most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 hertz. " in the last few years, we have been studying high - frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain. we found that these cells and nerve terminals are amazing because they can fire at 1, 000 hertz without failures and with high precision, " von gersdorff said. " that discovery in our lab prompted us to ask the question : how is it that these nerve cells can handle all this high - frequency firing? " enter calcium, which, by inhibiting the activity of the sodium pump, regulates signal firing, and may conserve energy and keep the high - frequency cells from burning out. but calcium in high levels within a nerve cell can be toxic, so the researchers discovered another purpose for the sodium pump : powering a protein located on the nerve terminal membrane called the sodium - calcium exchanger, which removes the calcium and replaces it with sodium. that action, in turn, triggers the sodium pump, and so on. the sodium - calcium exchanger " can import high concentrations of sodium from outside the cell, and it uses the gradient of low internal sodium in the cell as a form of energy to get rid of calcium. that energy comes, ultimately, from the sodium pump and its use of atp, the cells ' major fuel, " von gersdorff explained. the pump is " always keeping sodium concentration in the neuron low and that allows the sodium - calcium exchanger protein to constantly exchange sodium for calcium. " otherwise, if allowed to get too high within the cell, the calcium shuts down the sodium pumps, creating a " vicious loop, " von gersdorff said. " you then get a simultaneous build - up of calcium and sodium in the cell, and it ' s ' goodbye to your neuron. ' it goes at some point into an irreversible cycle of death, " he said. one potential therapeutic approach to preventing cell death caused by increasing calcium levels is making the sodium pump more insensitive to calcium. a potential new drug, for example, could " help the neuron to keep extruding sodium so it can help the sodium - calcium exchanger get rid of calcium, thereby not allowing calcium to reach toxic levels, " von gersdorff said. for the time being, von gersdorff ' s lab will continue studying how calcium regulates the sodium pump. " our hope is that these basic, fundamental issues will eventually lead to therapeutic


if you look at a modem, with it ' s small central processing unit and special - purpose digital signal processor, and then look at a modern pc, with it ' s large cpu and general - purpose dsp on the sound card, you may wonder if the hardware duplication of an external modem is necessary. a " winmodem " incorporates the cpu and dsp of the modem into the slightly - enhanced fabric of a pc. they are called " winmodems " because they originally only shipped with microsoft windows device drivers. these device drivers presented the illusion of a serial port attached to a hayes at - style modem. for a long time only windows versions of these drivers where available. some manufacturers now provide linux versions of their device drivers as well, these modems are jokingly called " linmodems ". it is probably possible to use a linmodem as a linux console. at the most this would require altering the source code to dumb - down the at command emulation of the modem and recompiling the kernel. boot loaders, however, work in a very confined software environment and struggle to support a simple serial chip. considering that some boot loaders do not even handle interrupts, handling the complex dsp of a linmodem is well beyond what is practical.


tubulovillous adenoma polyp awareness about tubulovillous adenoma polyp the development of polyps is a common problem in the digestive tract of the body wherein most cases affect the colon and this condition is called as colon polyps. tubulovillous adenomal polyp is one of the common forms and considered dangerous as well, since it can lead to cancer, therefore awareness about this condition is vital for its total treatment. the importance of awareness about tubulovillous adenoma polyp the digestive or gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract of the body is composed of several vital organs such as the stomach and the intestines ( small intestines and large intestines ). the upper section includes the stomach while the intestines belong to the lower section. the colon is part of the large intestine and the last organ in the gi system which is responsible in the absorbance of water and nutrients ( specifically potassium ) in the body. just like the stomach, the colon also has lining which is known as “ mucous membrane ”, and for some reasons masses of tissues described as “ polyps ” may grow in this area then it develops to colon polyp. the growth of polyps in the colon is normally benign ( or non - cancerous ) when it ’ s beyond the normal size of not more than one centimeter. however, this is not always the case since it can grow larger and turned into “ adenoma ”, an abnormal growth of polyps in the swelling lining of the colon. there are several forms or classification of colon polyps based on their shapes and sizes : - hyperplastic – of all the common forms of colon polyps, this type is classified low risk in terms of turning into cancer, even though that the polyps are growing not on its size but also to its number. - inflammatory – this form is also considered benign because it is rare to become malignant or develop to cancer. in medical terminology, it is known as “ pseudopolyps ” which means false polyps, and most common to occur on patients with ibd and ulcerative colitis. - adenomatous – colon polyps under this category are the most common and have the highest risk of becoming cancerous if not discovered or treated immediately. there are three types of adenamatous colon polyps - tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. tva or tubulovillous adenoma polyp is the most dangerous type that usually


if not discovered or treated immediately. there are three types of adenamatous colon polyps - tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. tva or tubulovillous adenoma polyp is the most dangerous type that usually develops to colon cancer. the possibility of development of polyps to become tubulovillous adenoma polyp depends on the appearance and the size of the adenoma. pedunculated ( with thin stalk ) polyp and sessile ( flat without stalk ) polyp are the two common shapes, wherein the sessile polyp is known to have greater chances to become cancer if not removed in time. sessilepolyp. com explains well about this condition. possible treatment for tubulovillous adenoma polyp based on studies, people aging 60 and above are prone to colon polyps wherein biggest percentage of cases are found to be adenomatous which includes tubulovillous adenoma polyp. therefore, before it ’ s too late for you to know that you have tva, you can undergo colon cancer screening test which is effective in diagnosing colon polyps. sigmoidoscopy is one of the procedures used in diagnosing colon polyps aside from colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing. the polyps should be removed on its early stage before it turned out to be colon cancer in the future.


college essays are mostly written on controversial topics, or on ethical debates. it plays a key role in accepting or denying an idea, query or issue. the college essay questions are mostly technical or logical which emphasize on giving your view point about it. a college essay needs to be backed up with facts, evidences and proofs to defend your views. the significance of college essay does not only depend on arguing or defending your viewpoints, but also your writing does matter. arguing in a calm way is much effective than writing in an aggressive tone. using a correct tone at correct timings may influence the writers. a college essay should not be written too long or too short. it may not exceed more than 5 pages and should not be less than one and a half page. always patronise your work using facts and figures that can be rechecked. a college essay may not be copy pasted from any source, i. e., plagiarism is a serious crime which can result in your termination from educational institution or you may be “ black listed ”. it should be understood that plagiarism is a serious crime which may cause serious damage to your academic career. getting admitted in a college depends on gpa, sat results, interview and your writing abilities that may lead to successful career pathway. a college essay must be edited and proofread according to the requirement of the institution. if they are strict to their rules, then follow what they have asked from you. the referencing should be cited in the required format. article lesson : college essays are the true reflection of your mind - set and thinking. the basic concept behind it is to check students ‘ abilities and calibre by knowing their point of views regarding a certain controversial topic.


these are two of my favorite pictures from my research on children ’ s books about einstein and curie. ( you can click on them to see the bigger images ). they are i think, the most visual example of my thesis ’ s argument and i think they are also illustrative of exactly what we need to pay attention to in children ’ s biography. stories about famous figures ’ biographies are the most directly applicable aspect of children ’ s literature. this is the part of the story that with which children can most readily identify. tragically, this part of the story of these lives is generally the thinest part of the historical record. because children ’ s literature is so rarely reviewed by historians, this is not an issue for many children ’ s authors. they can simply invent the figures childhood. the first picture is a picture of the young albert einstein terrorizing his baby sitter. albert is described as cruel, and angry, he throws tantrums the text tells young readers that “ his temper so terrifies a tutor hired to help young albert prepare for school that she runs away, never to be seen again. ” in the picture albert and his anger are foregrounded as the tutor runs away in terror, apparently never to be seen again. you will be hard pressed to find historical precedent for this story : by all accounts albert was a much more timid boy, but it is easy to see here how masculinity and power are imbued on this child. the second picture is of curie crying in the arms of her teacher. before i get into the details, consider the differences between these two images. notice the relative size of curie and her teacher. einstein is bigger than his tutor, while the small ( and surprisingly aryan ) curie is presented as significantly smaller. in the second picture, the teacher does not come down to her level and instead maintains her size and visual power. this story appears in almost every single children ’ s book about curie. the young manya skłodowska was the youngest and smartest student in her class. her school, which was run by polish teachers, was under constant threat from the russians who occupied poland. the school was barred from teaching children in polish and teaching polish history. instead, schools were required to have children memorize russian history and learn russian language. the school that manya attended disobeyed these rules. when russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look - out in the hallway would warn the class and the class


required to have children memorize russian history and learn russian language. the school that manya attended disobeyed these rules. when russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look - out in the hallway would warn the class and the class would hide their polish books. once the inspector came in, the teacher would call on manya to answer his questions. in the story, manya succeeds by answering all of the russian inspector ’ s questions in russian to his liking. after he leaves she cries. in this story it becomes apparent that while manya is very smart and strong she still has a kind of frailty. readers are told that manya ’ s knowledge gives her a kind of importance. she is called on in class and because of her impressive memory ; she saves the class from the inspector. while the stories of einstein were exaggerate stories that stress his clashes with authority the story of the russian inspector is usually treated in a way that is much more consistent with the authoritative texts. however, eva curie tells several other stories about manya that only make it into one of the children ’ s books, and thus the picture of the young manya is shaped more by exclusion than by exaggeration. the following anecdotes come from eleanor doorly ’ s 1939 book, the radium women : madame curie. doorly ’ s book went through many printings and was highly acclaimed, being recommended in three consecutive editions of the children ’ s catalogue. doorly states quite clearly in the opening of her book that it is a children ’ s adaptation of eva curie ’ s biography of her mother. this book stays very close to eva ’ s biography and offers insight into a different trajectory that could have been developed in accounts of curie. these selections come from the second chapter of her book, appropriately entitled “ rebels. ” in the russian - run high school manya and her friend kazia “ took delight in inventing witticisms against their russian professors, their german master, and especially against miss mayer who detested manya only a little less than manya detested her. ” their teacher miss mayer stated, “ it ’ s no more use speaking to that sklodovska girl, ” she said, “ than throwing green peas at a wall! ” on one occasion eva tells us of a time in which manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. “ i won ’ t have you look at me like that! ’ miss mayer would shout. ‘ you


a wall! ” on one occasion eva tells us of a time in which manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. “ i won ’ t have you look at me like that! ’ miss mayer would shout. ‘ you have no right to look down on me! ’ ” manya responded “ ‘ i can ’ t help it, ’ said manya truthfully, for she was a head taller that miss mayer. no doubt she was glad that words sometimes have two meanings. ” in the second series of stories, the young manya is openly disrespectful of her teachers. while the story of her crying in front of the russian inspector is interesting it should be seen as just one of several stories about manya ’ s school experience. importantly, it is the only story that puts her in a position of weakness against the authority of both the teacher and the inspector. other stories show the potential of portraying a manya who is similar to the exaggerated einstein, openly disrespectful of a rather hostile teacher. brown, don. odd boy out : young albert einstein. houghton mifflin, 2004. doorly, eleanor. the radium woman, a life of marie curie ; and woodcuts. new york : roy publishers, 1939.


landscape, water and religion in ancient india ritual sites and water resource structures in their archaeological landscape project is geared towards building integrated models of religious, economic and environmental history in central and western india through the documentation of ritual sites and water - resource structures in their archaeological landscape. central question is how did the spread and institutionalisation of buddhist and brahmanical religious traditions between c. 3rd century bc and 6th century ad relate to other important processes such as urbanisation, state - formation and innovations in agriculture? there are two major interrelated research themes : religion in the landscape ; and water and civilisation, with three main geographical zones of application : madhya pradesh, maharashtra and gujarat. - religion in the landscape the study of ancient indian religion has long since been dominated by textual scholarship which has given priority to the sanskrit tradition, and drawn on archaeology largely for supplementary evidence. furthermore, until recently the site - based focus of south asian archaeology has meant that ritual sites have tended to be studied in isolation from wider patterns in the landscape. this project has sought to build a more integrated approach to textual and archaeological scholarship on early indian religion, focussing in particular on the following questions : what was the changing relationship between the state and religion? how did the different religious traditions attract local patronage networks? how did they relate to local agricultural communities? what was the nature of inter - religious dynamics? - water and civilisation the development of advanced irrigation systems has been seen as a major factor in the rise of complex, urban societies in ancient india. however, a number of questions regarding the history and chronology of irrigation technology and its role in the wider economic, political and religious landscape, have remained unanswered. the traditional view, based largely on readings of problematically dated texts such as the arthasastra, is that the building and management of irrigation works was dependent on centralised state administration. marxist - inspired models such as wittogel ’ s ‘ hydraulic civilisations of the orient ’ have led to similar notions regarding asian economic systems as a whole. in recent years, these have undergone major revision following studies of more devolved systems of irrigation management in sri lanka and southeast asia involving village councils and religious institutions. in india, however, traditional models have until recently remained unchallenged due in part to the paucity of archaeological research on irrigation. steps towards redressing this problem have been taken in relation to a group of dams documented during the sanchi survey project ( madhya pradesh ) with comparative studies in gujarat and maharashtra. datable to the early centuries bc


india : optically stimulated luminescence and pollen sequences from the sanchi dams ’, asian perspectives 46 ( 1 ) : 166 - 201. - shaw, j. ( 2005 ), ' the archaeological setting of buddhist monasteries in central india : a summary of a multi - phase survey in the sanchi area, 1998 - 2000 ', in c. jarrige and v. lefevre ( eds. ), south asian archaeology 2001 : proceedings of the 16th international conference of the european association of south asian archaeologists, paris : editions recherche sur les civilisations, adpf, vol. 2, 665 - 676. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2005 ), ‘ ancient dams and buddhist landscapes in the sanchi area : new evidence on irrigation, land use and monasticism in central india ’, south asian studies 21, 1 - 24. - shaw, j. ( 2004 ), ‘ naga sculptures in sanchi ’ s archaeological landscape : buddhism, vaisnavism and local agricultural cults in central india, first century bce to fifth century ce ’, artibus asiae lxiv ( 1 ), 5 - 59. - shaw, j. ( 2004 ), ‘ early historic landscapes in central india : recent archaeological investigations in districts raisen and vidisha, madhya pradesh, 2003 - 4 ’, journal of interdisciplinary studies in history and archaeology 1, 143 - 150. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2003 ), ‘ ancient dams, settlement archaeology and buddhist propagation in central india : the hydrological background ’, hydrological sciences journal 48 ( 2 ), 277 - 291. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2003 ), ‘ water management, patronage networks and religious change : new evidence from the sanchi dam complex and counterparts in gujarat and sri lanka ’, south asian studies 19, 73 - 104. - shaw, j. and j. v. sutcliffe ( 2001 ), ‘ ancient irrigation works in the sanchi area : an archaeological and hydrological investigation ’, south asian studies 17, 55 - 75. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), ‘ the sacred landscape ’, in m. willis, with contributions by j. cribb and j. shaw, buddhist reliquaries from ancient india, london : british museum press, 27 - 38. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), ‘ sanchi and its archaeological landscape : buddhist


with contributions by j. cribb and j. shaw, buddhist reliquaries from ancient india, london : british museum press, 27 - 38. - shaw, j. ( 2000 ), ‘ sanchi and its archaeological landscape : buddhist monasteries, settlements and irrigation works in central india ’, antiquity 74, 775 - 776. shaw, j. ( 1999 ), ‘ buddhist landscapes and monastic planning in eastern malwa : the elements of intervisibility, surveillance and the protection of relics ’, in t. insoll, ( ed. ), case studies in archaeology and world religion : the proceedings of the cambridge conference, oxford : archaeopress, 5 - 17. publications in preparation - shaw, j. ( ed. ) archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., ‘ introduction ’. archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., ‘ archaeologies of religious change in south asia ’. archaeology of religious change. world archaeology, vol. 45. 1 - shaw, j., ‘ archaeologies of well - being and suffering : environmental ethics and buddhist economics in ancient india ’ ( 2013 ) - shaw, j., ‘ buddhist mortuary rituals in ancient india ’. invited paper for pre - circulation in seminar to be held at the mcdonald institute, cambridge in april 2011. papers will be peer reviewed and published in a single volume by 2013. seminar title : death shall have no dominion. organisers : colin renfrew, michael boyd, and ian morley - shaw, j., and a. beck, ‘ the archaeological application of satellite remote - sensing in central india ' 2012 / 3 ). - shaw, j., j. sutcliffe, and e. brown. ‘ irrigation and complex society in ancient india : an archaeo - hydrological assessment ’. water history ( journal ). ( 2012 ) - shaw, j., j., sutcliffe, e. cork, and h. bakker. ‘ archaeological landscapes at ramtek and mansar : religion, politics and water in the vakataka empire ’, south asian studies ( 2012 ) - british association for south asian studies ( 2006 - 8 ) - department of archaeology, museums and archives, madhya pradesh, bhopal ( pi ) - john sutcliffe, reading - religious change - social & economic change - landscape archaeology - water management - ancient irrigation - patronage & kingship - ritual landscapes


information for parents what your child may experience : for your son or daughter, college will likely be a period of intellectual stimulation and growth, career exploration and development, increased autonomy, self - exploration and discovery, and social involvement. during this period, your children may forge new identities or seek to clarify their values and beliefs. this may require an examination of self, friends, and family. it may also be a time for exploration and experimentation, and a period in which your children may question or challenge the values you hold dear. the changes your son or daughter may experience can occur quickly, as they begin to develop new peer relationships, gain competence in new areas, and learn to manage their independence. it is important to recognize that every child will experience his or her own unique set of challenges and adjustments, just as every parent will have different expectations for and reactions to their child ' s college experience. what parents may experience : often overlooked is the fact that the college experience is a significant transition for parents as well as their children. as parents, you may experience feelings of happiness, excitement, and pride when your child leaves for college. at the same time, you may feel a sense of sadness and pain and have understandable fears and concerns about your child ' s future and well - being. you may worry about your child ' s safety and ability to care effectively for him or herself. you may fear losing your child as he or she begins to function more independently and form deep attachments with peers. you may be concerned about how your child will deal with alcohol, drugs, and sexual relationships. you may also wonder how your child ' s performance in college will reflect on you as the parent. recognize that feelings of conflict, happiness, excitement, sadness and ambivalence about your child ' s leaving home are normal. for most families, this step can seem like a dramatic separation of parent and child, although it is usually the separation of adult from almost - adult. it is normal, too, to look forward to the relative peace and quiet of having your active older adolescent out of the house and having the place to yourself, or being able to spend time with your younger children. allow yourself to feel whatever emotions come up. there is little benefit in pretending that you don ' t feel sad, guilty, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. you probably aren ' t fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions ; a healthier approach is to talk about them - with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources


, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. you probably aren ' t fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions ; a healthier approach is to talk about them - with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources of support. tips on how to support your child : be sure to keep open communication going on a regular basis. pick a regular time to talk that fits both schedules. creating a routine is good for you because you will feel less intrusive. it may be good for your child because if they stay out of touch for long periods of time and then need your help, it might feel awkward to break the silence. it is important to maintain regular contact with your child, but also to allow space for your child to approach you and set the agenda for some of your conversations. let your child know that you respect and support his or her right to make independent decisions and that you will serve as an advocate and an advisor when asked. let your child know that they do not have to protect you from their problems. engage in active listening. be patient ; allow them to finish their argument or point before formulating a response. finally, recognize that it is normal for your child to seek your help one day and reject it the next. such behavior can be confusing and exhausting for parents, so make sure to take care of yourself by talking about your feelings with your own support system. be realistic and specific with your child about financial issues including what you will and will not pay for, as well as your expectations for how your son or daughter will spend money. most students come to school with a fairly detailed plan about how tuition, fees, books, and room and board will be paid for, and what the family ' s expectations are about spending money. being specific at the outset may help avoid misunderstandings later. it is also important to be realistic about your child ' s academic performance, recognizing that not every straight - a student in high school will be a straight - a student in college. the university attracts bright students from all over the world, and not every freshman who excelled academically in high school will be an all - a student here. developing or refining the capacity to work independently, consistently, and to demonstrate mastery can be more important than grades, as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the university. help your children set realistic academic goals ; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. know the warning signs. you know your child better than anyone,


as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the university. help your children set realistic academic goals ; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. know the warning signs. you know your child better than anyone, and it is important that you still keep alert to the signs of change, upset, and distress. if you notice symptoms of depression, substance abuse, anxiety, eating disorders, or suicidal thinking - start a dialogue with your child that will facilitate support and help. the fact that your child has left home does not necessarily prevent family problems from arising or continuing. refrain from burdening your children with problems from home they have no control over and can do nothing about. sharing these problems with your children may cause them to worry excessively and even feel guilty that they are away from home and unable to help. if your child does experience difficulties at uga, encourage him or her to take advantage of the wealth of resources available for students. for academic issues, talking with the professor, teaching assistant, or academic advisor is probably the first step, but the academic enhancement and career center are also both available to help. the office of the dean of students can assist with a variety of concerns. if your son or daughter could benefit from counseling, counseling and psychiatric services ( caps ) is located in the health center and can be reached by calling 706 - 542 - 2273. uga is a big place, but you can help your child by reminding him or her of the many resources available on a large campus. kadison, r. & digeronimo, t. f. ( 2004 ). college of the overwhelmed : the campus mental health crisis and what to do about it. josey - bass, san francisco. pgs : 183 - 212


the road to rio + 20 and beyond world bank group twenty years on from the earth summit 1. twenty years ago, the rio earth summit provided the staging ground for a global conversation that continues to this day? a conversation about the long - term survival of the planet and the quality of life of those who live on it. prompted then by environmental challenges like deforestation and increasing threats from climate change as well as rising social and economic inequality, the summit provided the needed political impetus for an agenda for global action. 2. rio 1992 called for action at global, national and local levels that would deliver on the brundtland commission? s recommendations of 1987 for? development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. " the summit resulted in agenda 21, which called for action and required countries to draw up national strategies for sustainable development? development which would meet social, economic and environmental objectives. it also led to the adoption of the convention on biological diversity, the framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ), principles of forest management, and the establishment of a funding mechanism ( the global environment facility ). it also pushed discussion on the convention to combat desertification, which was signed two years after rio. 3. twenty years on from rio 92, the world is a different place. growth and social policies have resulted in a decrease in the share of people living in poverty from some 42 percent of the developing world in 1990 to an expected 15 percent by 2015. substantial progress has been made on literacy, gender inclusion, health, and life expectancy. yet an increasing population that is more prosperous has expanded global consumption. this has led to two interlinked challenges for sustaining progress : meeting the demands for improved lives for a larger, more prosperous and more urban global population, and addressing environmental pressures and governance challenges that could undermine the world ' s ability to meet these demands. 4. climate change limits the solutions available but is focusing minds. rising greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and land use change now threaten to increase the warming of the planet by more than 2°c. climate change adds layers of cost and complexity to the development agenda? hitting poor people disproportionately. the accompanying changes in sea level, rainfall patterns, glacial retreat and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. in rio 1992, climate change was the future? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action la


and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. in rio 1992, climate change was the future? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action lag behind science. 5. global efforts have not been enough to ensure either a world free of poverty or a world that is economically, socially or environmentally sustainable. the world has become increasingly complex, unequal and hazardous. some 900 million people could still be in poverty by 2015. growing floods, droughts, fires and hurricanes interact with financial, food, and fuel crises, placing the most severe burden on those least able to adapt, and risking increases in poverty. unequal patterns of consumption and control over resources among and within countries at all income levels contribute to divergent trajectories of opportunity and human well - being. political disenfranchisement, lack of good governance, and conflict stymie efforts to find solutions. renewed political commitment 1. in this context, the need for renewed global commitment to meeting sustainable development challenges is stronger than ever. as the world grapples with the continuing impacts of a global economic crisis, countries are increasingly challenged to find inclusive and greener growth paths that provide jobs and sustainably manage their natural resources, ensuring people have access to clean air, land and water. twenty years since these issues dominated discussions at the first rio conference and notwithstanding successes in some areas, we still do not have local, national and global systems in place to bring economic, social and environmental considerations into balance. 2. the world bank group is looking to rio + 20 to reiterate the political commitments made 20 years ago in today? s context and to set new benchmarks for action. the world needs a clear global roadmap that sets a path toward sustainability - - a way forward that does not put the burden of sustainable development on the poor and socially excluded. the bank group regards rio + 20 as an important opportunity to agree on such a roadmap and commits itself to helping countries to meet their continuing development challenges. 3. the world bank group therefore supports the unsg? s high - level panel on global sustainability goal :? to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? we also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the millennium development goals. 4. in addition, the world bank group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined


sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? we also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the millennium development goals. 4. in addition, the world bank group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined in the common statement by the un system chief executives board on the outcome of the united nations conference on sustainable development. a framework for action 10. rio 1992 was about setting an agenda for action. we hope rio + 20 will be about realizing that agenda by shifting economic incentives and systems and rallying political will. as part of the design of a global roadmap for sustainable development, the world bank group suggests rio + 20 strives for agreement on :? the adoption by countries of development strategies that are consistent with the concepts of green and more inclusive growth while maintaining a strong poverty reduction focus? a global methodology and process for incorporating natural capital and ecosystems services into countries? national accounts by 2030? a discreet set of sustainable development goals by 2030 complementing the mdgs e. g. for energy, sanitation, water, land, and oceans, and reinforcing them for biodiversity. 11. we support the three global energy goals outlined in the action agenda of the un high - level group on energy and the united nations? sustainable energy for all? year 2012 :? universal access to modern energy services? doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and? doubling the share of renewable energy - all by 2030. 12. we are ready to support efforts to develop more sustainable development goals. toward a green and inclusive growth path 1. we will maintain our focus on growth given its centrality to poverty reduction, but growth needs to be green and inclusive. the world needs a form of growth that is socially and environmentally sustainable that takes resource limits and climate change into account. gdp growth in developing countries will still be necessary to enhance living standards, reduce poverty, and cope with growing populations. but we know that growth per se is not enough. during the recent global economic downturn, some countries continued to see growth at levels of 7 percent a year or more, yet millions of people fell below the poverty line. 2. green and inclusive growth is climate - resilient, water - smart, land - saving, energy - efficient and reliant on diverse energy sources. it also generates decent jobs and improves livelihoods across a diverse set of productive and service sectors. it is underpinned by properly valued natural capital, the value of which is fully integrated into countries? systems of national accounts


exit, improving access to finance, opening up trade and investment regimes, while at the same time assuring sound environmental and social performance of production and innovation, and strengthening skills and capacity development. 19. the role of fiscal policy is central in allocating public resources to activities with high social and development returns, consistent with green growth principles. market - based fiscal instruments? like taxes, targeted subsidies, renewable energy feedin - tariffs, energy efficiency certificates, and emission trading schemes - are critical to ensuring the right incentives for shifting consumption, production, investment and innovation to efficient, clean, least - cost options. targeted fiscal policies can help create the conditions for the poor to contribute to green and inclusive growth, while reducing unintended costs in terms of public health, social tensions and violence. 20. the role of the private sector in driving the green, inclusive growth agenda needs to be emphasized. sound public policies and investments are central but are not enough. the private sector is the engine of innovative solutions and the main channel through which the benefits of growth are shared through incomes for rural and urban populations. green and inclusive growth requires the private sector to operate in ways that decreases its environmental footprint and assures healthy and fair conditions for its workforce. the private sector is a repository of organizational and management expertise that can increase the effectiveness of service delivery, develop new business models and help finance the research and development necessary to transform growth paths. 21. as companies develop more inclusive business models, they will be able to provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to underserved populations, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. growth in businesses that engage with people living at the base of the economic pyramid has so far been driven by talented and resilient business entrepreneurs as well as by value - conscious consumers. taking successful models to scale will require improvements in many countries? investment climates as well as innovative, long - term investment decisions by the private sector. 22. establishing innovative financing mechanisms will be vital as sectoral transitions will require significant investments, both public and private. in rio 1992, the focus was on how to raise new and additional resources, and transactions were assumed to be from developed to developing countries. now there is a broader choice of private and public finance available which can be mobilized domestically, internationally, and through instruments like the climate investment funds. targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their


and through instruments like the climate investment funds. targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their global commitments? such as those agreed at monterrey ( on official development assistance ) and cancun ( on climate finance ). 23. for middle - income countries, domestic financing options such as green taxes and payments for environmental services are becoming viable options for leveraging financing for environmental investments. in the interim, concessional financing will still be necessary to promote sustainable energy and environmental efforts. less developed countries will rely more on international transfers and private capital flows to meet their needs to finance the transformation. private investors will need stable investment climates and different incentive structures, promoting accountability through transparency, and deploying inclusive business models in sourcing and distribution. financial markets have a key role to play in mobilizing financing that is long - term and suitable to finance the transformation. special attention needs to be paid to how such innovative mechanisms are structured to ensure that the poor and vulnerable are not further marginalized but are empowered to contribute actively to realizing the goals of sustainable development. social protection policies can complement such mechanisms so as to ensure that the livelihoods of vulnerable groups are resilient in the face of episodic shocks and chronic stresses. 24. more rapid green growth is inconceivable without technological innovation. frontier innovations shift out production possibilities, allowing the production of more environmentally - friendly outputs with fewer inputs. for developing countries, innovation includes frontier or? new - to - the world? innovations and adaptation to local conditions, and dissemination of existing technologies. 25. advancing the green growth agenda requires a systematic consideration of equity, social inclusion, gender, equality and indigenous people? s rights. environmental degradation is often highly skewed, disproportionately affecting the poor and disadvantaged, where women, children and the elderly are often the worst affected. carefully designed social protection programs can help alleviate these shocks on the most vulnerable in society. there is growing evidence of the positive links between human development outcomes and more evenly distributed gains from economic growth, higher levels of civic engagement, and the empowerment of women in governance at all levels. the equity agenda goes beyond the use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable


use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable development. ensuring the transformation 26. combined with an integrated development strategy, the green growth transformation requires targeted action at various levels? globally and locally. priority action is needed in the following areas that are listed as key topics for rio + 20 by the uncsd ( rio + 20 ) secretariat : 27. infrastructure and energy : infrastructure plays a key role in responding to regional and global issues like rapid urbanization, energy sector and sanitation challenges, and climate change. the next five to 10 years present a major opportunity as huge investments in infrastructure will be made across the developing world. for at least the next 25 years, cities will grow by some 250, 000 additional people every day? 2 billion more urban residents by 2035. green growth discourages investment decisions that entrench countries, cities, and communities in environmentally damaging, carbon - intensive systems. there are tremendous win - win opportunities for improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air and water quality, tackling urban poverty as well as reducing vulnerability to climate change at the city - level. 28. the three sustainable energy goals put forward by the un on universal access to modern energy, doubling renewable energy use and improving energy efficiency by 2030 are ambitious but achievable. they are vital for improving the lives of the 1. 4 billion people without access to electricity and the 2. 5 billion people now using polluting, traditional cooking stoves. 29. private investments in renewable energy, in particular in solar and wind, have grown tremendously over the past five years, and as the cost of production drops, removing implicit subsidies for fossil fuels will help further transform the global energy balance. there is a need for energy transition, and hydropower represents an important clean energy source which will become a larger share of the world? s energy production as lower income countries develop their capacity. regional power projects and transmission infrastructure will be needed to make best use of available natural resources, including renewable energy resources. 30. developed and developing countries need to embark on low emission development ( led ) paths to sustain growth. an approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. strategies for achieving these goals must be gender - sensitive if they are to be effective and


growth. an approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. strategies for achieving these goals must be gender - sensitive if they are to be effective and benefit those who are most adversely impacted. led is a critical ingredient to protecting growing urban populations from fine particle inhalation, which often results in increased mortality and morbidity through respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. reaching who - set air quality standards is critical to improving basic environmental health conditions. 31. measurable targets could include reduction in urban poverty, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improved air and water quality, increased energy efficiency in buildings and appliances, reduced energy losses in generation and distribution, and share of trips taken by low carbon modes of transportation. strong enforcement to reach nationally and particularly internationally - set air and water quality standards is needed. 32. water and food and energy nexus : a world free of poverty is not consistent with 800 million people without access to safe drinking water, 1. 6 billion without access to electricity, and one billion suffering from hunger. water resources must be allocated between agriculture, energy, urban consumption, mining, and increasingly threatened ecosystems. population and economic growth are expected to increase demand for food, energy and water further, making the efficient allocation of water absolutely critical. 33. currently, 70 % of the world? s withdrawn freshwater resources are being used for agriculture. by 2030, it is estimated that 30 - 45 percent more water will be required to meet increasing food demands. already, 50 percent of food globally comes from irrigated areas, and of this irrigation water, 50 percent comes from aquifers which are being depleted at a rapid pace in many countries. and with more than 50 percent of the world? s population now in cities, urban centers will increasingly compete with farms for water. 34. another 15 % of the world? s withdrawn water resources are being used for industry, mostly for energy production. hydroelectricity and many solar energy systems? two key alternative sources of clean energy? require water. stable and ample energy supply is important for water provision and food production. maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services also requires an overall decrease in groundwater withdrawal, and these ecosystem services are critical for groundwater supply. to turn these linkages from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. in addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2. 4 billion people living without basic sanitation. to meet the challenges of providing water


from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. in addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2. 4 billion people living without basic sanitation. to meet the challenges of providing water and basic sanitation to the bottom billion, regressive subsidies need to be removed ; sustainable solutions that work need to be scaled up ; innovative results - based financing instruments that reward efficiencies need to be promoted ; incentives to reduce water use need to be supported ; institutional frameworks and water utilities need to be strengthened ; and capacity building for service providers in long - term planning needs to be promoted. 36. oceans : healthy and biologically diverse oceans are essential for humans, providing food, jobs, recreation, and pharmaceutical resources. oceans are also the planet? s main carbon sink by capturing and storing a large part of greenhouse gas emissions. today, oceans are absorbing more co2, which is changing the ph and oceans are becoming more acidic. climate change is also leading to ocean warming since oceans moderate our climate. human pollution? approximately 6 million tons of solid waste plus industrial, agricultural and human waste runoff? is also affecting the health of the oceans. 37. warming, acidification, and pollution are also affecting coral reefs and mangroves. in turn, this? natural infrastructure? provides critical ecosystem services at a time when fish resources are already direly affected by over - exploitation. the world? s oceans and shared seas provide 20 percent of the animal protein and 5 percent of the total protein in the human diet. they also provide food and livelihoods for 8 percent of the world? s population. bold action to improve governance of marine resources is needed to reverse the loss of habitats, restore fish stocks, and manage coastal environment so that it provides socio - economic benefits for communities and maintains countries? natural resource wealth. catalytic funding is needed to : move towards rights - based fisheries management, increase marine protected areas, harmonize certification of wild and cultured fish, improve coastal zone management and reduce marine pollution. currently, only 1 percent of oceans are under some form of protection. for shared seas, in particular, environmental management across all riparian countries is critical. 38. biodiversity : the planet is in the throes of a sixth great extinction that is liquidating the goods and services on which pro - poor growth and sustainable development depend. iucn has listed 208 species as? possibly extinct?, and a further 17, 300 species are considered under threat. we must deliver on the aichi targets established


is liquidating the goods and services on which pro - poor growth and sustainable development depend. iucn has listed 208 species as? possibly extinct?, and a further 17, 300 species are considered under threat. we must deliver on the aichi targets established at the cbd cop10 in nagoya, japan. this includes targets for mainstreaming biodiversity considerations across government and society ; reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity ; safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity ; and enhancing the benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services. to do this, countries need to mainstream biodiversity considerations into planning processes and production sectors, set public policy to ensure that the private sector deploys sourcing, production and distribution practices that leverage biodiversity as an asset, strengthen civil society to become an effective partner in protecting biodiversity, and meet targets for safeguarding at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020. 39. social development : the early years of the 21st century have brought home just how complex, interconnected, hazardous, uneven and uncertain patterns of global development have become. it is increasingly recognized that socially inclusive and resilient as well as environmentally sustainable patterns of growth require attention to good governance, voice and representation for those who are marginalized from the economic and political mainstream. twenty years ago in rio, consideration of women was just an add - on. now, gender equality is part of smart economics as it enhances productivity and improves development outcomes. we expect that gender will be far more prominent in the debate around rio + 20. 1. rio 1992 compelled the world to face up to the environmental, social and economic crises of its own making. it put the idea of sustainable development on the table and, to a certain degree, brought about a global shift in thinking? away from? progress at all costs? toward? inclusive growth.? it backed up the talk with an agenda for action that, in many ways, defined international efforts for a generation. 2. rio + 20 presents the world with an opportunity to shift the thinking again? this time through a transformation to green and inclusive growth that will be supported by a new kind of gdp? one which acknowledges that growth which depletes natural and social capital is not sustainable. agreeing on a set of sustainable development goals for 2030 that build on the mdgs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. in rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. at rio + 20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning.


build on the mdgs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. in rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. at rio + 20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning. in 1992, women and children were added on to documents under pressure from civil society. today, gender inclusion is regarded as smart economics. rio 1992 focused on mobilizing additional financing. now it is clear that without broader and more innovative financing mechanisms, we will not see results. there is also a realization that transferring knowledge from north to south is not enough. now knowledge must also flow from south to south and south to north. 4. the world bank group itself has come a long way since 1992? our thinking and actions have shifted enormously towards a focus on sustainable development. we see rio + 20 as a vital agenda - setting moment in history and we embrace the opportunity to put our skills, experience and thinking behind the next phase of global transformation. annex : world bank group actions to support green growth 1. the world bank group? s comparative advantage is that it can help developing countries try innovative ways to sustainably grow their economies in sustainable ways by leveraging knowledge, fostering innovation, sharing of good practices and lessons learned across the world and building capacity to implement them. we also provide innovative financing instruments and partnerships with public and private sector to fund action along with advice on metrics to measure progress. 2. our contribution to the rio + 20 agenda is guided by a number of sustainable development sector strategies which include : agricultural and rural development, energy, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, water, oil and gas, transport, urban, social development, manufacturing, mining, and environment. at the program level, our support to meeting the rio + 20 agenda includes : green growth knowledge the green growth knowledge platform will facilitate continued work on identifying and remediating knowledge gaps and implementing green growth policies in developing countries. the knowledge platform is also a mechanism to develop partnerships and join? conversations? with an emerging community of practice involving scholars, policymakers, practitioners, and other concerned individuals and institutions in developed and developing countries. the platform will provide online tools for collaboration and discussion on green growth issues. the bank? s main partners in this are unep, oecd, and the global green growth institute. we will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for? how.? green issues will play a growing role in the world bank? s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal


oecd, and the global green growth institute. we will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for? how.? green issues will play a growing role in the world bank? s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stability, growth, competitiveness, poverty reduction and equity issues. careful analysis of the growth and distributional impact of environmental pricing policies is needed. the bank group will continue to support countries to assess such effects and to design and implement transfers or other social protection programs to help address them. we will also continue working with developing countries to strengthen budget and public expenditure management systems, while paying careful consideration to public oversight and social accountability mechanisms, including systems to evaluate and allocate environmental spending relative to other fiscal priorities and to better ensure that allocated spending is accountably and efficiently used. wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services ( waves ) through the waves global partnership, launched at the nagoya cbd cop in 2010, the bank group will expand the number of countries undertaking environmental accounting. already, waves is undertaking pilot programs in six developing countries while partnering with developed countries leading the way in the area. waves will build knowledge and experience and gradually, broaden the number of countries participating. a key goal of the bank group? s work in this area is to demonstrate how countries can use environmental accounts to improve decisions about more sustainably managing natural capital. our low carbon development studies - undertaken between 2008 - 10 in seven client countries have been scaled up into development policy operations and clean technology fund investment plans, among other options. numerous low - emission development studies ( leds ) have also been undertaken. the creation of a decentralized knowledge platform for low emission development that can provide upstream advice and support to developing countries is being considered with external partners. this includes paying careful attention to the distributional, poverty and social impacts of policies designed to bring about low - emission development, with systematic use of poverty and social impact analysis ( psia ) to help better inform policy choices we will continue to support developing countries with their nationally appropriate mitigation action plans ( namas ), enhancing access to the carbon market including through the newly established partnership for market readiness, capacity building activities, and the establishment of innovative financing schemes for led. the elements of reducing an institution? s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank


s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank will continue to be? walking the talk? by continuing to measure and reduce the environmental impact of its own corporate operations to set an example to other public and private agencies.? renewable energy and energy efficiency our support for the common goals on access, energy efficiency ( ee ) and renewable energy ( re ) has come in the form of financing and technical assistance. our work in these areas has contributed to increased access to electricity through grid - based and off - grid electrification. bank group support has also helped develop enabling policy reforms, institutional frameworks, and innovative financing for ee and re projects. ifc has invested, in fy10 alone, $ 1. 7 billion in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, aiming to increase the relative share of financing into this segment to about 20 % of its commitments by 2013. importantly, ifc financed and advised on, through partnerships with over 60 financial institutions around the world, a large and growing portfolio of energy and resource efficiency investments by small and medium enterprises, a sub - set of the private sector which to reach is critical for green growth to take off. the wbg has also built a strong alliance of partners to further these goals. for instance, the global alliance on clean cookstoves will help distribute nearly 100 million advanced cookstoves, through gender - sensitive strategies, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and increasing safety for the users of these stoves and other household members. through the lighting africa project, wbg in collaboration with the private sector is promoting the market - based provision of safe, affordable lighting based on solar systems to nearly 2. 5 million people in sub - saharan africa. the goal of universal access to modern energy will benefit from harnessing the power of the private sector. for instance, removing barriers to private sector entry, especially in rural areas far from electricity grid access, will substantially accelerate access to modern renewable energy sources. in countries with some of the lowest rates of access to electricity, the private sector has found new ways of providing rural populations with clean options : biomass - fueled generators using agricultural by - products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village - sized mini - grids, and photovoltaic - based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low - income


products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village - sized mini - grids, and photovoltaic - based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low - income users. the bank group plans to increase its investment in preparatory analysis in the area of sustainable hydropower to ensure benefit sharing and adequate social and environmental protections and will also conduct analysis on how best to manage water releases to ensure downstream flow regimes can be managed as sustainably as possible. this analytical work will aim to help clients to adapt their policies and approaches in hydropower to reach their energy goals. the bank group is helping to conserve conventional energy resources through a public - private partnership, global gas flaring reduction. converting flared natural gas to productive uses will reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and energy poverty? clean transport we are committed to addressing the linkages between poverty and social exclusion, environmental quality and human health with efficient transport services. in line with its 2008 - 2012 business strategy for? safe, clean and affordable transport?, the bank? s transport sector seeks to establish the governance, strategies, policies and services that will deliver safe transport for development in a way that is economically, financially, environmentally and socially sustainable. the strategy focuses on reducing ghg emissions which has shifted our lending portfolio accordingly. food, water and climate nexus? climate smart agriculture ( csa ) csa is a core part of the broader green development agenda for agriculture, which is about meeting the needs of people for food, fuel, timber and fiber and contributing to economic development and poverty reduction and food security while maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural ecosystem functions.? food security the ifc has launched the private sector component of the wbg global agriculture and food security program to assist in the implementation of pledges made by the g - 8 and g - 20 to strengthen food security in low - income countries. the program will channel donor funding to support private initiatives developed by client countries to improve governance, productivity, and competitiveness of their agribusiness sectors. good practice guidelines include safeguards concerning the land rights and natural resource claims of local land users. ifc will provide long - and short - term loans, credit guarantees, and equity to local companies and financial intermediaries. as part of the integrated wbg approach to food security, ifc is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather - related shocks, and support small


. as part of the integrated wbg approach to food security, ifc is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather - related shocks, and support small and medium agribusiness enterprises, particularly in the poorest countries. the bank group will continue to help client countries tackle water issues through a growing portfolio of investment and knowledge that supports improved integrated water resources management, improved irrigation / agricultural water management, and improved access to water supply and sanitation. water is at the core of many countries? climate adaptation strategies and improved water resources management in the agricultural sector and across sectors, more productive irrigation, and better knowledge about how climate change will affect water variability ( eg through more frequent droughts / floods ; glacier melt ) is fundamental to meet increasing global food demands in a changing climate. public funding for water is limited but there is growing private sector interest in industrial water - demand management and efficiency, as well as improved wastewater management. public - private partnerships are helping balance competing demands for access to water and ensure sustainability. the water resources group entity, a neutral platform where public, private - multilateral, and nongovernmental - organization actors can collaborate on transforming the water sector was formally launched in october, 2011. the entity, which is to be housed at ifc, is the result of a partnership between the world economic forum and the water resources group to provide expertise to governments wishing to transform their water sectors. the bank group has developed a considerable body of knowledge and experience on climate adaptation through its projects and the pilot program for climate resilience under the climate investment funds as well as through knowledge products like the economics of adaptation to climate change. our experience in developing and implementing innovative climate - related disaster risk financing and insurance tools helps countries reduce, pool, and share climate - related disaster risks, particularly through risk financing and transfer mechanisms. increasing attention is being paid in this context to how the design of such instruments, and their coherence with complementary social protection and other policies, can help build resilience in the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable in particular. we have a significant work program underway on sustainable cities, with a specific thematic emphasis on climate change. in particular, a knowledge paper on? towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an


towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an international standard for measuring city ghg emissions that has been agreed with c40, iclei, oecd, unep, and un - habitat ; an urban risk assessment framework ; the mayors? task force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor ; and a guide to adaptation in cities. implementation of the eco2 cities program in several pilot cities is underway. a new global initiative on municipal solid waste is also under development. analytical work is underway that articulates a common definition and standardized measures / tools for sustainable cities, building on initiatives like the global city indicators program. the bank group will continue its support to clients in sustainable urban growth and transport, water and sanitation, wastewater management, and climate resilience projects. we are exploring options for an ocean initiative ( oi ) with the world? s premier ocean - focused organizations, combining cutting edge knowledge with finance for workable solutions to meet country demands for improved marine resource management. our clients are seeking catalytic funding to move towards rights - based fisheries management, increasing marine protected areas, improving coastal zone management and reducing marine pollution. in line with our open data and transparency agendas, the oi would support knowledge sharing and connecting practitioners. the bank group has accumulated considerable experience in supporting a variety of biodiversity programs around the globe? from saving species to protecting key biodiversity areas as well as supporting civil society to advocate for biodiversity. our investments and operations demonstrate that biodiversity is a key element of the solution to many global challenges, from food insecurity to climate change mitigation to fuel crises and water stress. biodiversity conservation and ecosystem - based approaches? employing a range of different institutional arrangements such as protected areas and payment for environmental services schemes, can spur and sustain clean, green and resilient development, generate jobs and attract private investment in the rural frontier, all while reducing vulnerability against natural disasters in an era of adaptation. social inclusion and gender the bank group is working to ensure that development benefits those who need it most, including women and youth. women are critical to economic growth and job creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under ida16. ifc is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender - based barriers to investment. ifc is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries


creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under ida16. ifc is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender - based barriers to investment. ifc is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries acquire the skills necessary to meet the job opportunities that will emerge as these countries. we are also undertaking analytical work on how climate and other environmental trends affect households and communities, access to opportunities, vulnerability and outcomes. this provides bedrock information for building well - designed policy responses to help the poor and vulnerable adapt to environmental change. in engaging the private sector to create more inclusive business models that would provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to people at the base of the income pyramid ifc has deployed targeted investments and used its convening power to share knowledge and promote innovation across the business community. about 150 ifc clients today are using inclusive business models to provide direct benefits to the underserved population at the base of the pyramid, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. we will continue to assist developing countries in scaling - up, accelerating and expanding their initiatives leading to stronger pollution management and environmental health performance. we share good pollution management results and experiences with developing countries through, for example, extensive south - south collaboration and substantive environmental awareness events. an updated sourcebook on pollution management is close to completion. strategic environmental assessments over 100 countries already successfully use strategic environmental assessments ( sea ) and impact assessments ( ia ) through directives, policies or laws. sea and ia help ensure that policies, programs and projects are designed and implemented to have more sustainable outcomes while reducing poverty and advance green economy objectives. their results are used to inform the development of future proposals. sea and ia should be recognized as effective high level decision support processes that can assist in the implementation of political commitment to sustainable development and green economy initiatives. at the bank group, sea is increasingly used in the forestry, mining, water and transport sectors in countries where we are working. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 we, members of the united nations system chief executives board, recognize the historic opportunity provided by the united nations conference on sustainable development to reset the world on a sustainable development path. 2 we affirm that sustainable development is a top priority for our organizations, and reaffirm the continuing validity of the principles in the 1992 rio declaration on environment and development and of agenda 21, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. we recommit to a renewed system - wide effort, in partnership with the full range of governmental, civil society and private sector stakeholders, to support the realization of these principles. 3 despite substantial improvement in many key areas of development and environment, the world has not made the progress towards sustainable development aspired to in the outcomes of the united nations conference on environment and development held in rio de janeiro in 1992, and in subsequent related world conferences. 4 over the past twenty years, the world has witnessed strong economic growth and significant progress toward attaining a number of the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). it is of grave concern, however, that these positive trends have been accompanied by increasing disparities and inequalities, persistent gender inequality, social inequity, a growing deterioration of the environment, and recurrent economic, financial, energy and food crises. 5 at the united nations conference on sustainable development ( or rio + 20 ), renewed commitment and urgent action are therefore needed to lay a firm foundation for a longer - term process of redressing imbalances, agreeing on priorities, and reforming institutional arrangements at all levels, to bring about coherence and the integration of policies across the economic, environmental and social pillars, with human beings and their wellbeing at the centre. the conference must also address the means of implementing outcomes, through the provision of resources, including for technological transformation and capacity building. 6 charting the way forward to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. there are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement ;


sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. there are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement ; resource consumption has increased, and production patterns are more unsustainable. but there has also been wide - ranging technological progress, from renewable energy and energy efficiency, to innovative measures for adapting to climate change impacts, and new and efficient means for social networking, dialogue and participatory engagement, providing opportunities that were not available twenty years ago. 7 against these changing parameters, rio + 20 must acknowledge that economic, social and environmental objectives are not independent variables, but are mutually supportive, with progress in each area facilitating advancement in the others. our objectives should be to enhance equity, revitalize the global economy, and protect the planet and its ecosystems that support us so that all people, women, men and children, can live in dignity. 8 the sustainability of future growth and development will rely critically on innovation, improved economic, energy and natural resource efficiency, an open and supportive multilateral trading system, better fiscal policies providing incentives for sustainability, comprehensive wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services, equitable access and inclusive political processes and the capacity to create sufficient decent work. growth must lead to strengthened resilience? of households, ecosystems, and economies, and improved water, food and nutrition security. 9 economic growth must be of high quality and inclusive. it should occur hand in hand with relevant efforts to accelerate progress in global health, gender equality and women? s empowerment, the realization of human rights, greater equity, improved access to and quality of social protection and the rule of law, and the fair distribution of the benefits of development. policies must avoid trade protectionism and negative impacts especially on the poor and vulnerable groups such as refugees and internally displaced persons. these objectives are all key elements of the green economy approach, and we pledge the support of our organizations to member states as they engage in this critical and transformational transition. 10 the shift to sustainable development presents challenges, but also offers opportunity for substantial investments, both public and private, in productive infrastructure, technological transformation, science, education and human capital development. the un system stands ready to assist member states as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 in the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably


states as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 in the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably needed at national, regional and international levels, to integrate the dimensions of sustainable development, improve effectiveness in implementation, urgently scale - up activities, and bring about further coordination and coherence of policy. 12 the un system is determined to do its part on institutional reform, by improving system - wide coordination mechanisms, and by reviewing and improving policies and programmes, including through joint programming. but this may not be sufficient, and rio + 20 should consider continued efforts on broader reforms within the un system, for example, the strengthening of institutions, mandates and regulatory frameworks, or making structural changes. 13 at a more specific level, from a range of priority issues, a number have emerged that warrant particular attention in the context of sustainable development at rio + 20. among these are : energy, water, oceans, green jobs, sustainable cities, sustainable agriculture and food security, disaster risk reduction, and investing in health, education, youth, gender equality and women? s empowerment. 14 these issues require a coordinated approach by the un system, stakeholders from government, civil society and the private sector, to find joint innovative and lasting solutions. the organizations of the un system have been intensifying efforts and cooperation to address the challenges of the water, energy and global food security crises. rio + 20 will provide an appropriate platform to support selected initiatives, such as the sustainable energy for all initiative, which illustrate a collective renewed commitment to sustainable development. at rio + 20, we must build upon and scale up the achievements, best practices and lessons of the mdgs, and lay strong foundations for the post - 2015 development agenda. we must chart a course for measurable progress towards sustainable development goals, using milestones that integrate the economic, environmental and social dimensions and a new generation of metrics to measure our achievements. the un system stands ready to support the world? s nations and peoples to make sustainable development a reality.


defined as the change in position of an object ( displacement ) per unit of time. velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point. v = s / t ( where v and s are vectors ) where ( using si units ) : v is the velocity of the body in metres per second ( ms ^ - 1 ) s is the displacement of the body in metres ( m ) t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds ( s ) 1. ( one dimension ) if you start at point a and travel directly north to point b which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms ^ - 1 due north. 2. ( one dimension ) if you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, your velocity for the trip will be. 05ms ^ - 1 due west. 3. ( two dimension ) if you start at point a and travel north at 3kmh ^ - 1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh ^ - 1 to point b, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh ^ - 1 n53°e ( 53°t ) change in position over change in time. a measure of how fast something is moving. measured in m / s, ft / s, mph or km / h. the velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second. smackdown ' s version of heat where it mostly features cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as paul london, billy kidman, spike dudley, funaki, akio, etc. chavo guerrero vs. billy kidman is gonna be on velocity this saturday night!


- agriculture and food security - increasing food security through feed the future - food aid reform - expanding and enhancing agricultural markets and trade - supporting agricultural capacity development - supporting global nutrition - investing in sustainable agriculture - food assistance - board for international food and agricultural development - democracy, human rights and governance - economic growth and trade - environment and global climate change - gender equality and women ' s empowerment - global health - science, technology and innovation - water and sanitation - working in crises and conflict february 4, 2013 food security situation zimbabwe is a low - income, food - deficit country. increasing levels of poverty and high unemployment constrain the ability of many households to access food. as a result of complex political and economic policies, it ranks 173 of 187 on the un development program ( undp ) 2011 human development index. according to the famine early warning systems network ( fews net ), reduced harvest due to the 2011 - 2012 seasonal drought in the southern half of the zimbabwe may lead to above - average emergency food assistance needs. the government of zimbabwe estimates that more than1. 6 million people, equivalent to 19 percent of the rural population, will be food - insecure in zimbabwe between january and march 2013. this figure represents a 60 percent increase from those in need of food assistance in early 2012. food assistance programs the office of food for peace ( ffp ) contributes in - kind vegetable oil and pulses as well as cash to buy cereals for the un world food program ' s ( wfp ) seasonal targeted assistance program. ffp also supports activities that promote resiliency and improve communities ’ ability to mitigate shocks in eight highly food - insecure districts through the promoting recovery in zimbabwe ( prize ) program. interventions include asset building activities that support the construction and development of dams, community gardens, and livestock dip tanks. prize activities also enhance market linkages and value chains, establish rural savings and loan groups, and promote conservation agriculture, seed security, and improved livestock practices. food for peace contributions | u. s. dollars | | metric tons | | fiscal year 2013 | | $ 8. 0 million | | 9, 637 mt | | fiscal year 2012 | | $ 42. 9 million | | 25, 165 mt | | fiscal year 2011 | | $ 50. 7 million | | 29, 580 mt | | fiscal year 2010 | | $ 79. 5 million | | 30, 930 mt | | fiscal year 2009 | | $ 165. 0 million | | 188, 710 mt | fiscal year 2013 contribution breakdown : | u. s


carmel mountain preserve, a 400 - acre mesa top, is truly one of san diego county ’ s remaining natural wonders. when you hike its several miles of trails, you will be treated not only to ocean views, but to a landscape truly unlike any other. on its flat mesa top, there are huge patches of a hard gray moss, called ashy spike moss, that actually have an interesting purpose. you ’ ll also come upon puddles of water that settle in the mesa ’ s depressions, which are actually vernal pools — an amazing environment that hosts species found nowhere else. the chaparral lands conservancy has called it “ a special noah ’ s ark of nature surrounded by suburban development. ” every type of vegetation found on carmel mountain is “ unique and imperiled, ” it says. its habitats — southern maritime chaparral, coastal sage scrub, wet meadows and vernal pools — support more than two dozen rare species, some of which have been listed as federally endangered. southern maritime chaparral is a habitat that occurs only on weathered sandstone formations that lie within the coastal fog belt, and exists only in san diego county from la jolla to carlsbad. “ only about 15 percent of southern maritime chaparral that historically occurred in san diego and orange counties remains, and most of this is located on carmel mountain, in torrey pines state park and in carlsbad and encinitas, ” said rick halsey of the california chaparral institute. characteristic species of this habitat include chamise, white coast ceanothus — a wild lilac that can grow into huge specimens here — and mission manzanita. endangered species — found only in san diego and orange counties — include white - flowering del mar manzanita and orcutt ’ s spineflower. threatened species include the yellow - flowering big - leaved crown - beard and shrubby encinitas baccharis. the vernal pools, though, are even more precious. rarely more than 6 inches deep, the pools fill with water only after rainfall and rarely remain filled longer than 45 days at a time. when dry, they simply appear to be lifeless bare spots in chaparral or coastal sage scrub. half of the plant species growing in california ’ s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. “ because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to


s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. “ because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to develop property by individuals unfamiliar with their value, ” halsey said. indeed, the carmel mountain preserve was dedicated in 1999 after being saved from development by a coalition spearheaded by the carmel mountain conservancy. some 97 percent of san diego ’ s vernal pools, which once covered some 28, 500 acres in the county, have been destroyed, and that naturally includes its rare species. vernal pools, however, do also exist in northwest baja. both plants and animals of vernal pools must be able to withstand weeks of winter rains and summer drought. animals that live here include spadefoot toads and their favorite food, the san diego fairy shrimp. living next to the vernal pools is the short - leaved dudleya, a tiny succulent that lives in only five places in the world, all in del mar and la jolla, according to the chaparral lands conservancy. when not in bloom, it looks like the marble - like iron pebbles that are also unique to north county coastal mesas, which helps it avoid being eaten by rabbits and rodents. when it blooms — more rainfall brings more blooms — tiny white and yellow flowers burst open. that ashy spike moss helps them thrive by preventing invasion of weeds and gophers, according to a placard on the trails.


uu for kids unitarian universalists make a concerted effort to impart our values to our children. here then are a uu child ' s easy way of remembering our principles : my seven principles : 1. each person is important ( the inherent worth and dignity of every person ) 2. be kind in all you do ( justice, equity and compassion in human relations ) 3. we ' re free to learn together ( acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations ) 4. and search for what is true. ( a free and responsible search for truth and meaning ) 5. all people need a voice. ( the right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large ) 6. build a fair and peaceful world. ( the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all ) 7. we care for the earth ' s lifeboat. ( respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part ) the sources of faith unitarian universalists get their values from many places. 1. awesome experiences of mystery, beauty, and belonging that all people feel. ( direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life ) 2. words and actions of wise and brave people that make us want to change things that are unjust or cruel, and to offer kindness and love instead. ( words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion and the transforming power of love ) 3. ideas from lots of different religions that help us figure out what is good and true and fair. ( wisdom from the world ' s religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life ) 4. jewish and christian teachings that encourage us to treat others the way we would like to be treated. ( jewish and christian teachings which call us to respond to god ' s love by loving our neighbors as ourselves ) 5. use of science, common sense, and our own brains to think things out. ( humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit ) 6. teachings of people who celebrate nature and remind us to live in harmony with nature. ( spiritual teachings of earth - centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of


rsv : risk of complications topic overview back to top with respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ) infections, there is an increased risk of having complications, especially in certain babies and young children and in adults older than 65. babies and young children - babies younger than 6 months, especially those born early. - children who have existing heart or lung disease. conditions that put babies and young children at higher risk for problems include : - congenital heart disease. - chronic lung disease ( bronchopulmonary dysplasia ) and cystic fibrosis. - an impaired immune system, which can involve various health factors. for example, having a severe chronic illness, such as cancer, can affect the immune system. and certain medicines, such as chemotherapy or steroids, suppress the immune system. - exposure to tobacco smoke. if your young child has a health condition, your doctor may recommend medicine to help prevent problems from rsv. adults older than 65 have an increased risk for complications following infection with rsv. pneumonia from an rsv infection is a particular risk for people in this age group, especially if they have other diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) or heart failure. other complications older adults may develop as a result of rsv infection include bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. older adults may also recover more slowly from rsv and complications than people in other age groups do. related information back to top references back to top other works consulted - committee on infectious diseases, american academy of pediatrics ( 2009 ). modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. pediatrics, 124 ( 6 ) : 1694 – 1701. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | susan c. kim, md - pediatrics | | specialist medical reviewer | | john pope, md - pediatrics | | last revised | | june 25, 2012 | to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


click here to learn more. most antifreeze solutions contain high levels of ethylene glycol, an ingredient that, once metabolized, is extremely toxic to dogs and cats. pets are often attracted to the liquid because of its sweet taste. even small amounts can be lethal to animals. a cat that walks through spilled antifreeze and then licks its paws may ingest enough to be fatal. as little as 2. 5 tablespoons of antifreeze could kill a 20 - pound dog. once ingested, ethylene glycol is quickly broken down in the liver to other substances that can lead to kidney failure and death within 12 hours to a few days. that ’ s why antifreeze ingestion is a medical emergency. if you suspect that your pet has consumed antifreeze, contact your veterinarian immediately. the signs of antifreeze poisoning vary, depending on the amount of antifreeze the pet drank and length of time since ingestion. initially, pets may stagger or walk like they are drunk. other signs include : antifreeze poisoning is generally diagnosed based on the results of blood and urine tests. however, as kidney failure sets in, these tests may be less accurate. free - roaming pets that have signs consistent with antifreeze ingestion should be treated as soon as possible. to be effective, treatment needs to be initiated as soon as possible after antifreeze ingestion. if your pet is seen within an hour of consuming antifreeze, the veterinarian may induce vomiting and possibly anesthetize the animal to flush out the contents of the stomach. they may also administer a liquid solution of activated charcoal to help prevent further absorption of the ethylene glycol. if it has been longer than an hour since ingestion, the veterinarian will most likely give your pet a medication to help prevent the liver from metabolizing the ethylene glycol. the pet may also be placed on intravenous fluids and other medications to encourage excretion of the toxic substances produced during metabolism of ethylene glycol. once kidney failure has begun, it may be difficult to save the animal because the damage from antifreeze is often irreversible. there are a number of steps you can take to prevent your pet from drinking antifreeze : like this article? have a point of view to share? let us know! during a tv interview, someone spotted barbara garcia ' s pup, and