natural mind and memory boosters - choline and dmae building blocks of acetylcholine. - pyroglutamate, phosphatidylserine, and omega - 3 fats receptor enhancers. - ginkgo ( ginkgo biloba ) and vinpocetine circulation improvers. - acetyl - l - carnitine and glutamine fuel for brain cells. - specific supporting vitamins and minerals. choline : the building block of memory the key brain chemical for memory is acetylcholine. a deficiency in this chemical is probably the single most common cause for declining memory. acetylcholine is derived from the nutrient choline. fish, especially sardines, are rich in it, hence the old wives ' tale of fish being good for the brain. eggs are also a major source of choline, followed by liver, soy beans, peanuts, and other nuts. ever since egg phobia set in, the average intake of choline from the diet has dropped dramatically. from the point of view of memory enhancement, it is certainly worth eating more eggs. but just eating choline - rich foods won ' t do it. you also need vitamins b5 ( pantothenic acid ), b1, b12, and c to form acetylcholine in your body. supplementing choline has some truly remarkable effects. recent research at duke university medical center demonstrated that giving choline to pregnant female rats created the equivalent of " superbrains " in the offspring. the researchers fed pregnant rats choline halfway through their pregnancy. the infant rats of mothers who received choline had vastly superior brains with more neuronal connections and, consequently, improved learning ability and better memory recall, all of which persisted into old age. this research showed that giving choline helps restructure the brain for improved performance. based on this and numerous other studies that support the brain - enhancing properties of choline, and the fact that choline has no known toxicity, supplementing with choline during pregnancy is likely to enhance an infant ' s brain development. high doses of choline has also been proven to boost memory in adults. for example, florence safford of florida international university gave forty - one people, ages fifty to eighty, 500 mg doses of choline every day for five weeks. the subjects reported having only half the number of incidents of memory lapses such as forgetting names or losing things as before. if you combine


gave forty - one people, ages fifty to eighty, 500 mg doses of choline every day for five weeks. the subjects reported having only half the number of incidents of memory lapses such as forgetting names or losing things as before. if you combine choline with other smart nutrients, such as pyroglutamate, you can achieve the same memory - boosting effect at lower doses. in addition to making the memory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, choline is also a vital raw material for building nerve cells and receptor sites for neurotransmitters. according to massachusetts institute of technology ' s dr. richard wurtman, piracetam and other nootropic drugs that stimulate the release of acetylcholine should always be taken with choline. otherwise, if choline levels are depleted, your body will divert the choline needed to build vital nerve cells into the production of more acetylcholine. some forms of choline cross more easily from the blood into the brain, referred to as " crossing the blood - brain barrier. " these forms include phosphatidyl choline and a precursor for choline called dmae ( short for dimethylaminoethanol ), which we ' ll investigate below. phosphatidyl choline, or pc for short, is also found in lecithin, a supplement widely available in granules or capsules. pure choline imparts a fishy smell, so you may prefer to use lecithin or pc. a form of choline called citicholine has been used as a precursor to acetylcholine. it also boosts levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. it has even been used to treat victims of head injuries and strokes, since it protects brain cells from ischemia ( decreased blood flow ). it has also been shown to improve memory and learning in the elderly. recently a more potent form of choline, derived from soy lecithin, has become available in the united states. alpha - gpc ( l - alpha - glyceryl - phosphorylcholine, or choline alfoscerate ) has a long history of use in europe. research on more than 3, 000 patients and volunteers has shown alpha - gpc to be more effective than citicholine, and with very few side effects ( fifteen reported cases of diarrhea, dizziness, ins


of use in europe. research on more than 3, 000 patients and volunteers has shown alpha - gpc to be more effective than citicholine, and with very few side effects ( fifteen reported cases of diarrhea, dizziness, insomnia, or restlessness that resolved when the product was stopped ). besides possessing all the positive effects of citicholine, alpha - gpc has also been shown to enhance the release of human growth hormone, the master antiaging hormone. research with athletes has shown that it improves coordination, balance, and endurance. a limiting factor in its use has been its unavailability. however, we have discovered a source, which is listed in the resources. their web site carries further product information ( www. futurefoods. com ). the recommended dose is 500 - 1, 500 mg daily. more on : alternative health care from natural highs : supplements, nutrition, and mind / body techniques to help you feel good by hyla cass and patrick holford. copyright © hyla cass, m. d., and patrick holford. used by arrangement with avery, a member of penguin group ( usa ) inc. to order this book visit www. penguin. com. get a 15 % discount with the coupon code fenparent.


curiosity is on its 37th martian day, and it ' s almost ready to head out on its first scientific expedition. the 2, 000 - pound wonder - rover is about to complete its ( or " her, " if you ' re fond of spacecraft ) final day of checkouts. scientists have been testing many of the instruments and components of the rover and updating software. curiosity has performed " almost flawlessly " in all aspects, jennifer trosper, curiosity ' s mission manager, said at a news briefing wednesday hosted by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. " starting on friday evening, the plan is to drive, drive, drive, " trosper said. the rover will stop when curiosity finds a rock that scientists deem appropriate for conducting contact science observations. but first, on wednesday, the rover will point a camera at the sun to capture the transit of the martian moon phobos. mission specialists also revealed a few more fun facts about the rover : • what ' s up with the holes in the wheels? " that ’ s morse code for ' jpl, ' and it makes that imprint on the ground, " said joy crisp, a deputy project scientist with the mission. but that ' s for more than vanity : nasa scientists know what the exact spacing between those marks should be, so if there ' s wheel slippage, the distance between the marks will be different. • curiosity has a 1909 penny on board that the mahli camera recently photographed for the purposes of calibration. abraham lincoln was first featured on the american one - cent coin in 1909. grains of martian sand are visible on the penny. • mars rover scientists are living on mars time ; a day on mars is about 40 minutes longer than on earth. but by the rover ' s 90th day on mars, the transition back to seven - day earth time can begin, trosper said. they ' ll probably still need to cover all hours except from midnight to 5 a. m. ; shifts will need to be adjusted accordingly, depending on when the data come down, trosper said. " probably a few months after that, we ' ll get to the point where we don ' t have to adjust the shifts every day, because we ' ll get much more efficient in our ability to build the commands and look at the data and do the assessment. " curiosity will be headed for glenelg, a site that has three types of terrain, including layered bedrock. this could be a good place for curiosity to drill. then the


buckingham palace is the official london residence of the british monarch. located in the city of westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. it has been a rallying point for the british people at times of national rejoicing and crisis. originally known as buckingham house, the building which forms the core of today ' s palace was a large townhouse built for the duke of buckingham in 1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. the palace of westminster, also known as the houses of parliament or westminster palace, is the seat of the two houses of the parliament of the united kingdom — the house of lords and the house of commons. it lies on the north bank of the river thames in the heart of the london borough of the city of westminster, close to the historic westminster abbey and the government buildings of whitehall and downing street. her majesty ' s royal palace and fortress, more commonly known as the tower of london ( and historically as the tower ), is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central london, england, on the north bank of the river thames. it is located within the london borough of tower hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the city of london by the open space known as tower hill. it is the oldest building used by the british government. hampton court palace is a royal palace in the london borough of richmond upon thames in south west london ; it has not been lived in by the british royal family since the 18th century. the palace is located 11. 7 miles ( 18. 8 km ) south west of charing cross and upstream of central london on the river thames. it was originally built for cardinal wolsey, a favourite of king henry viii, circa 1514 ; in 1529, as wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the king, who enlarged it. woodstock palace was a royal residence in the english town of woodstock, oxfordshire. the title of " palace " was first used to refer to it during the twelfth century, when it was favoured by king henry i of england. in about 1120, he created a zoo in the grounds. his grandson, henry ii was also fond of woodstock, and spent time here with his mistress, rosamund clifford. the savoy palace was considered the grandest nobleman ' s residence of medieval london, until it was destroyed in the peasants ' revolt of 1381. it fronted strand, on the site of the present savoy theatre and the savoy hotel that memorialise its name. in its area the


the grandest nobleman ' s residence of medieval london, until it was destroyed in the peasants ' revolt of 1381. it fronted strand, on the site of the present savoy theatre and the savoy hotel that memorialise its name. in its area the rule of law was different from the rest of london. richmond is a suburban town in southwest london, england and part of the london borough of richmond upon thames. it is located 8. 2 miles ( 13. 2 km ) west - southwest of charing cross and is one of thirty five major centres identified in the london plan. the formation and naming of the town is due to the building of richmond palace in the 16th century and the development of richmond as a london suburb began with the opening of the railway station in 1846. marlborough house is a mansion in westminster, london, in pall mall just east of st james ' s palace. it was built for sarah churchill, duchess of marlborough, the favourite and confidante of queen anne. the duchess wanted her new house to be " strong, plain and convenient ". christopher wren, both father and son, designed a brick building with rusticated stone quoins that was completed in 1711. for over a century it served as the london residence of the dukes of marlborough. the palace of beaulieu also known as new hall was located in essex, england, north of chelmsford. the estate on which it was built - the manor of walhfare in boreham - was granted to the canons of waltham abbey in 1062. charter s 1036 after various changes of possession it was granted by the crown to the earl of ormond in 1491. by this time it had a house called new hall. in 1516 new hall was sold by thomas boleyn to henry viii of england for £1, 000 ( £42, 000 in today ' s money ). walmer castle was built by henry viii in 1539 – 1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from catholic france and spain. it was part of his programme to create a chain of coastal defences along england ' s coast known as the device forts or as henrician castles. it was one of three forts constructed to defend the downs, an area of safe anchorage protected by the goodwin sands, in kent, south east england. the other forts were at deal and sandown. the palace of whitehall was the main residence of the english monarchs in london from 1530 until 1698 when all except inigo jones ' s 1622 banqueting house was destroyed


kent, south east england. the other forts were at deal and sandown. the palace of whitehall was the main residence of the english monarchs in london from 1530 until 1698 when all except inigo jones ' s 1622 banqueting house was destroyed by fire. before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in europe, with over 1, 500 rooms, overtaking the vatican and versailles. the queen ' s house, greenwich, is a former royal residence built between 1614 - 1617 in greenwich, then a few miles downriver from london, and now a district of the city. its architect was inigo jones, for whom it was a crucial early commission, for anne of denmark, the queen of king james i of england. it was altered and completed by jones, in a second campaign about 1635 for henrietta maria, queen of king charles i. the palace of placentia was an english royal palace built by humphrey, duke of gloucester in 1447, in greenwich, on the banks of the river thames, downstream from london. the palace was demolished in the seventeenth century and replaced with the greenwich hospital in the late seventeenth century. st. james ' s palace is one of london ' s oldest palaces. it is situated in pall mall, just north of st. james ' s park. although no sovereign has resided there for almost two centuries, it has remained the official residence of the sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the uk. for this reason it gives its name to the royal court. clarence house is a royal home in london, situated on the mall. it is attached to st. james ' s palace and shares the palace ' s garden. for nearly 50 years, from 1953 to 2002, it was home to queen elizabeth, the queen mother, but is now the official residence of the prince of wales, the duchess of cornwall, and the princes william and harry. it is open to visitors for approximately two months each summer. the house was built between 1825 and 1827 to a design by john nash. kensington palace is a royal residence set in kensington gardens in the royal borough of kensington and chelsea in london, england. it has been a residence of the british royal family since the 17th century. today it is the official residence of the duke and duchess of gloucester ; the duke and duchess of kent ; and prince and princess michael of kent. kensington palace is also used on an unofficial basis by prince harry, as well as his cousin zara phillips. this is a list of residences occupied by the british royal family


; the duke and duchess of kent ; and prince and princess michael of kent. kensington palace is also used on an unofficial basis by prince harry, as well as his cousin zara phillips. this is a list of residences occupied by the british royal family, noting the seasons of the year they are traditionally occupied. members of the british royal family inhabit a range of residences around the united kingdom. some are royal palaces, owned by the state and held in trust by the monarch ; others are privately owned. balmoral castle and sandringham house have been inherited as private property for several generations. other royal palaces are no longer residences. bridewell palace, london, originally a residence of henry viii, later became a poorhouse and prison. its name has come to be synonymous with police stations and detention facilities in england and ireland. it was built on the site of the medieval st bride ' s inn at a cost of £39, 000 for henry viii, who lived there between 1515 – 1523. standing on the banks of the river fleet, it was named after a nearby well dedicated to st bride. sandringham house is a country house on 20, 000 acres ( 8, 100 ha ) of land near the village of sandringham in norfolk, england. the house is privately owned by the british royal family and is located on the royal sandringham estate, which lies within the norfolk coast area of outstanding natural beauty. claremont is an 18th - century palladian mansion situated less than a mile south of esher in surrey, england. the buildings are now occupied by claremont fan court school, and its landscaped gardens are owned and managed by the national trust. kew palace is a british royal palace in kew gardens, kew on the banks of the thames up river from london. there have been at least four palaces at kew, and three have been known as kew palace, the first building may not have been known as kew as no records survive other than the words of another courtier. one survives and is open to visitors. it is cared for by an independent charity, historic royal palaces, which receives no funding from the government or the crown. carlton house was a mansion in london, best known as the town residence of the prince regent for several decades from 1783. it faced the south side of pall mall, and its gardens abutted st. james ' s park in the st james ' s district of london.


microrover mission milestones rover telecom lessons learned what is sojourner doing now? what happened to the rover telecom system on sol 1 & 2? how do the radio modem telecom protocols work? how does the lander telecom system communicate with earth? how far is the communications range of the rover? what is the communications delay between earth and mars? why are the rover batteries not rechargeable? how long can the rover keep functioning on mars? can i get schematics and engineering drawings of the microrover? where can i download rover and lander images? does the lander or rover have a microphone for recording sounds? will the rover be coming back to earth? will the rover collect soil samples? what kind of computer is in the rover and lander? where can i get a pair of 3d glasses? to get to the live from mars frequently asked questions site click here. this site has dozens of answers to faq ' s about mars and mars missions. also, to hear the daily report on the mars pathfinder mission from north america call 1 - 800 - 391 - 6654 and press 3. other mission reports are also available at that number. for those of you who like trivia and factoids, here is a table listing some of the sojourner microrover ' s accomplishments. yes, there is some relative uncertainty in a few of these values. in particular, the odometry values have some statistical error due to gyro drift, accelerometer noise and rover driver heading and position corrections. when the lander problems began, the rover was at a rock named chimp, where it had performed an apxs measurement on sol 81 and 82. chimp is about 9. 3 meters radially from the center of the lander. the drive back to the lander could have taken several different paths. one possibility is that the rover drove in an arcing turn toward the lander as shown here. note, the forward ramp is inside the 3 meter stayout zone. in another possibility, the rover would have executed a left turn and made a beeline to the lander. this path would have possibly taken it between the rocks named hassock and wedge. however, the rover uses its hazard avoidance to drive around rocks, so if it encountered any nearer rocks, particularly ender, first it would have tried to drive to either side of them depending on its assessment of the hazards. if it got past those obstacles ( located about 4. 5 meters from


drive around rocks, so if it encountered any nearer rocks, particularly ender, first it would have tried to drive to either side of them depending on its assessment of the hazards. if it got past those obstacles ( located about 4. 5 meters from the lander ) without any severe driving ( articulation ) errors it could have arrived at the lander in the vicinity of either the forward ramp or near torres rock. if it made it to the 3 meter virtual wall, it would have stopped and then tried to drive around the wall like any other hazard. but since it ' s onboard software won ' t let it go beyond the 3 meters, the rover will begin to drive around the lander following an arcing circular path. since the rover has inherent drift in its gyros and somewhat noisy accelerometers, its autonomous driving may incur heading errors. depending on how long the rover is driving, the accumulated heading errors may cause it to spiral toward or away from the lander, possibly getting it into trouble. in it ' s driving around the lander, sojourner could have accidently driven up onto a rock and received a traverse error that would have stopped it. if that has happened then the rover will be parked in that one spot, never to move again on her own. without any hard data, these scenarios are mere speculation based on how we know the rover operates. in reality we just don ' t know and may never know where sojourner is and what she ' s doing right now. sol 1 rover telecom scenario : the rover woke up via lander reed relay at 06 : 59 : 13 tlst as expected and immediately produced erroneous level 2 health check telemetry caused by a known + 12v regulator ( a / d converter ) problem not related to the radio modem. the first level 2 health check data was unusable and a subsequent commanded level 3 health check ( cmd 1034 ) was performed ( 291 bytes ) at 07 : 35 tlst. telemetry from the rover health check indicated that the telecom system was working nominally with a modem operating temperature of - 4. 0 degree c. at approximately 7 : 40 tlst the lander lga downlink session had ended. it was noticed from 7 : 38 to 9 : 21 tlst that the lmre ( lander mounted rover equipment ) link quality, which is a measure of how well it is receiving good data frames ( 1 complete frame = 6 byte ack


was noticed from 7 : 38 to 9 : 21 tlst that the lmre ( lander mounted rover equipment ) link quality, which is a measure of how well it is receiving good data frames ( 1 complete frame = 6 byte ack + 250 bytes of data ) from the rover, dropped to 44 % and continued to degrade to 14 %. after that point no more good data was received from the rover for the remainder of the sequence. a large number of garbled frames ( ones containing crc errors ), however, continued to be received by the lmre modem which indicated that the rover modem was still transmitting, and had not completely failed. during this period when rover communications degraded, the lander switched from the low gain antenna to the high gain antenna after doing a sun - search with the imp camera. also, the lander + y petal was elevated to 45°, an air - bag retraction sequence was run, and the petal was returned to a horizontal position. all during this time the rover was in the stowed configuration on the petal with its antenna down. lastly, it was decided not to deploy both rover ramps that day and wait until sol 2 to perform the rover release, standup and egress down the rear ramp. sol 1 considerations : the following have been considered and discounted as communications problems : the following are the most likely contributors to the communication degradation problem : the protocol at the data - link layer used on the uhf link between sojourner and the pathfinder lander is of the acknowledge / negative - acknowledge ( ack / nak ) type. there is no forward error correction channel coding whatsoever. the response of ack or nak is dictated by a cyclic redundancy character ( crc ) check computed over the contents of each transmission frame. a frame generating a nak can be retried up to three times before the software errors - out and skips to the next frame in the transmission queue. ack / nak protocols are very simple to implement and permit confidence in the fidelity of the data transfer when signaled by the ack confirmation, but they are extremely fragile data - link layer implementations : that is, the throughput of the link can collapse catastrophically for small incremental changes in the bit error rate ( ber ) of the physical layer. click on this graph to see how quickly the probability of receiving different size data frames can change with just a small change in ber performance. the maximum frame size used on the uhf


in the bit error rate ( ber ) of the physical layer. click on this graph to see how quickly the probability of receiving different size data frames can change with just a small change in ber performance. the maximum frame size used on the uhf link between the sojourner rover and the pathfinder lander is 256 bytes, and examination of the graph shows a rapid collapse of communications throughput for bit error rates exceeding approximately 10 - 4. note also that short frames ( those of length less than 256 bytes ) can get through with high probability even when those of maximal length are likely to fail. it was this phenomenon that was frequently observed on sol 1 and 2 : short frames got across ; fully stuffed frames did not. clearly the communications problem was not one of hardware failure or even of hardware intermittency, it was mainly an increase in bit error rate that was coupled with an extremely unforgiving data - link layer protocol. sol 2 rover telecom scenario : during the night of sol 1 the lander experienced a software reset which, it was concluded, did not affect the quality of the lander to rover uhf link. also, it has been concluded that switching between both lmre modem dc - dc converters had no corrective effect. it is likely that because of configuration differences with the location of the hga and imp that scattering / multipath conditions at the beginning of sol 2 had changed. the changes may have made the communications environment favorable enough to allow reception to occur. the rover woke up nominally via alarm clock on sol 2 at 07 : 01 : 53 tlst with no a / d problems. the small packet size command sequences for sol 2 were received normally by the rover. this indicated that the rover was able to receive data without any problems and it then began transmitting data to the lander. its first level 2 health check showed that its modem temperature was at - 30c, much colder than the day before because no modem heating was performed. the rover was still stowed on the petal with its antenna down. data was apparently buffered on the rover overnight when comm with the lander was lost. a total of 31, 491 bytes of sequence data were received. this coincides with the amount of eeprom available for buffering data ( 32k ). all indications are that the rover continued to perform runout or commanded sequence but had no place to buffer the additional data. the rover unstow ( cmd 2520 ) command executed nominally at 11 : 47 :


sojourner telecommunications subsystem. these radio modems use the standard rts / cts handshake method, similar to modems used in personal computers. the standard interface on these radios is rs232, however, the rs232 converter chip on the digital board has been replaced with jumpers so that 0 - 5 v ttl levels could be used with the rover and lander computers. the radios are hardwired for 9600 bps asynchronous communication with 8 data bits and 1 stop bit. the atmospheric pressure on mars is between 6 and 10 torr ( units of torr are mm hg @ 0c and 1 torr = 1. 33x10 - 3 bar ), compared to 735. 56 torr ( at sea level ) for atmospheric pressure on earth. here are two equations that are frequently used to calculate sound levels. the first equation is for acoustic pressure levels and is equal to 20 log10 ( p / pref ) in decibels, where p is the pressure in the medium and is a function of the density of that medium, and pref = 2x10 - 10 bar is the equilibrium pressure. the equation for sound intensity levels is 10 log10 ( i / i0 ) also in decibels, where i0 = 10 - 16 watt per square centimeter. pref and i0 are reference pressure and intensity values which both correspond to near absolute silence ( no pressure changes ). both equations are logarithmic and this is convenient because the sensitivity of the human ear is roughly logarithmic. one thing to note is that on earth, the pressure changes that create sounds are very small compared to the overall atmospheric pressure. here are the a - weighted rms ( root - mean - square ) pressure levels of a few common sounds : even the thin atmosphere on mars supports the propagation of sound waves. but because of the lower pressure, the same sounds would have to be more intense ( displace more atmosphere ) for a typical microphone or human ear to hear them at the same level as here on earth. for instance, given the same distance between the sound source and destination ( say 10 feet ), the reduction of pressure by a factor of 10 would reduce the sound pressure level by 20 db. the reduction of pressure by a factor of 100 would reduce the sound pressure level by 40 db. the pressure on mars ( at ground level ) is approximately 100 times less than the atmospheric pressure on earth ( at sea level ). using


by 20 db. the reduction of pressure by a factor of 100 would reduce the sound pressure level by 40 db. the pressure on mars ( at ground level ) is approximately 100 times less than the atmospheric pressure on earth ( at sea level ). using the same reference pressure level of 2x10 - 10 bar, here are the equivalent martian sound levels for the same common sounds on earth : as you can see, for the same given distance, the sound of an electric table saw on mars would be perceived as loud as a normal conversation here on earth. the design of a dynamic microphone or some sort of acoustic sensor to function in the harsh martian environment could definitely be accomplished, as could the design of an audio frequency amplifier with 40 db more sensitivity to the lower sound levels. so it is entirely possible to measure and record sound on mars, but the scientific return is probably not high enough to justify flying the extra equipment weight. the lander computer on the other hand has much more computing horsepower. its 32 - bit risc cpu and architecture is the derviative of a commercially available ibm 6000 computer. it executes at about 20 mips. the lander also does not have a hard disk, but has a rather large 128 mb of dram where data and images can be buffered for transmission back to earth. like the rover, it also uses radiation hardened components on its computer board.


how to build a better bike lane ( and get more people out on bikes ) martha roskowski has been a bicycle advocate in the united states for some 20 years. it hasn ’ t always been easy. these days, though, things are starting to feel different. " in the past few years, we have seen a sea change, " says roskowski, who is heading up a two - year effort called the green lane project ( glp ) for the national advocacy group bikes belong. " top city officials are now seeing bicycling as a really practical, rational part of the mobility picture. " in other words, it ’ s not just a bunch of " bike nuts " who see the benefits of building better bike lanes. urban transportation officials, facing growing populations, automobile congestion, and strained transit systems, are increasingly looking to bicycles as part of an overall solution. " cities are really leading this, even when the feds aren ’ t, " says roskowski. the glp aims to foster this evolving mindset by helping six target cities to adopt high - quality bicycle infrastructure – bike lanes where people can ride with at least some protection from car traffic in the form of bollards, parked cars, raised pavement, or other separation. often they are painted – that ’ s right – green. glp is educating city officials through travel and the exchange of information with peers around the world ; identifying obstacles to implementation of better bike infrastructure ; and gathering data to quantify the effect such lanes have on riding patterns and demographics. it will make its findings available to the general public as the project progresses. protected, separated bike lanes on urban streets are not an entirely new phenomenon in the united states. one of the oldest can be found in new york city on ocean parkway, where a dedicated bicycle facility was opened in 1894 in a ceremony attended by the members of some 60 " wheelman clubs. " but for the most part, such lanes are an innovation in the u. s., regarded with some skepticism by some longtime urban cyclists as well as the general public. by partnering with officials in austin, san francisco, portland, oregon, chicago, memphis, and washington, d. c. – new york is serving as an advising city - - the glp hopes to educate municipal planners and engineers, increase the visibility of such lanes, and make them part of a mainstream approach to designing urban streets. the idea, says roskowski, is to get cities to start building bike networks that provide a comfortable place to ride not


municipal planners and engineers, increase the visibility of such lanes, and make them part of a mainstream approach to designing urban streets. the idea, says roskowski, is to get cities to start building bike networks that provide a comfortable place to ride not just for what she calls " the 1 percent " – the fearless, physically fit, expert bike handlers who are willing to jockey for space with cars, trucks, and pedestrians. green lanes are meant to serve a more cautious group, people who might want to ride to work, to socialize, or to do errands, but who are intimidated by pedaling through hectic urban traffic. the glp was envisioned as a relatively low - cost way to support cities that already “ get it ” to build more protected bike lanes, learn best practices from around the world, and quantify their progress. city transportation officials have traveled to the netherlands, for instance, where the network of protected lanes is vast and people of all ages – 8 to 80 is the goal – are able to ride with a full expectation of comfort and safety. market street, san francisco. image courtesy of mark dreger seeing that ideal in practice can be a little daunting, says roskowski. she recalls how chicago ’ s transportation commissioner, gabe klein, reacted to his dutch experience, at first feeling euphoric when he saw how great city biking can be, then plunging into depression when he remembered how many obstacles there are to bike networks in the u. s., and finally stabilizing somewhere in between. most participants are feeling energized by the challenge, says roskowski. as part of the two - year program, the glp is gathering data on how many new lanes are built in each city and how many people are out riding them. “ i just went to give a talk in san francisco and they wanted to know how their city is measuring up, " says roskowski. " who is making the most progress? there is a real sense of competitiveness. they all want to be the best. " so far, new york added 11. 3 miles of new green lanes in 2012, with chicago installing 9. 4 and san francisco logging 5. 5. that may have put s. f. in third place by one measure, but roskowski reassured the bay area officials that they were doing great when you looked at their total roadway miles compared to the other cities. opening up bicycling to a larger population, roskowski says, will mean a


one measure, but roskowski reassured the bay area officials that they were doing great when you looked at their total roadway miles compared to the other cities. opening up bicycling to a larger population, roskowski says, will mean a culture shift away from the often contentious identity politics that have characterized bicycle advocacy and policy for a generation. this isn ’ t about messengers and lycra - clad road riders anymore, says roskowski. " it ’ s not that those cultures are going to go away, " she says. " but how do you speed this progression from ‘ cyclist ’ being a weird subset of the population to having riding a bike being something you just do to get around? " roskowski admits that " green lanes " as they exist in the u. s. today are imperfect and incomplete. but she says that they represent an important step in the evolution of american streets as a place for all users. one dutch official, she says, looked at a picture of an american green lane and told her, " that ’ s what amsterdam looked like in the 1970s. " * maybe the biggest change, roskowski says, is psychological. now, when they look at streets, city planners in the u. s. are increasingly seeing something new, and the public is beginning to see it, too. " we ’ re getting away from the assumption, ‘ that ’ s car space and can ’ t be used for anything else, " she says. " it ’ s space for people – in cars, on bikes, on transit, and on foot. it ’ s public space. " * correction : an earlier version of this story misstated the decade.


new research shows that dolphins can stay awake for at least 15 days in a row without experiencing fatigue, or other negative side effects. to put this in perspective, human research subjects have been able to stay awake for only eight to 10 days, and all experienced progressive deterioration in concentration, motivation, perception and other mental processes as the period of sleep deprivation increased. dolphins can stay awake for this long because they sleep with only half of their brain at a time. this process, called unihemispheric sleep, was thought to have evolved as a way to allow dolphins to continue breathing at the surface while resting. brian branstetter from the national marine mammal foundation and colleagues studied two bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ), one male and one female, and found that they could use echolocation with “ near - perfect accuracy ” for up to 15 days. both dolphins showed no signs of fatigue for five days, and the female continued other tasks for 10 additional days. “ these majestic beasts are true unwavering sentinels of the sea. the demands of ocean life on air breathing dolphins have led to incredible capabilities, one of which is the ability to continuously, perhaps indefinitely, maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation ” said branstetter. the research was published in the journal plos one on october 17 : dolphins can maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation for 15 days without interruption or cognitive impairment. copyright © 2012 by marine science today, a publication of marine science today llc.


the sky ' s the limit for 3d printing. two students at the university of virginia 3d - printed and assembled a plane. when it successfully took off, their unmanned plane became just the third 3d - printed drone to ever fly. 3d printing is a revolutionary technology, which some speculate could have an impact similar to that of the personal computer. in fact, new potential applications for 3d printers seem to be appearing every week. steven easter and jonathan turman, two third - year engineering students at university of virginia for the mitre corporation, a federally funded research and development center, designed and assembled the plane this summer. the result of their work is a 6. 5 - foot wingspan drone, entirely built with 3d - printed parts. the students proved that 3d printing can bring manufacturing cost down and still deliver a quality product. " to make a plastic turbofan engine to scale five years ago would have taken two years, at a cost of about $ 250, 000, " david sheffler, a u. va. engineering school alumnus and 20 - year veteran of the aerospace industry who helped the two students, told uvatoday. " but with 3d printing, we designed and built it in four months for about $ 2, 000. " what do you think of this exciting project? tell us your thoughts in the comments below. image courtesy of university of virginia.


search loci : convergence : the reader may here observe the force of numbers, which can be successfully applied, even to those things, which one would imagine are subject to no rules. there are very few things which we know, which are not capable of being reduc ' d to a mathematical reasoning ; and when they cannot it ' s a sign our knowledge of them is very small and confus ' d ; and when a mathematical reasoning can be had it ' s as great a folly to make use of any other, as to grope for a thing in the dark, when you have a candle standing by you. of the laws of chance ( 1692 ) georg cantor at the dawn of point - set topology a first course in point - set topology can be challenging for the student because of the abstract level of the material. in an attempt to mitigate this problem, we use the history of point - set topology to obtain natural motivation for the study of some key concepts. in this article, we study an 1872 paper by georg cantor. we will look at the problem cantor was attempting to solve and see how the now familiar concepts of a point - set and derived set are natural answers to his question. we emphasize ways to utilize cantor ' s methods in order to introduce point - set topology to students. in his introduction to his book introduction to phenomenology, msgr. robert sokolowski writes as a philosopher, msgr. sokolowski is accustomed to the traditional methods of teaching philosophy to undergraduates – start with plato, aristotle and the other ancients, continue with developments through the scholastic and enlightenment eras, and then show how modern philosophy builds upon all that has gone before. he must be puzzled, then, by the lack of attention to the historical development of ideas that generally attends to the teaching of mathematics. he perceives that something important is missing, and he is correct. in recent years, interest has grown considerably in developing an historical approach to the teaching of mathematics. victor katz has edited an anthology of articles giving different perspectives on the development of mathematics in general from an historical point of view. some authors, such as klyve, stemkoski, and tou, focus on one particular historical figure – in their case, euler – important to the development of mathematics. there is also interest in the historical development of certain areas of mathematics commonly included in the undergraduate curriculum. brian hopkins has written a textbook introducing discrete mathematics from an historical point of view ; david bressoud has written two textbooks that present


development of mathematics. there is also interest in the historical development of certain areas of mathematics commonly included in the undergraduate curriculum. brian hopkins has written a textbook introducing discrete mathematics from an historical point of view ; david bressoud has written two textbooks that present analysis from an historical perspective (, ) ; and adam parker has compiled an original sources bibliography for ordinary differential equations instructors that contains many of the original papers in odes. this is the first paper in a planned series that will outline ways to introduce point - set topology concepts motivated by their place in history. to borrow a phrase from david bressoud, it is an " attempt to let history inform pedagogy " [ 2, p. vii ]. a growing collection of the historic papers that are important to the development of point - set topology may be found on the author ' s web site. this paper focuses on the seminal work of georg cantor ( 1845 - 1918 ), a german mathematician well - known for his contributions to the foundations of set theory, but whose contributions to point - set topology are not very well known. cantor ’ s works are collected in. for complete biographical information, see dauben ’ s definitive work. table of contents scoville, nicholas, " georg cantor at the dawn of point - set topology, " loci ( march 2012 ), doi : 10. 4169 / loci003861


unitary method problem date : 02 / 01 / 99 at 19 : 13 : 36 from : tamara subject : a unitary method problem runts come in a carton. there are 8 packages in one carton. there are 3 boxes in each package. if there are 170 runts in one box, how many runts are there in 6 cartons? date : 03 / 01 / 99 at 17 : 48 : 36 from : doctor swiss subject : re : a unitary method problem this can be a difficult question to take in all at once. the best way to approach it is to break it down into steps. the first step is to notice how runts, boxes, packages, and cartons are related. it might help to draw a diagram, like this one : 170 runts / box - - > 3 boxes / package - - > 8 packages / carton - - > 6 cartons just so you know, by runt / box, we mean runts in a box. now you can see how everything is related, and you can also see the steps that you have to take. now to find out the number of runts in 6 cartons, it would help us to see how many packages are in 6 cartons. why? well, once we know the number of packages in 6 cartons, we can find out the number of boxes in 6 cartons, and finally the number of runts in 6 cartons. so now we are trying to find the number of packages in 6 cartons. we know the number of packages on 1 carton is 8. what if we had 2 cartons? then we would have 8 cartons from the first package and 8 from the second, for a total of 8 + 8 = 16. note that this is also 8 * 2 = 16 cartons. try this for 3 cartons. i hope you can see the jump and figure out that there are 8 * 6 packages in 6 cartons. you can repeat this process to find that there are 3 * 8 * 6 boxes in 6 cartons. you need one more step to find the number of runts in 6 cartons. it turns out that this problem is just one big multiplication problem. please write back if you need more help or have any more questions. good luck, - doctors swiss, teeple, and stacey, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm © 1994 - 2013 the math forum


tanzanian health care facilities offer all basic services, but shortage of commodities and poor infection control are major challenges dar es salaam, tanzania. more than 70 percent of all health facilities in tanzania offer a full range of basic health services. curative care for sick children is almost universally available, and three in four services provide antenatal care and childbirth. at the same time, lack of running water and shortage of some types of medicines compromise the quality of care offered to children and adults. these problems are found nationwide, in both governmental and non - governmental facilities, and in all types of facilities, according to a new survey conducted by the national bureau of statistics and the ministry of health and social welfare. while many critical gaps exist, the new study shows important strengths in tanzania ’ s health care system. more than 70 percent of all health facilities in tanzania offer a full range of basic health services, including child care, family planning, and treatment for infectious diseases. curative care for sick children and for sexually transmitted infections is almost universally available in tanzanian health facilities. most hospitals and three - fourths of health centres offer 24 - hour delivery services for pregnant women. antenatal care ( anc ) services are available in 4 out of 5 facilities, including almost all government facilities. and, nearly 60 percent of health facilities offer the full range of client comfort amenities : a protected waiting area ; a basic level of cleanliness ; and a functioning client latrine. hiv services are available throughout tanzania. about one in four health care facilities have an hiv counseling and testing system, and one in eight provides prevention of mother - to - child transmission services. antiretroviral treatment is far less available, however, nationwide, however, only 4 percent of all health facilities prescribe antiretroviral therapy. problems with infrastructure and infection control plague tanzanian health care services. only 33 percent of health care facilities in tanzania, including half of all hospitals, have running water. other items needed for infection control are also in short supply : one - third of facilities do not have soap ; only half of facilities have latex gloves ; and less than one - third has adequate systems for disposing of needles and infectious waste. these conditions endanger both staff and patients. stock outs of medicines and poor storage systems also affect patient care. while more than 90 percent of health facilities say they offer immunization services, only 74 percent had vaccines available at the time of the survey. among these facilities, less than half have the necessary equipment for


and poor storage systems also affect patient care. while more than 90 percent of health facilities say they offer immunization services, only 74 percent had vaccines available at the time of the survey. among these facilities, less than half have the necessary equipment for correct temperature monitoring, and about a third do not maintain the cold chain at all. improper storage destroys the effectiveness of some vaccines, making them useless for disease prevention. medicines to cure tuberculosis ( tb ) are available in only 60 percent of facilities following the national dots strategy ( directly observed treatment short - course ). patients who do not take their tb drugs regularly run the risk of developing drug resistant and hard - to - cure strains of tb. insufficient counseling, not lack of drugs, is a problem in some services. for example, most facilities providing antenatal care had the antimalarial medicine for intermittent preventive treatment ( ipt ) for pregnant women. however, less than one third of pregnant women were given the first ipt dose in the facility under the supervision of a provider, and less than 10 percent were advised to get the second dose. similarly, only half of pregnant women were given a voucher for insecticide treated bed nets ( itn ) and told about the importance of using itns regularly. other critical issues were neglected in antenatal care ( anc ) services. during more than 1, 000 observed counseling sessions in anc clinics, providers described the risk symptoms of pregnancy in only one - fourth of sessions and discussed nutrition in less than 20 percent. the 2006 tanzania service provision assessment survey ( tspa ) was carried out by the national bureau of statistics and the ministry of health and social welfare of the united republic of tanzania. macro international inc. provided technical assistance through the worldwide measure dhs project. the tspa collected data from a nationally representative sample of 611 health facilities in tanzania, covering all levels of facilities, from dispensaries to hospitals. funding for technical assistance was provided by the united states agency for international development ( usaid ) through the president ’ s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ). local costs of the survey were financed entirely by the pooled fund of the poverty eradication division ( ped ) in the ministry of planning, economy and empowerment. additional information about the 2006 tspa may be obtained from the macro international inc. at 301 - 572 - 0931 or email @ example. com. you may also contact the headquarters of the national bureau of statistics, kivukoni front, p. o. box 79


seasonal affective disorder sorry no news is found... your search criteria may have been too narrow. you can quickly re - sort the news in different ways by clicking on the tabs at the top of this page. seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), also known as winter depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues, or seasonal depression, is a mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer, spring or autumn year after year. in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm - iv ), sad is not a unique mood disorder, but is " a specifier of major depression ". although experts were initially skeptical, this condition is now recognized as a common disorder, with its prevalence in the u. s. ranging from 1. 4 percent in florida to 9. 7 percent in new hampshire. the u. s. national library of medicine notes that " some people experience a serious mood change when the seasons change. they may sleep too much, have little energy, and may also feel depressed. though symptoms can be severe, they usually clear up. " the condition in the summer is often referred to as reverse seasonal affective disorder, and can also include heightened anxiety. sad was formally described and named in 1984 by norman e. rosenthal and colleagues at the national institute of mental health. there are many different treatments for classic hormones ( winter - based ) seasonal affective disorder, including light therapy with sunlight or bright lights, antidepressant medication, cognitive - behavioral therapy, ionized - air administration, and carefully timed supplementation of the hormone melatonin. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license. latest spotlight news you ' re standing near an airport luggage carousel and your bag emerges on the conveyor belt, prompting you to spring into action. how does your brain make the shift from passively waiting to taking action when... 26 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | widely available in pharmacies and health stores, phosphatidylserine is a natural food supplement produced from beef, oysters, and soy. proven to improve cognition and slow memory loss, it ' s a popular treatment for older... 50 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — native peoples in regions where cameras are uncommon sometimes react with caution when their picture is taken. the fear that something must have been stolen from them to create the


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your doctor will take a detailed history from you and observers to help determine if you have epilepsy. the history may include questions about : - your past medical history - family medical history - any and all medications you take - how were you feeling before the seizure? - how old were you at the onset of the condition? - was there any warning? - what did the seizure look like, or what were you told it looked like? - were there any symptoms after the seizure? - how long did the seizure last? - how many seizures have you had before? - after the seizure, did paralysis, twitches, confusion, slowed responsiveness, urine incontinence, or tongue biting occur? your doctor may perform a physical exam. special attention will be given to your nervous system. tests will be taken to see if you might have epilepsy, and if so, what type of seizures you have. tests may include : you may need to have your brain activity tested. this can be done with : - electroencephalogram ( eeg ) — best results are achieved when this test is performed within 24 hours of a seizure. many times repetitive or continuous eeg monitoring may be needed. - magnetoencephalogram ( meg ) - you may need to have brain scans. these can be done with : - you may need to have your blood tested. blood tests check for possible causes of the seizures, including : you may need to have your bodily fluids tested. this can be done with urine tests. - urine tests - lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap you may need to have your motor abilities, behavior and intellectual capacity tested. this can be done with : - developmental tests - neurological tests - behavioral tests - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -


to help reduce your risk of developing hypertension, follow these guidelines : - if you are overweight, lose weight. - avoid heavy alcohol use. - if you smoke, quit. - eat a heart - healthy diet. - exercise regularly. - manage stress. - monitor use of pain relievers. - consider taking folic acid. losing as little as 10 pounds can help decrease your heart ’ s workload and lower your blood pressure. follow the dietary and exercise plans recommended by your doctor. to lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. to maintain a healthy weight, balance the number of calories you consume with the number you expend. try to keep your body mass index ( bmi ) below 25. drinking too much alcohol increases blood pressure and can lead to other heart problems. moderate alcohol intake, however, is not associated with high blood pressure. moderate alcohol intake is two drinks or fewer per day for men and one drink or fewer per day for women. talk to your doctor if you need help reducing your alcohol intake, or quitting drinking entirely. smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries and may contribute to elevated blood pressure readings. a diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, while rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables will help lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight — all of which leads to a healthier heart. follow the meal plan recommended by your doctor, or ask for a referral to a registered dietitian. a clinical study, called dietary approaches to stop hypertension, has found that certain healthful eating patterns can reduce blood pressure. this is called the dash diet. findings from the second phase of the dash study indicate that cutting salt intake is another effective way to lower blood pressure. choose exercises you enjoy and will make a regular part of your day. strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthful weight. for many people, this includes walking or participating in another aerobic activity for 30 minutes per day. exercise also can help you manage stress. check with your doctor before starting any exercise program. although stress does not cause hypertension, hormones released by your body when you are under stress can increase your blood pressure. take time out to relax, exercise, and practice relaxation techniques. taking pain relievers ( eg, ibuprofen ) more often than once per week has been linked to the development of high blood pressure in women. if possible, limiting the


as the more accessible methods for micro energy ( microwatt - hour to watt - hour ) harvesting and storage become commercialized, the research community will focus on extremes in efficiency and cost breakthroughs and exploration of entirely new methods and applications. make no mistake ; there is plenty of exciting new ground to be covered! we will in this session profile the space of current and anticipated micro energy harvesting needs and approaches suitable for sensing, computing, and communications. the berkeley sensor & actuator center will conduct this afternoon - through - evening conference and reception at the leeds certified green david brower center on the edge of the beautiful uc berkeley campus on wednesday march 9th. applications drivers : energy consumption in communicating sensor networks will radical reductions in power requirements of wireless radios and integrated sensors and processors make energy “ harvesting ” ubiquitous, or unnecessary? application requirements, hardware trends, and protocol efficiency will be discussed in the context of energy harvesting solutions. advanced sensing technology for harsh environments present and future research directions for harsh environment telemetry will be discussed in this presentation. using the application of sensors in geothermal power plants as a focus, a comprehensive research program will be described for the development of sensors, telemetry, energy harvesting, materials, packaging and bonding. aluminum nitride and silicon carbide material technologies ( as well as other related material technologies ) will be described. energy harvesting and sensing for the power grid bsac work on energy harvesting and wireless sensors for the smart grid will be discussed. the current situation of sparse deployment of expensive sensors for even basic electrical parameters and without ability to quickly locate faults, and with no way of predicting future faults will be addressed by these technologies. as renewable but rapidly fluctuating wind and solar power sources are connected, the sensing and actuation situation will become critical. small, hermetically sealed, meso - scale and mems - based lightweight sensors and scavengers with the goal of increase in the granularity of sensing and the controllability of our power grids. some of these devices involve piezo - magnetic harvesting, mems - on - glass manufacture and packaging, and scavengers that draw the small amount of energy they need from the power lines themselves. they will include new methods for extending the usable life of piezoelectric members. cost effective and efficient microphotovoltaics solar energy presents a viable candidate for fossil fuel replacement. in this regard, developing technologies for $ 1 / w installed pv system is needed. the choice of materials and cell architecture, the cost


members. cost effective and efficient microphotovoltaics solar energy presents a viable candidate for fossil fuel replacement. in this regard, developing technologies for $ 1 / w installed pv system is needed. the choice of materials and cell architecture, the cost and abundance of the raw materials, the component manufacturing costs, the cell design and framework, the capital cost, and the installation costs are all important contributing factors to the final cost. although there is considerable current focus on the absorber materials and the required deposition processes, the rest of the cell, including transparent conductors, texturing, optical coatings, etc., and reliability are equally important. all of these are fundamentally materials related problems and progress requires an interdisciplinary approach drawing on materials science, chemistry, applied physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, however, significant challenges exist in developing efficient and low cost systems that are scalable to small formats and small capacities ( micropower ) as well as to commercial scale ( kilowatts to megawatts ). micro energy storage micro energy storage is indispensable for energy harvester systems. energy generation from various resources is required to be stored and released when the power is needed. two systems are commonly known in the macroscale systems : battery and supercapacitors. this talk will provide efforts in micro energy storage systems including high power density supercapacitors with high energy storage capability and nanostructure - based micro batteries. biologically - inspired scavenging technologies recent developments focusing on two very different bio - inspired energy harvesting microsystems will be discussed. the first, in collaboration with cfd corporation, is a miniaturized electrochemical system for harvesting energy from an insect ’ s reactions with the sugar trehalose. the system is being designed to produce 100 ′ s of uw ’ s in a compact footprint, suitable for powering instrumentation on a cyborg insect. a similar system is being studied for mammalian implants. the second topic will briefly discuss developments in the scavenging of power from evaporation and low pressure head flows, including our work on microscale boundary - layer turbines ( so - called tesla turbines ), a topic which has applications beyond scavenging. panel and mixing reception the topics are certain to generate interest if not some controversy among the audience and speakers. an extended reception and mixing event will allow continuation of the discussions and renewal of prior and establishment of new connections among practitioners, students, and investors of impacted applications. agenda and registration can be found here : http : / / bsac. berkeley


a tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus alnus. the wood is used by turners, etc. ; the bark by dyers and tanners. in the u. s. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. this wood is very durable in water and not so durable in dry conditions. historically it was used a lot in pumps, piles and sluices. durable wood native to northern europe which polishes to a flesh - colour, knotty finish. it is an easy wood to turn, and was used in the 18th and 19th centuries for country furniture, occasionally for the turned members of windsor chairs. hard, strong wood that seasons easily, works well, is easily stained to imitate walnut and mahogany. it has a maple - like figure leppa al alnus ( alnus glutinosa ) orangey brown, turns and finishes well. a druid sacred tree. a whistle made of alder is the basis for the old superstition of whistling up the wind. wood of any of various alder trees ; resistant to underwater rot ; used for bridges etc north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit ; bark is used in tanning and dyeing and the rot - resistant wood a tree or a shrub, depending on which part of the world it ' s growing in a hard strong wood resembling maple, easily stained to imitate darker woods. alnus katsuratree cercidiphyllum a deciduous shrub or tree of the birch family, with toothed leaves, growing in a cool climate any shrub or small tree of the genus alumnus, of the oak family. a wood sometimes used in making chairs of common variety ; it grows in england on swampy ground and is of orange yellow colour. the bark is used for dyeing. strong hard, wood similar to maple, readily accepts stains imitating darker woods. any of several species of large rough shrubs belonging to the genus alnus. two of the most common of north woods shrubs are green alder ( alnus crispa ) and speckled alder ( alnus incana ). from the old english alor, aler. wadop in the ojibwe. alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants ( alnus ) belonging to the birch family ( family betulaceae ). the genus comprises about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and in the new world


to the untrained ear, monkeys of a certain species may all sound the same, but japanese researchers have found that, like human beings, they actually have an accent depending on where they live. the finding, the first of its kind, will appear in the december edition of a german scientific journal, ethology, to be published on december 5, the primate researchers said on tuesday. “ differences between chattering by monkeys are like dialects of human beings, ” said nobuo masataka, professor of ethology at kyoto university ’ s primate research institute. the research team analysed voice tones of two groups of the same species of primates, the japanese yakushima macaque — also known as macaca fuscata yakui — between 1990 and 2000. one group was formed by 23 monkeys living on the southern japanese island of yakushima, and the other group comprised 30 descendants from the same tribe moved from the island to mount ohira, central japan, in 1956. the result showed that the island group had a tone about 110 hertz higher on average than the one taken to central japan. monkeys on yakushima island have an accent with a higher tone because tall trees on the island tend to block their voices, masataka said. “ on the other hand, monkeys on mount ohira do not have to gibber with a high tone as trees there are low, ” he said. “ each group adopted their own accent depending upon their environment. ” this suggests differences in voice tones are not caused by genes, masataka said, adding the results “ may lead to a clue to the origin of human language ”. — sapa - afp.


after participating in this activity, students will be able to : - describe the difference between herbivores, carnivores, and producers. - answer questions about the interdependence of herbivores, carnivores, and producers as members of a food chain. - answer questions about how pollution affects food chains. all living organisms depend on one another for food. by reviewing the relationships of organisms that feed on one another, students begin to see how all organisms — including humans — are linked. if students understand the relationships in a simple food chain, they will better understand the importance and sensitivity of these connections, and why changes to one part of the food chain almost always impact another. a food chain is a simplified way to show the relationship of organisms that feed on each other. it ’ s helpful to classify animals in a simple food chain by what they eat, or where they get their energy. green plants, called producers, form the basis of the aquatic food chain. they get their energy from the sun and make their own food through photosynthesis. in the great lakes, producers can be microscopic phytoplankton ( plant plankton ), algae, aquatic plants like elodea, or plants like cattails that emerge from the water ’ s surface. herbivores, such as ducks, small fish, and many species of zooplankton ( animal plankton ), eat plants. carnivores ( meat eaters ) eat other animals and can be small ( i. e, frog ) or large ( i. e, lake trout ). omnivores are animals ( including humans ) that eat both plants and animals. each is an important part of the food chain. in reality, food chains overlap at many points — because animals often feed on multiple species — forming complex food webs. food web diagrams depict all feeding interactions among species in real communities. these complex diagrams often appear as intricate spider webs connecting the species. see : unit 1, lesson 2 this lesson demonstrates that changes in one part of a food chain or web may affect other parts, resulting in impacts on carnivores, herbivores, and eventually on producers. an example of this might be the harmful effects of pollution. the point that should be made is that when something disrupts a food web, humans should try to understand and minimize the disturbance. students should also come to recognize that humans, too, are part of this complex web of life.


it ' s normal for some female monarchs to develop eggs in the winter along the gulf coast, south atlantic coast and california coast even in locations where there is no milkweed. these females desperately want to find milkweed to lay their eggs on. intentionally depriving them of milkweed ( via cutting the milkweed down to the ground ) will cause them alot of stress and they will end up dying without breeding. providing these females with milkweed ( any kind of milkweed ) will give their offspring a chance to survive and contribute to the growth of future generations of monarchs. paradoxically, some of the same people who think its cruel for commercial butterfly breeders to ship monarchs to the northern states in the early spring because there is no milkweed for them that early in the year, think its beneficial for home gardeners along the gulf coast to cut tropical milkweed to the ground in the late fall and winter even though the consequences are just as cruel : the females will frantically look for milkweed and die without breeding. another irony is that far from harming the migratory instincts of the monarchs, the monarch migrations in australia and new zealand are actually 100 % dependent on a evergreen tropical milkweed ( asclepias fruticosa ) because that ' s the only kind of milkweed that grows at temperate zone latitudes in those countries. so monarch conservationists in those countries would never dream of cutting tropical milkweed down to the ground in the late fall and winter.


a few months ago i read about a very simple but fun probability puzzle. someone tells you : try to solve it yourself. john baez mentions that you would think or he would think that the information about tuesday is irrelevant because the days of the week are independent of the sex and we only care about the latter. “ i have two children. at least one is a boy born on a tuesday. [ and if it were not the case, i would have told you. ] what is the probability i have two boys? ” so you would think that there are 4 equally represented groups of 2 - kid families, namely boy - boy, boy - girl, girl - boy, and girl - girl families where the two hyphenated words refer to the younger and older kid, respectively. only the girl - girl families are eliminated, and 1 of the remaining 3 groups is a two - boy family, so the conditional probability is 1 / 3. however, that ' s a wrong result. the information about the tuesday actually does matter. here ' s why : in all families with exactly 2 children, one may label the children as the " younger " and " older " one, even if the difference is just in seconds. each kid may be born on any day and have any sex, so there are 14 equally likely possibilities for each child. the two children are independent ( forget that the phenomenon of twins tends to increase the same - day pairs ), so there are 14 x 14 possibilities for two kids. each of these 14 x 14 possibilities is equally likely. so 1 / 196 of the world ' s families with exactly 2 kids fits each condition. among the 196 types of the families, how many of them contain at least one tuesday son? well, in 14 of them, the younger kid is a tuesday son ( the older one may be anything chosen from the 14 possibilities ). in 14 other of them ( the younger can be anything ), the older one is a tuesday son. however, i have counted the families with two tuesday sons twice. so there are 14 + 14 - 1 = 27 possibilities among the 196 for which the condition " at least one kid is a tuesday son " is satisfied. this is the assumption which is a part of the calculation of the conditional probability. we need the other part, too. among these 27 / 196 of the families, 13 / 196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is p = 13 / 27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition.


need the other part, too. among these 27 / 196 of the families, 13 / 196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is p = 13 / 27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition. note that it is just slightly less than 1 / 2 = 13. 5 / 27 i. e. much more than 1 / 3. i had to highlight the result because almost no one reads the full article and almost no one notices that the right results is neither 1 / 3 nor 1 / 2. indeed, the large difference of the right result from 1 / 3 appears because one de facto identifies one of the sons by mentioning that it is the kid from tuesday. if you assumed there were infinitely many days in a week and you would take any family with at least one tuesday kid, the " tuesday " information would identify this kid completely ( two tuesday kids would be infinitesimally unlikely ), and the question what is the probability of 2 sons would be reduced to the question what is the probability that the other, equally specific kid - the non - tuesday kid - is male - which is of course 1 / 2. i will discuss this " identification " and reasons why the result is close to 1 / 2 at the very end. indistinguishable kids ' bound states with kids that would satisfy the bose or fermi statistics, the counting would be different but equally straightforward. instead of 14 x 14 = 196 possibilities, one has 14 x 15 / 2 = 105 for bosons ( the symmetric triangle ) and 14 x 13 / 2 = 91 ( the antisymmetric triangle ) for fermions. among the 105 or 91 options, how many of them contain at least one tuesday son? well, in these two cases, we can ' t say which of them is older and younger : they ' re identical. so if there is at least 1 tuesday son, the number of states with at least 1 tuesday son is 14 for the bosons - we can just create the other particle into the 1 - particle state - or 13 for the fermions - we can also add the second creation operator, but with another tuesday son, the state will vanish because of pauli ' s exclusion principle. among these 14 or 13 states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two - son states, respectively. so the odds are 7 / 14 = 1 / 2 for the bosons and 6 / 13 for the fermions. note that the


states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two - son states, respectively. so the odds are 7 / 14 = 1 / 2 for the bosons and 6 / 13 for the fermions. note that the bosons literally saturate the 1 / 2 bound while the fermions are just slightly below it. why not one third? finally, i want to comment on " why the information about tuesday matters ". if we sum up the probabilities for the problems where the son is born on sunday, monday... and up to saturday, shouldn ' t we get the same result? and by symmetry, the result must be equal for all 7 days, so doesn ' t each term have to be 1 / 3? the answer is that we can ' t add the probabilities in this way because the " at least one monday son " etc. are assumptions, not propositions conditioned by these assumptions, and they ' re not disjoint. at any rate, the calculation is nonlinear because the conditional probabilities have the probability of the assumption in the denominator rather than the numerator, so you can ' t simply add the possibilities in any way. the word term in the previous paragraph is therefore incorrect. how and why 1 / 3 gets enhanced to nearly 1 / 2 if you were only told that " one of the kids is a boy ", the mixed families would be overrepresented over the two - boy families by the 2 - to - 1 ratio because boy - girl and girl - boy families are as likely as boy - boy families ; again, the kids notation is younger - older. however, if you ' re told that " one of the kids is a tuesday boy ", this overrepresentation almost disappears. why? because 1 / 7 of the boy - girl and girl - boy families have a tuesday boy. but ( approximately ) 2 / 7 of the boy - boy families have at least one tuesday boy because each of these two boys has a chance to be born on tuesday. in this way, the boy - boy families ( nearly ) compensate the factor of two by which they were underrepresented relatively to the mixed families. bonus : this puzzle and crackpot sean carroll ' s misunderstanding of logic this logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what ' s wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. some people - those who say that the information about tuesday doesn ' t


carroll ' s misunderstanding of logic this logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what ' s wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. some people - those who say that the information about tuesday doesn ' t matter and who typically end up with the result 1 / 3 - think that prob ( cond, any _ day ) = prob ( cond, monday ) +... + prob ( cond, sunday ) where " cond " is an extra condition. so if we make a statement about a specific object and if this statement doesn ' t prefer any day of the week, then adding the information about " its " day of the week doesn ' t matter. it only reduces the probability by a factor of 7 if the probability is day - blind. that ' s right for " conclusions " or " outcomes ". however, the error that these people are making is that they think that this " additive " counting of the probabilities also holds for the probabilities of assumptions, i. e. probabilities of conditions in the conditional probability. but no such a linearity exists over there. conditions ( and initial states ) don ' t follow the same maths as the outcomes ( and final states )! there is no condition - outcome or past - future symmetry in mathematical logic! that ' s why it matters for the probabilities whether the information about tuesday is specified even though there is nothing special about tuesday.


stop saying this is a nation of immigrants! by roxanne dunbar - ortiz a nation of immigrants : this is a convenient myth developed as a response to the 1960s movements against colonialism, neocolonialism, and white supremacy. the ruling class and its brain trust offered multiculturalism, diversity, and affirmative action in response to demands for decolonization, justice, reparations, social equality, an end of imperialism, and the rewriting of history - - not to be " inclusive " - - but to be accurate. what emerged to replace the liberal melting pot idea and the nationalist triumphal interpretation of the " greatest country on earth and in history, " was the " nation of immigrants " story. by the 1980s, the " waves of immigrants " story even included the indigenous peoples who were so brutally displaced and murdered by settlers and armies, accepting the flawed " bering straits " theory of indigenous immigration some 12, 000 years ago. even at that time, the date was known to be wrong, there was evidence of indigenous presence in the americas as far back as 50, 000 years ago, and probably much longer, and entrance by many means across the pacific and the atlantic - - perhaps, as vine deloria jr. put it, footsteps by indigenous americans to other continents will one day be acknowledged. but, the new official history texts claimed, the indigenous peoples were the " first immigrants. " they were followed, it was said, by immigrants from england and africans, then by irish, and then by chinese, eastern and southern europeans, russians, japanese, and mexicans. there were some objections from african americans to referring to enslaved africans hauled across the ocean in chains as " immigrants, " but that has not deterred the " nation of immigrants " chorus. misrepresenting the process of european colonization of north america, making everyone an immigrant, serves to preserve the " official story " of a mostly benign and benevolent usa, and to mask the fact that the pre - us independence settlers, were, well, settlers, colonial setters, just as they were in africa and india, or the spanish in central and south america. the united states was founded as a settler state, and an imperialistic one from its inception ( " manifest destiny, " of course ). the settlers were english, welsh, scots, scots - irish, and german, not including the huge number of africans who were not settlers. another group of europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants : the poor, indentured, convicted


were english, welsh, scots, scots - irish, and german, not including the huge number of africans who were not settlers. another group of europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants : the poor, indentured, convicted, criminalized, kidnapped from the working class ( vagabonds and unemployed artificers ), as peter linebaugh puts it, many of who opted to join indigenous communities. only beginning in the 1840s, with the influx of millions of irish catholics pushed out of ireland by british policies, did what might be called " immigration " begin. the irish were discriminated against cheap labor, not settlers. they were followed by the influx of other workers from scandinavia, eastern and southern europe, always more irish, plus chinese and japanese, although asian immigration was soon barred. immigration laws were not even enacted until 1875 when the us supreme court declared the regulation of immigration a federal responsibility. the immigration service was established in 1891. buried beneath the tons of propaganda - - from the landing of the english " pilgrims " ( fanatic protestant christian evangelicals ) to james fennimore cooper ' s phenomenally popular " last of the mohicans " claiming " natural rights " to not only the indigenous peoples territories but also to the territories claimed by other european powers - - is the fact that the founding of the united states was a division of the anglo empire, with the us becoming a parallel empire to great britain. from day one, as was specified in the northwest ordinance that preceded the us constitution, the new republic for empire ( as jefferson called the us ) envisioned the future shape of what is now the lower 48 states of the us. they drew up rough maps, specifying the first territory to conquer as the " northwest territory, " ergo the title of the ordinance. that territory was the ohio valley and the great lakes region, which was filled with indigenous farming communities. once the conquest of the " northwest territory " was accomplished through a combination of genocidal military campaigns and bringing in european settlers from the east, and the indigenous peoples moved south and north for protection into other indigenous territories, the republic for empire annexed spanish florida where runaway enslaved africans and remnants of the indigenous communities that had escaped the ohio carnage fought back during three major wars ( seminole wars ) over two decades. in 1828, president andrew jackson ( who had been a general leading the seminole wars ) pushed through the indian removal act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the southeast, from georgia to the mississippi river, to transfer to oklahoma


) over two decades. in 1828, president andrew jackson ( who had been a general leading the seminole wars ) pushed through the indian removal act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the southeast, from georgia to the mississippi river, to transfer to oklahoma territory that had been gained through the " louisiana purchase " from france. anglo settlers with enslaved africans seized the indigenous agricultural lands for plantation agriculture in the southern region. many moved on into the mexican province of texas - - then came the us military invasion of mexico in 1846, seizing mexico city and forcing mexico to give up its northern half through the 1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo. california, arizona, new mexico, colorado, utah, texas were then opened to " legal " anglo settlement, also legalizing those who had already settled illegally, and in texas by force. the indigenous and the poor mexican communities in the seized territory, such as the apache, navajo, and comanche, resisted colonization, as they had resisted the spanish empire, often by force of arms, for the next 40 years. the small class of hispanic elites welcomed and collaborated with us occupation. are " immigrants " the appropriate designation for the indigenous peoples of north america? no. are " immigrants " the appropriate designation for enslaved africans? no. are " immigrants " the appropriate designation for the original european settlers? no. are " immigrants " the appropriate designation for mexicans who migrate for work to the united states? no. they are migrant workers crossing a border created by us military force. many crossing that border now are also from central america, from the small countries that were ravaged by us military intervention in the 1980s and who also have the right to make demands on the united states. so, let ' s stop saying " this is a nation of immigrants. " roxanne dunbar - ortiz is a long - time activist, university professor, and writer. in addition to numerous scholarly books and articles, she has written three historical memoirs, red dirt : growing up okie ( verso, 1997 ), outlaw woman : memoir of the war years, 1960 – 1975 ( city lights, 2002 ), and blood on the border : a memoir of the contra war ( south end press, 2005 ) about the 1980s contra war against the sandinistas.


mathematician and physicist ; b. at perugia, italy, 1577 ; d. at rome, 1644. he was destined by his parents for the service of the church and entered the order of st. benedict, at monte cassino. there he became abbot, and in 1640 he was transferred to the abbey of san benedetto aloysio. he was specially interested in the mathematical sciences and their application to hydraulics. galileo, his teacher, and toricelli, one of his pupils, speak very highly of his scientific attainments, and both of them frequently asked his advice. in 1623 urban viii invited him to rome and later appointed him chief mathematician to the pope and public professor of mathematics in the university of rome. in 1625 he was sent with monsignore corsini to study the disorders occasioned by the waters of the romagna, and to propose a remedy. here he completed his important work on the " mensuration of running water ", in which he developed the important relations, that the speed of a current varies inversely as the area of its cross section, and that the discharge from a vessel depends on the depth of the tap below the free surface of the water. he was often consulted in other provinces of italy in connexion with drainage, water - supply, prevention of floods, and the like. his chief work is " della misura dell ' acqua corrente " ( rome, 1628 ; 3rd ed., 1660 ), translated into english by salusbury ( london, 1661 ), and into french by saporta ( 1664 ), reprinted ( bologna, 1823 ) in cardinali ' s collection " d ' autori italiani che trattano del moto dell ' acqua ". another work is " risposta alle oppositioni del sig. lodvico, & c., contro al trattato del sig. galileo, delle cose che stanno sopra acqua " ( bologna, 1655 ). according to poggendorf, the invention of the helioscope is ascribed to him. salusbury, math. collections and translations ( london, 1661 ) ; la grande encycl., s. v. apa citation. ( 1908 ). benedetto castelli. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03408d. htm mla citation. " benedetto castelli


by mark kinver science and environment reporter, bbc news the populations of the world ' s common birds are declining as a result of continued habitat loss, a global assessment has warned. the survey by birdlife international found that 45 % of europe ' s common birds had seen numbers fall, as had more than 80 % of australia ' s wading species. the study ' s authors said governments were failing to fund their promises to halt biodiversity loss by 2010. the findings will be presented at the group ' s world conference in argentina. the state of the world ' s birds 2008 report, the first update since 2004, found that common species - ones considered to be familiar in people ' s everyday lives - were declining in all parts of the world. in europe, an analysis of 124 species over a 26 - year period revealed that 56 species had declined in 20 countries. farmland birds were worst affected, with the number of european turtle - doves ( streptopelia turtur ) falling by 79 %. in africa, birds of prey were experiencing " widespread decline " outside of protected areas. while in asia, 62 % of the continent ' s migratory water bird species were " declining or already extinct ". " for decades, people have been focusing their efforts on threatened birds, " explained lead editor ali stattersfield, birdlife international ' s head of science. " but alongside this, we have been working to try to get a better understanding of what is going on in the countryside as a whole. " by consolidating data from various surveys, the team of researchers were able to identify trends affecting species around the world. " it tells us that environmental degradation is having a huge impact - not just for birds, but for biodiversity as well, " she told bbc news. while well - known reasons, such as land - use changes and the intensive farming, were causes, ms stattersfield said that it was difficult to point the finger of blame at just one activity. " the reasons are very complex, " she explained. " for example, there have been reported declines of migratory species - particularly those on long - distance migrations between europe and africa. " it is not just about understanding what is happening at breeding grounds, but also what is happening at the birds ' wintering sites. " she said the findings highlighted the need to tackle conservation in a number of different ways. " it is not enough to be looking at individual species or individual sites ; we need to be looking at some of the policies and practices that affect our wider


. " she said the findings highlighted the need to tackle conservation in a number of different ways. " it is not enough to be looking at individual species or individual sites ; we need to be looking at some of the policies and practices that affect our wider landscapes. " the global assessment also showed that rare birds were also continuing to be at risk. one - in - eight of the world ' s birds - 1, 226 species - was listed as being threatened. of these, 190 faced an imminent risk of extinction. the white - rumped vulture, a once common sight in india, has seen its population crash by 99. 9 % in recent years. an anti - inflammatory drug for cattle, called diclofenac, has been blamed for poisoning the birds, which eat the carcasses of the dead livestock. " that has been a really shocking story, " ms stattersfield said. the world is failing in its 2010 pledge to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biodiversity dr mike rand, birdlife international ' s ceo " four years ago, we were not even sure what was responsible for the dramatic declines. it happened so suddenly, people were not prepared for it. " since then, the basis for the decline is well understood and measures are being taken to remove diclofenac from veterinary use in india. " however, it is still available for sale and there still needs to be a lot more work to communicate the problem at a local level. " but it demonstrates that we can get to the bottom of the reasons behind declines. " the plight of albatrosses becoming entangled in long - line fishing tackle has also been the subject of sustained campaigning, attracting high - profile supporters such as prince charles and yachtswoman dame ellen macarthur. about 100, 000 of the slow - breeding birds are estimated to drown each year as a result of being caught on the lines ' fish hooks. but fisheries in a growing number of regions are now introducing measures to minimise the risk to albatrosses. ms stattersfield said these examples showed that concerted effort could investigate and identify what was adversely affecting bird populations. but she quickly added that prevention was always better than finding a cure. " we don ' t want to have to react to problems that come about from bad practice. " what we are trying to do with this report is to be as clear as possible about what are the underlying causes, and then present a range of conservation measures that can preserve birds and biodiversity. " birdlife international


despite their collective efficiency and order, beehives are often plagued by scourges that would rival a medieval city. varroa mites, deformed wing virus, and intestinal fungi are just a few of the worst. now researchers have identified a new enemy that ought to strike fear in the hearts of honey bees : a tiny fly that lays its eggs in the bee abdomen, giving rise to maggots that wiggle out near the victim ' s head. so far, the infection rate does not appear to be high enough to cause problems for hives, but experts are casting a wary eye on the fly. " it ' s certainly worth a lot more attention, " says dennis vanengelsdorp of the university of maryland, college park. the parasitism was discovered by accident. in 2008, john hafernik, an entomologist at san francisco state university in california, was looking for insects to feed to praying mantises he had collected for a class. he scooped up some dead honey bees that were lying under a light outside his building on campus and left several of the corpses in a vial on his desk. about a week later, hafernik noticed maggots in the vial. " i knew there was something strange going on, " he recalls. after the maggots matured into flies, entomologist brian brown from the natural history museum of los angeles county in california identified the insects as apocephalus borealis, a kind of scuttle fly. the flies are native to north america and were known to parasitize bumble bees, but they had not been seen afflicting honey bees. when hafernik and his students collected more dead bees under the light outside the building, they found that the vast majority had been parasitized by the scuttle fly. in a clear plastic box in the lab, they observed the flies chasing live honey bees and laying eggs in them. after a week, up to a dozen larvae squirmed out near the bee ' s head. in the wild, as the larvae grow inside them, infected bees abandon the hive at night, head for bright lights, and then die stumbling on the ground. the problem was not unique to the campus ; the researchers found fly - parasitized bees in three out of four honey bee hives sampled in the san francisco bay area, they report online today in plos one. the good news is that when hafernik ' s group examined a hive that had been