emerging explorer, national geographic blackstone innovation challenge grantee photograph by dino martins photograph by c. lewis do you like chocolate? coffee? pollinating insects make these and hundreds of other foods possible. the threatened habitats that support those insects may often be out of sight and out of mind, but dino martins brings their importance home. “ pollinators are one of the strongest connections between conservation and something everyone needs — food. ” with his infectious enthusiasm and practical solutions, martins acts as a pollinator himself, carrying crucial information to kenya ’ s isolated farmers, schoolchildren, and a larger world of travelers and scientists. “ insects are the invisible, behind - the - scenes workers that keep the planet going, ” martins observes. “ they do incredibly complicated things but are never recognized for it. i ’ m privileged to be their messenger. ” growing up in rural kenya, martins saw the most basic interface between farms, food, and nature every day. “ in the developing world, subsistence farmers are on the front lines of poverty, hunger, and either saving or destroying forests. africa is especially vulnerable since so many of the crops that provide nutrition are 100 percent dependent on wild insects. ” examples abound. in a shrinking fragment of forest, some of the last remaining african violets cling to a hillside and fight to survive. long - tongued bees grasp the fragile flowers in their teeth, fold back their wings, and vibrate with unimaginable intensity to buzz - pollinate the blossoms. energized, the same bees then travel to pollinate crops in nearby farm fields. but for how long? if the violets vanish, so could the bees, and ultimately acres of crops. elsewhere, a community of farms struggles on land degraded by deforestation, charcoal burning, and high pesticide use. yet when passion fruit trees produce poor yields, what is blamed? bees. “ farmers look at the big scary carpenter bees swarming around their trees and rush to kill them, ” says martins. “ in fact, they need more bees, not fewer. passion fruit nectar lies concealed below a lid in the plant. it takes a big hefty bee to lift the lid, extract the nectar, and pollinate the flower. a little honeybee could never do it. ” martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees ’


martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees ’ pollination and survival. “ papaya is such an important crop for many rural communities because it ’ s incredibly rich in vitamins, can be used medicinally, and survives drought, ” martins notes. “ we help farmers recognize and protect its major pollinators. ” all across east africa, martins works to identify the most useful plants and pollinators, return them to their habitats, and help both ecosystems and local communities thrive. he stresses that “ farmers need to understand why leaving a little space for nature isn ’ t a luxury, but a necessity for productive, sustainable agriculture. farmers everywhere are conservative and skeptical. so i make one or two of them my champions in the community, demonstrating the success of our techniques. when others see the proof, they all want to try it. ” if you can ’ t find martins with farmers in the field, try looking in an outdoor classroom. one school he ’ s involved with meets under a tree that ’ s buzzing with 400 species of bees. “ the biodiversity is overwhelming, ” martins exclaims. he works with schoolchildren to start pollinator gardens ; collect bugs ; examine hairy, eight - eyed wonders under magnifying glasses ; and identify the most relevant crops and pollinators in their community. “ in largely illiterate areas, these kids are often the first in their families to go to school. they may be resource - poor, but they ’ re nature - rich. you couldn ’ t ask for better, more enthusiastic young scientists. ” technology is transforming his efforts. “ now that rural kenya has internet and mobile phone connections, i can email the farmers and field scientists i work with. eventually i want farmers to be able to take pictures with phones and send them to bee taxonomists on the other side of the world. i want kenyan school kids to talk with u. s. kids about pollinators and crops where they live. ” martins ’ s blog links him with scientists across the globe. one recent entry about mango pollination prompted responses from the u. s., italy, nepal, pakistan, india, and ghana within just one day. his magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. “ sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique


. s., italy, nepal, pakistan, india, and ghana within just one day. his magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. “ sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique to any one place. ” martins stresses that everyone can make a difference. “ look at your next plate of food and ask where it came from, how it got to you. every time you eat you can choose to support farming that ’ s shown to be good, rather than abusive, to nature and people. you vote with your wallet, your feet, and your mouth. ” follow @ natgeoexplorers on twitter my name is dino j. martins, i am a kenyan entomologist and i love insects. the kiswahili word for insect is dudu and if you didn ' t know already, insects rule the world! in their words “ every single person on our planet has a diet that includes food made possible by pollinating insects. when this connection is threatened, all of humanity is threatened. ” martins discusses the age old relationship between honeybees and humans — and its importance in the future. traditionally, it ' s the birds and the bees that get all the attention - unless you ' re an entomologist. then it ' s the bees and the bees, not to mention the flies and the wasps and the moths. our explorers in action meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.


grading and reporting for all students instructor : stephanie wertkins, instructor ; thomas guskey and lee ann jung, presenter spring, summer & fall ( ongoing ) instruction mode : internet - asynchronous ( online class ) academic level : k - 12 professional development partner course fee : $ 145 partner class offered through knowledge delivery systems this expansive course on the topic of reporting and grading, focuses on the meaning of grades for parents and students. it explores whether teachers are consistent in giving grades and reviews common methods in grading students. presenters guskey and jung challenge traditional practices and propose options that show how grading methods can be modified and combined to benefit students and their parents. also included is a section on the challenges of grading struggling learners and special needs students. jung and guskey lay out a five - step inclusive grading modelresulting in a system that showcases best practices for standards - based grading. after completing this course, educators will know : - aspects of the history of grading in the us to date. - the purpose ( s ) of grading. - recommended grading methods. - the drawbacks of averaging, assigning zeros, and grading on the curve. - the distinctions between the learning criteria of product, process, and progress. - the inclusive grading model as a method for grading struggling and other exceptional learners. - methods for effective communication with parents and other audiences. student learning outcomes : after completing this course, educators will apply the following skills : - articulate a clear purpose for grades. - utilize a standards - based grading system. - distinguish product from process from progress on report cards. - make modifications and accommodations for students as necessary. - adopt the inclusive grading model to ensure they are grading all students, including those who struggle, accurately and fairly. - improve communications with parents and other audiences. register for this class through kdsi. note : upon registration, you have 2 months for course completion. although many of our courses are approved for both 1 and 3 graduate professional development credits, participants can only receive credit for one version of each course.


worries about pennsylvania facing a severe drought seem to have faded with recent rainstorms, but the question of how to care for your lawn during this summer ’ s heat is still important. when it comes to maintaining your lawn, according to an expert in penn state ’ s college of agricultural sciences, doing less really may be doing more. “ most years, you don ’ t need to water if your lawn is in decent shape going into the summer season, ” said peter landschoot, professor of turfgrass management. “ the spring recipe for lawn care is to fertilize, mow up to twice a week and treat for weeds. but homeowners should back off on all those practices during the summer. ” during the hottest, driest months of the year, it is common for cool - season grasses to go into a semidormant state and turn brown and dry. this especially may occur during a drought. fortunately, he explains, lawns generally recover when cool temperatures and moisture return in autumn. he also encourages homeowners to question whether the benefits of watering their lawns are worth the cost of using valuable water resources, particularly during a drought, and advises homeowners to check local watering restrictions that may be in place to limit residential water usage. if you choose to continue watering throughout the summer months, landschoot suggests doing so in the morning, when cooler temperatures and still conditions reduce water - loss due to evaporation. when it comes to watering, he explains that a good rule of thumb is to water deeply and infrequently. “ aim to moisten the ground as deep as the roots extend into the soil. ” in the case of pest control, he cautions that treatments should be applied during the summer only if there is a significant problem. “ grubs are active from mid - august to early october and really can damage some lawns, ” landschoot said, noting that most lawns don ’ t need annual grub treatments. “ grubs are easy to recognize because they eat roots. if you can roll back small areas of turf like a rug, it is likely caused by grubs. ” landschoot explained that when mowing your lawn this summer, grass heights should be left a bit higher, between 3 to 3 - 1 / 2 inches. he also suggested that when possible, mowing should be done in the cool of the evening or morning. “ late august through mid - october is an optimal time to perform turfgrass maintenance and renovation


jamestown, it was thought, had simply disappeared. as the first permanent english settlement in north america, jamestown served as the capital of the jamestown colony throughout most of the 17th century. it was there, along virginia ’ s james river, that captain john smith forged his famous bond with pocahontas that kept the jamestown colonists from starving. and it was there that the newly introduced crop of tobacco first flourished in the american colonies. but when the colony ’ s capital was relocated in 1699 to what is now modern - day williamsburg, the jamestown site was largely abandoned and gradually succumbed to erosion. though many believed that the original fortified town had been washed away, neh - funded archaeological excavations conducted by the association for the preservation of virginia antiquities in 1996 uncovered the original seventeenth - century fort, revealing it to be intact on three sides. the digs also uncovered hundreds of early colonial artifacts, including glass and copper works, giving glimpses of daily life in the first american colony. learn more about the jamestown 1607 settlement at another neh - supported project, virtual jamestown. created by researchers at virginia polytechnic institute and state university, this online resource lets users peruse early colonial legal suits, see john smith ’ s 1608 map of virginia, and visit an interactive 3d recreation of an indian village.


the canons of priscillian, prefixed to the epistles of st. paul in many ( chiefly spanish ) manuscripts, are preceded by an introduction headed " proœmium sancti peregrini episcopi in epistolas pauli apostoli ", in which it is explained that the canons were not written by st. jerome but by priscillian, and that they are given in an expurgated edition. the prologue of priscillian himself to his canons follows ; it shows none of the characteristics of style found in the tractates of priscillian ; it has presumably been rewritten by peregrinus, if the tractates are genuine. the codex gothicus of the cathedral of leon contains a prayer, and the words " et peregrini f. o karissimi memento ". the preface of st. jerome to his lost translation of the books of solomon from the septuagint occurs in some manuscripts after his preface to his translation of those books from the hebrew ; in most of these manuscripts ( spanish, or under spanish influence ) a note is appended explaining that both prefaces are given because, to the vulgate text which follows, there have been added in the margin the additions found in the septuagint ; then come the words " et idcirco qui legis semper peregrini memento ". the stowe codex of st. john also has a subscription, in which the writer describes himself as " sonid peregrinus ". sonid is said to be celtic for a warrior ; it reminds us of " vincentius ", and st. vincent of lerins in fact wrote his commonitorium under the pseudonym of peregrinus. but he cannot be identified with the spanish peregrinus, as he was not a bishop. the latter has been identified by schepss, berger, fritsche, and kunstle with bachiarius, a spaniards who left his country, and is fond of speaking of his peregrinatio ; he was accused of priscillianism, and defended his own orthodoxy ; but he was a monk, and we do not know that he ever became a bishop. it is however most probable that the spanish peregrinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. kunstle is wrong in attributing to him the pseudo - jerome ' s prologue to the catholic epistles. schepss, pri


##grinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. kunstle is wrong in attributing to him the pseudo - jerome ' s prologue to the catholic epistles. schepss, priscilliani quæ supersunt, c. s. e. l., xviii ( vienna, 1889 ), 179 ; berger, histoire de la vulgate ( paris, 1893 ) ; fritsche in zeitschr. fur kirchengesch., xvii ( 1897 ), 212 ; kunstle, das comma johanneum ( freiburg im br., 1905 ) ; chapman, early history of the vulgate gospels ( oxford, 1908 ). apa citation. ( 1911 ). peregrinus. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11664b. htm mla citation. " peregrinus. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 11. new york : robert appleton company, 1911. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11664b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the sacred heart of jesus christ. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. february 1, 1911. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


newegg. com - a great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and dvds online. with great prices, fast shipping, and top - rated customer service - once you know, you newegg. if you are reading this message, please click this link to reload this page. ( do not use your browser ' s " refresh " button ). please email us if you ' re running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message. table of contents bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless data transfer. bluetooth connectivity is often found in high - end keyboards and mice. bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in comparison to rf technology. dpi and fps dpi ( dots per inch ) and fps ( frames per second ) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. these figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse ' s sensor. the greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more accurately and precisely the surface can be tracked. to detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface. currently 400 and 800 dpi optical mice as well as 800 dpi laser mice are very popular, but some high - end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even 2000 dpi tracking speeds. the personal system / 2 or ps / 2 was the designation for ibm ' s second generation of personal computers. the ps / 2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. ps / 2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color - coded on today ' s systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. most desktop motherboards still provide ps / 2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using usb ports. radio frequency ( rf ) is a wireless communication technology. using rf technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables. the usb ( universal serial bus ) port is a popular i / o interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. it is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy - chained peripheral devices simultaneously. the latest usb 2. 0 specification can deliver 480mbps data transfer bandwidth. in addition, usb provides plug - and - play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on. today, many keyboard and mice use the usb interface.


new oakland child - adolescent and family center " psychoses " are defined as abnormal conditions of the mind, a psychiatric term for a mental state involving a loss of contact with reality. psychotic disorders cause distorted thinking and awareness and can vary greatly in their severity. the term " psychosis " is very broad and can mean anything from an aberrant experience to a more chronic illness such as schizophrenia. the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are : - delusions : false beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary - hallucinations : experiencing images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices people experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorders. depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities. there are several different types of psychosis but an initial episode won ' t necessarily determine which type it is. duration and severity of symptoms along with a comprehensive assessment is more likely to lead to a proper diagnosis. information from the individual, family history and physical examinations will create a clearer picture. some of the types of psychosis : - brief reactive psychosis : psychotic symptoms arise in response to a major stress. a quick recovery is likely - delusional disorder : evidences itself when a person acts on strong beliefs that don ' t fit conventional reality. - psychotic depression : a severe depression with psychotic symptoms happening at the same time - bipolar disorder : extreme highs ( mania ) and lows ( depression ) psychosis can appear during either phase - schizophrenia : delusions, hallucinations last six months or more. contrary to popular belief, a schizophrenic does not have multiple personalities new oakland child - adolescent and family center assesses and treats the mental health issues and crises faced by children and adolescents. immediate action can return well - being to your family. see the " contact " tab for the nearest new oakland facility or call the 24 hour crisis stabilization hot line : ( 800 ) 395 - 3223


the business of america is business — president calvin coolidge, 1925 do you know the definitions of “ commerce, ” “ entrepreneurship ” and / or “ free - enterprise? ” august, which is national black business month, is a good time for black americans to start productive business activities. african - americans across the u. s. are urged to join the national black business month movement to encourage blacks to patronize black - owned businesses. the movement could spark discussions and initiatives that educate blacks in american capitalism and at the same time revive the country ’ s black business districts. for some, the national black business month concept will set off debate about the continued usefulness and fairness of a month and initiative dedicated to one race. what african - americans need now is a race - based initiative and culture to support black - owned businesses. contemporary blacks ’ participation in the american capitalistic system is highly suspect. blacks show high levels of economic dysfunction and are unique in our lack of internal commerce. studies show that nowadays, a dollar goes into and out of the black community in 15 minutes. a poor understanding of capitalism and internal circulation of funds plague black communities. money circulates zero to one time within the black community, compared to a dollar circulation rate of six times among latino communities, nine times among asian communities and an unlimited number of times within white and jewish communities, according to the university of georgia ’ s selig center for economic growth. the national black business month movement will raise the visibility of african - american entrepreneurs as the most promising solutions for the growth of american cities and commerce. national black business month is an ideal time to define : “ commerce, ” “ entrepreneurship ” and “ free - enterprise ” to your friends and family. it can build a pillar for business in black american culture. the basic concept behind national black business month is for african - americans to make a commitment to visit a black - owned business on each of the 31 days of august. the movement has at its base educating the masses of blacks and other americans on the advantages of developing and supporting black business enterprises. nbbm had inaugural events in san jose in june and in washington, d. c. and san francisco in august. executives at blackmoney. com are the movement ’ s primary advocates. their objective is to motivate “ commerce toward, between and among the nation ’ s black businesses ; ” and to urge a show of solidarity to help black - owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. “ each one tells one ” could be a “ force multipl


##tivate “ commerce toward, between and among the nation ’ s black businesses ; ” and to urge a show of solidarity to help black - owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. “ each one tells one ” could be a “ force multiplier ” for black businesses and economics. the nbbm needs to grow legs, and you can help. to effectively participate in the nbbm initiative african - americans are requested : 1. ) visit some of the small businesses in your city or community. 2. ) go inside the business and introduce yourself. 3. ) even if you don ’ t buy anything, look around to see if there are items, services or products that you may have better use for on another day. john william templeton is a co - founder of national black business month. a business journalist, templeton is a nationally recognized author, historian, demographer and financial expert. a graduate of howard university ’ s school of communications, templeton and his associates tout black - and minority - owned businesses as “ increasingly important ” to america ' s economy. a business [ also known as an enterprise or firm ] is an organization engaged in the trade of goods and / or services to consumers. there are 1. 9 million black - owned businesses in the u. s. black - owned firms annually employ 921, 032 people, and generate $ 137. 5 billion in receipts. these days, minority business operations need ongoing support from their neighbors, local legislatures and corporate brethren. black - owned businesses are prominent in health care and social assistance ( 19 percent ), repair and maintenance and personal and laundry services ( 19 percent ). administrative and support services, waste management and remediation services industries account for 11 percent. ( william reed is available for speaking / seminar projects via the bailey group. org ) digital daily signup sign up now for the new pittsburgh courier digital daily newsletter! - courier, urban league and pitt ctsi sponsor community health forum ( 1 ) - the end of america ’ s dominance ( 1 ) - black community not to blame for august wilson center crisis ( 13 ) - more visits by artists like beyonce, jay - z, needed, says afro - cuban filmmaker ( 2 ) - can the black community change the face of the music industry? ( 3 )


falling objects and bouncing location : outside u. s. date : april 2008 i am looking to compare different masses, objects, shapes and compare these to dents made in a specific plate ( e. g. polystyrene ). for this experiment i would need not only to be able to work out the velocity of the object but also how much air resistance is effecting the object plus the amount of air is jammed between the object and the plate. if possible, i would also be looking for a way to measure how much, for instance, an object would bounce back, or how much weight and height will get me the best results, but i also need to find a formula to see wether any of my results make any sense. i was thinking of letting an object dimensions around 5 x 5 ( base ) by 5 - 10 ( height ) depending on object otherwise for sphere a 3 cm radius object drop from around 3 meters object mass around 250g to 1kg. i do not know if pressure, humidity or temperature matters. it sounds like you ' re asking for someone to 1. validate your methodology, and 2. suggest any other factors you need to consider. is that right? ( if not, reply and let me know what else ). first, the methodology. it sounds like you have an ambitious approach, but i think some organization up front will really help you get good value from your efforts. there is a method known as ' design of experiments ' that might help. i am going to walk you through some basic steps, and hopefully it will step one is to have a hypothesis. what are you trying to prove? it sounds like you are testing something about elastic collisions ( such as the relationship between objects and the mark they leave on a plate ), but i am not clear what. step two is to organize and categorize your variables. you have two kinds of variables : independent and dependent. an independent variable is something you can set yourself ( such as how high to drop the object, which object with which properties, etc. ). a dependent variable, often called a response variable, is one that is determined by independent variables. the mark left on the plate or the height the object bounces might be response variables. a third type of " variable " is a factor that you do not intentionally change ( i put " variable " in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not ). there are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. you might always


" is a factor that you do not intentionally change ( i put " variable " in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not ). there are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. you might always choose to use the same target plate - - that is a factor that you hold constant. you might work outside, and have to deal with wind or temperature changes - - these affect your results, but you cannot control them. it is a good idea to record variables and factors that affect your results - - they may be helpful later in interpreting your step three is to revisit your hypothesis - - restate your idea in terms of the variables that you can measure. saying " i want to see what happens.... ". is not as powerful as saying something like " a change of independent variable a will lead to a change in dependent variable b in this way c. " step four is to set up your equipment to actually test your hypothesis. keep it simple - - pick materials and equipment that fit what you are trying to test. remove things that will introduce uncontrollable variables. the more variables you try to change, the harder the experiment will be to run and the harder the results will be to analyze. sometimes you have to have a lot of variables, but it is often a good idea to start simple first, and then work your way up to more complicated experiments. i strongly recommend you read about ' design of experiments ' to help you understand the approach i am suggesting here. the internet has a ton of information, as would a library too. now for your specific situation. it sounds like you are trying to do experiments involving colliding objects. have you studied ' kinetic energy ' in physics yet? i would start there. you can get all the equations you need. i would specifically study elastic and inelastic collisions. usually collisions are not purely one or the other. with a rubber ball, the ball deforms as it strikes a hard object. some energy is dissipated in the deformation, and some is returned elastically. if you are hitting an expanded polystyrene ( ' styrofoam ' ) target, the energy of the falling object will be partially / mostly absorbed by the styrofoam. for your objects and distances ( ~ 1kg, ~ 10m ), i think you can safely neglect air / wind effects. if you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult - to - control


##yrofoam. for your objects and distances ( ~ 1kg, ~ 10m ), i think you can safely neglect air / wind effects. if you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult - to - control factor as now the orientation of the object affects how it bounces ( i would avoid this variable, to be honest - - stick with spheres ). as for weights and masses, it probably does not matter that much unless you use very light, low - density objects ( they will be affected by air ). ball bearings, rocks, and other similar ' heavy ' objects should all hope this helps, that is a massively difficult and computationally intensive endeavor you want to undertake! i am afraid that the best answer i can give, is to say that with without a supercomputer running extremely complex finite element analysis software, and a lot of very expensive computer time, there is no way to do what you are suggesting. it is amazing how complex it is to accurately describe something as seemingly simple as dropping a block though air! further, before you can even think of attempting to see how far an object would bounce off your polystyrene plate, you would need to mathematically characterize the detailed physical characteristics of both the plate and the falling object. so, i am sorry, but to do what you want to do is simply impossible with the resources available to someone like you or even me. you have a pretty complicated project. for a " dropping " distance of ~ 3 meters, air pressure, humidity and temperature will probably be negligible. for a sphere, stokes ' law says that the shear viscosity is f = 6 x pi x a x nu x v ( for reynolds numbers 1 ( true for air ) ). for heavy objects of radius ' a ' the velocity ' v ' falling through air with a viscosity ' nu ' will not be significant i don ' t think. how bodies of different shape fall is a complicated problem because they tend to tumble, so you should probably stick to spheres. relating the indentation of the base to the mechanical parameters may be very tricky too. not all polystyrene, for example, has the same elasticity, which determines how much of the energy of the falling object is absorbed compared to how much is retained by the falling object. click here to return to the engineering archives update : june 2012


national air quality has improved since the early 1990 ' s, but many challenges remain in protecting public health and the environment from air quality problems. since the 1950s, air quality has been a major public health and environmental concern. local, state, and national programs have helped us learn more about the problems and how to solve them. nh epht program works closely with nh department of environmental services, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), and the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) to track air quality data and to better understand how air pollution affects our health. air pollution and your health air pollution in the united states poses a public health threat affecting potentially millions of people throughout the country. it is associated with health problems that include increased emergency department visits and hospitals stays for breathing and heart problems, asthma, and increases in illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, and adverse reproductive outcomes such as low birth weight. air pollution comes from two main origins : point - sources ( factories, construction, houses, businesses, agriculture ) and non - point sources ( automobiles, trains, buses, vegetation ). the epa lists the most common air pollutants as ground - level ozone, particle pollution ( often referred to as particulate matter ), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. ozone ( o3 ) and fine particulate matter ( pm2. 5 ) are the primary pollutants of concern in new hampshire as they regularly occur at concentrations which can cause harmful health effects. other contaminants, such as nitrogen - oxides and sulfur - dioxide, occasionally occur at significant concentrations. ground level ozone ozone is created indirectly when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in the presence of heat and sunlight. your exposure to ozone depends mainly on where you live and work and how much time you spend outside. everyone can have health problems from ozone. symptoms might be very mild or more serious. people with lung disease, children, older adults, and people who are active outdoors are at the highest risk of having problems when ozone levels are unhealthy. many scientific studies have linked ground - level ozone contact to varied problems, such as - lung and throat irritation, - wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities, - coughing and pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of


pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of particles that are in the air, including dust, dirt, soot and smoke, and little drops of liquid. fine particulates occur from being directly emitted ( e. g., from a smokestack or tailpipe ) or from secondary reactions in the air ( e. g., when water vapor condenses on sulfate ions, which is also a secondary product of combustion ). some particles, such as soot or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen. other particles are so small that you cannot see them. small particles are the most concerning because they are most likely to cause health problems. their small size allows these particles to get into the deep part of your lungs. being exposed to any kind of particulate matter may cause : - increased emergency department visits and hospital stays for breathing and heart problems, - breathing problems, - asthma symptoms to get worse, - adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, - decreased lung growth in children, - lung cancer, and - early deaths. sensitive people, including older adults, people with diseases such as asthma or congestive heart disease, and children, are more likely to be affected by contact with pm2. 5. reduce your risk epa ' s air quality index, or aqi, is a tool to help you quickly learn when air pollution is likely to reach unhealthy levels. local tv stations, radio programs, and newspapers carry these air quality forecasts to tell you when particle levels are likely to be unhealthy. you can use the aqi to plan your daily activities to reduce exposure to particle pollution. when particle pollution levels are high, you can : - reduce the amount of time you spend outside ; - do easier outdoor activities, such as walking instead of running or using a riding lawn mower instead of a push mower ; and - exercise away from roads and highways. particle pollution is usually worse near these areas. if you have one of the following diseases, you may experience some effects from particle pollution : - lung disease - you may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - you may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can ’ t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - heart disease


you may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - you may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can ’ t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - heart disease - coming in contact with particle pollution can cause serious problems in a short period of time, such as a heart attack without any warning signs. - symptoms, including chest pain or tightness, fast heartbeat, feeling out of breath, and feeling tired more than usual, may be signs of a serious problem. if you have any of these signs, follow your doctor ' s advice and contact your doctor if the symptoms last longer than usual or worsen. - follow your asthma management plan when particle levels are high. tracking air pollution tracking air pollution can help people understand how often they are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. having these data can also help public health professionals or policymakers understand which areas may be most in need of prevention and control activities. nh epht is tracking the following indicators about ozone and pm2. 5 : - ozone - - days above regulatory standard the number of days in which the daily maximum 8 - hour average ozone concentration exceeds a standard provides an indication of short - term spikes in ozone concentrations. this may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of ozone. - pm2. 5 - - days above regulatory standard these data help summarize short - term trends in particle pollution concentrations. this may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of particulate matter. - annual pm2. 5 level these data help summarize long - term trends in particle pollution concentrations. this will give you an idea of what the yearly level of pm2. 5 is in an area. for information about specific health risks associated with ozone and particulate matter : to read more about air contaminants : to read more about air pollution and health :


time and frequency from a to z : d to do a number or series of numbers used to identify a given day with the least possible ambiguity. the date is usually expressed as the month, day of month, and year. however, integer numbers such as the julian date are also used to express the date. daylight saving time the part of the year when clocks are advanced by one hour, effectively moving an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. in 2007, the rules for daylight saving time ( dst ) have changed for the first time since 1986. the new changes were enacted by the the energy policy act of 2005, which extended the length of dst by about one month in the interest of reducing energy consumption. dst will now be in effect for 238 days, or about 65 % of the year, although congress retained the right to revert to the prior law should the change prove unpopular or if energy savings are not significant. under the current rules, dst in the u. s. begins at 2 : 00 a. m. on the second sunday of march and ends at 2 : 00 a. m. on the first sunday of november. daylight saving time is not observed in hawaii, american samoa, guam, puerto rico, the virgin islands, and the state of arizona ( not including the navajo indian reservation, which does observe ). the time that elapses between the end of one measurement and the start of the next measurement. this time interval is generally called dead time only if information is lost. for example, when making measurements with a time interval counter, the minimum amount of dead time is the elapsed time from when a stop pulse is received to the arrival of the next start pulse. if a counter is fast enough to measure every pulse ( if it can sample at a rate of 1 khz, for instance, and the input signals are at 100 hz ), we can say there is no dead time between measurements. disciplined oscillator ( do ) an oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered ( often through the use of a phase locked loop ) to agree with an external reference. for example, a gps disciplined oscillator ( gpsdo ) usually consists of a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered to agree with signals broadcast by the gps satellites. the apparent change of frequency caused by the motion of the frequency source ( transmitter ) relative to the destination ( receiver ). if the distance between the transmitter and receiver is increasing the frequency apparently decreases.


noaa : december global ocean temperature second warmest on record for the year, 2009 annual temperature tied for fifth - warmest january 21, 2010 the global ocean surface temperature was the second warmest on record for december, according to scientists at noaa ’ s national climatic data center in asheville, n. c. based on records going back to 1880, the monthly ncdc analysis is part of the suite of climate services noaa provides. scientists also reported the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record for december. for 2009, global temperatures tied with 2006 as the fifth - warmest on record. also, the earth ’ s land surface for 2009 was seventh - warmest ( tied with 2003 ) and the ocean surface was fourth - warmest ( tied with 2002 and 2004. ) highlights for december 2009 - the global ocean temperature was the second warmest on record, behind 1997. the temperature anomaly was 0. 97 degree f above the 20th century average of 60. 4 degrees f. - the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record, at 0. 88 degree f above the 20th century average of 54. 0 degrees f. - the global land surface temperature was 0. 63 degree f above the 20th century average of 38. 7 degrees f - the coolest december anomaly since 2002. global temperature highlights for 2009 - for the calendar year 2009, the global combined land and ocean surface temperature of 58. 0 degrees f tied with 2006 as the fifth - warmest on record. this value is 1. 01 degree f above the 20th century average. - ncdc scientists also noted the average temperature for the decade ( 2000 - 09 ), 57. 9 degrees f, was the warmest on record surpassing the 1990 - 99 average of 57. 7 degrees f. value. - arctic sea ice covered an average of 4. 8 million square miles during december. this is 6. 6 percent below the 1979 - 2000 average extent and the fourth lowest december extent since records began in 1979. - antarctic sea ice extent in december was 2. 1 percent above the 1979 - 2000 average, resulting in the 14th largest december extent on record. december arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 3. 3 percent per decade since 1979, while december antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 0. 6 percent per decade over the same period. - northern hemisphere snow cover during december 2009 was the second largest extent, behind 1985, on record. north american snow cover for december 2009 was the largest extent since satellite records began


description not set skeletal system 6 from the course general human anatomy general human anatomy - fall 2006. the functional anatomy of the human body as revealed by gross and microscopic examination. independence or dependency 1 from the course world regions, peoples, and states this course will provide a framework for recognizing and analyzing the major distinctive regions of the world in comparative context. the most important interrelations between environment, economy, ethnicity, and the national identity and viability of states will be explored. see a reversal view a computer model simulation from nova online that illustrates what happens during a magnetic field reversal, an infrequent occurrence that may be currently underway. quarks : inside the atom this video segment adapted from nova shows how the particle accelerator helped physicists find parts of the atom even smaller than protons and neutrons. when did the first americans arrive? in this video segment adapted from nova, recent archaeological evidence leads scientists to revise existing theories about human migrations into the americas around the time of the last ice age. good neighbors and bad : religious differences on the plains in the early 20th century the harmony of rural life is often romanticized, but differences among neighbors, whether ethnic, religious or political, could often lead to tension, especially as new groups emigrated west. ezra and dan miller were born in a sod house in north dakota but migrated with a group of amish mennonites to montana. in this 1981 interview, conducted by laurie mercier for the montana historical society, they described how local cowboys reacted to the influx of amish farmers. " speak, garvey, speak! " a follower recalls a garvey rally the jamaican - born marcus garvey, a brilliant orator and black nationalist leader, turned his universal negro improvement association ( unia ) into the most important black organization in the united states in the early 1920s. garvey ' s speeches often drew huge audiences, and stories of garvey ' s stubborn resistance in the face of white hostility proliferated among his supporters. in an oral history interview, devotee audley moore remembered the jamaican ' s defiant behavior at a rally in new orleans c no way out : two new york city firemen testify about the 1911 triangle shirtwaist fire one of the greatest industrial tragedies in u. s. history occurred on march 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in new york city. in this brief excerpt from their testimony before the factory investigation commission, new york


s. history occurred on march 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in new york city. in this brief excerpt from their testimony before the factory investigation commission, new york city fire chief edward f. croker and fire marshall william beers commented on the safety lapses - - the locking of an exit door, the inadequate fire escapes, and the overcrowded factory floor - - that led to engineering design challenges this site presents challenges faced by nasa engineers who are developing the next generation of aerospace vehicles. the challenges : thermal protection systems, spacecraft structures, electrodynamic propulsion systems, propellers, and personal satellite assistants. students design, build, test, re - design, and re - build models that meet specified design criteria, using the same analytical skills as engineers. determination of dna bases chemistry : a discovery - based experiment the paper contains details of an electrochemistry lab where students are given the time to explore and design an experiment to identify the different dna bases. the paper has a very useful compendium of literature relating to electrochemical techniques. school - home links reading kit offers 400 activities for strengthening children ' s reading and writing skills ( one kit for each grade level, kindergarten through 3rd grade ). these kits, part of the compact for reading, not only help improve children ' s reading skills, but also provide guidance on creating and maintaining school - family partnerships. helping your preschool child this guide offers fun activities for parents to use during everyday routines to help babies, toddlers, and preschoolers develop skills needed for success in school and life. the booklet also describes behaviors and changes parents can expect to see during these three developmental stages. kennet avon canal devizes to bradford on avon images on the kennet & avon canal between devizes and bradford on avpm tonto national monument : saving a national treasure tells the story of the salado people, who thrived in the arizona valley where tonto creek joins the salt river ( 1050 - 1450 ad ). the salado culture combined customs of several american indian groups. they channeled the river to create farmland in the desert. they built pueblo - style buildings. they left no written records. this monument, established in december 1907, was among the first sites protected under the antiquities act of 1906. the aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. it is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support


the first sites protected under the antiquities act of 1906. the aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. it is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. the lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. they can be delivered sequentially or used in the aim of this lesson is to enable students to recognize the importance of organizational skills in achieving study goals. it is the second lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. the lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. they can be delivered sequentially or u show me a picture and i ' ll tell you a story : web photo journals students analyze and evaluate " photo journal " web sites, then create their own web - based photo journal. origins of american animation this site offers 21 animated films and 2 fragments, which span the years 1900 to 1921. the films include clay, puppet, and cut - out animation, as well as pen drawings. they point to a connection between newspaper comic strips and early animated films, as represented by keeping up with the joneses, krazy kat, and the katzenjammer kids. ks2 numeracy sats revision 1 the presentation ( introduction ) revises some of the different aspects of place value : column headings ; multiplying and dividing by powers of 10 ; adding decimals. the levels test these aspects of place value and also writing words as numbers and ordering decimals. the final level tests all of the skills. each question is either multiple choice or true / false. the order of questions is randomised. progress is tracked and numerous awards given for achievement at each level.


ece435 music, movement, drama, dance lead faculty : dr. judy mantle focus on enriching and enhancing young children ’ s learning through the creative arts. emphasis on integrating creative experiences within core subjects to create developmentally appropriate experiences. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, supportive historical background and developmental perspectives for the use of creative arts in the growth and development of young children. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, the effectiveness of music, movement, drama, and dance as teaching - learning strategies with young children. - demonstrate, in writing and discussion, blending of subject matter in music, movement, drama and dance and integration into an age appropriate dynamic learning curriculum units for young children. - compile a variety of music, movement, drama and dance resources for use in curriculum unit planning for young children. - develop skills in improvisation of activities to accompany play activities. - exhibit personal and social behavior while presenting culturally diverse performing arts – dance and music. - implement the use of environmental materials to create musical instruments. - demonstrate core standards for the performing arts as a means of fitness and health promotion. - demonstrate undergraduate - level written communication. - demonstrate undergraduate - level oral communication and presentation skills. - demonstrate undergraduate application of analytical and critical thinking skills. - demonstrate an awareness and understanding of potential legal and ethical issues in course content.


iii. more women arrive in august of 1609, about twenty women arrived on ships sent by the virginia company of london. one hundred more women arrived a few months later. many of the female passengers on the first ships were traveling with their husbands and families. all were recruited by the virginia company, a land - development, stock - issuing corporation based in london. for the most part these women ’ s names are lost, but a few survive in the records. temperance flowerdew yeardley, wife of captain george yeardley, landed in 1609 and survived the ensuing “ starving time. ” the yeardleys returned to england in 1618 at which time king james i knighted george yeardley. in 1619 they returned to virginia, where sir george was appointed colonial governor of virginia. the yeardleys became one of the most prominent families in virginia, owning a large plantation named flowerdew hundred, which was temperance ’ s surname prior to marriage. joan pierce sailed with her husband william and daughter jane. by all accounts, joan was a dauntless woman and enjoyed the challenges of living in virginia. during a visit to england in 1629, she was described as “ an honest and industrious woman [ who ] hath been [ in virginia ] nearly 20 years. ” she apparently considered the new colony rich in resources ; she was quoted as saying that “ she can keep a better house in virginia... than in london. ” ( 1 ) her daughter, jane pierce, married john rolfe, the widower of pocahontas. pocahontas had been the favored daughter of chief powhatan, and her marriage to rolfe in 1614 brought over eight years of peace between the settlers and native americans, during which the colony was able to produce profitable tobacco. pocahontas died in england in 1617, and rolfe returned to jamestown. he became active in colonial politics and married jane pierce later that year. they had one daughter, elizabeth, also named for the powerful virgin queen. ( 2 ) thomasine causey sailed to virginia in 1609 to be with her husband who had made the trip a year before. the specifics of her family and voyage are not known, but many women were in the same situation : while their men took off for the new world, women supported their families and managed the finances. before leaving england to join their husbands, these women made the decisions about selling property and planning for the long voyage.


the duel in european history : honour and the reign of aristocracy by v. g. kiernan oxford university press, 348 pp., $ 14. 95 ( paper ) victor kiernan is one of the most versatile of british historians. he has written learned monographs on british diplomacy in china, 1880 – 1885, on metcalfe ’ s mission to lahore, 1808 – 1809, on the revolution of 1854 in spanish history, on american imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, on imperialism generally, and on state and society in europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. he has also written about wordsworth, nineteenth - century england, central asia, africa, india and pakistan, and about relations between portugal and britain. he has translated volumes of urdu poetry. the story goes that he was once asked by a journal for an article on british imperialism in china. he replied that he had rather lost interest in that subject, but he could let them have a piece on the jesuits in paraguay. the article they finally got was on english evangelicism and the french revolution. what we are all waiting for is his big book on shakespeare. the duel in european history ranges through recorded history, from gilgamesh, homer, and beowulf to the present century. “ what has been remembered of the duel, ” kiernan begins, “ has been mostly of an anecdotal kind ” ; and at first sight his seems an anecdotal book. it is stuffed with excellent anecdotes, but there is a steady and consistent theme running through it, implicit rather than explicit. in trying to draw this theme from the material i have quoted freely, since i cannot match kiernan ’ s incisive prose. the duel for kiernan is a conflict between two men, usually accompanied by an “ elaborate etiquette … upheld by ‘ seconds. ’ ” it was, he writes, amidst the chronic warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the modern duel took shape. during that time of transition from medieval to modern, state power and the reign of law were being established by absolutist monarchy ; but aristocracy, its half - brother, survived in altered guise, a permanent anachronism, and often canker, in the life of europe. private warfare between baronial families or factions was suppressed with difficulty ; in france in the second half of the sixteenth century, with religious combustibles added, it flared up into civil war. madrid in the next century was still disturbed by


witnessing a hawk snatch a songbird off your birdfeeder can be quite a shock. although most of us understand the food chain, backyard birders would prefer these sharks of the sky get their meals elsewhere. sharp - shinned and cooper ' s hawks are the two most common birds of prey that visit birdfeeders in urban orange county, says biologist scott thomas, who runs raptor research for the local sea & sage audubon society. cooper ' s hawks ' numbers have grown significantly in california as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas. bruce chambers, the orange county register " sharp - shinned hawks are migrants and visit our area from october through march or april, while cooper ' s hawks are here year - round, " thomas said. both are fast, agile fliers that can maneuver around buildings and trees in a surprise attack. both species prey chiefly on small birds, while the cooper ' s hawk includes some small mammals in its diet. " about 25 years ago, cooper ' s hawks were on california ' s special concern list, " he said. " at that time they were not very common in neighborhoods. " but their numbers have grown significantly as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas, he said. " we ' ve tracked them and found the hawks actually fly a circuit every day, going from feeder to feeder, " thomas said. that means once a raptor finds a meal at a feeder, it will likely return. while you can ' t always protect your backyard birds from an aerial attack, you can give your songbirds an edge by taking a few precautions. " hang your feeders in a tree so the birds have a better chance of escape, " thomas said. " and don ' t put feeders up against a window where the small birds may become panicked and fly into it. " add a baffle or an umbrella - type cover over the feeder so the birds will be less visible from aerial predators. and remove dead branches from the trees on your property where hawks may perch for hunting. if a hawk has become a real menace to your backyard birds, take the feeder down for a few weeks. the hawk will move on, but it may also return when the feeder birds return. keep in mind that this cycle of life will go on whether you have a backyard feeder or not. and to help protect the health of all birds in your yard, thomas recommends cleaning feeders and birdbaths regularly with 10 percent b


classification of nouns nouns are categorized by vowels and consonants they include. for the consonants they include nouns are categorized in two groups : 15 nouns and 16 nouns. for the vowels they include nouns are categorized in 5 groups : a, a ; a, ø ; o, o ; u, y ; i, e. 15 nouns : the first consonant of these nouns are h, j, m, n, r, s, s ' 16 nouns : the first consonant of there nouns are c, d, l, p, t, v, l ' categorizing by vowels depends on how many syllable noun has and what is the vowel in the syllable we have to use. if a noun has 2 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable if a noun has 3 syllable we use the vowel of the third syllable if a noun has 4 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable ıf a noun has 5 or more syllable we use the vowel of the syllable before the last syllable. vowel in a syllable can be a single vowel or a diphthong. if the syllable contains a diphthong, we choose the vowel we will use according to following rules : if there is " u " or " y " we use them, if there is a back vowel and " i " we use the back vowel, if there is a front vowel and " i " we use " i ", in other diphthongs we use the first vowel. definite articles vi sollidaavin has10 definite articles. all definite articles are 2 letters. first is a consonant, second a vowel. if a noun is a 15 noun, the first letter of the article is " v " if a noun is a 16 noun, the first letter of the article is " s " we add the vowel according to the rules above to these consonants and make the article. e. g. : tyyccion has 2 syllable. we will use the second syllable and the vowels in it are i and o. " o " is a front vowel this means we will use " i ". and it is a 16 noun. with these knowledges the article is " si ". si tyyccion. more examples : vo riol, su vuun, va raceslain, ve hiynnen. we have to use the root word to decide the article of the noun. in a sentence if a noun takes a prefix, that noun does not take article. we use definite article when the noun does not take prefixes and indefinite article.


the war of independence the violent confrontations between jews and arabs in the land of israel started in the early 1920s. for the most part, the jews defended themselves against attacks by the arabs. the hagana was responsible for defense of the jewish community, and sometimes british armed forces intervened to end the violence. the hagana was established in 1920 primarily as a regional organization ; in each settlement its members were responsible for its own defense. every jewish resident of the land of israel was eligible to join, the main condition being the person ' s ability to keep the organization ' s activities secret. at first the hagana ' s limited mobility hindered its capability to carry out attacks. after the 1921 uprisings the hagana expanded by drafting new members, conducting courses for commanders and accelerating weapons ' acquisition. armaments were purchased abroad or manufactured in factories located primarily in kibbutzim. the hagana was under the authority of the elected governing institutions of the yishuv ( jewish community in the land of israel. ) in 1936 there was an arab uprising which called for liberation from british rule. they attacked british forces and jews as well. in the course of the revolt the british recommended a solution : to divide the land into two states — arab and jewish ( the peel commission report ). the arab leadership rejected the proposal of partition. the yishuv leadership accepted the principle of partition but opposed the borders suggested by the commission. at the end of world war ii, in spite of revelations about the scope of the jewish holocaust in europe and the murder of millions of jews, britain refused to permit the establishment of a jewish state. in postwar europe there were over 100, 000 jewish refugees who could not return to their homes, but the british refused to allow them to immigrate to the land of israel. the yishuv fought the decision. britain, whose resources had been drained by the war, turned the issue of the land of israel over to the united nations ; the organization appointed a special committee which once more recommended partition as a solution to the problem. on november 29, 1947, the un general assembly, by a large majority, approved the resolution calling for two independent states to be established alongside each other in the land of israel ( resolution 181 ). members of the jewish community danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward palestinian arabs and volunteers from arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. the civil war : december 1947 - may 1948 the war that began on november 29, 1947 is known as the


danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward palestinian arabs and volunteers from arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. the civil war : december 1947 - may 1948 the war that began on november 29, 1947 is known as the war of independence because it resulted in independence for the jewish community in the land of israel, in spite of the fact that at the beginning local arabs, and then armies from arab countries tried to prevent it. local arab troops and volunteers attacked isolated jewish communities, jews in cities with mixed populations and the roads. they also employed terror tactics — all jewish people, settlements and property were considered to be legitimate targets. the most serious terror attacks were against the haifa oil refineries, where 39 jews were murdered in december 1947. at the time hagana tactics were primarily defensive or focused on specific objectives. because of arab attacks, various areas of the yishuv were cut off from the center and became isolated. the hagana tried to supply besieged areas by means of clandestine convoys. these convoys became the foci of armed confrontations between jews and arabs, but in spite of everything, no jewish settlement was abandoned. dozens of fighters were killed in attempts to relieve isolated communities. the main efforts were dedicated to bringing supplies to the besieged city of jerusalem, and this resulted in many victims. in memory of these martyrs, haim gouri wrote the poem bab el - wad which is the arabic name for sha ' ar ha - gai [ gate to the valley ] — ; a strategic point where convoys began the climb from the coastal plains to the hills of jerusalem. the catastrophe [ an - nakbeh ] 1948 on november 29, 1947, the united nations general assembly passed resolution 181, which calls for the partition of palestine into two states, arab and jewish. this was the start of the countdown for the establishment of the state of israel on may 15, 1948 and the 1948 catastrophe, which uprooted and dispersed the palestinian people. the catastrophe was : 1 ) the defeat of the arab armies in the 1948 palestine war ; 2 ) their acceptance of the truce ; 3 ) the displacement of most of the palestinian people from their cities and villages ; and 4 ) the emergence of the refugee problem and the palestinian diaspora. first and foremost, britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the palestinian arab people in 1948. it received the mandate for palestine from the league of nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of palestine until it relinquished the territory on may 15, 1948, britain did


britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the palestinian arab people in 1948. it received the mandate for palestine from the league of nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of palestine until it relinquished the territory on may 15, 1948, britain did all it could to suppress the palestinian people and to arrest and deport their leaders. the british did not allow palestinians to exercise their right to defend themselves and their land against the zionist movement. it suppressed the popular uprisings ( intifadas ) which followed one after another beginning in 1920 ( including those of 1921, 1929, 1930, 1935 and 1936 ). the rulers considered all forms of palestinian resistance to be illegal acts of terrorism, extremism and fanaticism, and issued unjust laws against every palestinian who carried arms or ammunition. punishments included : " six years in prison for possessing a revolver, twelve years for a grenade, five years of hard labor for possessing twelve bullets and eighteen months for giving false information to a group of soldiers asking for directions. " however, britain did allow zionist immigration to palestine, which led to an economic crisis because of the increasing number of jews in the land. britain permitted the zionist movement to form military forces, such as the haganah and etzel and others. members carried out bombings in jerusalem, fired on british soldiers and smuggled arms, immigrants, and more. but that wasn ' t the end of the story. the british allowed the zionist movement to have its own armed brigade attached to the british army. it took part in battles of world war ii, thereby acquiring training and experience in the techniques of war. in 1939 ten detachments of zionist settlement police were formed, each led by a british officer — altogether 14, 411 men. there were 700 policemen in tel aviv and 100 in haifa, all of whom were members of the haganah. by 1948 most jews over the age of 14 had already undergone military training. for these reasons they were militarily superior to the palestinians during the ' 48 war. in 1946 one british commander in palestine told an american journalist that : " if we withdraw british forces, the haganah will control all of palestine tomorrow. " the journalist asked him if the haganah could maintain its control of palestine under such circumstances. he replied : " certainly, they could do so even if they had to confront the entire arab world. " before the war broke out and just before they withdrew, the british either turned a blind eye, or actually conspired with the zionists who seized british arms and equipment


first, let ' s get one thing straight. the correct term is " absolute " pitch, not " perfect " pitch. if you are a music lover, what follows here could conceivably save you from being bilked - ironically, by another kind of perfect pitch. first of all, what we will be talking about here is " absolute pitch, " which is the correct term for a certain kind of musical talent. let ' s begin by talking about what absolute pitch means, and if it is a blessing " or a curse. how can it be a curse? ask any professional musician, particularly a player of what is called a transposing instrument. simply stated, a transposing instrument does not sound the note that is written. ( we should quit this part while we ' re ahead! ) absolute pitch refers to the innate ability of someone to recognize the letter name of a pitch, without any frame of reference. is that impressive? ask any professional musician. the answer may surprise you! an individual hears a pitch - " daaaaaah " and says " that ' s an f sharp! and he or she is right! it is f #! " voila! " if someone uses that french exclamation as a retort to that particular show of talent, it ' s very likely sarcasm. it ' s another way of saying " so what!! " all musicians will tell you that a far more important and necessary talent is having a strong sense of " relative " pitch, which means that someone can hear a pitch - " daaaaaah " and immediately say " that ' s an f sharp! " and be right, if he or she has a frame of reference ; specifically another pitch. this is a necessary ability a competent musician must possess, but you are not apt to hear one sing " daaaaaah " and proclaim " that ' s an a flat! " indeed, a real musician will cast an openly snide smile at such a performer. ( this, of course, does not include students at a music school. here is an interesting fact : in an orchestra, the players " tune up " to the note " a " which is played by the principal oboist as a reference. after hearing that tuning note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having " perfect pitch at parties, if they


note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having " perfect pitch at parties, if they wished. ( some just might do that, if they had a couple of drinks and were not dealing with cognoscenti. ) what this all adds up to is this. a strong sense of relative pitch is an important prerequisite for all musicians. but there is a scenario where absolute pitch is helpful, if not necessary. singers are musicians ( a good share of the time ) and if a singer is performing something called " atonal " music, absolute pitch is almost a must. ah me, how can i explain this " let ' s just say that music is predominantly " tonal " which means any one of the black and white piano keys may serve as a " home base " that the others play games with. in atonal music, there is no " home base. " so vocalists are helped immensely by a strong sense of absolute pitch! okay, i can hear you saying " strong sense? " look, if athletes can produce varying degrees of skill, why not musicians? absolute pitch occurs in varying degrees of acuteness. ( but please " let me escape from this hole that i ' ve dug. thanks. ) now, here ' s the part that many nervous investors are waiting for. did you spend a lot of dough because someone advertised that you can develop " perfect pitch " with the help of an expensive set of cd ' s to train your musical ear " to acquire it? " and were you told that your newly acquired musical skills would enable you to do an assortment of wonderful musical things, such as recognizing harmonies ( chord changes? ) did you invest? do you feel that all the money you spent on those training cd ' s so that you might have " perfect pitch " paid off? did you swallow all those ecstatic testimonials by new " perfect pitchers? " i ' ll end my tirade with two words : caveat emptor! * look, even if you could acquire absolute pitch it does not do all of those wonderful things you were told. just enjoy and love the music with the ears that you were given. it ' s great to improve your listening skills, but don ' t count on " perfect pitch. " ( and save your $ $ $ ) * buyer beware!


in january 2010, five months after the unmanned moon probe chandrayaan was abruptly terminated — a year before its completion, since radio contact with the mooncraft was lost — the indian space research organisation ( isro ) announced a manned mission to outer space. it would take off in 2016 and cost rs 12, 400 crore. dr k radhakrishna, additional director of the defence food research laboratory ( dfrl ) in mysore, was then put in charge of another mission : preparing an indian menu suitable for space. the first items of the space menu are now ready — tiny idlis, the size of rs 2 coins, accompanied by flaming orange sambhar powder and creamy coconut chutney dust. the idlis are cooked and dried using infrared radiation at a temperature of 700º c, and then further dried by microwaving. the moisture is zapped out of them, but not the taste, smell or nutrients. “ they do, however, lose some of their colour, ” says radhakrishna. “ it is slightly browned if you notice, not like the jasmine - white idlis you get here. ” the idlis and sambhar are to be eaten after adding hot water ; the coconut chutney needs only cold water. each idli is 12 gm and swells to 25 gm when soaked in water. the desiccation makes it impossible for micro organisms like bacteria to grow and increases the idlis ’ shelf life to more than a year. the removal of moisture also reduces the weight of food sharply, something crucial to the needs of both isro and the armed forces. the sambhar and chutney are also dried completely with infrared radiation, a technology that has been used in the preparation of food over the past six years or so. the pack, as it has been designed now, has ten such idlis. it is the equivalent of three normal sized idlis. “ it is the perfect snack, ” says anil dutt semwal, senior category f scientist at dfrl, “ and the cost, though i haven ’ t calculated it precisely, is minimal : rs 8 or 10 for a pack. ” he worked two months on creating the idli - sambhar - chutney pack and then sent samples to the army. the reviews, he says, were “ very good ”. the technology can also be used for cooking vegetables — a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas


. the reviews, he says, were “ very good ”. the technology can also be used for cooking vegetables — a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas. they look like white naphthalene balls and are freeze - dried from cottage cheese. freeze drying involves chilling foods to temperatures from – 20º to – 40º c. it lets the moisture evaporate, but not the flavours. the rasgullas are then vacuum packed. the syrup comes separately as a powder that can be dissolved in water. “ rasgullas are ideal for space. they have a beautiful texture that doesn ’ t disintegrate easily like other sweets. it is compact. in space, it won ’ t do to have bits of food flying around. remember, it is zero gravity, ” says radhakrishna. it took him a year - and - a - half to get the rasgullas right, and they have been ready for a while. nonetheless, he whittles away at the formula from time to time. there is still a battery of tests to be done before they are ready for space. “ chemical analysis to see they smell right and don ’ t disintegrate, physical analysis to ensure they look right, microbiological trials to confirm there are no micro - organisms, vibration studies to find out whether they can withstand g - forces at the time of launch, ” he says, “ this is routine for all foods, indeed materials, that are to travel to space. ” the programme ’ s biggest accomplishment, he reckons, is its space yoghurt. this was developed using pulsed electric field technology in which short bursts of electricity are passed through a fluid food. it renders microbes inactive but the tricky part is to keep the good bacteria alive. dfrl ’ s result, in radhakrishna ’ s words, is “ beautiful, beautiful ”. radhakrishna is 58 now and due to retire on 31 march 2014. this space food project is his dream, and grants him a pretty good chance of an extension. six months ago, he gave a 40 - slide powerpoint presentation to isro on the programme. he asked for a budget of rs 5 crore, three co - workers and a visit to nasa ’ s food facility in the us. “ it has been accepted on principle, ” says dr w selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the defence research and development organisation (


, three co - workers and a visit to nasa ’ s food facility in the us. “ it has been accepted on principle, ” says dr w selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the defence research and development organisation ( drdo ), the parent body of dfrl. “ as soon as the government of india confirms the project, we will be officially a part of it. ” by coincidence, this is also radhakrishna ’ s chance to finish what he started in his first years at dfrl. in 1983, the government had commissioned the lab to prepare a couple of dishes for the intercosmos programme, the indo - soviet joint space flight that had aboard rakesh sharma, the first and only indian astronaut to go to space. the lab was given a timeline of half a year, and pretty much the entire hundred - odd staff was roped in. radhakrishna was a freshman at dfrl then, a ‘ b category scientist ’ who had joined after completing his phd in meat technology at the same institute. he was perhaps the juniormost in the team and also the odd jobs man. they came up with a pineapple juice powder, biscuits that look like cream crackers, and a mango fruit bar. of these, the soviet space organisation approved only the mango bar, a variation of the popular indian treat aam papad, which rakesh sharma says was much appreciated up in space. “ there, the taste buds somehow seek sharp tastes and this fit the bill well. my russian colleagues raved about it, ” says sharma. apart from aam papad, sharma had a menu of over 80 dishes to choose from in his eight days aboard the spaceship. these included “ pilafs, dry fruits, milk preparations, soups, honeyed breads ”, all of which came from the soviet mission kitchen. “ i had this idea that astronauts consume some sort of specially potent pill which satisfies their hunger, but i realised when we worked on the indo - soviet mission that it is all a myth, ” says radhakrishna. food has been a part of manned space missions more or less from the start. in 1964 - 65, sujoy guha, professor at iit kharagpur, was invited to nasa as a spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. he was then working on his phd at st louis university, and had been selected for a nasa fellowship. “ in those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hy


spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. he was then working on his phd at st louis university, and had been selected for a nasa fellowship. “ in those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hygienic defecation in zero gravity had not been worked out, ” says professor guha, “ i think that the almost no passage of stools for many days led to an accumulation of toxic products, which to some extent caused the medical problems the astronauts faced : constipation ; accumulation of toxins ; and the possibility of peptic ulcers because in zero gravity conditions, the distribution of food and acid mass within the stomach would differ from what it would be on earth. ” before they could live down the triumph of the mango bar, dfrl was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a full menu for an indo - us seven - day space programme titled ‘ mission 61 i ’ slated for may - june 1986. the indian objective of that programme was to launch satellite insat 1c, the payload. two indians, nc bhat of isro and p radhakrishnan of the vikram sarabhai space centre, were selected in 1985 to travel to space as payload specialists. they also trained for a secondary assignment of sorts : performing yoga exercises in space as part of drdo ’ s life sciences agenda. the lab had 14 months to work on the project and the confidence of a successful mission behind them. sights were set higher, a comprehensive meal plan from morning tea to dinner with desserts was worked out, and meat was included on the menu. radhakrishna, with his specialisation in meat, had a more meaningful role this time. as many as 17 dishes were prepared, including chicken pulao, peas pulao, lemon rice, chicken masala, something called peas cheese, chapatis with yeast, kheer, sooji halwa and three types of juice. thirteen of these were approved by nasa. “ the sooji halwa, especially, was very good. so fresh, just like my wife makes it, ” says nc bhat, over the telephone from bangalore. in comparison, the food prepared by nasa that bhat and p radhakrishnan tasted on their orientation visits to the us was less memorable. “ it was bland. we tasted some juice, pineapple juice i think. they also had some small biscuits. it was good, but not as tasty as the indian food. ” what was more interesting was the gee - wi


less memorable. “ it was bland. we tasted some juice, pineapple juice i think. they also had some small biscuits. it was good, but not as tasty as the indian food. ” what was more interesting was the gee - wiz packaging of the american food. “ we pressed a button and a pouch of biscuits shot out. you had to open it in a certain way. food for these missions has special packaging that has to be discarded properly. in zero gravity, you can ’ t have empty packs and leftovers floating around. ” scientific packaging design is an important part of the programme in india too. after the dfrl works out a menu, it figures out the smartest way to pack the food, the kind of material to be used and the sealing technique. it then lays down the specifications, and assigns the actual job to an industrial packing unit. “ our packaging was comparable to nasa ’ s, ” says bhat, “ we felt we were not far behind [ in technology ]. ” “ i remember liking the chicken pulao, lime rice, chapati, kheer and fruit juices, ” says p radhakrishnan, the other payload specialist selected for the mission. on 28 january 1986, nasa ’ s space shuttle challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven members on board. ‘ mission 61 i ’ was delayed and ultimately shelved. but the exercise was not entirely a waste ; dfrl got feedback from indian astronauts who underwent simulation exercises : they sorely missed buttermilk, yoghurt and pickles. in the years since 1985, it has worked on developing all three as space foods and they are now available for missions. the yoghurt especially makes radhakrishna beam. his menu also allows for fresh produce. he points out a box of freeze - dried jack fruit on display on the campus ; it looks like chunks of desiccated coconut and weighs less than a newspaper. on being watered, it can be eaten like slices of fresh fruit or added to custard or some other pudding. “ of course, the menu will depend on the astronauts selected and their taste preferences. also, we need to know things like how long the mission will be, ” says radhakrishna. but he is certain that idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. in 2010, the dfrl ’ s then director as bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. “ it is quite possible with the technologies we have,


idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. in 2010, the dfrl ’ s then director as bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. “ it is quite possible with the technologies we have, ” says radhakrishna, “ we need to work out the most convenient size for it. it would be unwieldy to eat a large dosa up there. ” even without a space dosa, radhakrishna can expect the gratitude of generations of indian astronauts for all that he ’ s done over his 28 - year career with dfrl. “ it ’ s a matter of national pride that our astronauts can travel to space, and so can our food, which will sustain them, ” he says. the effort has had its amusing moments too. in 1985, radhakrishna had just had an arranged marriage, and as a newbie working on the indo - us space mission menu, he also had to buy daily groceries for the project ( for professional cooks enlisted by dfrl for the initial stage of food preparation ). his newly - wed wife noticed that he used to leave home at 6 am, go to the market to buy groceries, and return home only around 10 : 30 pm. it was enough to arouse her suspicions. and then there was the fact that his father and uncle ran an udipi restaurant in mysore. “ she thought i shopped in the morning and came home after cooking three meals at the lab. she thought i was a cook, ” he says, laughing.


report by ashok palit, bhubaneswar : annapurna maharana, the great woman freedom fighter of odisha passed away on 31st dec. 2012. at the age of96. she was another prominent leader in the bhudana movement with vinoba bhabe. ms annapurna maharana, the niece of utkalmani paundit gopabandhu das, was born as the second child of rama devi and gopabandhu choudhur ian eminent freedom fighter of odisha. she was not only a freedom fighter, but also a strong social activist, literary figure and has spent her entire life for the betterment and uplift women, children and the downtrodden people of the society. ms maharana had accompanied mahatma gandhi in the historic harijan pada yatra from puri to bhadrakh in 1934. she worked among the harijans to uplift them and for this purpose she spent more than five years in seva ghar ashram in bari, cuttack. during the bhoodan movement led by acharya vinoba bhave, she had visited extensively in the chambal valley to change the hearts of the dacoits to bring them to the national mainstream. ms maharana has set up a school for the tribal children in a remote place at gopalbadi in rayagada district of odisha. she was first imprisoned at the age of 14 for her participation in the freedom struggle and also during the quit india movement. she has been honoured with many awards like the prestigious sarala puraskar, utkal ratna and radhanath rath foundation award. she has been felicitated by the president of india for her participation in independence movement. the central university of odisha had confer the degree of honoris causa in literature on eminent freedom fighter and social activist annapurna maharana of odisha at her residence in cuttack last year.


raising monarchs inside raising monarchs in aquariums why do this? for one thing, of course, it ' s fascinating! for another, though, it ' s a way to maxmize the number of eggs that actually turn into butterflies. i ' ve read estimates that only 5 - 10 % of the eggs laid survive to butterflyhood. parasitism, predation, weather, even milkweed latex all take their toll. of course, low survival rates are common with insects — we ' d be overrun if every insect egg laid actually survived to adulthood. but the current situation is not normal. most of the problems monarchs are encountering are new and human - caused : loss of habitat in general, loss of milkweed specifically, climate change, as well as illegal logging and general turmoil in mexico ' s overwintering areas. here ' s more on how we raise monarchs. here are the total numbers of monarchs we ' ve raised and released : | 2007 | | 104 ( 51 % ) | | 99 ( 49 % ) | | 0 | | 203 | | 2008 | | 53 ( 51 % ) | | 50 ( 49 % ) | | 2 | | 105 | | 2009 | | 58 ( 55 % ) | | 47 ( 45 % ) | | 5 | | 110 | | 2010 | | 112 ( 50 % ) | | 111 ( 50 % ) | | 1 | | 224 | | 2011 | | 109 ( 54 % ) | | 91 ( 46 % ) | | - | | 200 | | 2012 | | 123 ( 49 % ) | | 129 ( 51 % ) | | - | | 252 | ( the percentages indicate the percent of each gender, not including the individuals whose gender was not recorded. ) so altogether, we ' ve raised 1, 119 monarchs from 2006 to 2012. given that only 5 - 10 % of eggs typically survive to become butterflies, that ' s at least an additional 999 butterflies! they don ' t all survive they don ' t all survive. perhaps these two had a parasite. here ' s a stinkbug nymph dragging away a caterpillar it has killed. i was wondering why my daily caterpillar count was decreasing! now i ' m checking the leaves before i bring them in. this shows the scale of the stinkbug, and thus the caterpillar it attacked. there ' s a lot of drama in this small world.


the trobriand islands are a group of scattered and isolated islands found in the milne bay province of papua new guinea. the islands were made famous by bronsilaw malinowski, who was an anthropologist who published many studies about the trobriand culture during the early 1900s. what makes the community unique is its distinct social structure that remains far different from one to be found anywhere else in the country. the islands of trobriand are about 90 minutes away from the capital of port moresby. ferry services are also available from alotau by use of star ships. the easiest way to get to the group of islands is by air as traveling by vessel may require a lot of time. the trobriands consist of low - lying coral islands in contrast to their mountain - rich southern neighbors. trade between the islands has remained to have a strong cultural and economic importance as the pre - european traders have crossed vast districts of open seas to exchange various items. one of the most famous of these trade routes is the kula ring. inhabitants of the trobriand island have both melanesian and polynesian features and are thought to have arrived from polynesia by sea more than a thousand years ago. to this day, there are even scattered remains of stone temples that resemble those from polynesia. the trobriands are known to be the “ islands of love ” because of a local custom of encouraging young males and females to engage in romantic behavior right after puberty. this culture is widely misinterpreted by westerners as a form of promiscuity, but for the locals, it is a form of courtship and marriage instead. the purpose of the ritual is to help young men and women find a suitable partner to settle down with. another unique tradition of the tribe is that married couples are allowed to have a fling with other partners with impunity during the annual yam harvest celebration. these romantic customs of the islands, however, do not extend to visitors of the island. many tourists mistake such rituals as a chance to have a bit of “ nookie ” but leave disappointed. the trobriand island people are a very proud people as they value their genetic lines and disapprove of relationships between their people and outsiders. despite the attempt of many anthropologists, missionaries and tv crews who have followed the works of malinowski, the trobriands remain one of the most culturally intact places you could possibly find in the world. one example of the distinct ways of the


today ' s guest blogger, kedrica taylor, was a former member of the unmask the media project, a student - run program, developed by the tulsa, oklahoma youth philanthropy initiative, that addresses the issue of the media ’ s negative effects on teenager ’ s self - perceptions. her blog is the second in a series of three " young voices " blogs, where some of our young friends lend their perspective on what it means to be a digital citizen. taking responsibility for your online selfby kedrica taylor, guest blogger privacy is non - existent in social media. there is no other way to explain it. when posting information on the internet, you have to assume responsibility for both your physical and your cyber self. the idea of being an upright, respectable, competent user of social media is an essential aspect of being a good digital citizen. social media has created many beneficial opportunities for those who choose to use it. websites like facebook, twitter, and tumblr aid people in presenting their ideas, connecting with others, and presenting themselves to the world in their own way. through social media, you can be who you want to be, rally for what you want to rally for, and not worry about what others might think - - but that ' s not always the case. [ related : free webinar : teaching kids to be good digital citizens. ] in february of 2009, michael phelps was caught in a scandal that shocked the nation. just after winning his 7th gold medal in the 2008 summer olympics, michael was captured on camera smoking marijuana. after this photo went viral, hes lost his contract with kellogg ’ s. the image tainted his achievements in the public eye. no longer could phelps be seen as the young man who had achieved greatness, but as a star who had temporarily fallen from grace. he failed to be fully aware of not only his actions, but how he was going to be presented online. imagine achieving a great feat, just to have it outshined by a moment of ill judgment, put on the internet for all to witness. while phelps ’ s reputation has recovered, and he has come back to be the most decorated olympian, there are similar stories that do not end as well. and that picture is still floating around on the internet. what one puts on the internet is never truly deleted. once you share a photo on instagram, it ’ s going to be in cyber - space, even after you delete it. whether it is a comment on facebook about how rude your waiter was, or


on the internet is never truly deleted. once you share a photo on instagram, it ’ s going to be in cyber - space, even after you delete it. whether it is a comment on facebook about how rude your waiter was, or a post on your blog about getting a speeding ticket - - even after you think it is deleted - - it can still be accessed. i believe people fail to realize this, and believe that they can post however they are feeling, at any given moment. there have been numerous stories on how an individual working for a specific company will rant ( on facebook or somewhere else online ) about a bad day or an unpleasant customer and immediately be fired from their position because someone in higher management saw what they posted. it is extremely inappropriate to be unprofessional in the cyber world, but because of the assumed anonymity of the net, some believe such actions to be acceptable. as a resident assistant leader on my campus, i cannot imagine posting anything online that i wouldn ’ t say out loud to a fellow resident, or be able to explain in an interview for a potential employer. the vast majority of my residents find it hard to believe that i ’ m surviving without a facebook account. i try to explain to them that while social media, if used correctly, can be beneficial in many ways, it is not necessarily needed to live a full and sociable life. i then ask them if what they post online would represent them as an upright citizen, since police can access social media information without a warrant. after this statement, i usually receive a puzzled look. in any case, informing social media users, young or old, about how to be responsible about what they post online is more important today, in our technologically advanced society, than it has ever been. here ’ s how i think of it : the same way i would never drive a new mercedes benz without insurance and with my license expired, is the same way i would never risk being careless about a status, tweet, post, or blog pertaining to my life. kedrica taylor is a sophomore nursing major at the university of tulsa in tulsa, oklahoma. she was a member of youth philanthropy initiative, which created the unmask the media project. she currently holds a housing position at the university as a resident assistant for the first year residential experience. she is also actively involved in other campus organizations.