really helped the science. in addition to the c. a. t. scan technology that we ' ve been talking about here, there ' s a lot of remote sensing types of technologies that are available to us now. global position systems, mapping, lidar, kinds of laser mapping, various other kinds of technologies that assist us in the field actually locating and positioning the fossil finds, because it ' s very important to us to know where in the rock column the fossil is found and also, of course, the geographic position of the fossil. we also use, you know, c. a. t. scans for determining the bones structures of skulls and also the size of the brain cases and skulls, fossil skulls, that have been found. so technology is used extensively now in paleontology. we ' re preparing this for exhibit. the tail and one of the arms will be prepared and put on exhibit here at the north dakota heritage center, which is open to the public. so we plan to have it here for quite some time if people are interested in coming and seeing it. ( johnny ) : good. absolutely. well, doctor, thank you so much for having us here. ( dr. john hoganson ) : sure, it ' s really good to have you here. ( johnny ) : most definitely. thank you. hey, in a little bit, i ' m going to tell you how nasa ' s bringing history to life on the lewis and clark trail. so don ' t go anywhere. it ' s coming right up. you ' re watching nasa 360. ( jennifer ) : okay, so the first english settlers landed here in jamestown in 1607. but the first years, oh, they were rough. in fact, for many years, there was question as to whether the small fort would actually survive. there was starvation and a lot of sickness. but thanks to some local indians and some resupply from england, this small, little fort held on, and it began to flourish. in fact, from 1612 to 1698, jamestown was the capital of the whole country. that changed when a fire swept through the state house and it forced the capital to be moved to williamsburg. just a few years later, jamestown was gone, both physically and in memory. over the centuries, people believed that the old fort and all of its artifacts had actually washed away into the james river. but that all changed in 1994, when the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, or, for short, the apva, commissioned


the centuries, people believed that the old fort and all of its artifacts had actually washed away into the james river. but that all changed in 1994, when the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities, or, for short, the apva, commissioned an archaeological dig in the area where the original fort was thought to be. why? well, apva lead archaeologist dr. bill kelso believed the original fort had not been washed away at all. he had a hunch that he knew where to find the fort. and this old church had something to do with it. ( dr. bill kelso ) : reason that i started digging where i did was that, there ' s a church tower here that ' s the only original above - ground part of jamestown, 17th century. and the church was originally in the midst of the fort. one of the records said this, you know? i said, " well, it ought to be around here somewhere. " so starting near the church was the key. and it was an area that had never really been looked at before, ironically enough. it ' s high ground. it really made sense, now that we know where the fort is. ( jennifer ) : can you walk me through kind of the excavation process, the recording - - we were talking a little bit about the technology - - and then where do the artifacts go from there? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, artifacts are removed from the soil. once we understand the context, we call it, where they ' re found, they ' re taken to a lab, and they ' re washed. and then some of these - - like these iron objects would have to be conserved. some things, probably 1 % or 2 % of what we have here, will go on exhibit. we have, you know, a museum here. and there are other traveling exhibits and other things that we do just to tell the jamestown story. ( excavator ) : would you believe that? ( excavator ) : how are we going to do this? ( man ) : what is that? ( woman ) : oh, my god! ( excavator ) : it ' s all metal down here. that ' s why it ' s rusty. ( man ) : that ' s lord deleware ' s. [ end excavation footage ] ( jennifer ) : dr. kelso, how long have you been an archaeologist? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well,


rusty. ( man ) : that ' s lord deleware ' s. [ end excavation footage ] ( jennifer ) : dr. kelso, how long have you been an archaeologist? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i started probably 1607, something like that. ( jennifer ) : [ laughing ] why, you look great! ( dr. bill kelso ) : thank you very much. ( jennifer ) : well, you ' re over 400 years old! ( dr. bill kelso ) : gosh. it ' s been a while. 45 years, i guess, i would say. ( jennifer ) : all right, so in that time, in those 45 years, tell me, what have you seen? what changes have you seen - - technology - - technological advances in archaeology? ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, the major technological advances - - you would think that we would ' ve invented x - ray vision. you know, we would save a lot of digging. but that hasn ' t happened. there are certain machines that can give you some reading belowground without digging, remote sensing. but what i think the breakthrough has been has been in recording, the record of archaeology, ' cause archaeology, i think, in the past, is something that ' s viewed as destructive. but now we have the technology, through a gis program, that we can record almost in three dimensions. and we ' re close. and if you can record in three dimensions, then you can actually replicate the site again, digitally, and, you know, relook at it. that still doesn ' t replace just, you know, blood, sweat, and tears. i mean, it ' s just down. it ' s digging. it ' s scooping. it ' s using - - our main instrument here is just this small shovel. and, you know, it takes a long time to dig out a hole like this with something like this. but we have to do that so that we don ' t disturb artifacts. ( jennifer ) : so tell me about some of the amazing things you ' ve found. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, we ' ve found over a million artifacts in this project. but there are certain things that really do stand out. ( jennifer ) : one of those things that stands out is a lead luggage tag with its destination stamped on it, " yamestowne. " this tag made the long


in this project. but there are certain things that really do stand out. ( jennifer ) : one of those things that stands out is a lead luggage tag with its destination stamped on it, " yamestowne. " this tag made the long journey from england to the new world on a wooden ship then was discarded into the bottom of a well. after its rediscovery 400 years later, it would again be making a long trip, this time into space. to help celebrate the 400th anniversary of jamestown, this lowly luggage tag was placed aboard the space shuttle atlantis, where it traveled nearly 6 million miles around the earth. after the space flight was over, the tag was returned to jamestown, where it went back on display in the jamestown archaearium with other artifacts from the old fort. ( dr. bill kelso ) : i think it really highlights the... sort of age - old exploration process, that, in 1607, you had to get the vehicles. you had to raise the money. you had to get the political things in order, the charter, to come to virginia, and dress appropriately with armor and closed helmets, because it was an alien environment, you had to put some kind of a … it ' s almost like a - - it is almost like a space station. you know, here in - - or an outpost - - to begin to explore an unknown environment in virginia, and that ' s – ( jennifer ) : and nasa ' s continuing to do that. ( dr. bill kelso ) : right, and here ' s the colonization of the moon. and what are the problems? well, you got to get there. you got to have the right vehicles. what do you take with you? you know, how do you survive in this alien environment? you put in artificial surface around you, you know, and you dress appropriately. so it is - - it ' s really an age - old thing. this whole psychological need to explore, spiritual need to explore, i think, is still today just as it was at the time of jamestown. ( jennifer ) : all right, so let ' s talk a little bit about this correlation between the early explorers, yourself, you ' re an explorer, and then the future explorers. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i ' m kind of an explorer of explorers, the recent explorers. i mean, they - - we ' re trying to figure out what it was like to explore and to


the future explorers. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, i ' m kind of an explorer of explorers, the recent explorers. i mean, they - - we ' re trying to figure out what it was like to explore and to discover. and our project ' s called " jamestown rediscovery " you know, we ' re not discovering jamestown. we ' re rediscovering it. and a good example is this space here that - - this was used as a laboratory to study the minerals and the iron ore of this new land to see if it could be profitable to come here. so, yeah, this is very similar to what i ' ve read about explorations, especially on mars. they send out vehicles, and they do drilling, and they look at the material. and that ' s what was going on here. and so this space was where - - i ' m sure people that you ' ve heard of before - - captain john smith walked around in here. you know, maybe pocahontas checking out the blacksmith shop. ( jennifer ) : that is so cool. that ' s … i mean, that ' s - - what an amazing job you have. ( dr. bill kelso ) : well, that ' s what … that ' s the payoff, is to feel … to walk the places, to be in the places where these historical events happened. so then the events take on much more meaning than if you just read them in a text book. ( jennifer ) : earlier, dr. kelso mentioned the similarities between the 1607 jamestown explorers and nasa ' s future space explorers. what about all the explorers in between? guys like daniel boone, neil armstrong come to mind, as well as many countless others who have helped broaden our knowledge through exploration. perhaps two of the most famous names in american exploration history are lewis and clark. you ever heard of them? they blazed a trail through the american west, mapping out their path as they went. so what do you think? did nasa have anything to do with the lewis and clark expedition? well, not the original trip, but nasa is helping out now. johnny alonso will tell you all about it. ( johnny ) : all right, so we ' ve seen a lot today how nasa ' s helping archaeologists and paleontologists through remote sensing. these remote sensing devices have helped us unearth some really cool findings in places like cambodia, central america, and the american southwest. and they ' ve


' ve seen a lot today how nasa ' s helping archaeologists and paleontologists through remote sensing. these remote sensing devices have helped us unearth some really cool findings in places like cambodia, central america, and the american southwest. and they ' ve also helped along one of the most famous trails in american history, the lewis and clark trail. to find out how nasa helped map this 200 - year - old trail, i rolled up to fort mandan in north dakota, where lewis and clark spent their first winter. before we get into nasa ' s involvement, let ' s go back a few hundred years to the beginning of the lewis and clark expedition. back in 1804, when the expedition began, we knew almost nothing about what was to the west of st. louis. so president thomas jefferson commissioned meriwether lewis and william clark to lead an expedition west to find the first all - water route to the pacific ocean. this was an epic journey, taking several years and 3, 700 miles ( 5, 955 km ) to complete. during this trip, they collected samples of plants and animals, met many of the different indian tribes of the west and brought back detailed data about the route that they had taken. but even though they brought back some pretty good maps and data, they still weren ' t 100 percent accurate. that ' s because most of these journals weren ' t written right away, or they were written after a hard day ' s travel. and many of the entries contain geographical inaccuracies. so … this is where nasa comes in. researchers from nasa ' s stennis space center took the maps of lewis and clark and combined them with high - resolution images taken from satellites and aircraft. they created maps with a 360 - degree view of an area where the explorers traveled. from that view, archaeologists could follow the trails as if they were flying over the actual landscape in real time and in any direction or angle they chose. researchers pored over these maps looking for telltale signs of human disturbances unique to the lewis and clark expedition. with this technique, archaeologists were able to narrow down some of the possible sites from many miles to a few acres. this information is helping to find lewis and clark artifacts that provide a clearer understanding of the expedition and what the lives of those early explorers had been like. and don ' t forget, nasa has a new generation of explorers too that will soon be going back to the moon and on to mars. so in the future when we talk about great explorers, there ' s no doubt


early explorers had been like. and don ' t forget, nasa has a new generation of explorers too that will soon be going back to the moon and on to mars. so in the future when we talk about great explorers, there ' s no doubt that nasa ' s astronauts will be on the list. it ' s amazing, isn ' t it? just when you thought you knew everything about nasa, we throw something else at you. so as you can see, nasa ' s not only trying to help shape our future. it ' s also making the past clearer. that ' s it for this episode. for jennifer pulley, i ' m johnny alonso. i ' ll catch you next time on nasa 360. ( johnny ) : … dinosaur. i ' d say it was still in - - [ laughing ]. ( johnny ) : these remote sensing devices will help us on - - two. ( jennifer ) : why? well, apva lead archaeologist dr. bill kelso believed - - he thought – [ smiles ]. ( johnny ) : … to find out how nasa helped - - two. ( johnny ) : that ' s right, a mummified hadrosaur named dakota [ stops, snaps fingers ] ( jennifer ) : let ' s head out to north dakota. johnny alonso is learning how nasa technology was used to unearth some really cool - - really unique … eh. ( jennifer ) : guys like daniel boone and neil armstrong may come to mind, as well as many countless oth … ( jennifer ) : … it ' s doctor – bill - la - la - la - la … ( johnny ) : i rolled out to fort mandan, north dakota, for... damn! that was it. that was it. i ' ll say it right this time. › download vodcast ( 284 mb )


article in liberal education, spring 2007 " reclaiming the distinctiveness of american higher education " william g. durden is president of dickinson college. in the face of rising global competition and the heightened call for accountability issued by the spellings commission on the future of higher education, educators across the country are being called upon — once again — to demonstrate the validity of a liberal education. we are asked repeatedly if our approach to undergraduate education will prepare students to meet the challenges of the twenty - first century, if it is capable of adapting to rapidly changing times. as we seek to respond to these concerns and evaluate the effectiveness of our own institutions, i suggest that we look for guidance to those enlightened revolutionaries who established not only our democracy, but also an american approach to liberal education that was distinctive for its emphasis on pragmatism delivered through an integrated, comprehensive student experience. our founding fathers instinctively understood that a nation whose success depended upon engaged and informed citizens demanded an education far different from the isolated, “ monkish, ” ivory - tower model that was prevalent throughout eighteenth - century europe and upon which america ' s colonial, theologically oriented colleges and universities had been modeled. they advocated, instead, an education that easily traversed the boundaries between the classroom and the community, an education in which the lessons of the academy could be applied immediately to a society seeking to define its own parameters. it was a revolutionary education for a revolutionary time. one of the most passionate and eloquent advocates of a distinctive american education was dr. benjamin rush, who founded dickinson college. rush ' s fundamental precepts, debated regularly with thomas jefferson, john adams, john dickinson, and others, offer us important directives as we explore ways to define the relevance and value of liberal education in our own rapidly changing, revolutionary era. for rush, an american liberal arts education was to be, above all, useful — useful to oneself, but also to society. this education was to accomplish nothing less than preparation of those citizens and leaders who would shape the economy, government, and social structures of the young democracy. rush adamantly believed that students must be engaged with their society in order to prepare them to lead in it. rush had no tolerance for “ the college high on the hill, ” physically and symbolically removed from the people. for this reason, he strategically located dickinson college a short two - block walk from the county courthouse, fully expecting students to make the trek on a regular basis to observe government in action. through the creation of debating societies — an early incarnation


the people. for this reason, he strategically located dickinson college a short two - block walk from the county courthouse, fully expecting students to make the trek on a regular basis to observe government in action. through the creation of debating societies — an early incarnation of extracurricular student groups — rush sought to give students the opportunity to discuss the most pressing issues of the day, an opportunity that connected them to rather than isolated them from emerging national developments. rush even went so far as to recommend that students live not on campus, but with families in the town, where they could be mentored daily in community values and citizenship. rush ' s conception of an american liberal arts education did not draw arbitrary boundaries among students ' classroom experiences, their extracurricular and recreational activities, and their living arrangements. it was an educational approach designed to encourage character development and one that valued public service as a form of patriotism. we have, i am afraid, lost this vision of an integrated and distinctively american approach to liberal education. we have compartmentalized its parts. there has been a rupture between the student life and academic sides of our enterprise and a focused emphasis on the “ useful ” and the comprehensive has dulled with time. while rush ' s idea of having all students live with families in the community is unrealistic in the twenty - first century, is the fundamental premise behind this idea outdated? shouldn ' t we still be striving to provide daily mentoring to our students in community values and citizenship? isn ' t it our responsibility to develop the twenty - first - century contexts that accomplish this most basic and most important of goals? and should not the current “ accountability movement ” in higher education extend beyond the measurement of disciplinary academic ability to that of citizenship? shouldn ' t we be seeking evidence of informed voting in public elections, community volunteerism, monetary contributions to nonprofit organizations, standing for public office? decoupling academic and student life i would argue that higher education has derailed on both the academic and student life sides. of course, the academic side would like to claim that it has held steadfast to its mission, and faculty all too frequently place blame on student life for failing to make these important connections. this line of thinking, however, ignores the fact that student life divisions are a relatively recent creation in american higher education and that faculty should also, as they have in the past, shoulder the responsibility of providing a comprehensive educational experience for our students. and what about student life? this division has burgeoned at most institutions over


a relatively recent creation in american higher education and that faculty should also, as they have in the past, shoulder the responsibility of providing a comprehensive educational experience for our students. and what about student life? this division has burgeoned at most institutions over the past two decades — but in too many instances, we have allowed it to mushroom without clear purpose or direction. instead, we have reacted helter - skelter in our rush to meet rising student demands and challenges. we are “ over - offering ” and thus introducing a hyper - consumerism into the academic setting. we have built twenty - four - hour student unions and fitness centers that resemble cruise ships. in our haste to demonstrate that we understand that engaged students are healthy, energetic students, we have scrambled to provide them with opportunities to engage in — well, everything — to include every conceivable aspect of their own selves and their unfettered desires. we have not, however, organized this plethora of activities into a cohesive or progressive series of meaningful, educative experiences. instead, we have provided our students with a shopping mall of choices without overarching purpose. in the process, we have created a lot of busy, busy students, many of whom are intent on adding activity upon activity to their undergraduate resumes. we have, in short, succeeded in giving students the opportunity to be busy — but simply being busy is not the same as being meaningfully engaged with society and understanding the connection between the activities in which one is engaged and the larger educational mission of the institution. in general, we have not fulfilled our educative responsibility to open students ' minds, to encourage serious inquiry, and to develop an understanding of what it means to be a part of a wider, diverse community that is not always cast ultimately in a student ' s own image. by simply enabling our students ' selfish desires, we have denied them the genuine sociability and connectivity necessary for continuous learning. instead, we have fallen prey to the students ' own definition of success as we assist them in their quest for personal advancement at the expense of communal progress. the whole notion of a “ useful ” education, in other words, has become focused on a personal usefulness as each student asks him or herself, “ how can i get ahead? ” the type of “ usefulness ” that builds good citizens through service to society has all too frequently fallen by the wayside. while there is a notable rise in community service or volunteerism among college students today, this often occurs because


get ahead? ” the type of “ usefulness ” that builds good citizens through service to society has all too frequently fallen by the wayside. while there is a notable rise in community service or volunteerism among college students today, this often occurs because such activity is now viewed as a necessary component for “ credentialing ” personal aspirations. of course, there are notable exceptions to these negative trends among both individual students and college or university programs. yet, in general, it is this decoupling of the academic from student life and our enabling behavior in higher education that has resulted in today ' s undergraduates experiencing what former harvard dean harry lewis ( 2006 ) describes provocatively in his recent book, excellence without a soul, as “ the hollowness of undergraduate education, ” the total abdication of colleges ' “ moral authority to shape the souls of students, ” and the absence of any definitive statements about what it is to be an educated person. american undergraduate education for the twenty - first century it is time to reclaim and revitalize for the twenty - first century the distinctiveness that characterized american higher education during the earliest days of our democracy. at the dawn of a century that promises to be breathtaking in both its challenges and opportunities, we must ensure that our students are prepared and willing to take on the responsibility of global citizenship and shake free of their obsessive focus on themselves. we must ensure that they know how the united states “ works ” and what it values ( in all that complexity ) and are prepared to engage and listen carefully to opinions expressed by the rest of the world. we must be willing to admit that we have lost the connection between theory and practice that will most readily make this global understanding possible, and we must seek to redefine this connection in a twenty - first - century context. to do so, we must return to a conception of undergraduate education that is comprehensive and does not compartmentalize students ' experiences into artificial components that separate the curricular from the extracurricular. we must return to the notion of a “ useful ” education that encompasses and intertwines personal and public usefulness, demonstrating to our students that personal success and understanding are most complete when they contribute to the public good — not when they simply fulfill individual notions of anticipated accomplishment. this will require us to rethink totally our approach to undergraduate education. dr. rush was on to this notion very early. in a 1773 letter to his countrymen on patriotism, he stated that “ the social spirit is the true selfish spirit,


will require us to rethink totally our approach to undergraduate education. dr. rush was on to this notion very early. in a 1773 letter to his countrymen on patriotism, he stated that “ the social spirit is the true selfish spirit, and men always promote their own interest most in proportion as they promote that of their neighbors and their country ” ( 1951, 84 ). as a starting point, we must conceive of and treat student life and the academic program as coequal partners in a shared endeavor that begins as a student prepares for the transition to college and continues as an organized and sustained priority until commencement. the residential experience continues to be the characteristic that distinguishes american undergraduate education from that found in other countries, and it should remain a centrally defining feature. the challenge is to incorporate it into the entire educational experience rather than treating it as an ancillary, less serious partner. failure to do so places the historic advantage of an american higher education at risk and lends increasing advantage to many for - profit institutions that offer a new — and far less costly — business model for higher education that eschews athletics, residential life, and student life for the bottom line. we must find ways to encourage faculty to think differently about how they reach and relate to students, ways that will require them to think beyond the classroom experience. the answer is not, as some have suggested, merely to coax faculty into living in residence halls, a concept that presumes that physical juxtaposition will establish a cohesive educational experience. rather, we need to think creatively about how to bridge the artificial chasm between academic and student life. we need to focus on ways to engage students in a seamless experience that moves easily and naturally in and out of the classroom — an experience that involves faculty in both arenas. we all have been touched and inspired by a professor whose passion for his or her discipline is absolutely contagious. we need to enhance and expand the ways in which our faculty can model behavior that shows students what it is like to be an engaged scholar who is connected to the wider world with a sense of wonder, bliss, and obligation. equally important, we need to give our students glimpses of faculty interactions in their own communities. they must see the “ whole ” professor — an individual who lives beyond his or her discipline with curiosity and a commitment to better the world. we need, in other words, to illustrate to our students through example — through proactive mentorship — that a liberal education is a lifelong habit of


— an individual who lives beyond his or her discipline with curiosity and a commitment to better the world. we need, in other words, to illustrate to our students through example — through proactive mentorship — that a liberal education is a lifelong habit of the mind. similarly, we must demand for our institutions student life professionals who push beyond attention to the affective and endlessly affirming desires of our students. we must ask them to act as far stronger role models by advancing discourse about issues that matter beyond the highly circumscribed topic of the self and how it “ feels at a particular moment. ” we must ask them to encourage students ' engagement in an expansive interpretation of the life of the mind and to advance a more realistic commentary — a constructive honesty — about students ' performance and aspiration that tempers their unfettered, often ungrounded self - assessment. we must ask them to do so with a candor not found in education — collegiate or precollegiate — for decades. we need, in the final analysis, to push beyond the ivory - tower mentality that our founding fathers so ardently rejected for american higher education but that, nevertheless, has seeped steadily back into the mindset of most of our country ' s colleges and universities. in fact, i would go so far as to suggest that all sectors of american life, except liberal arts higher education, revolted against the practices of royalist, privileged england. “ learning for learning ' s sake, ” instead of the objective of an ultimately useful study, still dominates american liberal education all too often. it is now time to complete the revolution. introducing a more comprehensive and generous approach to undergraduate education will require nothing short of a major cultural shift for many institutions. developing the synergy between the academic program and student life will require that long - established habits be replaced with creative thinking and a willingness for change — a most formidable challenge in a profession notorious for maintaining stability and status quo in its basic organization and intent. perhaps most important will be the need to reassess purposes for which we reward our faculty — an exercise that will ask us to reexamine the most fundamental aspects of our mission. we must encourage our faculty to connect to the world beyond our campus boundaries through activities such as service learning and applied research. we must find or reallocate resources to help faculty establish networks with the broader community. we must challenge faculty to broaden the definition and scope of substantive scholarship in a liberal arts setting, and we must support them as they explore new


applied research. we must find or reallocate resources to help faculty establish networks with the broader community. we must challenge faculty to broaden the definition and scope of substantive scholarship in a liberal arts setting, and we must support them as they explore new pedagogies and introduce new methods of research in and out of the classroom. we must recognize that these activities can and should be the foundation for legitimate, serious scholarship and service for faculty and that they are integral for advancing a distinctively engaging residential life for students. and we must give these activities appropriate weight and merit when evaluating faculty performance. in the final analysis, we will only be successful if we create a solid scholarly foundation of new knowledge, pedagogy, and residential life out of this renewed synthesis that will define american higher education for the twenty - first century. to the casual observer, all of this talk about citizenship and engagement with community may seem superfluous and unnecessary. look in virtually any college catalogue or on any web site and you will find platitudes and promises touting the institution ' s commitment to these ideals. while i suppose the fact that such pronouncements exist is a step in the right direction, many of us know that the real work has yet to be done. to quote thomas jefferson, “ it is in our lives and not from our words, that [ our value ] must be read.... by the same test, the world must judge me. ” there you have it. by the same test, so must the world judge us in higher education. this is true accountability — devotion to and deliverance upon the original post - revolutionary intention adapted to our own rapidly changing times. lewis, h. r. 2006. excellence without a soul : how a great university forgot education. new york : public affairs. rush, b. 1951. letters of benjamin rush, volume 1 : 1761 – 1792. princeton, nj : princeton university press. back to president ' s page


this program demonstrates the differences of facemasks and respirators that are to be used in public settings during an influenza pandemic. created : 5 / 15 / 2007 by cdc, national institute for occupational safety and health ( niosh ). date released : 5 / 25 / 2007. series name : cdc featured podcasts. [ announcer ] this podcast is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. cdc - safer, healthier people. facemasks are loose - fitting, disposable masks that cover the nose and mouth. these include products labeled as surgical, dental, medical procedure, isolation, and laser masks. facemasks help stop droplets from being spread by the person wearing them. they also keep splashes or sprays from reaching the mouth and nose of the person wearing the facemask. they are not designed to protect you against breathing in very small particles. facemasks should be used once and then thrown away in the trash. a respirator, for example an n95 or higher filtering facepiece respirator is designed to protect you from breathing in very small particles, which might contain viruses. these types of respirators fit tightly to the face so that most air is inhaled through the filter material. to work the best way, n95 respirators must be specially fitted for each person who wears one. this is called “ fit testing ” and is usually done in a workspace where respirators are used. like surgical masks, n95 respirators should be worn only once and then thrown away in the trash. cdc is not recommending persons to stockpile masks or respirators at this time. if you purchase any, the manufacturer supplies important instructions with facemasks and respirators on how they are to be put on and checked to make sure they are properly positioned on the face. always follow the manufacturer ’ s instructions, specific to the product you are using. to access the most accurate and relevant health information that affects you, your family and your community, please visit www. cdc. gov.


when asked about his overarching goal for writing his autobiography, a struggle to walk with dignity – the true story of a jamaican - born canadian, gerald archambeau responds, “ to inspire youth to never give up on the goodness of human beings regardless of race. ” with this aspiration in mind, archambeau has donated a collection of his works – a memoir and three scrapbooks – to clara thomas archives and special collections. the scrapbooks narrate archambeau ’ s life through a series of photographs, postcards and newspaper clippings pertaining to race relations and his employers the canadian national railway ( cn ), canadian pacific railway ( cpr ) and air canada. the scrapbooks refer to the collective fight for human rights equality and archambeau ’ s quotes written throughout added personal reflections of his own struggle. these scrapbooks, chronicling his life, served as the catalyst for writing a struggle to walk with dignity – the true story of a jamaican - born canadian. catherine davidson, york university ’ s associate university librarian of collections, believes that archambeau ’ s donation will be a valuable instructional resource for undergraduate humanities programs, specifically courses in canadian history and race relations. “ archambeau ’ s memoir and scrapbooks shine a light on the racial segregation and inequality that were prevalent in canada at the time, ” said davidson. “ archambeau ’ s scrapbooks in particular are a fascinating read ; they bring the issues to life for the reader. ” archambeau was born in jamaica to a panamanian father of african, french, and aboriginal ancestry and mother of caucasian and african ancestry – although he was raised by his grandmother and three aunts. as a teenager he was forced to immigrate to canada by his mother and stepfather, a barbadian who fought for the canadian army in the second world war and for that reason was granted canadian citizenship. archambeau moved to canada so the three could qualify for veteran housing in montreal. because of his love for trains, archambeau was employed as a porter for cn and cpr for over 15 years. he writes next to a newspaper clipping about the porters in one of his scrapbooks, “ the true gentlemen of the rails – service with a smile even though we were insulted at times. ” despite racial clauses in some union contracts, archambeau ’ s time on the rails was quite happy. “ we served canada ’ s wealthy who could afford to ride in sleeping cars, club cars, parlour cars, and eat in the


” despite racial clauses in some union contracts, archambeau ’ s time on the rails was quite happy. “ we served canada ’ s wealthy who could afford to ride in sleeping cars, club cars, parlour cars, and eat in the dining cars. porters who provided good service were tipped and always had money in their pockets. very few incidences of open racism occurred on the railways and if there were any problems ( the porters ) could report it to the train conductor who would handle it according to railway rules. ” in the 1960s the railway business started to decline in popularity and in 1967 archambeau began working for air canada as a station attendant, later being promoted to lead ramp foreman. it was at this point that he said that he had to fight for equality because of improper workplace practices and behaviours. when archambeau retired in 1993, his wife marion encouraged him to write his autobiography, the book was published in 2008 by blue butterfly publishing. “ the most important thing to me in life is my integrity as a human being – not as a race or a colour, but as a person, ” said archambeau. ” my book is a very humanistic story about interactions between people of the human race. ” for more information about the donation or how to integrate it into coursework and research, contact anna st. onge, archivist of digital projects & outreach, clara thomas archives & special collections, by e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org. to order a copy of archambeau ’ s book, click here.


pipelining is a technique you can use to increase the throughput of the fpga vi. in a pipelined design, you take advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of the fpga to increase the efficiency of sequential code. to implement a pipeline, you must divide code into discrete steps and wire the inputs and outputs of each step to feedback nodes or shift registers in a loop. in the following block diagram, subvis a, b, and c execute in sequence within a single - cycle timed loop. as a result, the clock rate of the single - cycle timed loop must be set to accommodate the sum of the running times of all three running subvis. when you wire the inputs and outputs of the subvis to feedback nodes, as shown in the following block diagram, labview pipelines the subvis. now, the subvis execute in parallel, all within a single cycle, and the maximum clock rate is limited only by the subvi with the longest combinatorial path. by implementing a pipelined design, you might be able to increase the clock rate of the single - cycle timed loop and increase the throughput of the fpga vi. you also can use shift registers to implement a pipeline, as shown in the following block diagram. when you implement a pipeline, the output of the final step lags behind the input by the number of steps in the pipeline, and the output is invalid for each clock cycle until the pipeline fills. the number of steps in a pipeline is called the pipeline depth, and the latency of a pipeline, measured in clock cycles, corresponds to its depth. for a pipeline of depth n, the result is invalid until the nth clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle lags behind the input by n - 1 clock cycles. because there are three steps in this example ( subvis a, b, and c ), the improved code results in a pipeline of depth 3. therefore, the output is not valid until the third clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle c always corresponds to the input from clock cycle c – ( n – 1 ), as shown in the following illustration. in this example, subvi a processes measurement 1 during clock cycle 1, while subvis b and c both process the default value of the shift register, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 2, subvi a processes measurement 2, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 1, and subvi c processes an invalid value, yielding invalid


the default value of the shift register, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 2, subvi a processes measurement 2, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 1, and subvi c processes an invalid value, yielding invalid output. during clock cycle 3 the pipeline finally fills and the output from subvi c becomes valid for the first time. subvi a processes measurement 3, subvi b processes the output of subvi a from clock cycle 2, and subvi c processes the output of subvi b from clock cycle 2, yielding the output that corresponds to measurement 1. after the pipeline is full, all subsequent clock cycles yield valid output, with a constant lag of 2 clock cycles. | note you must use caution to prevent undesired behavior due to the invalid outputs that occur at the beginning of pipelined execution. for example, you can use a case structure to ensure that a control algorithm enables actuators only after n clock cycles elapse. | you can use pipelining to increase throughput by compiling a single - cycle timed loop in a faster clock domain. for example, the top section of the illustration below shows the execution timing of a non - pipelined loop consisting of three subvis, each of which requires a propagation delay of 12. 5 ns. the total propagation delay from subvi a to subvi c is 37. 5 ns, which is too long to compile at 40 mhz. the middle section of the illustration shows how pipelining the code reduces the propagation delay to 12. 5 ns, allowing the loop to compile at 40 mhz. because the propagation delay of the pipelined loop is only 12. 5 ns, the loop can compile at a clock rate as high as 80 mhz, as shown in the bottom section of the illustration. | note a pipelined design increases latency over a non - pipelined design when measured in clock cycles. however, because pipelining allows you to decrease the cycle period, the overall latency measured in units of time should not change substantially. |


americans who log long hours on the job find the time for leisure and other activities by cutting down on sleep, a study reports today. " we only have 24 hours in a day, " says mathias basner, a researcher at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine. his study of 47, 731 americans found that people who worked more simply got up earlier or went to bed later — a practice that puts them at risk of sleep deprivation. time spent at work is the single biggest determinant of how much sleep americans got on a typical day, according to the study in the sept. 1 issue of the journal sleep. but travel time, including time sitting in traffic on the way to work, comes in second place, basner says. " you could argue there ' s a hidden cost to living in suburbia, " says gregory belenky, director of the sleep and performance research center at washington state university in spokane. people who live in sprawling urban areas often make a long workday even longer when they try to run errands on clogged roads, he says. basner says sleep deprivation has been linked to a number of serious health problems, including obesity. people who are chronically sleep - deprived also can experience attention lapses, memory loss and other difficulties that can impair performance on the job, says james walsh, executive director of the sleep medicine and research center at st. luke ' s hospital in st. louis. and fatigue can add an element of danger to an already stressful commute. " if you ' re only sleeping five hours a night, you ' re at risk of falling asleep at the wheel, " walsh says. the national sleep foundation estimates that sleep - deprived drivers cause more than 100, 000 automobile crashes a year and more than 1, 500 deaths. basner ' s team analyzed the results of a federal survey conducted in 2003 through 2005. people were asked to account for their time over a 24 - hour period. the survey suggests that people who cut back on sleep on weekdays often try to sleep in on saturday and sunday. but people who cut back on sleep night after night might never catch up, walsh says. surveys suggest americans get about 6½ hours of sleep a night — about an hour less than the average in the 1950s, he says. today, many adults extend their workdays by using cellphones to check e - mail messages. a second study in sleep suggests that teens who use cellphones after lights out can have daytime sleepiness. the teens in this study lived


the minister of health christine ondoa recently downplayed the number of people affected by the nodding disease by “ revealing ” that the syndrome has so far left 3094 innocent lives victimized and 173 dead. ondoa said that the syndrome which is now soaring in places like lira district and oyam county, can be handled by the government. ondoa was officially opening an international conference on nodding syndrome last week at sheraton hotel kampala which concluded on thursday in kampala. ondoa highlighted some of the new statistics indicating that in pader district 104 are infected with 66 dead, kitugum 1098 have the disease and 98 have succumbed to it, while in lamwo 308 infected and 9 dead. international experts on nodding disease joined local medical professionals to share experience and discuss the mysterious disease that continues to ravage northern uganda. experts from the us center for disease control and prevention, world health organization ( who ), uk ’ s department for international development ( dfid ) and those from affected countries like liberia, tanzania, south sudan all convened at sheraton to share experiences and forge a way forward to curb the spiraling epidemic. world health organization officials in uganda said that the conference was attended by about 120 scientists from across the world. anthony mbonye, of uganda ' s ministry of health, said the conference gave a platform for scientists to share knowledge about the disease. scientists are working to find the cause of the disease, which is stretching health care capacities and testing the patience of a community looking for answers as to why the region is suffering only a few years after the war subdued, why it ' s concentrated in certain communities, and whether it is contagious. the us centres for disease control and prevention, which has been investigating nodding syndrome at the request of the ugandan government, has ruled out 36 possible causes since 2009 and is carrying out a clinical trial for potential treatments. when asked whether these experts could find a remedy ondoa said that, “ i am optimistic that we shall come up with a comprehensive plan not necessarily the medicine but ways of reducing the rate of spread of the disease. people who are gathered here are renowned researchers and some have handled the syndrome before, so i think very many questions will be answered ”. nodding disease is a neurological disease that primarily affects children between ages of 5 to 15 years causing progressive cognitive dysfunction, mental retardation neurological deterioration and a characteristic nodding of the head, although in some parts of northern uganda it is also affecting adults. by a web design


descriptionan in - depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer. in general, the course of treatment is determined by the stage of the cancer. stages range from i to iv based on the cancer ' s specific characteristics, such as whether it has spread beyond the ovaries. in stage i, the cancer has not spread. it is confined to one ovary ( stage ia ) or both ovaries ( stage ib ). in stages ia and ib, the ovarian capsules are intact and there are no tumors on the surface. stage ic can affect one or both ovaries, but the tumors are on the surface, or the capsule is ruptured, or there is evidence of tumor cells in abdominal fluid ( ascites ). the overall five - year survival rate for stage ia or ib can be as high as 90 %, but the presence of other factors may affect this rate. for example, non - clear - cell pt well - differentiated cancer cells or borderline tumors have a favorable prognosis. clear cells or those that are more poorly differentiated have a worse outlook. stage ic has a poorer outlook than the earlier stages. treatment options : treatment for most women with stage ia and ib includes surgical removal of the uterus and both ovaries and fallopian tubes ( total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy ), partial removal of the omentum ( the fatty layer that covers and pads organs in the abdomen ), and surgical staging of the lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen. ( carefully selected premenopausal women in stage i with the lowest - grade tumors in one ovary may sometimes be treated only with the removal of the diseased ovary and tube in order to preserve fertility. ) patients with stage ia or b disease, grade 1 ( or sometimes grade 2 ), usually do not need further therapy after surgery. however, higher risk patients ( e. g., stage ic, stage i / grade 3 ) are usually treated with platinum - based chemotherapy to reduce their risk of subsequent relapse. in stage ii, the cancer has spread to other areas in the pelvis. it may have advanced to the uterus or fallopian tubes ( stage iia ), or other areas within the pelvis ( stage iib ), but is still limited to the pelvic area. stage iic indicates capsular involvement, rupture,


the uterus or fallopian tubes ( stage iia ), or other areas within the pelvis ( stage iib ), but is still limited to the pelvic area. stage iic indicates capsular involvement, rupture, or positive washings ( i. e., they contain malignant cells ). the five - year survival rate for stage ii is approximately 60 % to 80 %. treatment options : surgical management for most women in this stage is total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy, and removal of as much cancer in the pelvic area as possible ( tumor debulking ). surgical staging should be performed. after the operation, treatment with chemotherapy ( e. g., paclitaxel and carboplatin ) is usually necessary in an attempt to eradicate residual cancer and decrease the chance for relapse. in stage iii, one or both of the following are present : ( 1 ) the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the omentum ( the fatty layer that covers and pads organs in the abdomen ) and other areas within the abdomen, such as the surface of the liver or intestine. ( 2 ) the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is 20 %. treatment options : surgical management for most women in this stage is total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy and removal of as much cancer as possible ( tumor debulking ). following surgery, chemotherapy ( e. g., paclitaxel plus carboplatin ) is usually necessary in an attempt to eradicate residual cancer. a number of approaches are under investigation for reducing high rates of recurrence ( about 80 % ), including the following : experimental chemotherapy agents, anti - angiogenic therapies, gene and biological therapies, intraperitoneally administered high - dose chemotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy ( chemotherapy before surgery ), high - dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation ( to date this approach has proven to be very toxic with no convincing improvement in survival ). stage iv is the most advanced. the cancer may have spread to the inside of the liver or spleen. there may be distant metastases, such as ovarian cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is less than 10 %. treatment options : tumor


inside of the liver or spleen. there may be distant metastases, such as ovarian cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs. the average five - year survival rate for this stage is less than 10 %. treatment options : tumor debulking before chemotherapy sometimes may be performed. recurrent ovarian cancer treatment options : if ovarian cancer returns, chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, although it is not generally curative in the setting of relapsed disease. if the interval between the last platinum - containing chemotherapy ( carboplatin or cisplatin ) and relapse is long ( greater than six months ), it is reasonable to attempt a repeat trial of platinum - based chemotherapy, with or without paclitaxel. if the interval is short, or if these drugs fail to control the tumor, then other second - line drugs may be useful in achieving a response. they include topotecan, liposomal doxorubicin, etoposide, docetaxel, gemcitabine, or tamoxifen. there is no evidence as yet that second - line drug combinations are any more effective than single agents, although they are generally more toxic. clinical trials using various investigative approaches are under way. it is not clear if there is a role of a second debulking surgical procedure.


saturday, january 9, 2010 elizabeth ballroom e ( hyatt ) island ( or dokdo in korean ; takeshima in japanese ; liancourt rocks in french / english ) consists of a group of disputed islets in the sea between korea and. although japan south korea currently controls the islets has claimed the contested territory. while korean claim is based on its historical records dating from the sixth century, japanese takes the records of the seventeenth century, the era of its colonial rule over japan korea ( 1910 - 45 ), and the document at the end of wwii. more recently, the u. s. library of congress faced much challenge from within and without both academia and popular media as it tried to make a change in the current library subject heading concerning the disputed territory as of 2008. how have the controversial archival records on the island constructed subjective and contradictory historical interpretations and imagination? what kind of geographical and historical narratives do these changing maps of the island reflect? this poster session introduces the changing cartographical practices over the disputed borderland between u. s. japan and korea, and brings to light the genealogy of the controversy over the name and citizenship of the island in the context of the rise of colonialism, imperialism, and cold war in twentieth - century east asia.


' because of the tender mercy of our god, the dawn from on high will visit us, to shine on those who sit in the darkenss and the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace ' ( luke 1, 78 - 79 ). in his famous spirit - inspired hymn zachary praises god, first, for sending a savior to his people. at first blush, this is a military figure who will defeat israel ' s enemies, with purpose and result that israel might worship god in holiness and justice all the days of her life. then zachary changes imagery ; the figure of might give place to a figure of light. light in no longer a person of power ; rather, he is a person of warmth and illumination - characteristics of the dawn. light, unlike military power, is silent, but o so powerful. whoever is this light is not described as saving from enemies ; rather, he is described as showing israel the way to peace. for israel, there can be only one meaning of peace : it is peace with god. the dawn will lead israel to union with god, and there will no more separation from the creature from his creator. it is perhaps jarring that the creature is described as ' in the dark ' and ' in the shadow of death '. these terms are meant to describe the essential, fundamental existential situation of every human being. no matter one ' s ' feeling good ', or being ' in top form ', or joyful and happy - the truth is that by himself the human being is in the dark ; in biblical terms, this means that one by himself unable to see the truth about life and hence the truth about how to conduct his life. traditionally for the old testment, the gentiles were quintessentially ' in the dark ', for they did not know the bedrock of all reality : the true god. other meanings are included in ' darkness ' : ignorance, sin, humiliation, self - destruction. further, one is, without the light, in the shadow of death. this means that death is so near that its shadow is upon every human being. this death is physical, which meant for israel the entry into at best a shadowy existence with the hope of someday the resurrection from the dead and eventual happiness ( or punishment ). in this shadowy existence there is not the happiness that each human being knows he or she should have. death is another form of darkness, a separation from what a person senses to be the truth, but cannot see or find it


this is an excerpt from eere network news, a weekly electronic newsletter. shell and hr biopetroleum to grow algae for biofuels royal dutch shell plc announced on december 11th that it will work with hr biopetroleum to build a pilot facility for growing algae as a source of biofuels. the facility will cultivate algae in seawater ponds, then harvest the algae and extract oil from them for conversion into fuels such as biodiesel. construction of the facility will begin immediately on a parcel of land leased from the natural energy laboratory of hawaii authority ( nelha ), which is located on the west shore of the island of hawaii. the nelha site is ideal for the project because it pipes in a constant supply of clean, fresh ocean water. nelha was originally built to support a doe project for ocean thermal energy conversion, and it continues to employ the project ' s seawater supply pipes to support a variety of research projects and commercial enterprises, including facilities that currently grow and harvest algae for pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. shell and hr biopetroleum have formed a joint venture company, called cellana, to develop the biofuels project. algae grow rapidly and can have a high percentage of lipids, or oils. they can double their mass several times a day and produce at least 15 times more oil per acre than alternatives such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha. moreover, algae - growing facilities can be built on coastal land unsuitable for conventional agriculture. the cellana facility will grow only non - genetically modified, marine microalgae species in open - air ponds using proprietary technology. it will also use bottled carbon dioxide to test the algae ' s ability to capture carbon. to support the facility, academic research programs at the university of hawaii, the university of southern mississippi, and canada ' s dalhousie university will screen natural microalgae species to find the strains that produce the highest yields and the most oil. see the shell press release and the nelha web site. shell isn ' t the only oil company that ' s exploring the potential of algae. in late october, chevron corporation and doe ' s national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) announced that they had entered into a collaborative research and development agreement to produce biofuels from algae. under the agreement, chevron and nrel scientists will collaborate to identify and develop algae strains that can be economically harvested and processed into transportation fuels such as jet fuel. see the nrel press


congressman tanner ' s fairness and independence in redistricting act ( h. r. 2642 ) the fairness and independence in redistricting act, introduced by representative john tanner, would make important improvements to our congressional elections. the act would require state legislatures to appoint independent commissions that would be responsible for redrawing district boundaries. these commissions would draw district boundaries in accordance with the provisions of the voting rights act, and could not draw lines based on partisanship alone. as a result, the redistricting process would become independent of partisan manipulation. in addition, the act would only allow redistricting to occur once every ten years. the united states constitution requires congressional seats to be reapportioned among the states after each decennial census in order to ensure compliance with the one - person one - vote criteria, the federal voting rights act, and traditional redistricting principles such as compact and contiguous districts. redistricting, however, has often turned into a means to further political goals as boundaries have consistently been drawn that tend to protect incumbents and reduce competition. generally, state legislators and governors re - draw the boundaries of the us house districts, but the process varies among states. in twelve states, the legislature does not have final authority to redistrict. alaska, idaho and arizona recently became part of these twelve states as they used a redistricting commission for the first time in 2000. only six states – arizona, hawaii, idaho, montana, new jersey, and washington – give authority for congressional line drawing to a commission. iowa uses an independent commission to develop plans which are later approved by the legislature. the fairness and independence in redistricting act would bring uniformity to the way in which districts are redrawn. clearly some states have implemented fairer processes, while other states continue to use redistricting to solidify the governing party ' s grasp on power. the way in which legislative lines are drawn has a major impact on who wins and who loses. as a result, it is only logical that such authority by delegated to independent commissions. in 2001 - 2002, nearly every political jurisdiction in the nation adjusted its legislative district lines based on new information provided by the u. s. census. in addition, texas re - adjusted its districts in 2003. the tanner bill could end such blatant partisan manipulation of the redistricting process by prohibiting mid - decade redistricting. read the bill summary and status of h. r. 2642 on thomas.


according to the global language monitor, the english language this week crossed a threshold as the " one millionth word " entered the lexicon. that word? " web 2. 0. " global language monitor has a methodology by which it measures " new " words entering into english. though " web 2. 0 " has been around for years, glm ' s method of counting requires " a minimum of 25, 000 citations with the necessary breadth of geographic distribution and depth of citations. " " web 2. 0 " met that test this week, as did " n00b " ( word 999, 998 ). both words passed into mainstream usage today, according to glm. also on the listed of official new words this week : slumdog, cloud computing, octomom ( seriously, octomom ), sexting, defriend, and recessionista. the very precision of the " one million word " claim is patent nonsense, of course, depending entirely on how you count words, what ' s excluded, and what the criteria is for something going " mainstream. " glm does not count, for instance, " the 600, 000 species of mold " as separate words, nor do " the tens millions of lesser known chemical substances " make the list. stung by criticism from linguists, glm ' s faq includes the question, " a number of linguists disagree with the million word march. why? " and, in case the answer to that one doesn ' t clear things up, there ' s a second question : " every so often, we hear arguments about the insurmountable obstacles in the path of estimating the number of words in the english language. how do you answer these arguments? " so, even if we english speakers are saddled with terms like " web 2. 0, " " octomom, " and " brangelina, " we still have the privilege of working with one of the most supple languages in the world. the answer to both questions is that estimates are used in everything from astronomy ( how many stars are there? ) to climatology ( how much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere? ) ; language should be able to use the same techniques. which is all true, of course, but the cautious language of approximation and guesswork is totally absent from the announcement. " as expected, english crossed the 1, 000, 000 word threshold on june 10, 2009 at 10 : 22 am gmt, " said paul jj payack,


but the cautious language of approximation and guesswork is totally absent from the announcement. " as expected, english crossed the 1, 000, 000 word threshold on june 10, 2009 at 10 : 22 am gmt, " said paul jj payack, president and chief word analyst of the global language monitor. one is reminded of history ' s repeated prognostications about the year, month, and hour of the world ' s end. but the larger point, one that goes far beyond the million word march, is that the vibrancy of english, which began in the late 16th century, continues undiminshed. the language has seen an explosion of words ever since the " new learning " of the renaissance imported thousands of greek and latin terms into english, and a massive stock of french words still lingers in the language thanks to the norman conquest. so today ' s international linguistic diversity is nothing new for the language. many of the most recent words are american rather than from the uk, while others are indian ( " slumdog " and " jai ho! " were just behind " web 2. 0 " ). by some measures, english now has more words than any other in the world. simon winchester, who wrote a wonderful book about the creation of the oxford english dictionary and the mad, american, penis - slashing civil war vet who made such a tremendous contribution to the work, celebrated english diversity this week in a fine telegraph essay. " i just cannot imagine any other language offering such opportunities for gaiety and fun, " he said. " reading recently that both the germans and the chinese have cracked down on the names people are allowed to have, and knowing that the french and the italians still have gloom - laden academies to protect the so - called purity of their languages, strips out all the amusement and joy that is so very apparent in the tongue we speak so happily. i feel for them, poor deprived purists. " so, even if we english speakers are saddled with terms like " web 2. 0, " " octomom, " and " brangelina, " we still have the privilege of working with one of the most supple languages in the world. want to write entirely in english but adopt a latinate vocabulary? you can. an anglo - saxon vocabulary? you can. french? mais oui. an indian vocabulary? we ' re getting there — and have been ever since " pyjamas " and " mulligatawny " entered the language.


most of the literature points out that lyme is usually easily treated once identified. fortunately, doctors now know that lyme is fairly common locally and are better prepared to order blood tests to confirm if lyme is the problem. advanced stages of the disease are usually treated with intravenous drugs, which may include medicines that reduce swelling in joints. probably the best approach for dealing with lyme disease is to try to avoid contact with the ticks that carry it, but that is not an option for those who enjoy the outdoors. if you need to be in the field, the recommendation is to wear long clothing, tuck pants legs into boots and wear long - sleeve shirts. most people won ' t do that when it ' s hot and humid outside, but that ' s the recommendation. the cdc and other organizations also recommend the use of insect repellents. according to the cdc, the risk of tick attachment can be reduced by using insect repellents containing deet to clothes and exposed skin. lyme is very common in dogs in this region, and there is a lyme vaccine for dogs. our vets recommend it. i know of three cases where field trail labs were confirmed positive for lyme in the past year. deer and deer ticks are everywhere now, so the safest bet is to get the vaccine - even for some house dogs. no one is recommending that you eliminate outdoors activities in fear of lyme, but it is something to be aware of. a few basic safety precautions certainly make sense. don ' t forget your dogs. it seems like we are hearing more and more about pets getting lyme disease, so you should consult with your vet on the best approach for your situation. for more information on lyme disease, go to the american lyme disease foundation web site at www. lyme. org. bill anderson writes a weekly outdoors column for the herald - mail. he can be reached by e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


dear dr. donohue : please discuss the relationship between bad breath and liver and kidney problems - - diagnosis, treatment and cure. - - d. h. dear d. h. : nine times out of 10, people need not implicate the liver or kidney as the source of bad breath. its source can usually be found in the mouth. an overgrowth of mouth bacteria converts food into sulfur compounds that are the olfactory equivalents of rotten eggs. ridding the mouth of bacteria usually also rids the mouth of unpleasant breath. floss religiously. brush the tongue with toothpaste every time you brush the teeth. if you are not one who easily gags, gently scrape the back of the tongue with a plastic spoon turned upside down. a dry mouth also spawns mouth odors. don ' t let the mouth hang open during sleep. ask your spouse if it does. if the answer is yes, keep it closed by looping an elastic band under the chin and over the head. meat assists mouth bacteria in production of foul - smelling sulfur compounds. cut down on meat and increase portions of grains, vegetables and fruits. liver and kidney disease can impart a noxious odor to the breath. however, other symptoms of liver and kidney failure are so florid that the diagnosis of their failure is rarely missed. bad breath by itself rarely indicates liver or kidney problems. the dentist can aid you in a program to eradicate stubborn mouth bacteria. some people require prescription mouthwashes to decimate those bacteria. dear dr. donohue : my neighbor has recently been diagnosed with meralgia paresthetica. please be good enough to offer an explanation of this disease, its treatment and the prognosis. - - e. p. dear e. p. : " disease " is too strong a word for meralgia paresthetica. " condition " fits the bill better. it ' s the result of pressure on a nerve located on the side of the body at about the belt line. pressure on the nerve produces numbness or burning pain on the front and side of the thigh. pressure can come from skintight jeans, too snug a belt or excess fatty tissue. people with diabetes can develop meralgia paresthetica due to diabetes damage to the nerve. if weight is the problem, dieting is the answer. if constricting garments are the cause, the answer is obvious. however, there are times when the doctor is at a loss to identify a cause


the d - 4 submarine launched ballistic missile ( slbm ) system, using the r - 21 rocket, used storable liquid - propellants, which were toxic and corrosive - clearly not the best thing to be carried in the sealed environment of a submarine. the concept of the follow - on d - 6 system, to be installed on series 629 and 658 nuclear - powered ballistic missile submarines, was to use safer solid propellants. decree 1032 - 492 of 5 september 1958 authorised research and development of the d - 6 solid propellant slbm system, to be armed with the article ' r ' rocket. the missile was to have a range of 800 to 2500 km, but the d - 6 launcher had to have the same external dimensions as that used for the d - 2 / r - 13 liquid propellant slbm. two propellants were considered for the rocket : nylon - b, a double - based ballistic powder, and nylon - s, a composite propellant consisting of ammonium perchlorate, a furfuryl - acetate binder, a titanium oxidiser developed in the us by thiokol, and nitroguanidine. altogether seven variants of the rocket were studied, two using nylon - b, and five using nylon - s. nylon - b had a specific energy of 40 kg / kw - cm, and a specific impulse of 200 seconds. the motors were built in diameters of 0. 70 to 0. 85 m, and four motors were clustered per stage. hydraulic gas vanes were used to steer the rocket. nylon - s had a specific impulse of 200 seconds, and variants were studied using gas vanes, steerable nozzles ( made of composite plastics and molybdenum, or chrome steel ). the draft project was completed in november 1959, and flight trials were to commence in 1960. at rzhevsk field and leningrad test motors of up to 500 kg mass were tested. at the end of 1959 the draft project for the 629d6 launch container for the the series 629 submarine was issued by ya e yevgrafov. all drawings were released to factory 444 for start of construction in december 1960. based on the findings of tests on the p5d - 4 test stand, decree 38 - 145 of 18 march 1959 ordered construction of a new test stand for d - 6 development. during the course of 1960 the technical project for the p5d - 6 test stand for mock - up


p5d - 4 test stand, decree 38 - 145 of 18 march 1959 ordered construction of a new test stand for d - 6 development. during the course of 1960 the technical project for the p5d - 6 test stand for mock - up trials of the missile and container - launcher was completed. the 613d6 derivative of the 613 nuclear submarine was developed for naval tests of the missile. the decree 141 - 64 of 9 february 1959 called for design of this submarine to be completed by november 1960. in january 1961 construction of four submarines of this series began at factory 444. decree 656 - 267 of 18 june 1960 called for further development of the d - 6 using nylon - s propellant for submarine series 629, 658, and 667, the submarines to be designed by chief designer a s kassatsiev. the technical projects for these boats were to be completed by the fourth quarter 1962. flight trials of the 1100 - km range missile aboard a 629b test boat in the third quarter of 1962. a variant of the rocket was also considered for mobile army use. it was also planned to replace the liquid - propellant d - 4 in the 667 ssbn ' s with the d - 6. the nuclear device in either missile was to have a mass of 500 kg and a variable yield of from 300 kt to 1. 0 mt. the inertial navigation system was to be designed by semikhatov at nii - 592. the missiles would be cold launched from the submarine, igniting above the surface - the nylon - b version at 30 - 50 m altitude, and the nylon - s version at 40 - 80 m. two different re - entry vehicles would be used to, that of the nylon - b version being 1. 8 m long. all of these plans came to a halt on 27 april 1961 when the d - 6 was cancelled in favour of the d - 7 system, which was to use an rt - 15m derivative of the land - based 8k96 solid propellant missile being planned by korolev. at the time of cancellation, the test stand at factory 444 was 47 % complete. d - 6 technology was however used in korolev ' s rt - 1 test missile, including engines from nii - 125. boost propulsion : solid rocket. stage data - d - 6 aka : article r ; d - 6. status : cancelled 1961.


how does the law treat mountaintop removal? laws at the state and federal level regulate mountaintop removal coal mining and its environmental impacts, require varying levels of public participation, and apply varying amounts of scrutiny in the permitting process. this section will explore the governmental institutions that exert influence over mountaintop removal coal mining, the laws that regulate it, and potential changes in the law. there is great dispute as to whether or not regulations and their enforcement sufficiently safe - guard the health, safety, and well - being of communities living near mountaintop removal sites and the surrounding environment, so both law as written and law as applied will be explored in this section. national environmental protection act the national environmental protection act was passed in 1970 in order to monitor the environmental impact of federal agency actions and decisions. the act created a council on environmental policy, required environmental impact statements and a process to solicit public input to include environmental concerns in federal agency decision making. in the case of mountaintop removal and valley fill permitting, coal companies prepare and submit an environmental impact statements ( eis ) for each permit. in theory, these statements assess the potential impact of mining on the environment. the army corps of engineers is empowered to issue finding of no significant impact ( fonsi ) documents which supersede any concerns that may be present in the eis by explaining why the corps has concluded that there are no significant environmental impacts resulting from the granting of a permit. in the past, this power has been used to streamline the permitting process, despite the obvious impacts of mountaintop removal mining. instances exist where permits were granted despite inadequate eis statements, and then challenged in court. for example, as part of a settlement agreement from the bragg vs robertson ( civ. no. 2 : 98 - 0636 ( s. d. w. v. ) the epa, the corps, the u. s. interior department ' s fish & wildlife service and office of surface mining, and the west virginia department of environmental protection ( dep ), prepared an environmental impact statement ( final eis ) looking at the impacts of mountaintop mining and valley fills more information is available in the citizen ' s guide to nepa. clean water act congress passed the clean water act ( cwa ) in 1972 with the intention of resolving the crisis of america ' s polluted waterways and wetlands. the cwa combines regulatory and non - regulatory tools in attempting to rid current water systems of pollutants, while attempting to stem the development of new polluted waterways and wetlands. in


resolving the crisis of america ' s polluted waterways and wetlands. the cwa combines regulatory and non - regulatory tools in attempting to rid current water systems of pollutants, while attempting to stem the development of new polluted waterways and wetlands. in order to safeguard against the dumping of waste and pollutants into waterways, the act forbids all dumping ( except for specific agricultural uses ) that is not approved by the army corps of engineers. surface mines are required to obtain a national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) permit, which is regulated under the cwa. in west virginia, the dep has primacy of enforcement of the npdes permits with epa acting as the federal oversight body. these permits cover all pollutants discharged off the site and into the waters of the united states, restricting effluent limits and requiring the site operator to explain in the mining plan how it will meet those limits and treat what ' s running off the site, among other requirements. valley fill, or 404, permits if a mining plan calls for valley fills, a 404 permit must be obtained, which is an exemption to subsection 404 of the cwa which allows the corps to issue variances to fill in an intermittent or perennial stream. epa follows the united states geological survey ' s definitions for streams : an intermittent stream holds water during wet portions of the year and a perennial stream holds water throughout the year. the corps does not have authority over water quality, that ' s the jurisdiction of the epa who oversees this permit. however, since anything that interferes with the flow of the water of the united states is regulated by the corps, the corps administers valley fills. this is the only part of surface mine permitting where the state does not have primacy of enforcement. " the thing that ' s ironic here is that the fill rule was originally developed for developers seeking to build, and this was intended for very small projects, primarily for filling in wetlands for building things like subdivisions and shopping malls, " sludge safety project staffer mathew louis - rosenberg said. " so, the division that handles these permits is the division of wetlands. within that, the standards that are developed, that are currently used to determine the environmental impact of a fill, were developed for wetland ecosystems. " we can ' t allow them to continue to keep issuing permits. look at what they ' re using to evaluate them. it ' s an ecosystem that bears no resemblance to what we ' re evaluating. " the people who authored the guidelines testified to joe love


can ' t allow them to continue to keep issuing permits. look at what they ' re using to evaluate them. it ' s an ecosystem that bears no resemblance to what we ' re evaluating. " the people who authored the guidelines testified to joe lovett, a west virginia lawyer who ' s only tried cases aimed at ending mountaintop removal, that the methodology they developed was not appropriate for this ecosystem. " the people who literally wrote the book they use to decide whether they should issue a permit, said it ' s inappropriate, " louis - rosenberg said. there ' s two types of valley fill permits : individual and nationwide 21. large sites are supposed to obtain an individual permit, which carries a more stringent set of regulations requiring more data and proof that the project will not have an adverse impact on the environment. however, nationwide 21 allows the corps to issue a blanket permit for small things and, unlike the individual permits, does not require a public hearing. coal companies saw the value in nationwide permits, and would often break up large valley fills into smaller pieces in their permit applications in order to avoid the regulatory oversight of an listen to ernie thompson, resident of horse creek and former mine inspector, talk about the changes in law regarding valley fills. individual permit. in this way, many valley fills were created when a nationwide permit was granted and residents did not notice until dumping began. beginning with a court victory for advocates against mountaintop removal in 2007, nationwide 21 permits were declared in violation of the clean water act. this ruling remained in effect until the fourth circuit court overturned it in early 2009. surface mining control and reclamation act ( smcra ) on february 16th, 1972, a coal slurry impoundment ruptured in buffalo creek, w. va. the rushing tidal wave of sludge killed over 120 people and left many thousands homeless, yet several days before the rupture a federal inspector had found the dam site in " satisfactory " safety. the dangers of strip mining had long been of concern to coalfield residents. the increased mechanization of strip mining that left many union mining jobs and the encroaching growth of strip mines combined to spark a powerful grassroots movement to abolish strip mining. the tragedy of the buffalo creek flood stoked these flames and five years later, in response to the growing political pressure from southern democrats and coalfield residents, jimmy carter signed the surface mining control and reclamation act in 1977. it did not abolish strip mining, instead stating that its primary goal was to " establish a


later, in response to the growing political pressure from southern democrats and coalfield residents, jimmy carter signed the surface mining control and reclamation act in 1977. it did not abolish strip mining, instead stating that its primary goal was to " establish a nationwide program to protect society and the environment from the adverse effects of surface coal mining operations. " to do so, it created the office of surface mining in the department of the interior and the regulations for them to enforce. the surface mines constructed before smcra are often referred to as " pre - law, " while those after are called " post - law. " the smcra permit is the whole mining plan, top to bottom, including the blasting plan. the dep administers smcra permits but, unlike the npdes permits, the interior department ' s office of surface mining and reclamation maintains oversight. the dep ' s office of explosives and blasting also approves the blasting plan within the smcra permit. a typical environmental impact statement is also required here, " but they usually don ' t get filled out, " louis - rosenberg said. smcra requires that " all surface coal mining operations back - fill, compact... and grade in order to restore the approximate original contour of the land with all high - walls, spoil piles and depressions eliminated. " however, the wvdep regularly grants exceptions to the approximate original contour ( aoc ) rule. this despite one of the act ' s goals : to " assure that surface mining operations are not conducted where reclamation as required by this act is not feasible. " since 1977, the following language was added to smcra, weakening this goal : in cases where an industrial, commercial, agricultural, residential or public facility ( including recreational facilities ) use is proposed or the postmining use of the affected land, the regulatory authority may grant a permit for a surface mining operation of the nature described.... after consultation with the appropriate land use planning agencies, if any, the proposed post mining land use is deemed to constitute an equal or better economic use of the affected land as compared to pre mining use. this clause allows coal companies to not restore a site ' s aoc, as long as it is put to a better economic or social use than it was before. under this clause, prisons and a golf course have been constructed on mountaintop removal sites. one such prison has earned the name sink - sink because it does just that. the mountains, and the ecosystems they support, have


henry craik, ed. english prose. 1916. vol. ii. sixteenth century to the restoration on the exercise of the will by ralph cudworth ( 16171688 ) from treatise of free will it cannot be denied but that there are, and may be, many cases in which several objects propounded to our choice at the same time, are so equal, or exactly alike, as that there cannot possibly be any reason or motive in the understanding necessarily to determine the choice to one of them rather than to another of them. as for example, suppose one man should offer to another, out of twenty guinea pieces of gold, or golden balls, or silver globulites, so exactly alike in bigness, figure, colour, and weight, as that he could discern no manner of difference between them, to make his choice of one and no more ; add, also, that these guineas or golden balls may be so placed circularly as to be equidistant from the choosers hand. now it cannot be doubted but that, in this case, any man would certainly choose one, and not stand in suspense or demur because he could not tell which to prefer or choose before another. but if being necessitated by no motive or reason antecedent to choose this rather than that, he must determine himself contingently, or fortuitously, or causelessly, it being all one to him which he took, nor could there be any knowledge ex causis beforehand which of these twenty would certainly be taken. but if you will say, there was some hidden cause, necessarily determinating in this case, then if the trial should be made an hundred times over and over again, or by a hundred several persons, there is no reason why we must not allow that all of them must needs take the same guinea every time, that is either the first, second, or third, etc. of them, as they lie in order from the right or left hand.


theodore roosevelt ( 18581919 ). hunting trips of a ranchman. 1885. still - hunting elk on the mountains fter the buffalo the elk are the first animals to disappear from a country when it is settled. this arises from their size and consequent conspicuousness, and the eagerness with which they are followed by hunters ; and also because of their gregariousness and their occasional fits of stupid panic during whose continuance hunters can now and then work great slaughter in a herd. five years ago elk were abundant in the valley of the little missouri, and in fall were found wandering in great bands of over a hundred individuals each. but they have now vanished completely, except that one or two may still lurk in some of the most remote and broken places, where there are deep, wooded ravines. formerly the elk were plentiful all over the plains, coming down into them in great bands during the fall months and traversing their entire extent. but the incoming of hunters and cattle - men has driven them off the ground as completely as the buffalo ; unlike the latter, however, they are still very common in the dense woods that cover the rocky mountains and the other great western chains. in the old days running elk on horseback was a highly esteemed form of plains sport ; but now that it has become a beast of the timber and the craggy ground, instead of a beast of the open, level prairie, it is followed almost solely on foot and with the rifle. its sense of smell is very acute, and it has good eyes and quick ears ; and its wariness makes it under ordinary circumstances very difficult to approach. but it is subject to fits of panic folly, and during their continuance great numbers can be destroyed. a band places almost as much reliance upon the leaders as does a flock of sheep ; and if the leaders are shot down, the others will huddle together in a terrified mass, seemingly unable to make up their minds in which direction to flee. when one, more bold than the rest, does at last step out, the hidden hunter ' s at once shooting it down will produce a fresh panic ; i have known of twenty elk ( or wapiti, as they are occasionally called ) being thus procured out of one band. and at times they show a curious indifference to danger, running up on a hunter who is in plain sight, or standing still for a few fatal seconds to gaze at one that unexpectedly appears. in spite of its size and strength and great branching ant


. and at times they show a curious indifference to danger, running up on a hunter who is in plain sight, or standing still for a few fatal seconds to gaze at one that unexpectedly appears. in spite of its size and strength and great branching antlers, the elk is but little more dangerous to the hunter than is an ordinary buck. once, in coming up to a wounded one, i had it strike at me with its forefeet, bristling up the hair on the neck, and making a harsh, grating noise with its teeth ; as its back was broken it could not get at me, but the savage glare in its eyes left me no doubt as to its intentions. only in a single instance have i ever known of a hunter being regularly charged by one of these great deer. he had struck a band of elk and wounded an old bull, which, after going a couple of miles, received another ball and then separated from the rest of the herd and took refuge in a dense patch of small timber. the hunter went in on its trail and came upon it lying down ; it jumped to its feet and, with hair all bristling, made a regular charge upon its pursuer, who leaped out of the way behind a tree just in time to avoid it. it crashed past through the undergrowth without turning, and he killed it with a third and last shot. but this was a very exceptional case, and in most instances the elk submits to death with hardly an effort at resistance ; it is by no means as dangerous an antagonist as is a bull moose. the elk is unfortunately one of those animals seemingly doomed to total destruction at no distant date. already its range has shrunk to far less than one half its former size. originally it was found as far as the atlantic sea - board ; i have myself known of several sets of antlers preserved in the house of a long island gentleman, whose ancestors had killed the bearers shortly after the first settlement of new york. even so late as the first years of this century elk were found in many mountainous and densely wooded places east of the mississippi, in new york, pennsylvania, virginia, kentucky, tennessee, and all of what were then the northwestern states and territories. the last individual of the race was killed in the adirondacks in 1834 ; in pennsylvania not till nearly thirty years later ; while a very few are still to be found in northern michigan. elsewhere they must now be sought far to the west of the mississippi ; and even there they are


in the adirondacks in 1834 ; in pennsylvania not till nearly thirty years later ; while a very few are still to be found in northern michigan. elsewhere they must now be sought far to the west of the mississippi ; and even there they are almost gone from the great plains, and are only numerous in the deep mountain forests. wherever it exists the skin hunters and meat butchers wage the most relentless and unceasing war upon it for the sake of its hide and flesh, and their unremitting persecution is thinning out the herds with terrible rapidity. the gradual extermination of this, the most stately and beautiful animal of the chase to be found in america, can be looked upon only with unmixed regret by every sportsman and lover of nature. excepting the moose, it is the largest and, without exception, it is the noblest of the deer tribe. no other species of true deer, in either the old or the new world, comes up to it in size and in the shape, length, and weight of its mighty antlers ; while the grand, proud carriage and lordly bearing of an old bull make it perhaps the most majestic - looking of all the animal creation. the open plains have already lost one of their great attractions, now that we no more see the long lines of elk trotting across them ; and it will be a sad day when the lordly, antlered beasts are no longer found in the wild rocky glens and among the lonely woods of towering pines that cover the great western mountain chains. the elk has other foes besides man. the grizzly will always make a meal of one if he gets a chance ; and against his ponderous weight and savage prowess hoofs and antlers avail but little. still he is too clumsy and easily avoided ever to do very much damage in the herds. cougars, where they exist, work more havoc. a bull elk in rutting season, if on his guard, would with ease beat off a cougar ; but the sly, cunning cat takes its quarry unawares, and once the cruel fangs are fastened in the game ' s throat or neck, no plunging or struggling can shake it off. the gray timber wolves also join in twos and threes to hunt down and hamstring the elk, if other game is scarce. but these great deer can hold their own and make head against all their brute foes ; it is only when pitted against man the destroyer, that they succumb in


to hunt down and hamstring the elk, if other game is scarce. but these great deer can hold their own and make head against all their brute foes ; it is only when pitted against man the destroyer, that they succumb in the struggle for life. during last summer we found it necessary to leave my ranch on the little missouri and take quite a long trip through the cattle country of southeastern montana and northern wyoming ; and, having come to the foot of the bighorn mountains, we took a fortnight ' s hunt through them after elk and bear. we went into the mountains with a pack train, leaving the ranch wagon at the place where we began to go up the first steep rise. there were two others, besides myself, in the party ; one of them, the teamster, a weather - beaten old plainsman, who possessed a most extraordinary stock of miscellaneous misinformation upon every conceivable subject, and the other my ranch foreman, merrifield. none of us had ever been within two hundred miles of the bighorn range before ; so that our hunting trip had the added zest of being also an exploring expedition. each of us rode one pony, and the packs were carried on four others. we were not burdened by much baggage. having no tent we took the canvas wagon sheet instead ; our bedding, plenty of spare cartridges, some flour, bacon, coffee, sugar and salt, and a few very primitive cooking utensils, completed the outfit. the bighorn range is a chain of bare, rocky peaks stretching lengthwise along the middle of a table - land which is about thirty miles wide. at its edges this table - land falls sheer off into the rolling plains country. from the rocky peaks flow rapid brooks of clear, icy water, which take their way through deep gorges that they have channelled out in the surface of the plateau ; a few miles from the heads of the streams these gorges become regular canyons, with sides so steep as to be almost perpendicular ; in travelling, therefore, the trail has to keep well up toward timber line, as lower down horses find it difficult or impossible to get across the valleys. in strong contrast to the treeless cattle plains extending to its foot, the sides of the table - land are densely wooded with tall pines. its top forms what is called a park country ; that is, it is covered with alternating groves of trees and open glades, each grove or glade varying in size from half a dozen to many