for flour, by hogs for bacon and fat, by the motley hens for eggs, by the rooster for pancakes and by the shepherds for money \". if some households gave nothing, the returning herd was decorated with nettle wreaths and brooms tied to the cows ' horns, so that everyone would know about the stinginess of that household.. however, most homeowners were generous because they knew that by not giving the cows ' milk would be decreased. after collecting all he goodies, the shepherds went to feast, picnic in the woods. after the omelet was baked, the shepherds went into the forest, climbed a tree and called out to wolves and bears to come and have breakfast with them, saying, \" if you do not come out now, you will never come out during the coming year \". this is an ancient prayer, an incantation. in some regions of the highlands [ a. k. a. auk\u00f0taitija ], shepherds were allowed to sleep in while the herding in the morning was carried out by girls. they herded out very early, before the larks awakened. hearing the larks, village lads came out playing reed and pan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43728600104682475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a16fd44-7721-48a6-a5a5-3373efd12ec3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.602359"}
{"text": "##tija ], shepherds were allowed to sleep in while the herding in the morning was carried out by girls. they herded out very early, before the larks awakened. hearing the larks, village lads came out playing reed and pan pipes. they also brought food, lit bonfires. the important ritual was made up of a game called \" arrange a wedding \". the prettiest girl was chosen to play the bride and a lad was chosen to play the groom, while other girls dressed as bridesmaids. after the wedding rites, the newlyweds were taken to bed in a granary, a tent made of tree branches. after that came their awakening and the end of the wedding ritual games. people in ancient times believed that peoples ' sexual love and fertility stimulate earth ' s productivity. on the second day of pentecost, the hired hands together with the owner ' s sons carried on in the same manner as the shepherds. they provided drinks and music while maidens prepared the food. the maidens walked along fields of grain, singing songs with magical meanings : you osier, clover, green bush, clover, how tall you grew, clover, at the first gate, clover, the sun rose, clover, at the second gate, clover, the moon trundled, clover, at the third gate, clover, the maiden walked, clover. entire families visited the rye fields. checked both theirs ' and neighbors ' fields and shared farming advice. in some regions, hired hands brewed beer before pentecost so that they could treat the owners after their walks in the grain fields. everyone gathers to eat and drink, while the young people sing and dance. girls had separate amusements. they sat in a nice spot on a hill, twined wreaths, cast lots, told tales, sang and walked around grain fields. when christianity spread throughout lithuania, priests turned these ancient walkings around grain fields into blessings of the grain fields. people gathered in one farmstead upon the priests ' arrival and went together to bless the grain fields. feasting took place after the blessing. this tradition disappeared at the beginning of 20th century, when villages broke up into individual farms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.450973887174526, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a16fd44-7721-48a6-a5a5-3373efd12ec3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.603273"}
{"text": "there has been a fair amount written recently about the use of capacitors to \" drop \" the mains voltage down to values suitable for transistor circuitry. i was recently asked to explain some aspects of such circuitry and looking through my references, was taken by the fact that one of the circuits described looked remarkably familiar. above are shown two circuits. only the bare essentials are shown, things like surge limiting resistors are omitted......... their similarities are self evident. now, if we wish to analyze fig. 1. in terms of current available, it is natural to think in terms of impedance. the reactance ( impedance ) of a capacitor is given by the formula ( 1 ) xc = 1 / 2p fc where f is the frequency in hz and c is the capacitance in farads. we can now apply ohms law to this and we find that, in a circuit where there is capacitance only, ( 2 ) i = 2 p fce where i is the ac current and e is the rms value of the ac supply. as d1 is a half wave regulator, ( 3 ) idc = p fce. let us see what a bit of simple arithmetic produces ; iim going to ignore things like voltage drop across diodes : - if we give c1 a value of 470 nf and an ac voltage of 230, equation ( 2 ) above gives us : - 2x p x 50 x 4. 7 x 10 - 7 x 230 = an ac current value of 34 ma. if we use half wave rectification, as in fig. 1, we should divide this by 2, i. e. 17ma. taking fig. 2, we would normally analyze it in terms of charge, it is after all, a charge pump, so we use classic capacitance theory, i. e. q = cv = it. ( charge = capacitance x voltage = current x time ) or i = cv / t. as t = 1 / f we can write this as idc = cvf. if we were to apply the mains to such a circuit we could assume that, because the mains has \" unlimited capacity \", c1 charges up to twice the mains peak voltage ( i. e. 2 ( o 2 x 230 ) = 650 ), we then get : - idc = 2 o 2 ( fce ) or 2 x o 2 x 50 x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5356984310110569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f861f3c-ec11-42dd-86c4-40778d0be476>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.606536"}
{"text": ", c1 charges up to twice the mains peak voltage ( i. e. 2 ( o 2 x 230 ) = 650 ), we then get : - idc = 2 o 2 ( fce ) or 2 x o 2 x 50 x 4. 7 x 10 - 9 x 2. 3 x 102. this gives us a current of 15 ma. now this isnit too much of a discrepancy but it bothers me. the two figures should be the same! where is my simple arithmetic going wrong? david ledgard suggested that, if we want to find out why the answers are different, we put the two formulae side by side and cancel out the common factors, so : - p fce - - - - 2o 2 ( fce ) ( p x 50 x 470 x 10 - 9 x 230 ) - - - - ( 2 x o 2 x 50 x 470 x 10 - 9 x 230 ) the result is : - ( p ) - - - - ( 2o 2 ) now, p does not equal 2o 2 so this explains why the results are different but does illustrate that we will always get answers in that ratio, no matter what values are used for frequency, capacitance or voltage. the charge formula always gives a current value which is 10 % below that calculated using the impedance formula. which is correct? it doesnit really matter! the tolerances of capacitors are such that there can be a 10 % variation anyway! nevertheless, i remain puzzled. the two formulae are well established. you might even say that they are pillars of the electronic establishment. they should be equally valid and if so the answers should be the sameoo we have at least a couple of hundred folk in the b. a. e. c. and some of them must be smarter than me. come on chaps! tell me the answer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49259769595103564, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f861f3c-ec11-42dd-86c4-40778d0be476>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.607555"}
{"text": "henry craik, ed. english prose. 1916. vol. iv. eighteenth century character of pitt by horace walpole ( 17171797 ) from memoirs of the reign of king george ii. pitt had roused us from this ignoble lethargy : he had asserted that our resources were still prodigioushe found them so in the intrepidity of our troops and naviesbut he went further, and perhaps too far. he staked our revenues with as little management as he played with the lives of the subjects ; and as if we could never have another war to wage, or as if he meant, which was impracticable, that his administration should decide which alone should exist as a nation, britain or france, he lavished the last treasures of this country with a prodigality beyond example and beyond excuse ; yet even that profusion was not so blameable as his negligence. ignorant of the whole circle of finance, and consequently averse from corresponding with financiers, a plain set of men who are never to be paid with words instead of figures, he kept aloof from all details, drew magnificent plans and left others to find the magnificent means. disdaining, too, to descend into the operations of an office which he did not fill, he affected to throw on the treasury the execution of measures which he dictated, but for which he thus held himself not responsible. the conduct was artful, new, and grand ; and to him proved most advantageous. secluded from all eyes, his orders were received as oracles ; and their success, of consequence, was imputed to his inspiration. misfortunes and miscarriages fell to the account of the more human agents ; corruption and waste were charged on the subordinate priests. they indeed were charmed with this dispensation. as mr. pitt neither granted suits nor received them, newcastle revelled in a boundless power of appointing agents, commissaries, victuallers, and the whole train of leeches, and even paid his court to pitt by heaping extravagance on extravagance ; for the more money was thrown away, the greater idea pitt conceived of his systems grandeur. but none flattered this ostentatious prodigality like the germans. from the king of prussia and prince ferdinand to the lowest victualler in the camp, all made advantage of english easiness and dissipation. as the minister was proud of such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4359381060949185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d241e9f2-85f5-414c-8fc9-a1dd6fdb9e37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.614699"}
{"text": "cambridge, john, land agent and businessman ; b. 13 dec. 1748 in england ; m. 16 jan. 1775 mary winchester, and they had ten children, only four of whom reached maturity ; d. 26 dec. 1831 in bristol, england. before his arrival on st john \u2019 s ( prince edward ) island in 1784, john cambridge remains a shadowy figure in historical records. a privy council report of 1791 identifies him as being \u201c formerly an obscure chairmaker in st. martin \u2019 s lane \u201d but there are indications that as early as 1777 he was associated with a group of merchants who planned to trade with and promote settlement on st john \u2019 s island. one of this group was the quaker colonizer robert clark * and it may have been the religious link that brought the two men together. cambridge was known on the island as a quaker, and he refused to take oaths in court on religious principles. nevertheless, he was not connected with the society of friends. indeed, he wrote in 1793 that although \u201c in full belief of friends principles \u201d he was not \u201c united to the society. \u201d it is probable that he became a member after returning to england, for he was buried a quaker. cambridge was named clark \u2019 s agent in 1783 and took up the appointment the following spring when he came out with his family to the island. he was called upon in 1786 to defend his employer \u2019 s interests against the island establishment following an attempt to confirm governor walter patterson * \u2019 s seizure in 1781 of part of clark \u2019 s property for non - payment of quitrents. in doing so cambridge alienated some island officials ; the alienation was later to develop into bitterness and litigation. john cambridge was not content to act simply as clark \u2019 s agent. in 1785, with the backing of merchants in london, including his brother - in - law william winchester, he began commercial activities of his own. he acquired property in the murray harbour district in the southeast part of the island and four years later was able to report that he had built two large brigs, both of which were on trading voyages, one to the west indies and the other to portugal. the shipping registers indicate that he was also the owner of a number of smaller vessels. these craft, mostly schooners, kept up a trade with newfoundland. he built a large sawmill at murray harbour and had houses there and in charlottetown. by 1788 cambridge had formed a partnership with william bowley, another island resident. bowley had purchased debts owed by clark, and cambridge in turn had a large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3788083092769422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.639823"}
{"text": ". he built a large sawmill at murray harbour and had houses there and in charlottetown. by 1788 cambridge had formed a partnership with william bowley, another island resident. bowley had purchased debts owed by clark, and cambridge in turn had a large bill for his wages and expenses as clark \u2019 s agent. together they sued clark and the court case, begun in 1789, developed into protracted litigation, with countersuits and appeals dragging the matter out until the end of the century. even before the conclusion of the court battle cambridge was able to gain control of clark \u2019 s assets and land, establishing himself as a substantial merchant. his relations with members of the colonial administration were not good, however. he had supported lieutenant governor edmund fanning * against the doomed patterson faction on fanning \u2019 s arrival in 1786 but this support, predicated on a quick resolution of the problem caused by patterson \u2019 s illegal expropriations, did not last long. of lesser officials cambridge became excessively intolerant. he was a strong - willed individual who, when he considered himself slighted, took full measures to obtain what he considered justice. in 1787 he carried a complaint against isaac swan, a petty patterson supporter, to the governor and council ; in another incident two years later he was able to persuade that body to dismiss high sheriff walter berry for irregularities. he was less successful when he brought charges against the attorney general, joseph aplin * \u2013 a poor move, since aplin was usually successful in the courts whatever the law. as a sharp merchant cambridge was especially conscious of any apparent favour extended to his competitors and, when he learned that collector of customs william townshend * was allowing use of the iles de la madeleine for the evasion of customs duties, he was quick to publicize the fact. in doing so he precipitated a struggle because townshend retaliated by seizing several of cambridge and bowley \u2019 s vessels for smuggling. the latter case dragged on for three years with cambridge complaining that he could not obtain justice in the island courts. it was not until 1791 that the case was settled, but by then cambridge \u2019 s complaints had been broadened to include almost the entire government of the colony. in concert with john hill *, another island merchant, cambridge and bowley in 1791 brought charges of malfeasance before the privy council in london against townshend, fanning, aplin, and chief justice peter stewart *. cambridge carried the complaints to england in a petition that he persuaded a number of the island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38661841376704686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.640984"}
{"text": "to london had cost him more that \u00a310, 000. he was forced to spend a short time in jail before he could convince the four officials of his ability to pay. because making the settlement would quickly exhaust cambridge \u2019 s assets, the officials, who were more interested in payment than in revenge, agreed to assist him in recovering funds from hill and bowley. the latter were each asked to contribute one - third of the settlement, and when they refused legal action was brought against them. in 1793 suits prepared by aplin were successful and resulted in executions against their property on the island. within days the property of hill, who was absent from the island, and the valuable greenwich estate, belonging to bowley and his children, were sold at auction by the sheriff and passed into cambridge \u2019 s hands ; bowley himself was forced to flee under cover of darkness to avoid imprisonment. attempts at appeal were refused by the courts and the governor in council in 1794, and bowley was forced to appeal to the king in council in 1796 to have the case reopened on the island. hill, too, had to bring an action in london against his former associate and was successful, but before he could move against cambridge the latter \u2019 s assets were placed in the hands of a trustee. hill appears to have given up at this point but bowley \u2019 s action was not settled for almost 50 years. in length and complexity the case bowley v. cambridge rivalled the celebrated jarndyce case in charles dickens \u2019 s novel bleak house, which was ended only when the total assets of the estate were swallowed up in legal fees. cambridge \u2019 s legal problems were exacerbated by business reverses. in 1794 he lost the support of his backers in england and his few remaining assets were seized by creditors. his schooner endeavour was taken that year by the french on a voyage to the west indies and he was left with no capital to rebuild his business. the loss of his london backers was the low point of his career. faced with a report that even william winchester, his brother - in - law, had joined the creditors, he considered leaving the colony and going to the united states. however, on learning that winchester had stood by him and that it had been the other partners who had taken the action, he and his wife resolved to stay on the island. the lieutenant governor and principal officers gave him encouragement. in a letter to alexander ellice *, a montreal merchant for whom cambridge was agent, he reported that \u201c the people in the island in general are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46098359916872417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.643166"}
{"text": "and his wife resolved to stay on the island. the lieutenant governor and principal officers gave him encouragement. in a letter to alexander ellice *, a montreal merchant for whom cambridge was agent, he reported that \u201c the people in the island in general are much attached to us, and lament our failure, and hope we shall get into business again. \u201d that he was able to do so was the result of a fortunate precaution. it appears that cambridge had placed his affairs in the hands of a trustee \u201c as the property of a bankrupt, \u201d but he may not have declared bankruptcy. at any rate the move was sufficient to relieve the pressure on his finances and he was able to begin again. he kept the secure base at murray harbour and returned to the shipping of lumber and livestock to newfoundland. the key factor in cambridge \u2019 s ability to rebuild lay in the fact that he retained control of several large parcels of property, much of which he had obtained through lawsuits. he seems to have made an effort to bring settlers to his lands and thereby avoid the attacks of those who would escheat for non - payment of quitrents. with this base he was able to continue efforts at settlement and the lumber trade. his mills processed timber from his own land which he then sent to newfoundland in his own ships. by 1801 he had won back the contract to supply the garrison with fuel and had a new vessel on the ways, the first in ten years. it was launched the following year and cambridge wrote to his wife that the ship, after proceeding to liverpool with a timber cargo, was to sail to ireland for a load of irish protestants \u201c in order to preserve our lands from forfeiture. \u201d perhaps it was the renewed threat of escheat that prompted him in 1805 to sign with charles worrell * and william townshend a memorial to lieutenant governor joseph frederick wallet desbarres citing the efforts of himself and other proprietors, including john macdonald * of glenaladale and lord selkirk [ douglas * ], in settling people on their lands and contributing to the island \u2019 s prosperity. in 1806 cambridge was commended by the assembly for his efforts in this regard. it was the timber trade that brought cambridge fortune, and this prosperity he shared with the rest of the colony. initially the trade was part of the gulf of st lawrence commerce and most cargoes went to newfoundland. shipping to britain was too expensive and there was often a long search for a return cargo. from 1803 until 1807 only about two cargoes a year went across the atlantic from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40207105223039075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.644166"}
{"text": "part of the gulf of st lawrence commerce and most cargoes went to newfoundland. shipping to britain was too expensive and there was often a long search for a return cargo. from 1803 until 1807 only about two cargoes a year went across the atlantic from the island as a whole. the situation began to change in 1807 when the napoleonic blockade of ports on the baltic sea opened the british north american timber trade. the island was well suited to fill the demand : because it had many small harbours where trees grew close to the water \u2019 s edge, timber could be easily moved and loaded. in 1808, 41 vessels left the island with shipments for britain and the following year the number swelled to 78 despite what cambridge termed \u201c an uncommon bad season \u201d with timber left behind because of deep snow. the trade brought manpower shortages to the colony and high prices. oxen, usually raised for food, were employed in the woods and the provisioning of ships left food scarce. sales to newfoundland fell off dramatically. ships were a necessary element of the cambridge operation and john lost no time building and acquiring them. from 1808 there was rarely a year when a new cambridge vessel did not appear on the register and often there were several. when the timber trade stabilized after 1817 cambridge remained successful by entering a new form of commerce, later followed by james yeo *, which combined the exporting of timber with the building and marketing of vessels. in 1824 four ships were registered and twice that number in the following year. many of these vessels were large, fully rigged ships in excess of 300 tons ; the cambridge ( 536 tons ), launched in 1826, was one of the largest built on the island. in his will, made in 1829, cambridge instructed his sons that he had \u201c found the most effectual way of getting my debts remitted... to be by building a ship annually and by loading her with timber \u201d and disposing of both in the united kingdom. family correspondence reveals that in spite of prosperity the firm was never far from a financial crisis as dependence on credit was a necessary part of long - distance trade. other operations of the cambridge firm also seemed to do well. in 1808 he boasted that his mill at murray harbour was perhaps the first in north america equipped with an 18 - unit gang saw cutting 7, 000 feet of deals a day. a new venture was the construction of a brewery at the bird island ( wrights ) creek mills near charlottetown. unfortunately it was not a success, in part because food shortages had raised the price of barley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41058870426815625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.645152"}
{"text": "7, 000 feet of deals a day. a new venture was the construction of a brewery at the bird island ( wrights ) creek mills near charlottetown. unfortunately it was not a success, in part because food shortages had raised the price of barley on the island. in 1808 cambridge, whose family figured in all his business affairs, formed a partnership with his son lemuel and his son - in - law george wright *, son of thomas wright *, the surveyor general. wright did not have the business sense of other members of the cambridge family and the partnership was dissolved in 1813 when john took his other son, artemas, into the company, now termed cambridge and sons. in the next few years control of the firm passed more and more to the sons, who were described by lieutenant governor charles douglass smith * as \u201c very fine young men & of the very best reputation. \u201d with some stability in business and his sons in charge of the island operation, cambridge, at the urging of his wife, who had run the business whenever her husband was in england, decided to conduct the british end of the firm \u2019 s transatlantic commerce. he apparently moved to bristol in 1814 and did not return to the island in his later years. by the time of his departure he seems to have made his peace with the colonial administration. he was nominated high sheriff in 1809 but declined, citing his quaker beliefs, and his son lemuel served instead. by 1813 he was noted as being an intimate friend of chief justice c\u00e6sar colclough. when he died in 1831 at age 83 cambridge held 102, 000 acres on the island, almost one - tenth of the total. in addition he and his family owned extensive mills, shipbuilding facilities, and stores, and the cambridge estate was the home of at least 5, 000 people, many of whom were tenants. there is no doubt that cambridge was the greatest island landowner of his day but his empire, like many others, was built on credit. the lands had been heavily mortgaged to provide capital for shipbuilding and expansion. seven years after cambridge \u2019 s death samuel cunard * and others purchased the mortgage for \u00a312, 000 sterling and in 1841 gained possession of the entire estate. in the same year the island \u2019 s court of chancery finally decided bowley v. cambridge. after twice reaching the king in council, and following the death of both litigants, the case was resolved when the court divided bowley \u2019 s estate equally between the claimants. john cambridge was hardly a typical merchant of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4061280044643169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.646150"}
{"text": "calgary ; photocopies are available at pac, mg 24, b133. additional letters from cambridge to alexander ellice are found in the ellice papers at the nls, dept. of mss, mss 15113 \u2013 26, available on microfilm at the pac, mg 24, a2. cambridge \u2019 s affairs appear frequently in colonial office correspondence, with the following references being most useful : pro, co 226 / 9 : 176 ; 226 / 10 : 29, 135 \u2013 37, 234, 238, 252 \u2013 93 ; 226 / 11 : 17 ; 226 / 12 : 12, 27 ; 226 / 13 : 21 \u2013 45, 207, 218 \u2013 19, 280 \u2013 82, 377 \u2013 78 ; 226 / 14 ; 226 / 15 : 172 ; 226 / 16 : 186 et seq., 248 ; 226 / 17 : 107 \u2013 48 ; 226 / 18 : 162 \u2013 206 ; 226 / 19 : 72 \u2013 74, 204 et seq., 233, 347, 352 ; 226 / 20 : 106 \u2013 8, 142 ; 226 / 21 : 110 ; 226 / 23 : 65 \u2013 74 ; 226 / 27 : 78 \u2013 83 ; 226 / 28 : 53, 220 \u2013 22 ; 226 / 29 : 67 \u2013 71, 115 ; 226 / 30 : 177 \u2013 80 ; 226 / 34 : 391 \u2013 99 ; 226 / 39 : 49 \u2013 54, 260, 416 \u2013 22 ; 226 / 42 : 132 ; 226 / 47 : 166. minutes of the island \u2019 s executive council, found in papei, rg 5, have references to cambridge on the following dates : 12 april 1787 ; 15 dec. 1788 ; 12, 16, 19 \u2013 20, 23 \u2013 24 march, 6, 27 april, 5 may 1789 ; 26 april, 17 july 1790 ; 7, 30 oct. 1792 ; 23 feb. 1793 ; 25 oct. 1796 ; 6 aug. 1799. details of ship ownership by members of the cambridge family are found in pac, rg 42, e1, 1658 ; papei, rg 9, 2 ; and the prince edward island register, 3 jan. 1826, 16 jan. 1827, 29 jan. 1828, 13 jan. 1829, and 9 feb. 1830. a significant amount of information concerning cambridge is found in the prince edward island court records ( papei, rg 6 ), which were examined for the entire period. this source is especially detailed for bowley v. cambridge, 1793 \u2013 1841 ( rg 6, court of chance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41776163441565983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.651123"}
{"text": "is found in the prince edward island court records ( papei, rg 6 ), which were examined for the entire period. this source is especially detailed for bowley v. cambridge, 1793 \u2013 1841 ( rg 6, court of chancery papers, box 1 ). material regarding the privy council appeals in the case is at pro, pc 1 / 64 / b. 30 ; 1 / 65 / b. 33, 35, and 38 ; and 1 / 66 / b. 40. these collections shed much light on cambridge \u2019 s litigious nature. information concerning his land holdings is scattered throughout papei, rg 16, land registry records. cambridge \u2019 s will is located in the estates division of the supreme court of p. e. i. ( charlottetown ), liber 2 : f. 198. secondary sources which proved useful include : canada \u2019 s smallest prov. ( bolger ), pp. 37 \u2013 94 ; warburton, hist. of p. e. i., 255 \u2013 65 ; and w. s. macnutt, \u201c fanning \u2019 s regime on prince edward island, \u201d acadiensis ( fredericton ), 1 ( 1971 \u2013 72 ), no. 1 : 37 \u2013 53. h. t. h. ] papei, acc. 2984 / 4, cambridge to [ flowden? ], 28 sept. 1793 ; cambridge to b [ william winchester ], [ c. 1793 ] ; cambridge to alexander ellice, 26 nov. 1794 ; rg 3, journals, 18 dec. 1806 ; rg 6, supreme court, case papers, 1789, cambridge, bowley & co. v. clark ; 1790, townshend v. the adventure ; 1790, townshend v. the elizabeth ; minutes ; rg 16, land registry records, conveyance reg., liber 8 : f. 94 ; liber 49 : f. 203. private arch., george wright ( charlottetown ), cambridge family bible. bristol gazette, and public advertiser ( bristol, eng. ), 29 dec. 1831. bristol mirror, 31 dec. 1831. felix farley \u2019 s bristol journal, 31 dec. 1831. royal gazette ( charlottetown ), 28 feb. 1832.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4332459970372081, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cda49a-f74e-4c73-9650-0df271c0f1c5>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.652107"}
{"text": "| community - scale biomass energy : the facts | download a pdf of this article when community - scale biomass energy systems are well - designed, well - run, and sustainably supplied, it is a positive, proven, renewable energy option that can be practical and safe, can strengthen our economy and security, and can help ease the urgent strain on our planet \u2019 s ecosystem. and, in regions throughout the united states with abundant forest resources, it is available now. community - scale biomass energy systems burn biological material \u2014 most often wood from low - quality trees \u2014 in highly efficient, high - temperature combustion systems to produce heat. sometimes, these systems also produce a certain amount of electric power ( this is called chp, combined heat and power ). but the most efficient use of biomass for energy is to provide space heating and domestic hot water. community - scale systems typically provide this to single buildings, such as schools and hospitals, or to groups of buildings such as college campuses, industrial parks, or whole towns or cities through \u201c district heating \u201d systems. community - scale biomass systems that produce heat or chp are different from electric power plants, which are generally much larger and mainly produce electricity for broad distribution. biomass - fueled technology is only about 20 - 25 percent efficient at producing electric power ; at producing heat, it is 70 - 90 percent efficient. power plants sometimes ( though this is rare ) sell the excess heat they generate, where it is economically feasible and if there is an appropriate user nearby ; this is only 40 - 45 percent efficient. technology is also being developed that can use biomass to produce liquid biofuels. community - scale thermal applications are the most efficient biomass energy technologies \u2014 they do the best job of turning biomass fuel into energy, with the least waste. systems of this type have been in use since the early 1980s, and have built a track record of safety and reliability. today, a growing number of community - scale systems, most fueled with woodchips and some with wood pellets, are delivering heat and hot water to schools, businesses, colleges, hospitals, city centers, and whole communities across the northern united states, canada, and north and central europe. biomass fuel can be used in a wide range of technologies, from home woodstoves to power plants. because community - scale thermal systems combine high - efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission - safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. when wood fuel is harvested responsibly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5309443838118293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a906d319-cb20-4de8-b92e-cdac6c1b9921>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.656317"}
{"text": "community - scale thermal systems combine high - efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission - safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. when wood fuel is harvested responsibly from well - managed forests, community - scale biomass energy is a sustainable whole system. it keeps energy dollars circulating in the local and regional economy, by using a renewable fuel that is harvested nearby \u2014 and its carbon emissions are re - captured as the forests that supply the fuel continue to grow. in contrast, fossil - fuel systems extract carbon that is buried underground in geological deposits, then add it to the atmosphere over time. finally, by developing a reliable, local market for low - quality wood, biomass energy can create a new financial incentive for forestland owners to manage their forests for long - term productive health, lessening the pressure to \u201c high - grade \u201d ( cut only the most valuable trees and leave the rest ). the revenue stream for biomass fuel can help landowners make ends meet, also relieving the pressure to sell woodland for development. benefits of using biomass at the community scale modern community - scale biomass energy systems use sophisticated emission controls biomass energy systems emit 1 / 6 of the sulfur oxides, which contribute to acid rain, than do oil - fired systems. nitrogen oxide emissions are about the same as oil. when their fuel is harvested responsibly from sustainably managed forests, biomass systems can be low - carbon, or carbon neutral over time good forest management is essential to realizing the carbon benefits of biomass energy. key factors include : where trees are harvested, how they are harvested, how this plays out over the landscape and over time, and whether management practices support long - term forest health. it is also important that biomass energy systems be well - designed and efficiently run. when these positive factors are in place, converting from oil - or gas - fired energy to biomass can reduce net co2 emissions by 75 - 90 percent. a well - managed biomass fuel industry, coupled with sustainable growth in demand, creates new incentives to protect and preserve the working forest landscape image captions ( from top to bottom ) a typical below - grade woodchip storage bin at a public school. woodchips being conveyed from the storage bin to to the boiler room. the 2010 installation of middlebury college in middlebury, vermont exemplifies a community - scale biomass application. woodchips burning inside the combustion chamber of a biomass boiler. the chipping of low - grade wood from harvesting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5000400355441309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a906d319-cb20-4de8-b92e-cdac6c1b9921>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.657378"}
{"text": "baby humor development it is during this time in a child \u2019 s life that they begin to closely watch their parent \u2019 s expressions. this is when they start to understand how to interpret when something is funny. the study was conducted in the u. s. where researchers studied a group of 30 babies in their own homes on two separate occasions. the first occasion was when the babies were 6 months old and the second was when they were one year old. the babies were studied initially while they watched their parents react to two ordinary events and later to two unordinary events. for the ordinary event the researcher read a picture book and showed a red ball to the babies. for the unordinary event the researcher bounced the picture book on her head and put the red ball on her nose. when the unordinary event occurred the parents were told to either point and laugh at the researcher or to stare without making an expression. at 6 months of age, during the absurd events, the babies watched their parents closely as they laughed and stared for a longer time than when the normal events took place. however, there was no distinct correlation between the babies \u2019 reactions and their parents \u2019 reactions. at 1 year of age, when the same events took place, the babies showed they had already developed a sense of humor by laughing when the absurd events took place even when their parents remained expressionless. researchers suggest, \u201c the combination of paying close attention to absurd events and to others laughing at those events when they are 6 months old may explain how babies develop the sense of humor they have when they \u2019 re a year old \u201d. the study was presented at the british psychological society meeting in glasgow, scotland this september where researchers explained how humor is an important vehicle for understanding infant development. the study revealed that social referencing is a key ingredient to infant development ; particularly in relation to emotional advice received by parents. the author of the study, gina mireault of johnson state college, claims, \u201c our findings suggest that 6 - month - olds are starting to see parents as a source of emotional information, and this is likely to be an important step on the way to being able to obtain emotional advice from parents when this is needed, which we know infants do at 8 months. by 12 months, infants seem to have had just enough life experience to make up their own minds \u2014 at least about what is absurdly funny. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943424896677414, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03eb6829-ebc9-484d-a13f-4e36f17a3417>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.660953"}
{"text": "the presence of a large multi - burner gas range at the heart of the cooking line is about as fundamental as it gets in any restaurant. that iron and stainless steel behemoth uses a lot of energy, throws a lot of heat, and requires a dedicated ventilation system just to keep the cooks from getting overwhelmed. for decades no proper chef would have it any other way. that \u2019 s beginning to change, and the catalyst of that change is the induction range. induction cooking works in a completely different manner than traditional gas or electric ranges. instead of using a superhot medium like burning gas or an electrically heated element, induction ranges use the energy created by two opposing magnetic fields driven by an electric current to make the metal in the cookware itself become hot. sound a little geeky? it is, in a cool science project kind of way. for professional chefs, the most interesting thing about induction cooking are the practical advantages it can bring to the process, including : precision temperature control. while there is certainly a steep learning curve in the beginning, once a chef gets an induction range dialed in based upon the numbers on the knob, you can be sure you \u2019 ll get consistent, perfectly even heat every time. this is especially beneficial for low temperature and simmering applications, because an induction range can maintain a much lower heat than a traditional gas or electric range. speed. you \u2019 ve never seen a pot boil faster or oil heat up quicker than on an induction range. because the metal of the pot or pan sitting on the burner becomes the heating agent instead of the medium, induction is by far the fastest way to heat whatever you \u2019 re cooking. efficiency. an induction range uses a fraction of the energy used by a traditional range. there \u2019 s also almost zero energy waste since the energy used to heat food is created in the metal of the cookware instead of below it. this energy is also created by a relatively weak electrical current, which can be much more inexpensive than natural gas. safety. an induction burner that \u2019 s turned on to full heat is still cool to the touch. as it heats metal cookware it will become hot, but the burner itself creates no heat. this makes induction much safer than traditional ranges. some induction ranges even have automatic detectors that shut off the burner when there is no pan present, when the pan is empty, or when foreign objects fall onto the surface of the range. ventilation. because induction ranges don \u2019 t burn fuel like a gas range, minimal ventilation is needed, and much less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45999007349660115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad74fc9d-3b11-4b5e-9c86-714e0c0bc22b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.667191"}
{"text": "burner when there is no pan present, when the pan is empty, or when foreign objects fall onto the surface of the range. ventilation. because induction ranges don \u2019 t burn fuel like a gas range, minimal ventilation is needed, and much less heat is created, even if you \u2019 re running induction all day on a busy line. this can save any restaurant a boatload of money on the ventilation and cooling costs normally associated with a traditional gas range. make sure you consult the local regulations in your community when deciding how much ventilation you need to install for an induction range. in general, however, the requirements should be a fraction of those for a gas range. induction cooking isn \u2019 t for every restaurant. some chefs don \u2019 t like the fact that cookware cools off rapidly when it \u2019 s not in contact with the burner \u2013 a distinct disadvantage for techniques that call for using the pan to flip or sautee ingredients as they cook. induction also supports only certain types of cookware \u2013 usually stainless steel or cast iron \u2013 which means your aluminum cookware will be useless on an induction range. if you are interested in induction cooking, vollrath has been a pioneer in developing induction ranges, countertop burners, and even chafers for the food service industry. so far another factor slowing the widespread adoption of induction technology in restaurants has been the cost of equipment. as energy prices, especially natural gas, continue to rise and the cost of quality induction equipment comes down, however, induction cooking starts to make more and more sense. check out a full inventory of vollrath induction equipment here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4500703682661676, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad74fc9d-3b11-4b5e-9c86-714e0c0bc22b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.669385"}
{"text": "i \u2019 m working on an ebook titled \u201c 6 powerful mechanisms behind personal change \u201d. this post is a part of the chapter about positive attitude. i will show you what attitude is and how you can use it to be proactive. the nature of attitude daniel d. droba claims he was the first to define the attitude concept and he did so in his article the nature of attitude from 1933. droba based his study on 55 books on sociology and psychology and he concluded that attitude is a state of preparation to action. \u201c attitude is a state of preparation to action \u201d carl jung \u2019 s definition of attitude i \u2019 m surprised that droba only used american sources and studies because the attitude concept has a central role in carl jung \u2019 s psychological types published in 1923. jung \u2019 s work is used today in personality tests and development of organisations. in his work \u201c psychological types \u201d ( pp. 526 - 30 ) jung gave his definition of attitude : \u201c attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain direction. \u201d jung places great emphasis on the attitude concept because it is a powerful mechanism that is based on experience : \u201c to have a certain attitude means to be ready for something definite [ \u2026 ] having an attitude is synonymous with an a priori direction towards a definite thing. \u201d jung believes that we have both a conscious and an unconscious attitude. i you want to act in a certain direction you have to be conscious about it ; for that you need attitude. \u201c active apperception is impossible without an attitude. \u201d jung has identified certain types of attitudes that are based on habits. \u201c when a function habitually predominates, a typical attitude is thereby produced. \u201d this means, that habits can develop both consciously and unconsciously ; these habits will produce some kind of attitude. if you want to change something you need the right attitude to do so. that is why you can combine habits and attitudes and thereby create personal change. experience \u2192 attitude \u2192 action it \u2019 s raining. rain is wet and cold. \u2192 rain is bad \u2192 cancel date habits \u2192 attitude \u2192 action bad habit \u2192 negative attitude \u2192 negative projection to other people unhealthy diet \u2192 feeling of guilt \u2192 healthy people are patronising you can use this mechanism to create change. changing a habit is difficult and it takes time, but you can choose to adopt a certain attitude, e. g. a positive attitude, and thereby change your action. another type of action will lead to a new experience. that new experience is your resource to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5777416030619744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45c71363-4e5f-4ae9-9119-82785136491d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.674244"}
{"text": "there seems to be a lot of confusion out there as to the best sources of omega - 3 fatty acids. this article will break down the major sources of omega - 3 \u2019 s and give you the information you need to make educated choices. first, there are three main types of omega - 3 fatty acids : dha, epa and ala. dha ( docosahexaenoic acid ) and epa ( eicosapentaenoic acid ) are found in fish and ala ( alpha - linolenic acid ) is found in plants like flaxseed. when you choose an omega - 3 source, we suggest that you select a healthy balance of all fatty acids, but make sure you are getting enough epa and dha, as these fatty acids are responsible for the majority of the health benefits of omega - 3 \u2019 s. this is important to remember : if a food or supplement states it is high in omega - 3, it does not necessarily mean it is high in epa and dha. for example, although flaxseed oil is six times richer than most fish oils in omega - 3 \u2019 s, flaxseed oil contains mainly ala, not dha and epa. unfortunately, our bodies can only convert ala into dha and epa in very small amounts. scientific studies have revealed that fatty acids from fish or fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, benefited patients with cardiovascular disease and adhd. more...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4010214812224221, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82b38e36-bd38-498b-91e2-62814b756eda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.675911"}
{"text": "earth day is arriving next week - - and guess what? children fear that soon we won ' t be celebrating any additional earth days. in a survey commissioned by habitatheroes. com, more than half believe the earth will not be a good place to live when they grow up. one in three fear the demise of the planet. sharon lowe, mother of three, environmental activist, and creator of habitatheroes. com, offers these tips to help parents allay their kid ' s fears about the environment : - communication is key. parents need to be open and honest with their children. - allow your children to ask questions. acknowledge their fears as real, no matter how big or small. explain in a manner they can relate to. show them pictures. visit websites like habitat heroes and engage in child friendly games and activities to help explain the issues in a way that is not scary. habitat heroes offers printable activity sheets and lesson plans which can help reinforce your conversations. you can also find out if your child ' s class is being educated about topics that they are fearful of. many schools are taking the initiative to teach students about these environmental and social issues and how to cope. as with anything parents should always lead by example. here are some simple ways to educate kids about being green. 1 ) add more clothing before adding more heat. 2 ) take off a layer of clothing before turning up the air conditioning. 3 ) replace light bulbs with energy efficient ones. make it an activity with the kids. 4 ) turn off electrical appliances at the powerpoint, not just the switch. 5 ) turn off the tv when you leave the room. 6 ) turn off the lights when you leave the room. 7 ) open up curtains and enjoy natural light. 8 ) take recycled / hemp shopping bags with you instead of using plastic bags. 9 ) place food scraps into a compost bin for your garden. you can turn that into a fun activity for the kids. they will love watching the worms! 10 ) recycle plastics, glass and paper in the appropriate places. check if your municipality or local stores recycle electronic goods and furniture. for more information check out habitat heores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43629709250320414, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd166fc7-b715-4928-b410-29117f78ab45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.678101"}
{"text": "at statehood, the federal government promised all states that it would transfer title for all public lands within the states. the u. s. supreme court has called these promises \u201c solemn compacts, \u201d \u201c bilateral ( two - way ) agreements, \u201d and \u201c solemn trusts \u201d that must be performed \u201c in a timely fashion. \u201d with the vote of 35 - 15, sb1332 was changed from requiring that washington turn over \u201c public lands \u201d to a demand that they do so. if it passes the senate, it will place arizona governor jan brewer in the position that utah gov. gary herbert found himself in when he signed similar legislation last month, do they join the western land war : 5 states fight d. c. for control of federal areas. the fight centers on the millions of acres of lands that were never turned over to the western states after they were admitted to the union. these lands are being held in \u201c trust \u201d for the \u201c public \u201d but they hold valuable resources that the states feel they have a right too. the following list shows what these states see as unequal treatment by the federal government. the percentage of land that is under the control of the feds west of the mississippi is staggering and they want it turned over as promised in the enabling acts that brought these states into existence. - nevada 84. 5 % - alaska 69. 1 % - utah 57. 4 % - oregon 53. 1 % - idaho 50. 2 % - arizona 48. 1 % - california 45. 3 % - wyoming 42. 3 % - new mexico 41. 8 % - colorado 36. 6 % now compare that to other states and you will be able to understand why the western states feel that they must demand respect for their sovereignty and their lands as promised. - connecticut 0. 4 % - rhode island 0. 4 % - iowa 0. 8 % - new york 0. 8 % - maine 1. 1 % - kansas 1. 2 % - nebraska 1. 4 % - alabama 1. 6 % - ohio 1. 7 % - illinois 1. 8 % the argument has been the definition of a \u201c timely manner \u201d for turning over these lands but as you can see by the dates of admittance to the union these states have been more than patient with washington \u2019 s failure to keep its promises. - nevada oct 31, 1864 - alaska jan 3, 1959 - utah jan 4, 1896 - oregon feb 14, 1859 - idaho jul 3, 1890 - arizona feb 14, 1912 - california sep 9, 1850 - wyoming jul 10, 1890", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44857936166897716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55363097-9e26-41c7-abf2-59daa52db4a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.681639"}
{"text": "promises. - nevada oct 31, 1864 - alaska jan 3, 1959 - utah jan 4, 1896 - oregon feb 14, 1859 - idaho jul 3, 1890 - arizona feb 14, 1912 - california sep 9, 1850 - wyoming jul 10, 1890 - new mexico jan 6, 1912 - colorado aug 1, 1876 \u201c the bill \u2019 s chief supporter said environmental constraints put on mining, logging and other resource industries limit how federally controlled public land can be used in the west, to the detriment of states \u2019 economic prosperity. \u201d \u201c this will take the shackles off of us and allow us to prosper, \u201d sen. al melvin, r - tucson, said during a march committee hearing on the bill. \u201c this will be a major game - changer. \u201d \u201c the utah law and the arizona bill both call for formation of a state commission to decide details of how the transfers of control of public land would work. \u201d for state sovereignty to mean anything then these western states must gain control over the lands within their borders. if you live in arizona \u2013 act now. not tomorrow or next week. today, not tomorrow \u2013 right now. 1. visit the link below for contact information for your senator : 2. click on your senator \u2019 s name and get their email address and two phone numbers \u2013 capitol and district offices. 3. call them. best option \u2013 respectfully, yet firmly urge them to pass this bill. let them know that you want them to stand up for the constitution of the united states and the constitution of arizona \u2013 they took an oath to both. 4. email them \u2013 even if call, you can still email too. alternatively, just send them a firm but courteous email urging them to vote yes on this bill. 5. do the same for the governor \u2019 s office \u2013 602 ) 542 - 4331 or ( 520 ) 628 - 6580 http : / / www. azgovernor. gov / contact. asp 6. report back \u2013 when you get responses, let us know! we want people to be informed of what their delegates are saying and doing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4144498107517291, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55363097-9e26-41c7-abf2-59daa52db4a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.683811"}
{"text": "q : i have a plant that looks like a cattail, but it has a plume on top instead of a catkin. what is it? mike \u2013 cottonwood, az a : it sounds like you \u2019 ve got phragmites. also known as \u201c common reed, \u201d certain invasive varieties of this plant have taken root on the east coast, midwest and pacific northwest \u2013 and, apparently, in your pond! to identify the species of phragmite in your pond, check out cornell university \u2019 s \u201c morphological differences \u201d website here. generally speaking, phragmite is a perennial wetland grass that can grow to 6 to 15 feet in height. its stems, which are erect, smooth and hollow, measure nearly 1 inch in diameter and are topped with 12 - inch - long dense panicles, or purple - brown pyramid - shaped plumes of flowers, that emerge between july and september. the leaves that arise from the stem are 10 to 20 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. the plants propagate mainly via an extensive network of underground rhizomes, or horizontal stems, that produce roots and shoots that grow as deep as 39 inches, with their root systems growing down another 3 feet. they \u2019 re hardy \u2013 and unfortunately, they can be tough to control. a substantial threat these invasive, non - native bad guys can do some serious damage to your lake or pond. not only do they create tall, dense stands that crowd out native plants and animals, but they also block your shoreline views, create fire hazards from dry plant material, and reduce areas for swimming, fishing and hunting. they \u2019 re definitely not something you want on your property. once phragmites has taken root in your lake or pond, you \u2019 ll need to develop a long - term management plan to control them. unfortunately, because the plants spread through their rhizomes, they could be difficult to eradicate entirely. that \u2019 s where chemical and mechanical control can help. - chemical control : first, you can spray an epa - registered herbicide and surfactant product, like kraken\u2122 & cide - kick\u2122 combo, in the late summer or early fall. mix the herbicide with 2 gallons of water, pour it into pond sprayer and spray on the plants with your airmax\u00ae pressurized pond sprayer, completely wetting the surface of the leaves. allow the mixture to absorb into the plant and the root system \u2013 the most difficult part of the plant to kill \u2013 for two weeks. - mechanical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3952784023938414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6e84176-9a7a-4160-9234-7daedb20cf26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.687559"}
{"text": "plants with your airmax\u00ae pressurized pond sprayer, completely wetting the surface of the leaves. allow the mixture to absorb into the plant and the root system \u2013 the most difficult part of the plant to kill \u2013 for two weeks. - mechanical control : once the herbicide has had a chance to soak into the phragmites \u2019 root system and kill the plants, use a weed cutting and removal tool, like the pond logic\u00ae pond rake and weed cutter, to slice at the base of the plants and remove them. if you can control your pond \u2019 s or lake \u2019 s water line, you can also cut the phragmites 2 to 3 inches below the water surface to cut off the plant \u2019 s supply of oxygen and drown the plant. - destroy what you \u2019 ve removed : to prevent the accidental spread of the plant, collect the cut material and bag it before disposing of it. in extreme cases, prescribed burning after herbicide treatment can provide additional control. before you begin, check with your local environmental agency to see if a permit is required for the treatments of these buggers. plan to repeat this routine several years in a row. patches may emerge even after regular treatments, but once you \u2019 ve wiped out the majority of the phragmites, the plant will be much easier to control. just remember : early detection is key! pond talk : how do you control phragmites in your lake or pond?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3955214731166573, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6e84176-9a7a-4160-9234-7daedb20cf26>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.688352"}
{"text": "although much of henry wellcome \u2019 s collection was devoted to instruments and materials of healing, some of the objects found in it have a more sinister purpose. elizabeth baddeley looks at a tradition of punishment rooted in the fear of female autonomy. when visitors peer into our cabinet of masks in medicine man they are, almost without fail, drawn first to the bright, colourful disease masks from sri lanka ; to the exaggerated features of the ritual mask from bhutan ; to the almost eerily realistic grinning false face iroquois mask from north america. it seems almost as an afterthought that they turn to our object here : the matt grey, iron mask of the scold \u2019 s bridle. it seems clunky and dull next to the lively features of the more geographically exotic specimens it is displayed alongside. surprisingly, the history, use and legacy of this and similar objects are a much underexplored subject. this object is between 200 and 450 years old and is from belgium, but could be from any part of northern europe from the late medieval or early modern period. it is made from heavy iron, and has the caricatured ears of an ass, exaggerated facial features and twisted, cruel - looking horns. it is a scold \u2019 s bridle. the offence of scolding means little to nothing to us today, but in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was an acute insult. it was a uniquely female misdemeanour, and as such it is often compared to that other contemporary, and uniquely female, crime of being a whore. both were often punished with a round on the \u2018 cucking stool \u2019 \u2013 a mechanism where the accused was dunked into a river or pond while secured to a seat \u2013 and both are often viewed as female crime in a male - dominated legal system. a scold was, after all, \u2018 a troublesome and angry woman, who by her brawling and wrangling amongst her neighbours, doth break the publick peace, and beget, cherish and increase publick discord \u2019 according to william sheppard in 1675. the gendered nature of this crime has led to historians discussing whether it was a male way of limiting women \u2019 s powers of expression and activity. indeed, the prevalence of accusations against scolds seems to have peaked between the mid - 16th and 17th centuries, and in britain has been linked to the wider social upheaval surrounding the english civil war. punishment with a bridle like this one, or \u2018 branks \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47650436684676234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41c2cb9-f1d3-46c3-b63c-85a766e8abcd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.692718"}
{"text": "scolds seems to have peaked between the mid - 16th and 17th centuries, and in britain has been linked to the wider social upheaval surrounding the english civil war. punishment with a bridle like this one, or \u2018 branks \u2019 as they were also known, is less well recorded, but we know that it was done, as with the cucking stool, to ridicule and expose the women in front of her neighbours. it could also be painful. the woman would be made to wear the device for a stated time, and it would be heavy, the iron would be very cold ( especially in winter ), and the strut of metal that went into her mouth to hold down her tongue from further nagging ( which has unfortunately broken off this example ) would become increasingly uncomfortable. indeed, on some bridles this was not just a piece of metal but a spike, designed to cause pain. the idea of punishing a woman for stepping out of her place is not uniquely british : as mentioned above, scold \u2019 s bridles have been found across europe. this crime of being a scold is represented in the mocking \u2018 world turned upside down \u2019 rituals of french charivari and italian carnivals. men dressed as women, children played bishops and bishops dressed as paupers during the festival ; this reversal and ridiculing of traditional norms was used to reinforce the correctness and normality of those norms in everyday life. this was true especially in relation to gender roles : alongside the punishing of scolds was the ridiculing of what cultural historian natalie davies calls the \u2018 woman on top \u2019 : domineering wives, especially young brides of elderly husbands or women who abused their husbands. also linked is the enduring idea that witches were female, often wise old spinsters or midwives. statistically, we know that a huge number of men were also accused and punished for witchcraft, but the concept of witches and the description of them in contemporary sources is usually purely female and contributes to the general fear of women stepping out of their place. the contemporary fear of powerful women has in the past been linked to a high number of young, unmarried but wage - earning women living away from home as servants and the measure of power and freedom this gave them. one idea that connects the scold \u2019 s bridle, accusations of witchcraft and the \u2018 woman on top \u2019 is the belief that women were particularly prone to bouts of irrational behaviour, prone to communicating with the devil as they did not have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4762551745500882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41c2cb9-f1d3-46c3-b63c-85a766e8abcd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.693743"}
{"text": "them. one idea that connects the scold \u2019 s bridle, accusations of witchcraft and the \u2018 woman on top \u2019 is the belief that women were particularly prone to bouts of irrational behaviour, prone to communicating with the devil as they did not have the rational power to stay away, and inclined to scold and nag about unimportant matters. according to early modern medical ideas of the four humours, a theory about the body existent since ancient greece and changed little by the 16th century, women were cold and damp with little blood. indeed, this small amount of blood would linger around their uterus, instead of spreading throughout the body and into the brain. the greeks even wrote of how the uterus would \u2018 wander around \u2019 the body if it had too little blood. as such, women were often seen as being \u2018 led \u2019 by their uterus, a dangerous organ, making them prone to irrational behaviour. nor was this idea soon forgotten, for the very victorian illness of hysteria takes its name from the greek \u2018 hystera \u2019, meaning uterus. this may seem odd to a modern audience, more used to hearing of men being led by their nether regions than women. elizabeth baddeley is a visitor services assistant at wellcome collection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053032994006483, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f41c2cb9-f1d3-46c3-b63c-85a766e8abcd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.694240"}
{"text": "this winter i \u2019 m taking a course on urban education. our first topic : segregation and desegregation in schools. firstly, what do we mean by segregation? as a working definition, i \u2019 ll offer that segregation is the spatial pattern of people across some attribute. so we could talk about segregation by race, by income, or by favorite ice cream flavor. once we pick something to measure against, we find that every city is segregated according to this definition. what matters is in what way the segregation manifests and the consequences on the populace the pattern has. segregation patterns can be uniform, with all groups distributed more or less evenly within a region, or clustered. likewise, we could also calculate the extent to which subpopulations are isolated from each other \u2014 which also gives a rough estimation of how often members of one group is likely to run into someone outside of their group. i think when we talk about \u2018 segregated \u2019 groups, we typically mean highly clustered populations that are isolated from the other groups in the city. i don \u2019 t think that clustered, isolated groups are necessarily bad on their own. i love visiting the north end and chinatown. because they \u2019 re both t - accessible, it \u2019 s easy for me to get there. ( though, both neighborhoods have had rough pasts. ) and harvard square is the nicest place i \u2019 ve ever lived. score one for segregation! moral judgments aside, self - selection can have a big influence on patterns of segregation, at least it can in models. the positive feedback loops reinforce small, individual choice to generate large - scale patterning. schelling \u2019 s model of segregation is a classic, good first example of what i mean. in this model individuals exhibit only a slight preference to have neighbors that are similar to them. the individuals in this model are not racist. ( or maybe they are. i don \u2019 t have a good functional definition of racism yet. ) when individuals find themselves in a neighborhood that is too unlike themselves, they move somewhere else at random, possibly to a neighborhood more dissimilar from themselves than the last. even with this mild, partially blind behavior, a totally segregated structure emerges. in more relaxed models that completely ignore race, even more realistic patterns of segregation form. in this class of model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. as if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. if we use socioeconomic status as a proxy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6045672283652079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c456e27-f35e-4844-8554-27f1e20d4465>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.698600"}
{"text": "model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. as if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. if we use socioeconomic status as a proxy for race, it \u2019 s the same old story. except this time, we have a systems - level mechanism that generates isolated, poor communities that lack the power to advocate for equitable resources and very rich communities with disproportionately high share of public goods insulated by a buffer of middle class individuals. race was not the cause ; money was. when was ask whether it \u2019 s morally justified for a white family to send their kid to a predominantly white school, i think it \u2019 s important to know what about the school is so attractive. do all parents value differentiated cultural and social understanding across many kinds of experience? are they likely to value it more than a pretty campus or reputation of success by its graduates? sure, in some cases the choice may be motivated largely by racism. but i \u2019 d expect that in many cases, it \u2019 s mostly a matter of ensuring access to the most and best resources possible for their child. it just so happens that low - resource groups aggregate, even in the absence of race. i believe that diversity ( of background, experience, perspective, and the like ) is important in schools because, as has been mentioned a few times by others, students learn how to navigate social situations outside of school from the people they meet in school. but when we talk about diversity, do we really mean racial diversity? as an example, imagine that an elite, wealthy, mostly white college in the northeast has recently been chastised for admitting a student body that is not sufficient diverse. consequently, the school begins recruiting wealthy black students from africa, some of whom attended the same boarding schools as students already enrolled in the college. in time, the student body comes to be half white, half black with an even mix in all classes and housing situations. in what sense, if any, has the college increased diversity on campus? do you think the college has produced the diversity they were previously lacking? while i think that racial segregation is a problem, i don \u2019 t think race is necessarily the capital - c cause. in a world without racism, economic segregation will still exist. but i \u2019 m willing to bet that in a world with no financial disparity, a lot of the troubles we associate with racism would evaporate. and so, i think race", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5524145969206702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c456e27-f35e-4844-8554-27f1e20d4465>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.699549"}
{"text": "july 18, 2012 since the industrial revolution, ocean acidity has risen by 30 percent as a direct result of fossil - fuel burning and deforestation. and within the last 50 years, human industry has caused the world \u2019 s oceans to experience a sharp increase in acidity that rivals levels seen when ancient carbon cycles triggered mass extinctions, which took out more than 90 percent of the oceans \u2019 species and more than 75 percent of terrestrial species. rising ocean acidity is now considered to be just as much of a formidable threat to the health of earth \u2019 s environment as the atmospheric climate changes brought on by pumping out greenhouse gases. scientists are now trying to understand what that means for the future survival of marine and terrestrial organisms. in june, sciencenow reported that out of the 35 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide released annually through fossil fuel use, one - third of those emissions diffuse into the surface layer of the ocean. the effects those emissions will have on the biosphere is sobering, as rising ocean acidity will completely upset the balance of marine life in the world \u2019 s oceans and will subsequently affect humans and animals who benefit from the oceans \u2019 food resources. the damage to marine life is due in large part to the fact that higher acidity dissolves naturally - occurring calcium carbonate that many marine species \u2013 including plankton, sea urchins, shellfish and coral \u2013 use to construct their shells and external skeletons. studies conducted off arctic regions have shown that the combination of melting sea ice, atmospheric carbon dioxide and subsequently hotter, co2 - saturated surface waters has led to the undersaturation of calcium carbonate in ocean waters. the reduction in the amount of calcium carbonate in the ocean spells out disaster for the organisms that rely on those nutrients to build their protective shells and body structures. the link between ocean acidity and calcium carbonate is a directly inverse relationship, which allows scientists to use the oceans \u2019 calcium carbonate saturation levels to measure just how acidic the waters are. in a study by the university of hawaii at manoa published earlier this year, researchers calculated that the level of calcium carbonate saturation in the world \u2019 s oceans has fallen faster in the last 200 years than has been seen in the last 21, 000 years \u2013 signaling an extraordinary rise in ocean acidity to levels higher than would ever occur naturally. the authors of the study continued on to say that currently only 50 percent of the world \u2019 s ocean waters are saturated with enough calcium carbonate to support coral reef growth and maintenance, but by 2100, that proportion is expected to drop to a mere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44853101798419914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5fc8f97-1ffe-4404-b9ee-d359c5162435>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.704712"}
{"text": ". the authors of the study continued on to say that currently only 50 percent of the world \u2019 s ocean waters are saturated with enough calcium carbonate to support coral reef growth and maintenance, but by 2100, that proportion is expected to drop to a mere five percent, putting most of the world \u2019 s beautiful and diverse coral reef habitats in danger. in the face of so much mounting and discouraging evidence that the oceans are on a trajectory toward irreparable marine life damage, a new study offers hope that certain species may be able to adapt quick enough to keep pace with the changing make - up of earth \u2019 s waters. in a study published last week in the journal nature climate change, researchers from the arc center of excellence for coral reef studies found that baby clownfish ( amphiprion melanopus ) are able to cope with increased acidity if their parents also lived in higher acidic water, a remarkable finding after a study conducted last year on another clownfish species ( amphiprion percula ) suggested acidic waters reduced the fish \u2019 s sense of smell, making it likely for the fish to mistakenly swim toward predators. but the new study will require further research to determine whether or not the adaptive abilities of the clownfish are also present in more environmentally - sensitive marine species. while the news that at least some baby fish may be able to adapt to changes provides optimism, there is still much to learn about the process. it is unclear through what mechanism clownfish are able to pass along this trait to their offspring so quickly, evolutionarily speaking. organisms capable of generation - to - generation adaptations could have an advantage in the coming decades, as anthropogenic emissions push earth to non - natural extremes and place new stresses on the biosphere. sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from smithsonian. com each week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4241171840701893, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5fc8f97-1ffe-4404-b9ee-d359c5162435>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.705473"}
{"text": "radiation from japanese nuclear plant found in colorado : health dept. says no need to panic last week, the colorado department of public health and environment tried to counter media - fueled fears about radiation from the stricken fukushima nuclear power plant in japan creating health risks here. today, that job just got more difficult. the cdphe confirms that \" minuscule \" amounts of radiation from the accident have been detected in colorado. in a release on view below, the department stresses that the risk of harm from the current radiation is far less than the damage that could be done by unnecessarily gobbling potassium iodide pills, no matter what panicky talking heads might suggest. here ' s the cdphe ' s take : colorado detects radioactive isotope minuscule detection level - no risk to public health colorado has joined other states now reporting detection of minuscule levels of radiation coming from the fukushima nuclear power plant in japan. preliminary sampling from a colorado monitor has detected a radioactive isotope, iodine - 131. the colorado sampling data is being sent to epa for further analysis. \" levels detected in colorado are minuscule and represent no risk to human health, \" said dr. chris urbina, chief medical officer and executive director of the colorado department of public health and environment. \" radiation can be detected at levels millions of times lower than the level that would cause health impacts. radiation levels detected in colorado are consistent with those reported for other states. \" according to an epa news release, \" in a typical day, americans receive doses of radiation from natural sources like rocks, bricks and the sun that are about 100, 000 times higher than what we have detected coming from japan. for example, the levels we ' re seeing coming from japan are 100, 000 times lower than what you get from taking a roundtrip international flight. \" four days ago, california first reported detection of radiation from a state monitor. the new york times reported monday, \" officials have tracked the radioactive plume as it has drifted eastward on prevailing winds from japan - - first to the west coast and now over the east coast and the atlantic, moving toward europe. \" as reported nationally, the plume ' s radiation has been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and - - at least for now, with concentrations so low - - its presence will have no health consequences in the united states. dr. urbina added, \" there is no need for people to seek potassium iodide, as there is no risk to public health from the trace amounts of radiation being reported in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4961406033796701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b75c9eb5-4546-471b-a17b-be4af99acb48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.709346"}
{"text": "- its presence will have no health consequences in the united states. dr. urbina added, \" there is no need for people to seek potassium iodide, as there is no risk to public health from the trace amounts of radiation being reported in the united states. potassium iodide may have side effects. using potassium iodide when it is unnecessary could cause intestinal upset ( vomiting, nausea and diarrhea ), rashes, allergic reactions, soreness of teeth and gums, and inflammation of the salivary glands. pregnant women and the developing fetus are particularly sensitive to the health risks of taking potassium iodide. \" colorado ' s monitor is part of epa ' s radnet, a national network of monitoring stations that regularly collect samples for analysis of radioactivity. the radnet network has stations in each state and has been used to track environmental releases of radioactivity from nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents. nationwide radnet reports can be found at its website : http : / / www. epa. gov / japan2011 / rert / radnet - data. html # states. for information about radiation, please call cohelp at 877 - 462 - 2911. more from our news archive : \" tsa machines may irradiate your junk unless you ' ve got rocky flats gear ( photos, video ). \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44765827683412845, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b75c9eb5-4546-471b-a17b-be4af99acb48>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.709888"}
{"text": "why the oceans? simple : the ocean supports life on this planet. it feeds us, produces the oxygen we breathe, maintains our climate, cycles vital nutrients through countless ecosystems and provides food and medicines. the ocean provides jobs, food, energy, and recreation. as if that weren \u2019 t enough, the ocean is beautiful and inspiring. and that would be enough. people are drawn to where water meets land, because it is there we find a primeval, vital connection that goes deep into the human psyche. we feel it. put simply, the oceans give us life. let \u2019 s return the favor. 3 ways you can to save the oceans : 1. go to the beach & get inspired. 2. share your love of the ocean. 3. eat sustainable seafood. more great ways to make a difference. links & videos the value of our oceans, world wildlife fund in the same net : ocean life, ethics, and the human spirit, carl safina, you tube cod : the fish that made new england, you tube knowledge and devotion, carl \u2019 s blog deep ocean mysteries and wonder, ted talk, you tube world oceans day, wikipedia value of ecosystem services, world research institute ecosystem services, wikipedia hawaii ocean waves, you tube what is the ocean worth to you? carl \u2019 s blog valuing oceans : the $ 2 trillion question, economist cod : the fish that made new england, pew oceans nothing tells a story like the eyewitnesses who were there. old - timers in new england \u2019 s commercial cod fishery don \u2019 t want us to forget how we arrived where we are today. in the same net : ocean life, ethics, and the human spirit, carl safina prominent ecologist, marine conservationist, and author carl safina keynoted earthstock 2010 with his lecture exploring our changing oceans, and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people. his talk, which was part autobiography, part science lecture, and part book reading, told the story of his global journey from fisherman to scientist and touched upon the scientific dimensions as well as moral and social implications of our relationship with nature. in the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. taking us on a voyage into the ocean \u2014 from the deepest trenches to the remains of the titanic \u2014 marine biologist david gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. enjoy this relaxing video from hawaii. you can see hawaiian sea turtles, honu, swimming underwater. they surface very briefly in the beginning and ending of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45974269729392403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d51155b6-c47d-4941-8551-1563f4a53852>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.714183"}
{"text": "concerns that the us economy can no longer innovate seem to be trickling into the cultural realm. according to grant mccracken at the harvard business review, some music critics are worried that \u201c innovation in popular music is in decline, \u201d and that, \u201c if this is true, a big cultural change is upon us \u2014 the end of popular music as the great lab bench for our culture, as the defining innovator of our time. \u201d but mccracken recognizes the nostalgia that underlies such fears, and puts forth five ways in which youth culture and pop music are actually changing the boundaries of what those cultural concepts mean today : 1. contemporary musical forms like mashups are not a \u201c barren genre. \u201d they are merely a new grammar, invented by cultural innovators to express a new culture. 2. originality is not so much in decline as being revalued. 3. young consumers are interested in music produced by previous generations, but they are using this music for their own purposes. 4. the new forms of music are expressive of new forms of self and group. 5. if music matters less to the way young consumers define themselves it \u2019 s because they have found other, more useful media to do the job. music doesn \u2019 t have to be the innovative media it was for reynolds \u2019 and other generations. that it worked especially well for earlier generations is due to historical chance and happenstance. music matters to reynolds for the same reason books matter to boomer academics : it just happens to be the form that ideas assumed in the world they grew up in. mccracken \u2019 s conclusion echoes breakthrough journal writer dan krewson, who wrote of punk \u2019 s enduring, if unconventional, legacy in \u201c punk and possibility \u201d : in many ways, punk \u2019 s legacy is such that it is now a mark of sophistication among artists to draw from a constellation of influences, just as it was once stylish for prog rockers to draw upon classical music. consider top 40 rapper kid cudi. born in 1984, cudi unapologetically channels pink floyd over grandmaster flash. he rhymes about outer space instead of the ghetto and samples lady gaga rather than james brown. he combines orchestral strings with turntable scratching. he references facebook, carl jung, and insomnia, embracing big pop hooks that helped his record debut at number four on the billboard 200. asked about his wide - ranging sound and influences, cudi said, \u201c i did want to make something that would baffle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5166734672895867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4def6650-67fe-4743-b02c-1544caad5dd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.722030"}
{"text": "in the run up to the international climate change talks in cancun last year, you took action to demand more information for the world \u2019 s poorest. you called on uk chancellor george osborne to push the eu to open up about the money pledged to help poor countries cope with climate change. you asked four simple questions. - where will the money come from for climate finance? - what will it be spent on? - will the money be in the form of grants or loans? - who will be responsible for spending the money? \u201d so how did they do? thanks to your efforts, the eu opened up with a new annual report, the \u2018 fast start finance report \u2019. during the cancun talks, they published the first of these reports, which gave extra details about the \u20ac2. 2 billion the eu mobilised to combat climate change throughout 2010. this forms part of the \u20ac7. 2 billion they pledged they would give ( in the years up to 2012 ) during the copenhagen talks. they also released more detailed information from individual eu member states on spending by country and on specific climate projects. the level of detail was a huge improvement on previous reports but questions still remain. where the money will come from the \u20ac7. 2 billion was promised to be \u2018 new and additional \u2019 but as the eu did not report on where the money was coming and whether it was coming out of existing aid budgets, developing countries have serious fears that climate finance is being recycled from money already allocated for development. the uk itself has been transparent that climate finance is being taken from overseas aid budgets, but justifies this by saying that the aid budget is increasing. however, the agreed level of uk aid was set in 1970, when there was little recognition or understanding of climate change. climate change is a new issue and an added burden to countries already trying to address poverty and therefore should not come out of existing budgets. what the money will be spent on the report released important information on what projects the money will be spent on. however, the vast majority of climate finance to date is being spent on mitigation ( reducing emissions ), with only a third going to helping poor people adapt to the effects of climate change. whilst bringing down reductions is crucial, we need to ensure an equal amount of money is dedicated to helping address the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. how the money will be given the report also included information about the source of the finance. according to the eu, over half the money given this year was awarded as loans or other forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42596533812272735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f116e0d7-66f8-4e5f-8f28-caca07b38096>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.727811"}
{"text": "to helping address the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. how the money will be given the report also included information about the source of the finance. according to the eu, over half the money given this year was awarded as loans or other forms of finance, rather than grants. it is unfair to expect poor countries to accumulate new debts to deal with a problem that they did not cause. who will be responsible for spending the money? the annex to the report provided oversight into who will govern the fast start finance. this is positive as it shows who to hold to account. however, most of the uk money is going through multilateral funds such as the world bank where developing countries remain unrepresented. for long term finance, leaders agreed to set up a climate fund that is under the authority of the un and has equal representation from the world \u2019 s regions. we \u2019 ll be keeping a close eye on this positive first step. maintaining the momentum thank you to everyone who took action calling on the eu to open up. now we have the crucial questions answered, we can begin to lobby our government to ensure the promised money reaches the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. we \u2019 ll keep you posted on ways you can act in the run up to the climate change talks in south africa later this year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41691806439748047, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f116e0d7-66f8-4e5f-8f28-caca07b38096>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.728346"}
{"text": "it ' s that time of year again. although it was chilly this morning in canton, the birds are singing, the daffodils are sending up their thick green leaves, and it ' s time to change the clocks again. that ' s right, spring forward tonight, it ' s daylight saving time. although it doesn ' t really save us anything, and can actually cause our electric and heating bills to go up for the first few weeks. according to a 2008 study that examined billing data in indiana before and after that state adopted dst in 2006, \" dst increased overall residential electricity consumption between 1 and 4 percent, due mostly to extra afternoon cooling and extra morning heating ; the main increases came in the fall. the overall annual cost of dst to indiana households was estimated to be $ 9 million, with an additional $ 1. 7 \u2013 5. 5 million for social costs due to increased pollution. according to a huffington post article : this time change is much trickier for our bodies to handle than when we \" fall back \" in november. that ' s because so many of us aren ' t getting enough shut - eye to begin with, and being robbed of an additional hour can put us over the edge. in fact, as many as 47 million people are sleep deprived and 43 percent of americans say they rarely or never get a good night ' s sleep during the week. \" it ' s hard to get up an hour earlier, \" dr. sam j. sugar, director of sleep services at the pritikin longevity center and spa, a wellness spa and weight - loss program in miami, fla told the huffington post. \" when we do, since most of us don ' t sleep the recommended seven or eight hours anyhow, another hour less is not good for us, and we wind up fatigued and tired during the next day. \" much like traveling between time zones, the changing of the clocks requires our bodies to adjust to a new sleep and wake schedule that feels similar to jet lag. \" our internal clocks, which run on a more or less 24 - hour cycle - - that clock is suddenly confused, \" sugar said. and, just like traveling east is more difficult to adjust to than traveling west, so too is \" springing forward \" compared to \" falling back \" explains dr. robert oexman, director of the sleep to live institute, a laboratory of sorts that examines the impact that environment, behavior and sleep equipment have on sleep quality. because our normal circadian rhythm is slightly longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4533394603398176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f35b1e2d-c24c-4fcd-8189-9b9b4d22250a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.738188"}
{"text": "to \" falling back \" explains dr. robert oexman, director of the sleep to live institute, a laboratory of sorts that examines the impact that environment, behavior and sleep equipment have on sleep quality. because our normal circadian rhythm is slightly longer than 24 hours, it ' s easier on us to extend the day, like we do in the fall, rather than cut the day short by an hour as we do this weekend, he said. while adjusting to this slightly - altered cycle can take up to a week, for most people, it will only take a few days, said sugar. \" our brains are incredibly good at adjusting to anything we throw at them, and for almost everybody it isn ' t a problem, \" he said. while only about 1 percent of drivers crash because of drowsiness each year, that equals a total of 1. 9 million drivers, according to the national sleep foundation. more than half of all drivers have driven at least once in the past year while feeling sleepy, and 28 percent do at least once a month. in the days after the shift, heart attacks are also more common. the effects of sleep deprivation on the heart are well - documented : skimping on zzz ' s can promote the buildup in arteries that leads to heart attacks and strokes, as well as increase the risk of high blood pressure and inflammation. plus, the most sleep - deprived people often weigh more, increasing their risk for heart problems even before the time change. workers also report more injuries on the job the monday after the beginning of daylight saving time. and while it might do more harm to our employers than to our own bodies, the day is also witness to a dramatic increase in what ' s come to be known as \" cyberloafing \" - - or wasting time on the internet, according to a recent study that examines the link between lack of sleep and decreased productivity. so, don ' t forget, 2 a. m. becomes 3 a. m. tonight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4643671241925066, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f35b1e2d-c24c-4fcd-8189-9b9b4d22250a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.739112"}
{"text": "one of the most specialized branches of the healing arts, chiropractic care is used to treat problems such as : lower back pain, stress - related headaches, and neck pain. it is also effective in controlling pain associated with arthritis. the chiropractor ' s tool is the spinal adjustment. it is not a massage. the adjustments reset the alignment of the spine to restore normal nerve function. the method dates back to ancient greece and hypocrites, the father of medicine. established in 1895, the first chiropractic license in the us was issued in 1913. today, every state and territory licenses chiropractic, as do all provinces in canada, and many countries worldwide. doctors of chiropractic are recognized as primary care doctors in all 50 states giving more than 200 million treatments each year in the us workers compensation programs often call upon chiropractic health care to treat injured employees, as do most insurance companies. all american citizens are entitled to chiropractic care under the medicare programs. it takes at least seven years of college to earn a doctor of chiropractic degree. the chiropractic student is required to study human anatomy, spinal anatomy, neuro anatomy, chemistry, diagnosis and x - ray. like medical doctors, the dc must obtain a basic science background in a college or university and then attend a four - year accredited college of chiropractic. the focus of the education is in maintaining health with a specialty in spinal care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4531490455563999, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5bf7ada4-42d9-4ffd-ab86-98f713e624aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.740935"}
{"text": "according to christopher clark and nancy hewitt, \u201c both failures and successes were inherent in the task of rebuilding the nation following the civil war : vigilante violence, often fatal conflict over the right of african american men to vote, courageous african american insistence on self - determination and participation in the political process, and federal intervention in the south to help assure freedpeople \u2019 s rights. the union victory in 1865 had settled two major debates but left everything else in doubt. the united states of america was preserved ; slavery was dead, and african americans were now free. but who would hold and exercise economic and political power in the postwar south? what kind of labor system would replace slavery? who would lead the south politically? what would freedom mean for the four million former slaves? answers to these questions were widely contested and would emerge only after two decades of intense political and social struggle, a struggle that contemporaries hopefully called reconstruction. racial conflicts in the former confederacy continued to disrupt efforts at reunification, and a protracted financial crisis dashed hopes for a quick economic recovery. in response, northern political and business leaders focused their efforts on revitalizing the economy through reconciliation between north and south rather than protecting racial advancement in either region. thus \u2026 the old planter aristocracy \u2013 under the protection of a revived democratic party \u2013 returned to power, controlling a nonslave but still exploitative system of agricultural labor. the failure of reconstruction to transform southern race relations shaped the nation as a whole. still, it was freedpeople who paid the highest price. outgunned, both figuratively and literally, they were left with few alternatives. yet they did not give up. those who remained in the south established a dense network of autonomous community - based institutions, including black schools, churches, and businesses, to keep their democratic hopes alive within an oppressive and racist system. \u201d ( from clark, christopher and nancy a. hewitt. who built america, volume i, pages 589 - 590. ) the 1869 virginia constitution, unlike previous state charters, mandated public education. virginia \u2019 s position on public education \u2013 let alone its position on educating blacks \u2013 had been tenuous at best. the state had long resisted a system of free schools, despite the efforts of some of its more famous citizens. thomas jefferson \u2019 s unsuccessful campaign for free schools had yielded little more than a literary fund for indigent children. all of that changed when congress passed the reconstruction act of march 2, 1867 demanding that southern states ratify new constitutions guaranteeing black suffrage. once these constitutions met with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46044568772241334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cc5ff5c-6254-4f35-a389-46a369304d9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.746286"}
{"text": "schools had yielded little more than a literary fund for indigent children. all of that changed when congress passed the reconstruction act of march 2, 1867 demanding that southern states ratify new constitutions guaranteeing black suffrage. once these constitutions met with congressional approval and after the state approved the fourteenth amendment, congress promised re - admittance into the union. responding to the reconstruction act, virginians registered voters and called an election to decide if the state would call a convention to revise the state \u2019 s constitution. in 1867 226 fairfax county blacks registered to vote \u2013 voting unanimously in favor of a constitutional convention. in 1869, they returned to the polls and voted for adoption of the constitution. at the 1867 - 1868 constitutional convention, education proved to be one of the most hotly debated topics, ( the state \u2019 s war debt was the other top issue ). though delegates largely consisted of northern immigrants and freedmen easily approved a public school system, they were strongly divided over the question of integration. many northern immigrants viewed public schools as the foundation of a democratic society and a key to reconstruction of the south. the question broke along racial lines. black members introduced resolutions ensuring equal access to education \u201c without distinction of color. \u201d white delegates never took these suggestions seriously. even radicals who supported desegregation voted against such resolutions. mindful of widespread sentiment against mixed schools, they did not want to risk ratification. in the end, while most assumed public schools would be segregated, no language could be agreed upon and the question was not resolved until the legislature revisited the issue in 1870. while blacks lost their campaign for mixed schools, they still passed a milestone in gaining access to public education. however, as a result of poor political and financial support, virginia \u2019 s first public schools for both blacks and whites were grossly inadequate. many did not have heat or toilets, schools were small and scattered ; also the average term was less than the five months mandated by the virginia constitution, and attendance, which was not required was sparse. despite these conditions \u2013 and those for black children were considerably worse than those for whites \u2013 still there were now public schools in which both black and white children learned. the william jasper family, 1808 - 1870 [ talking points ] \u2022 william jasper, an african american, was probably born in 1808 not far from george washington \u2019 s plantation in mount vernon. he was born a slave on the plantation of william hayward foote \u2019 s hayfield plantation. foote was one of the richest men in fairfax county \u2014 when he died he owned 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44263053001104713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cc5ff5c-6254-4f35-a389-46a369304d9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.747399"}
{"text": "1808 not far from george washington \u2019 s plantation in mount vernon. he was born a slave on the plantation of william hayward foote \u2019 s hayfield plantation. foote was one of the richest men in fairfax county \u2014 when he died he owned 50 slaves. \u2022 jasper worked on a plantation that grew wheat and corn, and raised horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. slaves at hayfield, including jasper, are likely to have had skills as farmers, blacksmiths, and carpenters. \u2022 jasper and his family were not sold south to booming cotton and sugar plantations, as were many other slaves. \u2022 according to his will, foote decided to free his slaves on or soon after his death in 1846. at this time jasper, in his thirties, was valued by appraisers to be worth $ 350. foote \u2019 s will also freed jasper \u2019 s wife sara, in her mid - twenties, and their two daughters who were six and four. they were actually freed in the early 1850 \u2019 s. \u2022 it is important to note that the jaspers were free blacks in virginia before the civil war. but even as free blacks they faced numerous obstacles. they could not : own a gun, obtain an education, vote, conduct business freely, worship in religious services unless supervised by whites. also they might be captured by slave traders and sold back into slavery. \u2022 the jaspers wanted to stay in virginia near friends and family, so in 1853 and 1858 they chose to register as free blacks in fairfax county to prove that they were free. this meant they could travel and gain employment. \u2022 in 1860 william jasper purchased 13 acres of land near the hayfield plantation. it is likely that he put together the $ 200 to pay a white farmer and slave owner for the land from his work as a farmer. \u2022 the jaspers probably did not stay on their newly bought land during the civil war - - and it is also likely that what they had on this land, including buildings, animals and crops, was lost during the war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3985168238460434, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cc5ff5c-6254-4f35-a389-46a369304d9b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.748157"}
{"text": "on september 9, 2010, an explosion of an 30 - inch natural gas pipeline rocked a residential neighborhood in san bruno, california. the tremendous blast and following blaze killed at least seven people and destroyed 53 homes. firefighters overwhelmed by the intense heat from the 60 - foot inferno could only try to keep flames from spreading to other homes until utility workers managed to shut down the gas main an hour and a half later. it is unclear what caused the explosion, although residents reported smelling gas prior to the blast. an investigation into the cause of the explosion may take up to a year. natural gas is an important part of america \u2019 s energy infrastructure, and deadly explosions such as this are uncommon. in this week \u2019 s online current events activity you will learn more about natural gas, how we collect and distribute it, and how we use it. all about natural gas it \u2019 s easy to confuse the term \u201c natural gas \u201d with our short form of the word gasoline. in fact, they are very different. to learn what natural gas is, where it comes from, and how we use it, visit naturalgas. org, an educational web site covering a variety of topics about the natural gas industry. the best place to begin any learning activity is usually the overview. first, read the background section of the site, which explains what natural gas is, gives its chemical composition, and explains how natural gas is formed. what are some of the characteristics of natural gas? what is the primary component in natural gas? why is mercaptan added to natural gas? what is the difference between \u201c dry \u201d and \u201c wet \u201d natural gas? where is natural gas typically found in the earth? next, learn about the history of natural gas as a fuel source. how did ancient civilizations discover natural gas, and what did they do with it? what was the first country to use natural gas commercially, and how did they produce it? who was the first american to dig a natural gas well? who was robert bunsen and what did he invent? natural gas is a fossil fuel, not a renewable energy resource. how much natural gas is left in north america? find out by reading the resources section. why is it difficult to estimate the amount of natural gas in the ground? give one estimate for the total number of cubic feet available. in what areas of the united states is natural gas plentiful? finally, learn about the uses of natural gas which, according to the energy information administration, accounts for 24 percent of total energy consumed in the united states. read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4905762897272148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:328e060b-ab72-423c-a579-1b42fa7dc8d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.757307"}
{"text": "cubic feet available. in what areas of the united states is natural gas plentiful? finally, learn about the uses of natural gas which, according to the energy information administration, accounts for 24 percent of total energy consumed in the united states. read about residential and commercial uses of natural gas, such as water heating, space heating, and cooking. learn how natural gas is increasingly used in the transportation industry, and it is a cleaner burning fuel than gasoline or diesel. also read how natural gas is used for electric generation. for which of these uses do you think natural gas utilization is likely to increase in the near future? natural gas distribution let us focus now on the distribution of natural gas \u2014 how it gets from the well to our homes and businesses. for that, visit california \u2019 s energy story web site and read chapter 9 : natural gas distribution system. this page describes a network of pipes, from larger pipes ( like the one that exploded in san bruno, california ) to smaller pipes that reach residential homes. what do people use for gas who live in rural areas outside the gas pipe networks? how many miles of pipeline are there in america? find out at pipeline101. what is the difference between a gathering line and a transmission line? are gathering lines used offshore, or only on land? natural gas pipelines are part of america \u2019 s energy infrastructure in populated areas. the nation \u2019 s electric grid, the highway system, fiber optic data, wireless telephone networks, water pipelines, and even local sewage pipes are other examples of the infrastructure that delivers a high standard of living. it is easy to take these services for granted. in a current or recent issue of the e - edition, look for stories and articles about local utilities and infrastructure. you may find notices about maintenance and repair work, or you may find news about infrastructure failures of one kind or another. collect several of these stories over the course of a week, then write an essay explaining what your life would be like if water, electricity, mobile communications, natural gas, or any other type of utility or service because unavailable for a whole month. what aspects of your daily routine would change?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47445021396209447, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:328e060b-ab72-423c-a579-1b42fa7dc8d4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T22:20:52.758860"}