filling out one college application form after another can be daunting, especially when you ' re trying to make a good impression upon the admission committees and get everything done on a deadline. this list should help you get the job done well — and on time! the college application : what to do - do read college applications and directions carefully. - do make sure that everything that is supposed to be included is enclosed. - do fill out your own applications. type the information yourself to avoid crucial mistakes. - do start with the simple applications and then progress to the more complex ones. - do make copies of college applications, and practice filling one out before you complete the original. - do type or neatly print your answers, and then proofread the applications and essays several times for accuracy. also ask someone else to proofread them for you. - do describe how you can make a contribution to the schools to which you apply ( if you ' re asked ). - do be truthful, and do not exaggerate your accomplishments. - do keep a copy of all the forms you submit to colleges. - do be thorough and turn things in on time. the college application : what not to do - don ' t use correction fluid. if you type your application for college, use a correctable typewriter or liftoff strips to correct mistakes. better yet, fill out your application online. - don ' t write in script. if you don ' t have access to a computer or typewriter, print neatly. - don ' t leave blank spaces. missing information may cause your application to be sent back or delayed while admission officers wait for complete information. - don ' t be unclear. if the question calls for a specific answer, don ' t try to dodge it by being vague. - don ' t put it off! one way to save time when filling out applications is to use the college common application form for the schools you ' re applying to that accept it. this way, you only have to fill out the form once and it can be sent to multiple colleges!


european decorative arts and sculpture drawing room from lansdowne housemade in england, europe designed by robert adam, scottish, 1728 - 1792. painted decoration by giovanni battista cipriani, italian ( active florence and england ), 1727 - 1785, and antonio zucchi, italian, 1726 - 1795. gilded by joseph perfetti, italian, active london from 1760 - 1778. 1931 - 104 - 1gift of graeme lorimer and sarah moss lorimer in memory of george horace lorimer, 1931 this drawing room is an archetypal example of the work of robert adam, a scottish architect and designer whose name has become synonymous with this style of neoclassical decoration. the room was originally situated on the ground floor of the grand london house that adam designed for the third earl of bute in the early 1760s. adam ' s original plans refer to it as the " organ drawing room, " the large recess being intended for lord bute ' s vastly expensive mechanical organ. in 1765, lord bute sold the unfinished house to william petty fitzmaurice, second earl of shelburne and later first marquess of lansdowne, with the provision that adam be retained to continue work on the home. adam was already well known to lord shelburne, whose father had employed the architect to remodel bowood, his family ' s country estate in wiltshire. ( shelburne, who served as secretary of state and in 1783 concluded the treaty of paris granting independence to the united states, entertained benjamin franklin at bowood on several occasions. ) lord shelburne and his wife moved into the house in 1768, when it was in what lady shelburne described as " so unfurnishd a state. " yet by the time of lady shelburne ' s death and the end of adam ' s employment by lord shelburne in 1771, the decoration of the drawing room remained incomplete and was evidently abandoned. although the room ' s original furnishings do not survive today, it is known that adam provided designs for a pier - glass and a semicircular pier - table, executed by john gilbert ; circular picture frames, executed by sefferin nelson ; and a carpet, the design for which is in the collection of sir john soane ' s museum in london. in 1929, lord shelburne ' s heirs sold the house to a group of investors. the room was acquired by the philadelphia museum of art in 1931, when the front of the house, including the drawing room and the dining room (


the associative array - - an indispensable data type used to describe a collection of unique keys and associated values - - is a mainstay of all programming languages, php included. in fact, associative arrays are so central to the task of web development that php supports dozens of functions and other features capable of manipulating array data in every conceivable manner. such extensive support can be a bit overwhelming to developers seeking the most effective way to manipulate arrays within their applications. in this article, i ' ll offer 10 tips that can help you shred, slice and dice your data in countless ways. 1. adding array elements php is a weakly typed language, meaning you ' re not required to explicitly declare an array nor its size. instead you can both declare and populate the array simultaneously : additional array elements can be appended like this : $ capitals [ ' arkansas ' ] = ' little rock ' ; if you ' re dealing with numerically indexed arrays and would rather prepend and append elements using an explicitly - named function, check out the array _ push ( ) and array _ unshift ( ) functions ( these functions don ' t work with associative arrays ). 2. removing array elements to remove an element from an array, use the unset ( ) function : when using numerically indexed arrays you have a bit more flexibility in terms of removing array elements in that you can use the array _ shift ( ) and array _ pop ( ) functions to remove an element from the beginning and end of the array, respectively. 3. swapping keys and values suppose you wanted to create a new array called $ states, which would use state capitals as the index and state names as the associated value. this task is easily accomplished using the array _ flip ( ) function : suppose the previous arrays were used in conjunction with a web - based " flash card " service, and you wanted to provide students with a way to test their knowledge of worldwide capitals, u. s. states included. you can merge arrays containing both state and country capitals using the array _ merge ( ) function : suppose the data found in an array potentially contains capitalization errors, and you want to correct these errors before inserting the data into the database. you can use the array _ map ( ) function to apply a callback to every array element : the standard php library ( spl ) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the


use the array _ map ( ) function to apply a callback to every array element : the standard php library ( spl ) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the php language. among these features is the ability to iterate over an array using a convenient object - oriented syntax : $ capitals = array ( ' arizona ' = > ' phoenix ', ' alaska ' = > ' juneau ', ' alabama ' = > ' montgomery ' $ arrayobject = new arrayobject ( $ capitals ) ; foreach ( $ arrayobject as $ state = > $ capital ) printf ( " the capital of % s is % s < br / > ", $ state, $ capital ) ; / / the capital of arizona is phoenix / / the capital of alaska is juneau / / the capital of alabama is montgomery this is just one of countless great features bundled into the spl, be sure to consult the php documentation for more information. about the author jason gilmore is the founder of the publishing and consulting firm wjgilmore. com. he also is the author of several popular books, including " easy php websites with the zend framework ", " easy paypal with php ", and " beginning php and mysql, fourth edition ". follow him on twitter at @ wjgilmore.


estimates and assumptions 6. estimates and assumptions the preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions which, in some circumstances, are based on difficult and subjective judgments and estimates derived from historical experience and assumptions which, each time, are believed to be reasonable and realistic under the circumstances. such estimates affect the reported amounts of some assets and liabilities, costs and revenues, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. the estimates and assumptions will generally refer to the measurement of the recoverable amounts of intangible assets, the definition of the useful lives of property, plant and equipment, the recoverability of receivables and the recognition and measurement of provisions. the estimates and assumptions are based upon data which reflects the current state of available knowledge. accounting policies of particular importance requiring a higher degree of judgment the accounting policies involving a higher degree of judgment by management in making estimates and for which a change in the conditions underlying the assumptions could have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements are the following : in accordance with the accounting policies applied in the preparation of the financial statements, goodwill is tested annually in order to assess whether there is an impairment that should be recorded in the income statement. in particular, the test involves the allocation of goodwill to cash - generating units and the determination of the relative recoverable amount, understood as being the higher of fair value and the value in use. if the value in use is lower than the carrying amount of the cash - generating units, an impairment on the goodwill allocated to them should recognized. the allocation of goodwill to cash - generating units and the determination of their value in use involves estimates which depend on subjective valuations as well as on factors which could change over time with consequent and possibly significant effects on the assessment made by management. impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets in accordance with the accounting policies applied, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested to ascertain if there is an impairment, which should be recognized, when there are indications that would imply difficulties in recovering the net carrying amount through the use of the asset. the verification of the existence of these indications requires management to make judgments based on available internal or external information and historical experience. moreover, when it has been determined that there could be a potential impairment, that impairment must be determined by reference to suitable valuation techniques. the proper identification of elements indicating the existence of a potential impairment and the estimates used to determine it depend on subjective judgments and factors which can vary


planet news in 2025 one of the best ways to prevent a crisis from happening is to make projections about what will happen if nothing is done ; if the present course of action is continued. planet news 2025 brings you the stories of the future. this is not fiction. it is science fiction - only the science is true and thus the predictions must also be true if the variables have been accurately ascertained and fitted into a model. it is better to describe planet news 2025 as science faction. energy consumption in 2025 in 2025 energy consumption will increase by 50 % from the present rate in 2012 ( " growing demands for energy, " mapping the global future - report of the national intelligence council ' s 2020 project ). despite improvements in energy efficiency the continued rate of growth of the indian, chinese, brazilian and russian economies will require a doubling of the current amount of energy consumed. the present small percentage of energy generated from renewable resources does not bode well for the environmental impact of doubling energy consumption. world population in 2025 by 2025 the world population will reach 7. 9 at the current exponential growth ( u. s. census bureau, " total midyear population for the world : 1950 - 2050, " international data base ). in america the population will reach 350 million. not only america but countries around the world will suffer serious urban overcrowding, shortages of housing ( and consequent rises in house prices ). there is likely to be an increase in the number at the bottom of societies that will cause increases in crime and a fast erosion of civil liberties as governments seek to enact draconian measures to counter the rising wave of crime. it is also likely that the movement of people both through legal and illegal immigration will greatly increase as people from developing countries seek to go to developed countries with more employment opportunities and less dense populations. scandinavia and australia will be targeted in particular. in 2007 one third of the world lived in areas identified as having a water shortage. by 2025 over half the world population ( 5 billion people ) will suffer water shortages. this will lead to human disaster zones where many die of drought. the price of water will become so high that a certain percentage of the world population will not be able to afford clean water. wars will be fought over fresh water supplies. the world will rush to bring out better desalination technology, and world leaders will have to fight corporations who seek to profit from the patents on this new desalination technology. although water conservation in the home ( http : /


fresh water supplies. the world will rush to bring out better desalination technology, and world leaders will have to fight corporations who seek to profit from the patents on this new desalination technology. although water conservation in the home ( http : / / www. greeninteriordesign. info / water. html ) will be an everyday part of life in 2025 the average person won ’ t have the luxury of taking long baths or showers every day. only the very rich will be able to afford fresh water swimming pools. the scarcity of water will also severely hamper the production of energy as without water cooling systems power plants cannot operate. energy production will move to coastal regions where sea water can be used for cooling. this will be a double edged sword because with rising water levels due to climate change it will be harder to secure the power plants from sea encroachment. social upheaval in 2025 by 2025 conditions will have deteriorated so much that social upheaval will happen across the developed world. just as the arab spring of 2011 saw north african dictatorships crumble under internal dissent and international action, so the supposed ‘ democracies ’ of the west will face open revolt against short - sightedness that has got their nation in the present parlous state. militant green movements will replace marxism as the ideology forcing change. this movement will seek to remove wall street lackeys from the corridors of the white house. economic growth for the first time will be superseded in terms of priority by seeking to limit environmental health decline. greenhouse gases in 2025 by 2025 the permafrost will melt. this will release 190 gigatons of trapped greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. this will signal the end of our window of opportunity to stop climate change. by 2025 temperatures around the world will rise by several degrees. this will result in certain areas of the world becoming uninhabitable. formerly cold and unattractive areas such as northern canada will become desirable places to live. that is the news in brief for 2025. read on to discover more about what will happen in 2025 if nothing is done now. naturally, none of us want the predictions above to come true. the purpose of planet2025news. net is to make people think about what they can do now to make this website defunct in 2025, instead of a chillingly accurate forecast of death, destruction, unrest, shortages and misery. it is widely recognized that production of foods for a meat based diet use up more resources


about what they can do now to make this website defunct in 2025, instead of a chillingly accurate forecast of death, destruction, unrest, shortages and misery. it is widely recognized that production of foods for a meat based diet use up more resources – land, water, energy – than a plant based diet. in this sense, we know that as the world population continues to increase, we cannot keep on eating meat in such large quantities. in actual fact, it would be beneficial for the health of the planet ( as well as ourselves ), if we could base our diets on whole plant foods. looking around the world, there are more people who consume a plant based diet rather than a meat based diet. it is only westerners who consider eating the quantities of meat that we do, as normal. in asian countries for example, when eaten, meat is used mainly for flavor, so much less is eaten per person. throughout asia, rice is a staple food. we might see it as boring, but without this grain the survival of millions would be called into question. it is a food for the masses. it is interesting to note that looking at countries such as thailand, the philippines and china, any fat people are ones eating a more western style, meat based diet. those who consume a traditional, high carbohydrate, rice based ( plant food ) diet are much slimmer and healthy looking. maybe it would be a good idea for westerners to eat more rice as part of their diet. this, how to cook rice website, talks about various easy to cook rice dishes and how to prepare them. rice cookers are in fact an efficient way to prepare rice and provided the ‘ keep warm ’ function isn ’ t used for a long period of time, they don ’ t use a great deal of electricity. further reading : sustainability of meat - based and plant - based diets and the environment by david pimentel and marcia pimentel in the american journal for clinical nutrition posted : october 15th, 2012 under resources. tags : asia, rice, staple foods some very brave greenpeace activists have just staged a daring protest on board a coal ship leaving australian waters. they were from several countries and got on board the korean ship mv meister two days ago. the cargo is mostly coal which has been picked up in queensland from abbot point. the reason the activists are targeting australian cargo ships is the huge growth in coal exports the country is experience. some estimates suggest that the export of this fossil fuel will more than


the cargo is mostly coal which has been picked up in queensland from abbot point. the reason the activists are targeting australian cargo ships is the huge growth in coal exports the country is experience. some estimates suggest that the export of this fossil fuel will more than double over the next few years. their act is to try and bring the ’ coal boom ’ issue to the table, despite many green agendas none of the political parties have even suggested possible solutions to this issye. the issue is very real, the export growth of coal will lead to increased climate change. it ’ s easy to duck the issue by gaining income from exporting it and pretending that the emissions are the problem of someone else. the fact is that australia is one country that is at huge risk from climate change with some extrme temperatures already in many areas. australia has pledged it ’ s part to reduce global emissions, these huge exports of one of the most polluting energy sources are a direct contradiction to that policy. there has been no response from the governments climate change department which was specifically set up to promote cleaner energy and to reduce global emissions. the protest has certainly promoted some important debate within the australian media. there are several shows on the mainstream media highlighting this huge contradiction in government policy – unfortunately you might need an aussie proxy server to watch some of these shows though. one thing it also highlights is the fantastic job done by the brave activists of greenpeace. posted : may 2nd, 2013 under soutions. tags : environment, activists, coal, energy, politics, australia all across the world people want to censor the internet. in places like iran and syria, there ’ s a desperate need to control the internet primarily social media. for protestors, the internet is a place to meet, to plan or to rouse support for the opposition it ’ s a place to trap dissent and block free speech. but it ’ s not just obvious cases like these where there ’ s a drive to control what you can do and see online. in australia, there ’ s a huge drive to block access to all sorts of websites using state of the art content filters. in iceland they ’ ve decided to wage a war on internet pornography and stop sex based websites from being access from their country. in other countries the censorship is a little more subtle but arguably just as dangerous. you would have thought in the land of the first amendment, where free speech is valued like nowehere else – that the us would be one land where the internet continues to be unfiltered


a little more subtle but arguably just as dangerous. you would have thought in the land of the first amendment, where free speech is valued like nowehere else – that the us would be one land where the internet continues to be unfiltered. here though it ’ s big business and commerce which is the risk, through proposed legislation like sopa. here the threat is that anyone who owns a website becomes responisble for content that appears on it. so anyone for example who runs a discussion forum they could be liable for any statement or link posted to an illegal site or one which breaches a companies copyright. instantly websites like youtube, twitter and facebook for example become a litigation nightmare. people will be scared to post, scared to host and scared to discuss anything online for fear of stepping into a legal minefield. the censorship via this method would be much more subtle, but arguably more encompassing. slowly the internet would turn into a collection of big web sites with legal backing, hosting preapproved content. smaller, unmoderated sites would slowly disappear, they would simply be not worth the risk and the options for free speech would be slowly eroded. thankfully sopa was defeated, but it was a close call, the mobilisation of millions through organisations like wikipedia and google helped block the bills progress. next time we may not be so lucky, there ’ s big business online and powerful lobbying funds seek to dictate the internets direction. the attack will continues from all these sources, it is up to us to defend the neutrality of the internet. for some protestors like aaron swartz the battle has cost them their lives. it is up to us to ensure that politicians, big business and dictators cannot control the internet. make sure that we use proxies and vpns to demonstrate that technical controls can be circumvented. when you use a proxy server to watch iplayer in the us, you are not only getting to watch great tv – but you ’ re showing that content is accessible to all whatever restrictions are implemented. the other battles will happen in places like congress, parliament and of course the market places. any of these places could enforce control over the internet, we should ensure that our voices make sure that this never happens. posted : march 31st, 2013 under soutions. tags : proxies, sopa, censorship, internet, swartz when i left university some 20 plus years ago, i had what i thought was a rather large overdraft. i was


march 31st, 2013 under soutions. tags : proxies, sopa, censorship, internet, swartz when i left university some 20 plus years ago, i had what i thought was a rather large overdraft. i was not alone and at the time a couple of thousand pounds seemed a huge amount of money to pay back, however this is nothing compared with what todays youngsters have to endure. it might be different in other countries but nowadays in the united kingdom most students leave with an enormous amount of debt. they have to pay their fees, tuition plus all the other living expenses that go with being a student. i had a grant, paid no fees and a part time job at the student union and i still managed to stagger out with a big overdraft. but by 2025 i think education will change massively. the standard model is school, college and the some sort of degree at a university or college. this last bit usually involves living away from home and paying lots of money for tuition. this model works reasonably well in times of plenty, sure the bills rack up but graduates can expect to earn much more and paying them off is no big worry. however we ’ re now seeing students who can ’ t find any job and little prospect of paying off their various loans. however in the future things could have changed considerably, i ’ m talking of course about the moocs that appeared last year. these are massive open online courses that are taking the world by storm. the university lectures are delivered across the planet using the medium of the internet. a brilliant professor is no longer restricted to teaching a handful of students in his lecture room, but literally tens of thousands across the world. at the moment nearly all the leading universities in the world are getting involved. it will be interesting to see where it leads, particularly how it ’ s funded, currently all the courses are pretty much free. however universities need fees to survive so this model won ’ t scale up. perhaps the costs will lower and you ’ ll be charged a fee and can study anywhere. maybe you ’ ll need to be located in a certain place, perhaps to study in oxford or cambridge you ’ ll need to prove you ’ re in the uk or at least use a fake ip address! it may not stop there, perhaps all other levels of learning could follow this route? whatever happens, opening up world class education to the world not based on where you are born has got to be a positive thing for the human race. posted :


! it may not stop there, perhaps all other levels of learning could follow this route? whatever happens, opening up world class education to the world not based on where you are born has got to be a positive thing for the human race. posted : january 18th, 2013 under resources. tags : mooc, education, online learning a really important aspect of this overall subject is handicap mobility and the needs of those people that are affected by physical disabilities. there are several arguments about the benefits and drawbacks of a variety of mobility solutions for the physically challenged and what folks can and cannot do in certain circumstances. don ’ t let this cloud your view, but when you think about it, vehicles customized for use by the physically handicapped are highly beneficial. if you were ever scared of using or felt intimated by motorized scooters for instance, this may go some way to allay those fears. you know it is not always easy to comment on something that describes the needs of people with disabilities so well. if you want to feel confident about getting up and down stairs, then based from reports of mobility issues along with the social and public aspects, installing a stair lift in your home can increase your access considerably. these amazing yet simple devices provide important and often essential access to parts of the home that would otherwise be off limits to a person with mobility limitations. it helps to be at the right place to learn a lot of new things. knowing where to find definite information is important. most people with disabilities are not so fragile that can ’ t navigate some obstacles, but stairs often represent an unassailable barrier for many. being able to ascend or descend easily, safely and without aid can be liberating and dignifying. how would you know if a handicap ramp exists in every building that needs it? while that probably varies from place to place, any specialized form of transportation such as wheelchairs or motorized scooters will find it a whole lot easier to gain access to public buildings with carefully placed ramps as an alternative to stairs. if you really want to learn some in - depth facts about his, a trip to any municipal building will reveal what you need to know graphically. the truth is you can do this for next to nothing, but you can learn much from the exercise. when a handicap vehicle is provided to those who follow the well worn transportation path, it could turn out that you ’ ve stumbled upon a great benefit. there are many kinds of specialist vehicles that cater to the needs of those with physical mobility issues that provide useful


a handicap vehicle is provided to those who follow the well worn transportation path, it could turn out that you ’ ve stumbled upon a great benefit. there are many kinds of specialist vehicles that cater to the needs of those with physical mobility issues that provide useful transportation to places they may not otherwise have access to. in general, it is worth using knowledge about the many aspects of handicap mobility to see how it works from a different perspective. the issues surrounding handicap mobility can be immense but well worth taking on board. you can learn more about the issues facing people with physical disabilities by visiting this excellent website : handicapeasylife. com. there seems to be little or even no independent thought at all on many of the issues that concern people with disabilities, but attitudes are changing for the better. posted : december 15th, 2012 under soutions. tags : handicap access, mobility issues, people with disabilities a conference scheduled to last 11 days has begun in dubai with the intention to try and agree a direction for the furture of the internet. the goal sounds quite simple – to agree some common standards for the future of the internet. however the uk organisers were quoted as mentioning that they expect a certain amount of friction within the debates. it ’ s been a long time since such talks have taken place, the last global conference on the future of telecoms across the planet took place in 1988. obviously the world has changed a lot since then! one of the key concerns of the organisers is that today still over 4 billion people have no access at all to the internet, this can only lead to inequalities in knowledge and opportunity. some are concerned that censorship and filtering are going to be high on the conference agenda. google has started advertising on their search page asking people to support the principles of a free and open internet. they seem to be worried that governments are intending to impose strict regulations on a global scale on the free use of the internet. the united nations who are driving this conference are keen to deny this allegation. it will be interesting to see where google go with this campaign, they obviously have the potential to leverage enormous power globally simply through their search page. the meetings at this conference are closed to the public however google will be well represented there anyway. we would hope that some of the increasing restrictions and filtering that is happening throughout the world can be addressed. the internet is increasingly being used as a tool either for oppression by denying access like the syrian government or artificial blocks put up by commercial organisations keen to carry on with their global price


the increasing restrictions and filtering that is happening throughout the world can be addressed. the internet is increasingly being used as a tool either for oppression by denying access like the syrian government or artificial blocks put up by commercial organisations keen to carry on with their global price discriminations. the sad truth is to operate on anything like a free and open internet then you need to use some sort of proxy or vpn service like something detailed here - http : / / www. proxyusa. com /. however this require money and not all people are lucky enough to be able to afford such services to protect their online freedom. posted : december 10th, 2012 under resources. tags : itu meeting, internet freedom, censorship one of the most poignant aspects of the future has to be progressive advances made in personal health. it may have taken a long time to finally get people educated to the facts about nutrition and diet, but the obesity epidemic that swept through western civilization in the early part of the century had finally been brought under control. people at last realized that their excessive consumption of sugar and processed foods were largely responsible for their expanding waistlines and the food industry was forced to change. the way that food was presented finally changed and the emphasis switched from high fat, high sugar comfort foods to healthy, fresh produce big companies go under it cost some of the biggest processed food manufacturers their business and huge losses were seen as one household name company after another fell into receivership through the sudden drop off in sales. the survivors were the companies that saw the writing on the wall and changed with consumer eating habits. the biggest casualties were the big name fast food restaurants that failed to come up with completely healthy alternatives to their high fat, cholesterol promoting unhealthy food. consumers saw through the many futile attempts to hoodwink them with healthy looking food that on closer inspection was really no better than the junk they had been serving up for decades before. a long time coming it took several years for the changes to come about. obese people started losing weight once they came to realize that they could still enjoy good food and not load up on so many calories. the nation ’ s statistics for overweight citizens fell steadily year after year until it reached levels not seen since the middle of the 20th century! the lesson learned by millions of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking gi


of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking girths of their customers. by the year 2025, populations had become healthy, slim and much happier. it may have been a long time coming, but the lessons learned about the eternal health concepts such as can be seen at http : / / eternalhealthconcepts. com of sensible eating and drinking were well worth learning. people are now living longer on average than they did only a decade ago with far fewer hospital admissions for weight related diseases and conditions. this surely has to be the best time to be alive ever! posted : october 31st, 2012 under soutions. tags : health, sensible diet, health concepts while the current trend seems to be a rapidly expanding world population with an equally rapidly expanding collective waistline, this simply cannot be sustained in the long term. attitudes toward diet and the way we eat must and will change over time as people are better educated in the ways of sensible eating and by having a greater awareness of what is in the food and drinks that they are consuming. the year 2025 is not such a long way off that our current generations will be able to enjoy the many benefits that more widespread health education will bring. a more realistic diet awareness will take over from the current widespread ignorance of what nutritional constituents are in all foods that are consumed. this means that the stranglehold the food industry and manufacturers currently have over people will be dissolved as it cannot be sustained under the weight of greater consumer awareness of what is in the food they buy in stores. so what will this global rise in nutritional awareness mean for the average person on the street? a diet revolution it will mean that all foods that are processed and packaged for convenience will have to be totally transparent as to their constituents and full documentation as to the properties of every single additive must be not only available but proofs that they have been acknowledged and understood by the consumer will be mandatory before they can be purchased. of course, in a changed new world of infinitely more widespread and comprehensive education that ensures that all children leave school with a high level of knowledge of diet and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health. advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. those additives that are


and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health. advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. those additives that are currently unsafe or that have a high potentiality to initiate damaging health consequences will not be allowed to be added to any foods. the great hope is that these advances in knowledge and understanding will lead to a healthier population that knows what it should and should not eat or drink. the resulting effect will be a healthier, slimmer population less dependent on health services to treat weight related illnesses. this will be a hugely positive development that will happen gradually over the years. certainly by 2025 the results will speak for themselves just by looking around and seeing a world full of healthier, better informed and happier people. posted : august 3rd, 2012 under soutions. tags : diet, diet awareness as advances have come in the medical and chemical industries, the cosmetic and beauty industry has become somewhat akin the wild west. ingredients aren ’ t regulated, so it ’ s very possible for untested products to hit the shelves at the expense of eager consumers. sites like the skin deep cosmetics database aim to educate consumers on the dangerous chemicals that lurk inside of their favorite cosmetics. in 2025, however, things will be different. there won ’ t just be online databases that warn only the most interested of consumers about the dangers of chemicals in their favorite products. many more government regulations will be in place by then that will ban companies from using carcinogenic ingredients in the products they produce. although many of the government regulations that will be in place in 2025 will have a negative impact on the social and economic structure of the world, these regulations will have a positive impact on the health of citizens. some products that exist today will thrive in 2025. the products that will thrive are the ones produced by companies that are already aware of the dangers of chemicals in beauty products. products like aubrey organics shampoo, nature ’ s natural, and mira hair oil will increase greatly in popularity as consumers are forced to abandon the dangerous products that they once ( unknowingly ) used. although there is much to fear in 2025, there are some things to look forward to as well. we have no choice but to be alive in that year, so it is important to look for the positives where they exist. posted : april 18th, 2012 under resources. by the year 2025 the travel industry will


look forward to as well. we have no choice but to be alive in that year, so it is important to look for the positives where they exist. posted : april 18th, 2012 under resources. by the year 2025 the travel industry will have changed considerably. at the moment ( in 2012 ) the travel industry accounts for 5 % of the total gdp of the world. this revenue goes to big travel companies but also to developing countries such as thailand, india, brazil and the caribbean. a lot also goes to the second tier of the developed world such as italy, greece and spain. it is hard to make predictions about whether people will have more or less leisure time in the near future. certainly the wave of money seems to have left the west coast of america and is cresting in china. chinese employers are notorious, like their japanese and korean counterparts, for making their employees work 6 or 7 days a week and severely restricting public holidays. if china holds the economic reins in 2025 then it can be expected that the average length of holidays will decrease. however, it can be expected that those with lots of money will still go on foreign holidays. it is likely that high - end hotels and resorts in koh samui, the bahamas and italy will continue to do good business. with the releasing of the green house gases caught in the perma - frost caused by the melting of the polar caps world average temperatures will rise. this will result in two outcomes. one, places like fiji and the maldives will be underwater and their tourist trade will vanish along with their islands. and secondly, countries that were formerly too cold to attract many tourists such as scandinavia and canada will see an upsurge in tourist numbers, especially from tourists traveling in their own country. finally, with dwindling supplies of petrol, energy costs will be higher. plane tickets will cost more. air - con will cost more. as fewer people can afford to go to the tropics, and as they become hotter their will be initially a price war. this competition will be most strongly felt among mid - range and budget places. to sum up, it looks like less holidays in 2025. there will still be a travel industry, but there will be clear winners and losers. posted : march 28th, 2012 under energy. tags : travel in 2025, energy, price wars, less holidays


researchers at ucla have built a cheap, optics - free holographic microscope capable of detecting bacteria like e. coli in things like water, food, and blood. and by cheap, we mean really cheap. the researchers say it costs less than $ 100 to build. the microscope has two ways of analyzing samples : a transmission mode and a reflection mode. the transmission mode is good for transparent media, like thin slices of a sample or clear liquids. in this case, the microscope ’ s laser can easily penetrate and analyze microscopic objects. for denser, more solid samples the microscope uses holography to generate a 3 - d image of the sample that can be beamed to remote computers for further analysis if necessary. in reflection mode, the microscope basically splits the laser beam using a mirror. it then uses one half of the beam to illuminate the sample. on the other side the sample beam and the control beam are recombined. some “ clever mathematics ” can then use resulting the changes in the beam to generate a 3 - d image of the object sampled. but while that may sound fairly high - tech, there are no expensive optics or other pricey components required. the photo sensors are of the variety often found in smartphones, and small lasers like the one used in the device are really inexpensive these days as well. that all means that these holographic microscopes could be widely deployed at little cost. and that ’ s the idea. places that don ’ t have access to high - tech diagnostic equipment could use these devices to sample food and water - - or even human blood - - for harmful bugs and beam the images to more powerful computing devices elsewhere for analysis or diagnosis. that could help contain contaminations and outbreaks faster, saving lives while keeping costs down. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.


csiro marine and atmospheric research, barrie hunt, says ' despite 2010 being a very warm year globally, the severity of the 2009 - 2010 northern winter and a wetter and cooler australia in 2010 relative to the past few years have been misinterpreted by some to imply that climate change is not occurring. ' ' recent wet conditions in eastern australia mainly reflect short - term climate variability and weather events, not longer - term climate change trends. conclusions that climate is not changing are based on a misunderstanding of the roles of climatic change caused by increasing greenhouse gases and climatic variability due to natural processes in the climatic system. ' these two components of the climate system interact continuously, sometimes enhancing and sometimes counteracting one another to either exacerbate or moderate climate extremes. ' mr hunt says his climatic model simulations support what is clear from recent observations – that in addition to the role of climate change linked to human activity, natural variability produces periods where the global climate can be either cooler or warmer than usual. mr hunt ’ s results were published in the latest edition of the international journal climate dynamics. he says some such natural temperature variations can last for 10 to 15 years, with persistent variations of about 0. 2°c. ' such natural variability could explain the above average temperatures observed globally in the 1940s, and the warm but relatively constant global temperatures of the last decade. ' mr hunt also found that seasonal cold spells will still be expected under enhanced greenhouse conditions. for example, monthly mean temperatures up to 10°c below present values were found to occur over north america as late as 2060 in model simulations, with similar cold spells over asia. variations of up to 15°c below current temperatures were found to occur on individual days, even in 2060, despite a long - term trend of warming on average. ' these results suggest that a few severe winters in the northern hemisphere are not sufficient to indicate that climatic change has ceased. the long - term trends that characterise climate change can be interpreted only by analysing many years of observations. ' ' future changes in global temperature as the concentration of greenhouse gases increases will not show a simple year - on - year increase but will vary around a background of long - term warming. winters as cold as that recently experienced in the northern hemisphere, however, will become progressively less frequent as the greenhouse effect eventually dominates, ' mr hunt said. this underlying warming trend, reflected in the projections of future climate and the observation that the past decade has been the warmest in the instrumental record, underline the need


the first example ( fig. 1 ) was a great way to look at finger independence, which is our first left - hand technique. having your fingers do independent things is one of the most challenging aspects of playing the guitar. if you had trouble changing chords fast enough when you started playing guitar, you were dealing with finger independence issues. it turns out that out hands aren ’ t built equally. there ’ s an individual tendon for each of your individual fingers, except the ring finger and pinky. those unfortunate digits have to share one, and now you know why most guitar players only use three fingers on their left hand : the pinky is a bit weak, short, and it ’ s sharing a tendon with the ring finger. for a great example of this, place your fingertips on a table and make them all touch at the same time. now, try to lift up just your third finger, making sure your pinky stays down. hard, isn ’ t it? have no fear — while the pinky may be weak and muscularly challenged, it can be beefed up! fig. 2 is the first of our “ spider ” exercises. i learned these in college and when you do it fast enough, you look like a tarantula walking across the fretboard. it ’ s creepy and awesome at the same time. fig. 2 is all about pairs of fingers : first and third, and second and fourth. by moving them together, first in parallel, and then in opposing motion, you ’ re making sure that each finger can work independently from each other. while the exercise sounds pedantic, the motion is just what you need to get from chord to chord with ease. in the audio example, i ’ m keeping my fingers down as long as i can, forcing the other fingers to work if we break up the fingers and play them one by one, we get fig. 3, which proves that you can apply finger independence drills to enhance your lead playing as well. i ’ ve added a string skip to each finger pair to make it a little more i ’ ll do one last exercise based on the spider drill with fig. 4. this time, i ’ m adding a string skip each time i use all four fingers. this one is tricky, but it really shows how wimpy most people ’ s fingers are. now let ’ s take the finger independence idea and make all four fingers play at the same time — you know, like you do with chords. these shapes are called mirrors because


researchers develop edible ' peels ' for variety of liquid, semi - solid foods imagine getting your yogurt from a little ball with an edible skin. or your ice cream. how about your soda coming from a vending machine not in a recyclable can, but rather with a peel you can bite right into. it ' s closer to reality than you might think. editor ' s note : this report is part of a collaboration between pri ' s the world and nova. a team of chefs, chemists and designers has come up with a way for you to eat a cocktail, to hold a mouthful of juice in your hands. they ’ ve created a biodegradable shell that can enclose ice cream, mousses, cheeses and liquids. take an orange, for example. david edwards, an inventor and engineer at harvard university, slices one open. “ now look at that, ” he said, pointing to the pulp. “ obviously the orange is full of water and moisture. and then you ’ ve got the orange peel. ” the peel is a kind of durable, biodegradable packaging. few people eat an orange peel, but it is edible. and, of course, we do eat the peels of other fruits, like peaches and apples. the fact that these fruits come in their own built - in packaging is convenient. it means they do not have to be sold in boxes or bags. this idea is the inspiration behind a company that edwards has founded. he wants to change the way we package and eat food. making his own peel this is where things start to get less familiar. edwards fetches a plate of what look like red rubber balls. he picks one up between his thumb and forefinger. “ i ’ m going to bite into it just to show you what ’ s going on here, ” he said. edwards bites it in two and holds up the half still in his fingers. greek yogurt sits inside. he squeezes the yogurt out. the innovative part is what is on the outside. it is a protective, biodegradable skin — like an orange peel. and it ’ s edible. “ that skin keeps moisture inside, and it keeps germs and other things outside, ” edwards said. he won ’ t reveal the exact recipe, but he says in this case the raw ingredients come from raspberries and algae. and it is not just yogurt that edwards is wrapping in this kind of edible peel. his vision


edwards said. he won ’ t reveal the exact recipe, but he says in this case the raw ingredients come from raspberries and algae. and it is not just yogurt that edwards is wrapping in this kind of edible peel. his vision is that one day you will go to the supermarket and, instead of buying cartons of juice and cans of soup, you will fill your cart up with balls of food and drink. “ i get home, and i hand ( the food ) to my son, and he hands it to his friend, ” edwards said. “ and then the friend says, ‘ but did you wash your hands? ’ at that point, i clean it as i do fruit and vegetables today. i can run water over it, and it doesn ’ t dissolve, actually. and it can be cleaned, and then i can eat it. ” a curious display of food it may sound like something from star trek, but edwards is already trying these products out on the public. his company recently organized a tasting at its test kitchen in paris. just before the event, the company ’ s research and development manager, heloise vilaseca, was eager to hear what the taste testers would say. “ would they like it? ” she wondered. “ would they understand the product? would they want to share it with friends? ” on this day, four volunteers had arrived to try the new foods. maeva tordo was one of them. she works in business innovation, and her eyes were wide with anticipation. “ i ’ m really, really curious about it because i always dreamed about being able to eat the cap of my yogurt, ” she said. “ so i can ’ t wait. ” before long, the group was brought into a room where the food had been laid out. white spheres of frosty ice cream and brown orbs of mousse rested in shallow bowls. yellow and green cheese marbles huddled on little plates. the gelatinous balls of yogurt were on display, as well. the taste testers plucked them up with their fingers and popped them into their mouths like grapes. they seemed to be loving it, though someone did mention that the ice cream could be improved by making it smaller. perhaps the strangest things on the table were the beverages – colorful globes of liquid. some contained orange juice. others held a cocktail made with blue curacao, wrapped in a transparent spherical skin flecked with orange rind and placed in martini glasses.


shots - health news wed february 27, 2013 how guinea pigs could help autistic children originally published on thu february 28, 2013 12 : 18 pm feeling a little awkward? consider skipping the alcohol and grabbing a pet instead. as any dog walker knows, it ' s easy — unavoidable, even — to strike up conversations with strangers when accompanied by a canine friend. smaller animals like rabbits and turtles can also lubricate social interactions. given this effect, maggie o ' haire, a doctoral candidate in psychology at the university of queensland, wondered if animals could also help children with autism spectrum disorders connect with other people. as it turns out, they can. in a study described in the latest plos one, o ' haire and her colleagues introduced two guinea pigs into 15 different classrooms and looked at how the presence of these furry creatures affected the interactions of autistic children with adults and non - autistic kids. the researchers found that autistic children were significantly more talkative and cheerful in the presence of guinea pigs than in the presence of toys. the children were also more likely to look at faces, make physical contact, and interact with other children and adults. o ' haire has several theories as to why animals might have this effect. first of all, animals facilitate social interaction by giving people a common focus of attention. " there ' s something about having an animal present that gets people talking, " says o ' haire. additionally, animals have a calming effect. for children with autism, the classroom can be a stressful environment, and o ' haire says an animal may relax them enough to make them feel comfortable interacting with peers. animals also make people look better. " if you have an animal with you, people actually perceive you as friendlier, happier, and less threatening, " o ' haire says. " having an animal there may have changed the children ' s perceptions of their peers in a more positive light. " o ' haire thinks animals could aid autistic children with social interactions in a many places, including classrooms and therapists ' offices. " i certainly think that in any situation where there ' s rapport that needs to be built, this data seems to show that having an animal would really help, " she says. but is it practical? more research needs to be done to figure out how to implement so - called animal - assisted interventions, but o ' haire doesn ' t think that it ' s far - fetched to hope that animals could be


try the following rss feeds for books and magazines : | csiro publishing new books & cds | | ecos : towards a sustainable future | and research journals : what are rss web feeds? rss ( really simple syndication ) is a standard file format for syndicating information on the web. there is a wide range of applications that support rss feeds including newsreaders and personalised homepages available. what is a newsreader? a “ news ” or “ feed ” reader is a special application that aggregates and displays multiple feeds. your choice of reader will depend on a number of factors including cost ( some are free and some have a fee ) and suitability with your computer ’ s operating system. getting advice from a colleague experienced with rss is recommended. two popular examples are : getting started with rss once a reader is installed, select a feed from the list above or look for rss feeds on your favourite web sites which are usually indicated by an orange or rss ( or xml ) button. you then simply copy the url address into your reader ( hint : right click on the feed button, select copy shortcut and paste into your reader ). your reader will regularly check for new information from all sites selected and alert you to any new items found. adding rss feeds to a personalised homepage to place a rss feeds on a personalised homepage, choose a feed from the list above by clicking and follow the simple instructions to sign - up.


jesus and his disciples were reclining at their passover meal. jesus blessed the matzoh bread then he blessed the wine and passed around his cup. " drink this, for this is my blood. " then jesus looked at each of his disciples. his face was full of sorrow. " one of you sitting here will betray me. " jesus answered, " the one to whom i shall give this bread. " then jesus took a piece of bread from the loaf, dipped it in the dish of wine and handed it to judas iscariot. " do whatever you have to do, but do it quickly. " jesus said. with a start, judas got up from the table, left the room, and walked out into the night. photo from greg olsen when jesus and his disciples ate the " last supper " it was on the first night of the passover festival, or during the seder meal. during this meal jesus explained to his disciples that the bread was his body and the wine was his blood of the new covenant, shed for the remission of our sins. jesus instructed us to " do this in remembrance of me " ( luke 22 : 19 ) the example jesus set in washing the feet of his disciples is sometimes still done today on maundy thursday before the passover supper. most churches offer a maundy service in which they end the service with communion, breaking the bread and drinking the wine in remembrance of jesus ' death. god commanded the israelites to remember the passover as a festival to the lord for generations to come ( exodus 12 : 14 ). most jewish families continue to observe the feast of passover seder ( supper ) on the first day of passover. passover is a week long celebration. today, the meal in the upper room has become part of holy week. each ingredient in a passover meal has a special meaning. as christians we can explain that we are all " chosen people " if we have been " born " into god ' s family by believing in his son, jesus, as our messiah. we can share the cup of joy with other christians out of thanksgiving that jesus became the final " lamb " to be sacrificed in order that our " joy may be full ". below are the passover foods and the explanations of the meanings from the old testament exodus story ( and the new testament story of jesus ' as our messiah. ) * three whole matzos ( unleavened bread ). a reminder that the israelites did not have time to wait for the yeast


the meanings from the old testament exodus story ( and the new testament story of jesus ' as our messiah. ) * three whole matzos ( unleavened bread ). a reminder that the israelites did not have time to wait for the yeast bread to rise because they had to be ready to move when god said. a piece of the middle one is hidden for a child to find. ( new testament represents the body of jesus christ broken for our sins. as christians it is a reminder to live so that we are always " ready to go " when jesus returns. also yeast sometimes represents the evil in the world. god wants his people to be pure. ) * a roasted lamb ~ placed to the host ' s right ~ in memory of the lamb sacrificed by israelites the night before their flight from egypt. ( jesus is our final perfect lamb sacrificed for us. ) * a roasted egg ~ to the left ~ in mourning for destroyed temple. ( symbol of the free - will offering that was given with the lamb. this represents giving more to god than just what is demanded. this is a gift of love. jesus is god ' s ultimate gift. god ' s law demanded justice, but with the gift of jesus, god gives us more than justice ; he gives us mercy, love and forgiveness. ) * maror ( bitter herbs ) ~ placed in the middle a reminder of the bitterness of slavery in egypt. ( as christians we remember that many suffered so that we may know the joy of the good news of jesus. ) * charoseth ( chopped almonds, apple, wine, sugar and cinnamon ) ~ symbolizes the mortar which the jews had to mix in making bricks for the king of egypt. * salt water ~ to signify the red sea which miraculously parted to let the israelites across. ( represents the tears of all of god ' s saints ) * karpar ( celery, parsley, greens ) - the hebrew word means 600, 000 the recorded number who left egypt. ( these plants stay green all year and represent the everlasting life because of jesus christ ' s ressurection. ) * wine or grape juice ~ wine represents joy. as the service proceeds, as each plaque is mentioned, each person sips a little of the wine. this means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete. ( at the last supper jesus said that the wine represented his own life ' s blood, poured out for us. he had to die so that we


wine. this means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete. ( at the last supper jesus said that the wine represented his own life ' s blood, poured out for us. he had to die so that we could know the total joy of freedom and forgiveness. ) * elijah ' s cup ~ usually a treasured one filled with wine ~ is placed on the table to await the arrival of the messiah. ( jesus said in matthew 11 : 14 that john the baptist was the promised elijah who was to announce the messiah ' s coming. for christians this cup does not remain untouched. it is shared by everyone at the table in the joy that our hope had come true. the messiah has come to us and is alive to give our lives eternal joy. the youngest son or male asks the same question 5 times, and the father answers explaining why. here is the question, and the answers. why is this night different from all other nights? on all other nights we eat either leavened bread or matzah. on this night, only matzah. on all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs. on this night, only bitter herbs. on all other nights we do not dip even once. on this night, we dip twice. on all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining. on this night we all recline. on all other nights we eat in any ordinary way. on this night we dine in special ceremony. to start we read exodus 7 - 12. dad starts reading from ex. 7 : 1 - 13. then each of our children take turns reading the 10 plagues. we start with the oldest to the youngest. to represent each plague the younger children painted wooden cutouts, which i found at the craft store. ( a red heart to represent the river nile turning to blood, a green frog, a fly, locust, etc. ) after the child reads the plague from the bible they place the wooden object in a basket that is set in the center of the room. after everyone reads dad explains the seder food and what each represents. the youngest son or grandson asks the question 5 times as explained in the seder ceremony above. after the meal is eaten we move the table back to the dining room clear the dishes. to remember jesus ' washing the disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. this year i wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes


room clear the dishes. to remember jesus ' washing the disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. this year i wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes that persons feet, and drys their feet with a towel. we continue until everyone has had their feet washed. to concluded we watch either the 10 commandments or the prince of egypt animated movie. after the ceremony it is fun for the family to make jelly bean prayer jars, and address easter cards for friends and elderly people. this craft is really easy to make. you won ' t need a masters degree in special education or an information assurance degree to show your children how to make these prayer jars. after the feast jennifer, jonathan, and jamie preformed a play on the " ten plagues and passover ". the three grandchildren especially enjoyed the little frogs, flies etc that were tossed towards them during the play. it was a wonderful way to teach the story of moses and the ten plagues and the passover to the kids. to your family may the joy of jesus christ be with you and your family every day! to your family passover linksuncle eli ' s site be sure and click on the story about the 10 placgues and the passover seder. they are both great for kids. and for parents here is a detail passover and seder explanation at us israel. org bitsela. com free art - provided the jewish art enter email to subscribe to our free magazine email us atjust4kidsmagazine. com would you like to recommend this site to a friend??? just for kids magazine ~ april ' s issue


the british agricultural revolution describes a period of development in britain between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. this in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the industrial revolution. how this came about is not entirely clear. in recent decades, enclosure, mechanization, four - field crop rotation, and selective breeding have been highlighted as primary causes, with credit given to relatively few individuals. prior to the 18th century, agriculture had been much the same across europe since the middle ages. the open field system was essentially post - feudal, with each farmer subsistence - cropping strips of land in one of three or four large fields held in common and splitting up the products likewise. beginning as early as the 12th century, some of the common fields in britain were enclosed into individually owned fields, and the process rapidly accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. this led to farmers losing their land and their grazing rights, and left many unemployed. in the 16th and 17th centuries, the practice of enclosure was denounced by the church, and legislation was drawn up against it ; but the developments in agricultural mechanization during the 18th century required large, enclosed fields in order to be workable. this led to a series of government acts, culminating finally in the general inclosure act of 1801. while farmers received compensation for their strips, it was minimal, and the loss of rights for the rural population led to an increased dependency on the poor law. surveying and legal costs weighed heavily on poor farmers, who sometimes even had to sell their share of the land to pay for its being split up. only a few found work in the ( increasingly mechanised ) enclosed farms. most were forced to relocate to the cities to try to find work in the emerging factories of the industrial revolution. by the end of the 18th century the process of enclosure was complete. joseph foljambe ' s rotherham plough of 1730, while not the first iron plough, was the first iron plough to have any commercial success, combining an earlier dutch design with a number of technological innovations. its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate making it lighter to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. it remained in use in britain until the development of the tractor. it was followed by john small of doncaster and berwickshire in 1763, whose ' scots plough ' used an improved


lighter to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. it remained in use in britain until the development of the tractor. it was followed by john small of doncaster and berwickshire in 1763, whose ' scots plough ' used an improved cast iron shape to turn the soil more effectively with less draft, wear, or strain on the ploughing team. andrew meikle ' s threshing machine of 1786 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of captain swing ( a probably mythical character comparable to the luddite ' s ned ludd ). in the 1850s and ' 60s john fowler, an agricultural engineer and inventor, produced a steam - driven engine that could plough farmland more quickly and more economically than horse - drawn ploughs. his ploughing engine could also be used to dig drainage channels, thereby bringing into cultivation previously unused swampy land. although faster than horse - drawn ploughing, the capital costs of a pair of engines would often be too much for a single farmer to purchase for his own exclusive use, which lead to the development of an independent contracting industry for ploughing. during the middle ages, the open field system had employed a three year crop rotation, with a different crop in each of the three fields, eg. wheat and barley in two, with the third fallow. ' fallow ' is a term which means that the field is empty, there is nothing growing there. over the following two centuries, the regular planting of nitrogen - rich legumes in the fields which were previously fallow slowly increased the fertility of croplands. the planting of legumes ( leguminosae, plants of the pea / bean family ) helped to increase plant growth in the empty field because they used a different set of nutrients to grow than the grains. the legumes put back nutrients the grains used, nitrates produced from nitrogen in the atmosphere, and the grains put back the minerals the legumes used. in a way, they fed each other. other crops that were occasionally grown were flax, and members of the mustard family. medieval record keepers did not distinguish between rape seed or other mustards grown for animal feed and mustard grown for mustard seed for condiments. when the pastures were brought back into crop production after their long fallow, their fertility was much greater than they had been in medieval times. the farmers in flanders ( current day belgium ), however, discovered a still more effective four - field rotation system,


the pastures were brought back into crop production after their long fallow, their fertility was much greater than they had been in medieval times. the farmers in flanders ( current day belgium ), however, discovered a still more effective four - field rotation system, introducing turnips and clover to replace the fallow year. clover was both an ideal fodder crop, and it actually improved grain yields in the following year ( clover is part of the pea family, leguminosae ). the improved grain production simultaneously increased livestock production. farmers could grow more livestock because there was more food, and manure was an excellent fertilizer, so they could have even more productive crops. charles townshend learned the four field system from flanders and introduced it to great britain in 1730. the increase in population led to more demand from the people for goods such as clothing. a new class of landless labourers, products of enclosure, provided the basis for cottage industry, a stepping stone to the industrial revolution. to supply continually growing demand, shrewd businessmen began to pioneer new technology to meet demand from the people. this led to the first industrial factories. people who once were farmers moved to large cities to get jobs in the factories. it should be noted that the british agricultural revolution not only made the population increase possible, but also increased the yield per agricultural worker, meaning that a larger percentage of the population could work in these new, post - agricultural revolution jobs. the british agricultural revolution was the cause of drastic changes in the lives of british women. before the agricultural revolution, women worked alongside their husbands in the fields and were an active part of farming. the increased efficiency of the new machinery, along with the fact that this new machinery was often heavier and difficult for a woman to wield, made this unnecessary and impractical, and women were relegated to other roles in society. to supplement the family ' s income, many went into cottage industries. others became domestic servants or were forced into professions such as prostitution. the new, limited roles of women, dubbed by one historian as " this defamation of women workers ", ( valenze ) fueled prejudices of women only being fit to work in the home, and also effectively separated them from the new, mechanized areas of work, leading to a divide in the pay between men and women. towards the end of the 19th century, the substantial gains in british agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports, made possible by advances in transportation, refrigeration, and many other technologies. from that


the story explains how huey, dewey and louie originally joined the junior woodchucks. years ago, when the boys were still very small, they were up to so much mischief that donald finally got fed up with it and decided that something must be done. by chance, he ran across a scout group of the junior woodchucks, and this inspired him to send his nephews to join the organisation. at the annual grand jamboree of the junior woodchucks, the boys discovered that their own grandmother is the daughter of the organisation ' s founder. thus interested, the boys wanted to join the junior woodchucks immediately. the chiefs originally didn ' t want to accept them, but when they learned they were the great - great - grandchildren of their original founder, they accepted them immediately. they never had descendants of their founder before, even though huey, dewey and louie weren ' t the first ones to try ; donald had also tried to join them, but was rejected because of his bad temper. as novices in the junior woodchucks, the boys ' first task was to find the remains of the fort duck, which was demolished to make room for scrooge mcduck ' s money bin. the trail led the boys, accompanied by major snozzie, to a wood pulp factory owned by scrooge, where the logs from the fortress were about to be made into pulp. but when the worker responsible for the pulp making learned of the logs ' origin, as a former junior woodchuck himself, he immediately stopped the machines, to avoid destroying the historical remains. the story ends with the boys being promoted to full members of the junior woodchucks and donald being awarded an honorary medal.


united states department of state, u. s. department of state country report on human rights practices 1993 - vietnam, 30 january 1994, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 3ae6aa54c. html [ accessed 21 may 2013 ] this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. vietnam the socialist republic of vietnam ( srv ) is a one - party state ruled by the vietnamese communist party ( vcp ). a 13 - member politburo and a party central committee are nominally elected by a party congress held about every 5 years. the politburo provides guidelines, often in the form of specific directives, that shape government policies. despite the adoption of a new constitution in 1992 that provides for the rule of law and respect for human rights, in practice the government continued to restrict individual rights on national security and other grounds. in addition, the constitution contains references to " democratic centralism " and " the leading role of the communist party " that have been used to justify limits on civil liberties. in addition to the military and police force, vietnamese security forces monitor internal movements and activities of the general population. the ministry of interior has units that monitor persons suspected of involvement in political or religious affairs. also, government surveillance through informants, household registration, and party - appointed block wardens continued in 1993. the government continued the market - oriented economic reforms begun in 1986. these reforms have boosted vietnam ' s predominantly agricultural economy and improved the lives of vietnamese citizens. goods and services are more widely available, and the general population is freer to engage in entrepreneurial activity. although some senior srv officials have publicly asserted the profound commitment of the vietnamese people and state to the cause of human rights, the government continued to violate human rights in 1993. the authorities continued to limit severely freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association, as well as worker rights and the right of citizens to change their government. the government continued its longstanding practice of not tolerating dissent and reacted sharply to efforts by buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect


buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect for the integrity of the person, including freedom from : a. political and other extrajudicial killing in 1993 there were no known executions of political prisoners or politically motivated extrajudicial killings. there were also no known cases of deaths of political prisoners while in detention in 1993. there were no documented incidents of political abductions by government security organizations or by antigovernment forces. c. torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment the law prohibits physical abuse, and released reeducation camp detainees report that camp conditions have improved since 1989. although there were no credible, consistent reports of police brutality during interrogation of suspects, reports of severe conditions for those confined in prisons continued. there have been reports of coercion to elicit confessions. after their release in 1993, american citizens held on political grounds reported that they were threatened with violence several times in attempts to coerce confessions, although they were not actually beaten. d. arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile in 1993 vietnam continued to arrest and imprison people arbitrarily. the 1989 criminal procedure code and subsequent amendments provide for various rights for detainees, including time limits on pretrial detention, the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him or her, a ban on coercion or corporal punishment, and the right to have a lawyer present during interrogation. in practice, however, the authorities frequently ignore these safeguards. credible reports indicate that detainees continue to be held incommunicado for indefinite periods without formal charges, with authorities using old administrative procedures in contravention of the new legislation. the retention and continued use of these administrative procedures appear to be a deliberate government policy. the government continued its efforts to implement party directive 135, which calls for the arrest of those who incite opposition to the government or advocate political pluralism. some intellectuals, clergy, journalists, and foreigners have been arrested and detained. for example, doan viet hoat, a scholar who before 1975 had been vice president of the van hanh buddhist university in saigon and had been incarcerated in chi hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in march 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the " freedom forum "


buddhist university in saigon and had been incarcerated in chi hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in march 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the " freedom forum " case. dr. hoat is said to be in poor health. in july the local press reported that an appeals court had reduced his sentence to 15 years. according to reputable international nongovernmental organizations ( ngo ' s ), doan thanh liem is currently serving a 12 - year labor camp sentence after being convicted of spreading anti - socialist propaganda. truong hung thai, arrested with liem, continues to serve an 8 - year sentence. do ngoc long, also arrested in april 1990, was never tried and was released from prison in april 1993 after serving an 3 - year administrative sentence. nguyen dan que, sentenced to 20 years ' imprisonment in 1991, was recently transferred to a labor camp in dong nai province ; he is reportedly in poor health. legislation designed ostensibly to prevent inordinate delays in charging suspects is often, if not routinely, ignored in political cases. in april and may 1992, two american citizens of vietnamese origin were arrested along with numerous vietnamese for attempting to organize two separate political movements. both were held until 1993 without ever being formally charged with a crime. no official statistics are available on the number of detainees held for alleged antigovernment activities, and an accurate account is impossible since arrests are not publicized and secret detentions, trials, and sentencing are common. in june 1993, american citizen nguyen sy binh, arrested in april 1992 for training members of the " peoples ' action party ", a group he founded, was released from custody and deported. on november 11, four catholic priests and brothers of the coredemptrix order were released from prison in vietnam. reverend john doan phu xuan, reverend hilary do tri tam, brother luke vu son ha, and brother mark tran khac kinh were all freed before the expiration of their sentences. search and arrest warrants are provided for in law, but they can be issued by branches of the security apparatus without judicial review. law enforcement and security personnel appear to be able to arrest and incarcerate people without presenting warrants for their arrest. each province and city has a " security committee " under direct party control. this committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. exile is not used as a means of political


warrants for their arrest. each province and city has a " security committee " under direct party control. this committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. exile is not used as a means of political control. e. denial of fair public trial the vietnamese court system consists of local people ' s courts, military tribunals, and the supreme court. the last may review cases from either of the lower courts. both the national assembly and state council have the authority to establish special tribunals which may be superior to the supreme court. in addition, local mass organizations are empowered to deal with minor breaches of law or disputes. judges in all regular courts are appointed after the party organization selects all candidates. article 130 of the constitution provides for the " independence " of judges and jurors. however, this is negated at all levels by a political system that is closely controlled by the vcp and by a selection process that puts a premium on political reliability. the penal code consists of the criminal code and a criminal procedures code, which was amended in 1990. vietnam has a long - established body of family law but lacks civil law codes. there is virtually no evidence that legislative improvements promulgated in 1990 have been implemented. prison sentences are frequently imposed by administrative procedure, without benefit of due process or judicial review. in addition, such sentences are imposed on persons for the peaceful expression of their views. the srv criminalizes certain forms of peaceful expression, including, for example, " anti - socialist propaganda. " over the years people have been sentenced to long prison or reeducation camp terms for such " crimes. " for example, after a demonstration in may by approximately 300 buddhists, including monks, several buddhist monks were arrested for inciting antigovernment unrest. the government tried four of the monks in november, and the court announced sentences ranging from 6 months to 4 years in prison. accurate statistics on the total prison population, including pretrial detainees, political prisoners, and persons held arbitrarily are not available due to the secrecy surrounding these procedures. f. arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence in 1993 the government continued to operate a nationwide system of surveillance and control through household registration and party - appointed block wardens who use informants to keep track of individual activities. in general, reports suggest that the system is unevenly implemented throughout the country and that local caprice and corruption are significant factors in its application. urban dwellers appear to be increasingly relaxed about sending


and in internally circulated documents but not publicly. the movements and activities of foreign journalists are monitored but seldom interfered with. criticism is occasionally expressed publicly within established forums, such as national assembly proceedings broadcast over the national radio service. the government does not use systematic prior censorship to control the media, but guidance from party watchdogs is pervasive, and national security legislation is sufficiently broad to ensure effective self - censorship. the government controls all broadcast media and does not normally permit the broadcast of opposing views, though it has broadcast reports of debates during national assembly meetings. in addition to government controlled radio ( both domestic and international ), television stations, and the vietnam news agency wire service, vietnam has five mass daily newspapers and many smaller newspapers. party organizations and the ministries of culture, information, sports, and tourism control the newspapers as well as other publications and cultural exhibits. western and other publications are widely available in stores frequented by vietnamese, without obvious restriction on their sale or distribution. b. freedom of peaceful assembly and association the right of assembly is restricted in law and practice. people wishing to gather in a group are required to apply for a permit, which local authorities can issue or deny arbitrarily. in practice, large informal gatherings in public, like market areas or parts, are commonplace especially in urban areas. there is little evidence to suggest that informal public gatherings are restricted. however, demonstrations or meetings that could be seen as having a political purpose are not permitted and are sometimes forcibly suppressed. for example, the government refused to permit a conference on democracy that was to be held in ho chi minh city in november. the existence of ngo ' s is permitted, but they may meet only for approved and narrowly defined objectives. opposition political organizations and activities are not permitted. c. freedom of religion vietnam has no state religion, and adherence to a religion is not permitted for party members. according to some estimates, nearly three - fourths of the population of 70 million people are buddhists, but the government has claimed that only 6 million of these actually practice their religion. the vatican believes that some 6 million vietnamese are catholic ; a much smaller number are protestant. virtually all foreign clergy remaining in the south in 1975 were expelled at the end of that year. while the srv has permitted visits by foreign clergy, it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in vietnam. reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the government. buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the unified buddhists ( an


it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in vietnam. reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the government. buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the unified buddhists ( an quang sect ) began to protest government control through 1992. the tension increased in early 1993 when the arrest and confinement of numbers of middle - and low - level leaders sent a clear signal to the buddhist hierarchy that they cannot challenge the government. while restrictions on religious organizations are usually severe, they vary widely by locality. this is also true of church attendance. many people report they have generally been free to attend worship services since 1975, and, during the past few years, visitors to vietnam have reported that attendance at religious services is growing. churches in and around ho chi minh city and elsewhere have been observed overflowing during sunday services. buddhist temples and edifices of the hoa hao and cao dai sects in several towns of the south appear active and prosperous enough to be well maintained. freedom of worship is provided for in the constitution, along with the proviso that no one may use religious adherence or belief to violate state laws and policies. the government, concerned that religious groups might become competing centers of influence within the society, has consistently attempted to divide and control religious groups, in part by establishing government - controlled policymaking bodies such as the catholic patriotic association to which clergy are obliged to belong. the government has also attempted to prevent the growth of religious groups by inhibiting the publication of religious materials and the training of new clergy. the government exercises approval authority on the content of speeches and sermons by clergy, but reports continue to indicate that approval is generally granted as long as the content cannot be construed as a challenge to the legitimacy of vietnam ' s one - party system. also, buddhist monks have reported that permission is usually given to young people wishing to study to become monks, if they register with the authorities. several hundred are reported to be enrolled in buddhist instruction in ho chi minh city. the government has regularly detained, arrested, and restricted the activities of religious figures of all faiths on political grounds. authorities leveled charges of " possessing and disseminating counterrevolutionary propaganda, " " fomenting unrest, " or " anti - socialist propaganda " against buddhist monks and nuns and catholic, protestant, and other religious leaders. a number of catholic and buddhist clergy remained in prison or confined to home villages. in september an american citizen reported that an informal prayer meeting


" or " anti - socialist propaganda " against buddhist monks and nuns and catholic, protestant, and other religious leaders. a number of catholic and buddhist clergy remained in prison or confined to home villages. in september an american citizen reported that an informal prayer meeting involving approximately 30 vietnamese and 3 foreigners was broken up by the police, who detained the vietnamese and seized the foreigners ' passports. there have been some releases this year ( see section 1. d. ), and, with the exception of members of the an quang sect, few new arrests. the buddhist patriarch, thich huyen quang of the unified buddhist church, has been under house arrest in quang ngai province since 1982, reportedly because he refuses to submit to the government - dominated vietnam buddhist church. in may, after a self - immolation at the linh mu pagoda ( supporters of quang ) in hue and the police interrogation of the abbot, thich tri tuu, there were large protest demonstrations by buddhists ( see section 1. e. ). thich duc nhuan, a former secretary general of the unified buddhist church, was released in january, after receiving a 1 - year reduction in his sentence. vietnam has in recent years expanded its dialog with the vatican. in 1993, however, the government continued to prevent the return from rome to his archdiocese in ho chi minh city of archbishop francis xavier nguyen van thuan ( a nephew of ngo dinh diem ) to succeed the ageing archbishop nguyen van binh. in september the government rejected the vatican ' s appointment of bishop huynh van nghi to administer the roman catholic church in ho chi minh city. while the government now permits catholic seminarians to be admitted to seminaries every 3 years instead of 6, it still places sharp limits on the recruitment, training, ordination, and assignment of new seminarians, priests, monks, and nuns. the selection of both students and teachers is subject to government veto, and there are continuing difficulties in obtaining teaching materials and in expanding religious training facilities. father dominic tran dinh thu, founder of the mother coredemptrix, was released in may. he had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1987 for " propagandizing against the socialist system. " in november four more clergy affiliated with the mother coredemptrix order were freed ( see section 1. d. ). in 1993 the first foreign religious community received government approval to work in vietnam ; mother theresa ' s sisters of charity began work in hanoi at the end of the summer


the mother coredemptrix order were freed ( see section 1. d. ). in 1993 the first foreign religious community received government approval to work in vietnam ; mother theresa ' s sisters of charity began work in hanoi at the end of the summer. after a vatican - based cardinal admonished vietnamese catholics not to join the government - sponsored union of vietnamese catholics, observers noted that fewer priests attended the annual meeting of this organization. at last report the only protestant seminary had not been permitted to take in new students since 12 were admitted 6 years ago. some religious leaders believe that the government ' s goal is to weaken the churches as a social force by limiting personnel and restricting their ability to move their clergy around the country. for example, only 15 priests in haiphong serve over 150, 000 catholics there, and no religious women have been allowed to establish convents or novitiates there. most property of religious institutions remains under government control, including temples, churches, convents, seminaries, former religious schools, libraries, and orphanages. sharp restrictions are exercised on the use, repair, or extension of those facilities that are returned to religious control. d. freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation during 1993 the government continued the trend of recent years of allowing freer movement within the country for most citizens. vietnamese are required technically to obtain permission to change their residence, but it appears that obtaining permission has not been difficult during the past few years. large numbers have changed residence without official permission, apparently without adverse consequences. areas that have previously been off - limits to foreigners were reportedly opened. since april 1, foreigners have been permitted to travel without permits to all areas except islands, border, or highland areas. private travel abroad is usually restricted to 3 months, except travel for education or medical treatment. violators of this limitation may be barred from further travel for 3 to 5 years. the government continued its program of relocating people into sparsely populated new economic zones ( nez ' s ), but we have no reports that these relocations are forcible. there are reports of some people voluntarily moving to the nez ' s to gain access to land or remaining in the nez ' s to which they were sent earlier. the state - run radio has said that, of more than 2 million people who were moved from their homes in cities or crowded areas, only a quarter had substantially improved their living standards. the report admitted that many of the nez ' s were unfinished or short of basic facilities