random 41 - > ( 85, 5 ) random 85 - > ( 90, 10 ) random 90 - > ( 24, 4 ) random 24 - > ( 67, 7 ) random 67 - > ( 65, 5 ) random 65 - > ( 51, 1 ) excellent! now instead of going in a fixed rotation, some numbers are picked several times, and some haven ’ t been picked yet at all ( but they will be, if we keep going ), and you can no longer guess what ’ s coming next just based on the last number you saw. in this random number generator, the seed was still 1, and the state was a number from 1 to 100. people who are really interested in good random numbers sometimes talk about the period of a pseudo - random number generator. the period is how many numbers it picks before it starts over again and gives you back the same sequence. our first try had a period of 10, which is rather poor. our second try did much better : the period was 100. that ’ s still pretty far off, though, from the random number generators in most computers, the period of which can be in the millions or billions. real world pseudo - random number generators our two toy pseudo - random number generators were fun, but you wouldn ’ t use them in real programs. that ’ s because operating systems and programming languages already have plenty of ways to generate pseudo - random numbers. and those were created by people who probably have more time to think about random numbers than you do! but some of the same ideas come up there. for example, consider this ( specialized ) type signature for the random function in the haskell programming language : random : : stdgen - > ( int, stdgen ) look familiar? stdgen is the state, and choosing a random int gives you back the int, and a new stdgen that you can use to get more pseudo - random numbers! many programming languages, including haskell, also have “ global ” random number generators that remember their state automatically ( in haskell, that is called randomio ), but under the covers, it all comes down to functions like the ones we ’ ve written here … except a lot more complex. where to get a seed we ’ ve still left one question unanswered : where does the seed come from? so far, we ’ ve always been using 1 for the seed, but that means that each time the program runs, it will get the same numbers back. so we end up with


question unanswered : where does the seed come from? so far, we ’ ve always been using 1 for the seed, but that means that each time the program runs, it will get the same numbers back. so we end up with a similar situation to what we saw before, where players will realize that a game starts with the same sequence of random events each time. to solve this problem, the seed should come from somewhere that won ’ t be the same each time. here are two different ways to seed a random number generator. - mostly, pseudo - random number generators are seeded from a clock. imagine if you looked at the second hand on a clock, used it to get a number from 1 to 60, and used that for your seed. then the game would only act the same if it started at the same number of seconds. even better, you could take the number of seconds since some fixed time in the past, so you ’ d get an even bigger difference in seeds. ( entirely by coincidence, computers often use the number of seconds since january 1, 1970. ) - you might try to get a good seed from details of the way the user uses your program. for example, you can look at the exact place the user first clicks the mouse, or exactly how much time passes between pressing keys. they will most likely not be exact, and click a few pixels off or type ever so slightly slower, even if they are trying to do exactly the same thing. so, again, you get a program that acts differently each time. this is called using entropy. most of the time, using the computer ’ s built - in clock is okay. but suppose you ’ re making up a code word. it would be very bad if someone could guess your code word just by knowing when you picked it! ( they would also need to know how your computer or programming language picks random numbers, but that ’ s not normally kept secret ; they can probably find that out pretty easily. ) computer security and privacy often depends on picking unpredictable random numbers — ones that people snooping on you won ’ t be able to guess. in that case, it ’ s important that you use some kind of entropy, and not just the clock. in fact, when security is at stake, you can use entropy to modify the state as well, to make sure things don ’ t get too predictable. most operating systems have special ways of getting “ secure ” random numbers that handle this for you. another example of entropy : if you play


, you can use entropy to modify the state as well, to make sure things don ’ t get too predictable. most operating systems have special ways of getting “ secure ” random numbers that handle this for you. another example of entropy : if you play the game dragon warrior for the nintendo, but use an emulator instead of a real nintendo, then you can save a snapshot of your game before you fight a monster, memorize what the monsters are going to do, and figure out exactly the right way to respond. when you load the game from the snapshot and try again, as long as you do the same things, the monster will respond in exactly the same way! that ’ s because the snapshot saves the state of the random number generator, so when you go back and load from the snapshot, the computer picks the same random numbers. so if a fight against a monster is going well but you make a disastrous move at the end, you can load your snapshot and repeat the exact same fight up to that point. the same trick doesn ’ t work in dragon warrior 2 ( or later ones ), though! why not? because the company that makes the game started using entropy in their sequel. so now little things like exactly how long you wait between pressing buttons will change the game. since you can ’ t possibly time everything exactly the same down to hundredths or thousandths of a second, the task is hopeless, and you have to just take your chances and trust to luck. so as you can see, random numbers can become a very tricky topic. but ultimately it ’ s all just a complicated formula, a seed, and a state.


| name, symbol, number | | krypton, kr, 36 | chemical series | | noble gases | | group, period, block | | 18, 4, p | | appearance | | colorless | | atomic mass | | 83. 798 ( 2 ) g / mol | | electron configuration | | [ ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p6 | | electrons per shell | | 2, 8, 18, 8 | | density | | ( 0 °c, 101. 325 kpa ) | | melting point | | 115. 79 k | ( - 157. 36 °c, - 251. 25 °f ) | boiling point | | 119. 93 k | ( - 153. 22 °c, - 243. 8 °f ) | critical point | | 209. 41 k, 5. 50 mpa | | heat of fusion | | 1. 64 kj · mol−1 | | heat of vaporization | | 9. 08 kj · mol−1 | | heat capacity | | ( 25 °c ) 20. 786 j · mol−1 · k−1 | | crystal structure | | cubic face centered | | electronegativity | | 3. 00 ( pauling scale ) | | ionization energies | | 1st : 1350. 8 kj · mol−1 | | 2nd : 2350. 4 kj · mol−1 | | 3rd : 3565 kj · mol−1 | | atomic radius ( calc. ) | | 88 pm | | covalent radius | | 110 pm | | van der waals radius | | 202 pm | | thermal conductivity | | ( 300 k ) 9. 43 mw · m−1 · k−1 | | speed of sound | | ( gas, 23 °c ) 220 m / s | | speed of sound | | ( liquid ) 1120 m / s | | cas registry number | | 7439 - 90 - 9 | krypton ( ipa : / ˈkrɪptən / or / ˈkrɪptan / ) is a chemical element with the symbol kr and atomic number 36. a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionating liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. krypton is inert for most practical purposes but it is known to form compounds with fluorine. krypton can also form clathrates with water when atoms of


air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. krypton is inert for most practical purposes but it is known to form compounds with fluorine. krypton can also form clathrates with water when atoms of it are trapped in a lattice of the water molecules. notable characteristics edit krypton, a noble gas due to its very low chemical reactivity, is characterized by a brilliant green and orange spectral signature. it is one of the products of uranium fission. solidified krypton is white and crystalline with a face - centered cubic crystal structure which is a common property of all " rare gases ". in 1960 an international agreement defined the metre in terms of light emitted from a krypton isotope. this agreement replaced the longstanding standard metre located in paris which was a metal bar made of a platinum - iridium alloy ( the bar was originally estimated to be one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth ' s polar circumference ). but only 23 years later, the krypton - based standard was replaced itself by the speed of light — the most reliable constant in the universe. in october 1983 the bureau international des poids et mesures ( international bureau of weights and measures ) defined the metre as the distance that light travels in a vacuum during 1 / 299, 792, 458 s. like the other noble gases, krypton is widely considered to be chemically inert. following the first successful synthesis of xenon compounds in 1962, synthesis of krypton difluoride was reported in 1963. other fluorides and a salt of a krypton oxoacid have also been found. arkr + and krh + molecule - ions have been investigated and there is evidence for krxe or krxe +. there are 32 known isotopes of krypton. naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable and one slightly radioactive isotope. krypton ' s spectral signature is easily produced with some very sharp lines. 81kr is the product of atmospheric reactions with the other naturally occurring isotopes of krypton. it is radioactive with a half - life of 250, 000 years. like xenon, krypton is highly volatile when it is near surface waters and 81kr has therefore been used for dating old ( 50, 000 - 800, 000 year ) groundwater. 85kr is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half - life of 10. 76 years, that is produced by


is near surface waters and 81kr has therefore been used for dating old ( 50, 000 - 800, 000 year ) groundwater. 85kr is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half - life of 10. 76 years, that is produced by fission of uranium and plutonium. sources have included nuclear bomb testing, nuclear reactors, and the release of 85kr during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. a strong gradient exists between the northern and southern hemispheres where concentrations at the north pole are approximately 30 % higher than the south pole due to the fact that most 85kr is produced in the northern hemisphere, and north - south atmospheric mixing is relatively slow. krypton fluoride laser edit - for more details on this topic, see krypton fluoride laser. the compound will decompose once the energy supply stops. during the decomposition process, the excess energy stored in the excited state complex will be emitted in the form of strong ultraviolet laser radiation. - los alamos national laboratory - krypton - usgs periodic table - krypton - " chemical elements : from carbon to krypton " by : david newton & lawrence w. baker - " krypton 85 : a review of the literature and an analysis of radiation hazards " by : william p. kirk | this page uses content from wikipedia. the original article was at krypton. the list of authors can be seen in the page history. as with chemistry, the text of wikipedia is available under the gnu free documentation license. |


lent is a period of penance in preparation for triduum ( maundy thurs. through easter sun ). the faithful are encouraged to increase their works of mercy and decrease their self - indulgence. it begins on ash wednesday, which is 40 days ( minus sundays ) before the triduum. so called because it invokes the ancient practice of covering oneself in ashes when in morning. often it is accompanied by, " thou art dust and to dust thou shalt return. " as a side note : the ashes are generally from ( at least in part ), the palms of the previous palm sunday. well, " mardi gras " means " fat tuesday " in french, so there ' s that. fats and fatty foods are often given up for lent ( at one point abstaining from all meat was a requirement ), but fat will go rancid if it is left out for all of lent. so, instead of letting it go to waste, it would be used for cooking. often this would mean that there would be a rich supper immediately before ash wednesday. it is called, " carnevale " because that, originally, was " carne vale, " which means, roughly, " without meat. " i believe the relationship with " fat tuesday " would be obvious ( for more ways of saying the same thing, look up shrove tuesday ). unfortunately, with the rise of secularism, this tradition became bloated and corrupt, and eventually lead to the depravities which can be seen in new orleans. we all know what easter is... i hope. it is the teutonic name for an ancient pagan festival, brought to mean the celebration of the resurrection of christ, apparently because the german speakers were too lazy to use the word pasch, which is what it is called in basically every other language on earth.


recently, swine flu was the lead article on all major financial media across the globe as markets opened in sequence from asia to europe to north america. invariably, the articles were dire with presumptions that the disease would at best delay economic recovery and at worst send economies worldwide into a tailspin. along with the lead articles were tangents that pork prices would collapse and sales of surgical masks would skyrocket. i do not recommend kissing sick mexican pigs, but the near hysterical media sensationalism with unwarranted presumptions deserves some mention : the disease is not transmitted by eating pork. the centers for disease control says that viruses are so small that they flow easily through surgical masks. and, there is no direct correlation between pandemics ( or epidemics ), real or threatened, and stock pricing. sometimes, stock prices even go up. for example, during the big one ( spanish flu of 1918 estimated to have killed 50 million people ) the dow gained more than 15 percent. the public needs to be informed, but it would be nice to place events in a mature, factual framework. we don ' t know how many people threw out their pork chops, donned a mask or prepared for imminent financial armageddon. we do know the president in a fatherly manner told the public to stay calm and wash their hands, the vice president stated he is frightened to fly on commercial airplanes in fear of contracting the disease, and the pork producers had the name changed from swine flu to h1n1 virus. to the chagrin of some in the sensationalized media, the dow industrial average and s & p 500 ( usual institutional benchmark ) have advanced seven of the past eight weeks. for the month of april, the s & p gained 9. 4 percent, its best monthly performance in nine years. combine march and april, the s & p had its best two - month period ( + 18. 7 percent ) since 1975. since the march 9 lows, the dow has gained approximately 25 percent ; the s & p 500 gained approximately 95 percent. early stages of the advance were of a magnitude not seen since the 1930s. there is no way to comprehend the current condition without full recognition that the amount of stimulus measures ( additional money supply already created with more likely ) is the most massive in history. the money has to go somewhere. worth notation, the advance of 1938 ( to which the advance of march lows is similar ) occurred when rules were imposed against manipulative short selling.


created with more likely ) is the most massive in history. the money has to go somewhere. worth notation, the advance of 1938 ( to which the advance of march lows is similar ) occurred when rules were imposed against manipulative short selling. this time, the advance ignited on the same day, leadership in both the house and senate announced their recognition of the existence and effects of manipulative short - selling practices. they also threatened legislation if the securities and exchange commission continued to favor short selling by both changing and failing to enforce trading rules designed to thwart manipulative short - selling practices. it is rare for abusive trading practices to gain such publicity. many high profile people and entities are being featured, but praise is deserved for congressman gary ackerman, d - n. y., for his tenacious efforts in initiating momentum against corrupt practices. no matter what the sec does or does not do, the massive additional money supply created by historical stimulus actions ( domestic and international ) is not going away. here are some additional " factoids " worth pondering courtesy of by the numbers, may 4, 2009, edition : _ the findings of the treasury department ' s " stress tests " completed on 19 large u. s. banks were released recently. secretary tim geithner originally announced the tests on feb. 10. the banks were put through financial simulations to determine if they could survive a two - year economic slump that included national unemployment rates above 10 percent and an additional drop in home prices of 25 percent from today. _ since 1950, the highest marginal tax bracket for individuals has ranged from a high of 92 percent ( 1953 ) to a low of 28 percent ( 1990 ). the highest individual marginal tax bracket is 35 percent today. _ finally speaking of pork, the 2010 midterm elections are less than 18 months away. all 435 members of the house of representatives and 34 of the 100 u. s. senators will be up for re - election on nov. 2, 2010. this column is for informational purposes only and should not be used as the primary basis for an investment decision. consult an advisor for your personal situation. james d. hallett, investment advisor representative, offers advisory services through hallett & associates, p. s., a registered investment advisor. registered representative, securities offered through cambridge investment research, a broker / dealer ( member finra / sipc ). cambridge and hallett & associates, p. s., are not affiliated. the sequim gazette is located at 147 w. washington


the donald e. miller wildlife area is a 16. 5 acre area located on the north bank of the white river, on the west side of muncie. it is a site for nature study and environmental sciences field experiences for students from pre - k through college. the miller area is a remnant of white river bottomland that was isolated when the army corps of engineers straightened the river channel and constructed a leveein the late 1940s. this preserve contains a diversity of plants, animals, and habitat types, all located within a small area that is easily accessible to the university and muncie communities. an oxbow pond, created when the old river channel was isolated by the levee, is located within the preserve. the pond is shallow, has high organic matter level, and due to extensive duckweed in the growing season, has low oxygen levels. turtles and amphibians inhabit the pond area, as well as a few fish species that are tolerant of the conditions. a mature bottomland forest of predominantly sycamore and hackberry trees occupies a relatively flat river terrace east of the pond. the transitional status of the woods along a topographic moisture gradient, and the presence of the oxbow pond, creates a diverse habitat conducive to the presence of a large number of bird species. over the last three decades, the rich understory has given way to two invasive exotic plant species, bush honeysuckle and garlic mustard. due to its proximity to the ball state university campus and easy access to the property, it has remained an important destination for nrem classes and researches interested in birds. there are no public programs and visit is by permission only. copyright © 2013 ball state university 2000 w. university ave. muncie, in 47306 800 - 382 - 8540 and 765 - 289 - 1241


researchers have recently been trying to discover if pretending has implications for child development. when we see kids at play we are reminded that children live in a far more wondrous, whimsical world than the rest of us. a pile of wooden blocks is a vast city, and some sticks the inhabitants. indeed, often about the time babies begin to walk and talk, they also begin to pretend - - giving a stuffed animal a sip from their cup or covering up a doll for sleep. there are definite indications that having a good imagination translates into more creativity as an adult but is it possible to connect pretend play and the ability to get along socially in the world? researchers are specifically looking at whether pretend play facilitates the development of children ’ s theory of mind - the ability to understand that others have thoughts and feelings all their own. " it ' s been a big focus of research recently and some of the work is really fascinating, " says developmental psychologist alison gopnik, phd, of the university of california at berkeley. " the only downside is, no one has an answer yet. " there are studies being done examining how well and at what stage children distinguish reality from fantasy and theories are being developed about the role of imagination and pretend play in child development. for now, the questions are mainly academic, but some day the answers could lead to a better grasp of how imaginative play influences how well children get on in the world.


you can lower your risk of heart attack by making modifications to your lifestyle. if you have already had a heart attack, or have several risk factors for heart disease that put you at high risk, your doctor may recommend certain medications to lower your risk of first or recurrent heart attack. smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries. in addition, nicotine contained in cigarette smoke makes your heart work harder. it narrows blood vessels and subsequently increases your heart rate and blood pressure. also remember that secondhand smoking is detrimental to your health. make sure you ' re not exposed to cigarette smoke. when you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease drops significantly within the first year. a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables will help lower cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body weight — three heart attack risk factors. the american heart association ( aha ) also recommends that you add fish, which contains omega - 3 fatty acids, to your diet at least twice per week, and talk to your doctor about whether you should take omega - 3 supplements. if you are interested in eating healthier, your doctor can give you a referral to a registered dietician. she can create a meal plan that is right for you, ensuring that you get all of the nutrients that your body needs. follow your doctor ’ s recommendations for physical activity. after a heart attack, he or she will likely refer you to a cardiac rehabilitation program, which will help you establish a life - long exercise plan and monitor your initial program. choose exercises that you enjoy and that you will make a regular part of your day. strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthy weight. for most people, this could include walking briskly or participating in another aerobic activity for at least 30 minutes per day. follow the dietary and exercise plan recommended by your doctor. being overweight or obese is associated with a higher risk of heart attack, and losing weight lowers that risk. to lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. to maintain a healthy weight, eat an equal number of calories than you expend. one indicator of a healthy weight is body mass index. bmi of 25 and above is associated with high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart disease. if your healthcare provider has prescribed medications for your heart condition, take them exactly as directed and report side effects to your healthcare provider. do not skip


above is associated with high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart disease. if your healthcare provider has prescribed medications for your heart condition, take them exactly as directed and report side effects to your healthcare provider. do not skip pills or stop taking them without consulting your healthcare provider. ask your doctor whether taking a daily aspirin is right for you. if you are at high risk of heart attack or have had a heart attack, aspirin may help prevent a future heart attack. since aspirin therapy is not without risk, be sure to consult a health professional before taking an aspirin a day. if you had an angioplasty your doctor may prescribe other anticlotting drugs, like clopidogrel ( plavix ), in addition to aspirin. if you have had a heart attack, your doctor will consider prescribing certain classes of medication to reduce your risk of another heart attack. your doctor will take into account your personal health history to determine if there are any reasons you should not take these medications. beta blockers, which lower your blood pressure and heart rate, are generally prescribed for at least a year after a heart attack. people with high cholesterol will be placed on cholesterol lowering medications, like statins. also, if you had a heart attack that significantly decreased your heart ’ s pumping capacity you may be given an ace inhibitor. heavy drinking is associated with increased risk of heart attack. moderate drinking may lower the risk of heart attack. moderate drinking is one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. one drink equals 12 ounces of beer or 4 ounces of wine or 1 ounce of 100 - proof spirits. in addition, alcohol may interfere with your medications. make sure to discuss your alcohol intake with your healthcare provider. when to contact your doctor - if you experience any chest pain or discomfort, call 911 for emergency medical assistance - if you become short of breath - if you have pain in your arms, back, neck, jaw or stomach - if you develop new symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, lightheadedness, or dizziness - if any of the medications ordered cause side effects - reviewer : michael j. fucci, do - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 91 / 2012 -


biol subject gateway as an integrated part of sciverse, sciverse scopus is the world ' s largest abstract and citation database of peer - reviewed literature and quality web sources with smart tools to track, analyze, and visualize research. sciencedirect covers many scientific disciplines including biology, chemistry, and environmental science. pubmed includes over 15 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950 ' s. these citations are from medline and additional life science journals. pubmed includes links to many sites providing full text articles, medical and scientific textbooks and other related sources. pubmed also links to other services developed by the national center for biotechnology information ( ncbi ). biomed central publishes over 200 peer - reviewed open access journals. indexes journals in a variety of subjects, including biology, chemistry, and environmental science. many full - text articles are available. agricola ( agricultural online access ) serves as the catalog and index to the collections of the national agricultural library. the records describe publications and resources encompassing all aspects of agriculture and allied disciplines, including animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, farming and farming systems, agricultural economics, extension and education, food and human nutrition, and earth and environmental sciences. provides fulltext access to core scholarly journals in the arts and sciences this collection of electronic books covers topics related to environmental science, including environmental chemistry, ecology, environmental toxicology, forestry, sustainability, and more. greenr ( global reference on the environment, energy, and natural resources ) is a database that offers content on the development of emerging green technologies and discusses issues on the environment, sustainability and more. reference qh540. 4. e515 2008 this is a free, fully searchable collection of articles written by scholars, professionals, educators, and other experts. the articles are written in non - technical language and will be useful to students, educators, scholars, professionals, as well as to the general public. reference qh360. 2. o83 2002 reference qr9. e53 2000 reference ql7. g7813 2003 reference qr358. e53 1999 this two volume encyclopedia describes the most famous scientific concepts, principles, laws, and theories in astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, and physics. this encyclopedia considers both the professional ethics of science and technology, and the social, ethical, and political issues raised by science and technology. this encyclopedia covers a wealth of topics on the


when spraying pesticides, don ' t let others get your drift. " it is bad enough when your drift damages your crops, your lawn or your garden. but when the damage is to your neighbor ' s field or flowerbeds, then you ' ve got a real problem, " says erdal ozkan, an ohio state university extension agricultural engineer. spray drift is one of the more serious problems pesticide applicators have to deal with. three - fourths of the agriculture - related complaints investigated by the ohio department of agriculture in 2003 involved drift. " this shows the seriousness of the problem, " ozkan says. " drift will be even a bigger problem in the future since there is an increase in acreage of genetically modified crops and use of non - selective herbicides for weed control. even a small amount of these non - selective herbicides can cause serious damage on the crop nearby that is not genetically modified. " drift is the movement of a pesticide through air, during or after application, to a site other than the intended site of application. it not only wastes expensive pesticides and damages non - target crops nearby, but also poses a serious health risk to people living in areas where drift is occurring. " eliminating drift completely is impossible, " ozkan says. " however, it can be reduced to a minimum if chemicals are applied with good judgment and proper selection and operation of application equipment. " major factors influencing drift include spray characteristics, equipment / application techniques, weather conditions and operator skill and care. " conscientious sprayer operators rarely get into drift problems. they understand the factors that influence drift and do everything possible to avoid them, " ozkan said. spraying under excessive wind conditions is the most common factor affecting drift. " the best thing to do is not to spray under windy conditions. if you don ' t already have one, get yourself a reliable wind speed meter as soon as possible. only then can you find out how high the wind speed is, " ozkan says. after wind speed, spray droplet size is the most important factor affecting drift. research has shown that there is a rapid decrease in the drift potential of droplets whose diameters are greater than approximately 200 microns – or about twice the thickness of human hair. " if operators of sprayers pay attention to wind direction and velocity, and have knowledge of droplet sizes produced by different nozzles, drift can be minimized, " ozkan says. " the ideal situation is to spray droplets that are all the same size


of sprayers pay attention to wind direction and velocity, and have knowledge of droplet sizes produced by different nozzles, drift can be minimized, " ozkan says. " the ideal situation is to spray droplets that are all the same size, and larger than 200 microns. unfortunately with the nozzles we use today, this is not on option. they produce droplets varying from just a few microns to more than 1, 000 microns. the goal is to choose and operate nozzles that produce relatively fewer of the drift - prone droplets. " using low - drift nozzles is one of the many options available to growers to reduce drift. following are other drift - reduction strategies to keep drift under control : - use nozzles that produce coarser droplets when applying pesticides on targets that do not require small, uniformly distributed droplets, such as systemic products, preplant soil incorporated applications and fertilizer applications. - keep spray volume up and use nozzles with larger orifices. - follow recent changes in equipment and technology, such as shields and air - assisted and electrostatic sprayers that are developed for drift reduction in mind. - keep the boom closer to the spray target. nozzles with a wider spray angle will allow you to do that. - keep spray pressure down and make sure pressure gauges are accurate. - follow label recommendations to avoid drift with highly volatile pesticides. - if you are not using low - drift nozzles, try adding drift retardant adjuvants into your spray mixture. - avoid spraying on extremely hot, dry and windy days, especially if sensitive vegetation is nearby. try spraying during mornings and late afternoons. although it may not be practical, from the drift reduction perspective, the best time to spray is at night. - avoid spraying near sensitive crops that are downwind. leave a buffer strip of 50 - 100 feet, and spray the strip later when the wind shifts. " good judgment can mean the difference between an efficient, economical application, or one that results in drift, damaging non - target crops and creating environmental pollution, " ozkan says. " the goal of a conscientious pesticide applicator should be to eliminate off - target movement of pesticides, no matter how small it may be. "


rms titanic – third class or steerage passengers aboard the ill - fated liner. last photo taken of the rms titanic – sailing away from queenstown, ireland. the majority of the 700 - plus steerage passengers on the rms titanic were emigrants. only 25 percent of the titanic ’ s third - class passengers survived, and of that 25 percent, only a fraction were men. by contrast, about 97 percent of first - class women survived the sinking of the titanic. newspapers sensationalized the titanic sinking with fabricated stories … the term steerage originally referred to the part of the ship below - decks where the steering apparatus was located. however, over time, the term came to refer to the part of a passenger ship below - decks where third - class passengers were housed. third class ticket – rms titanic on the titanic, third - class passengers shared common bathrooms, ate in dining facilities with other third - class passengers, and slept in cabins four to a room. by the standards of the day, the accommodations on the titanic for third - class passengers were excellent. in fact, the titanic provided nicer living conditions than many of the steerage passengers were accustomed to at home. it was said that the titanic ’ s third - class accommodations resembled other steamships ’ second - class accommodations : • third - class cabins on the titanic had running water and electricity. • steerage passengers were provided with meals, which were a wonderful perk ; most steamships that carried steerage passengers at the time required them to bring their own food. • passengers could clean up in their cabins in a washbasin. however, only two bathtubs served all 700 - plus third - class men and women. • bunk beds in third class had mattresses, pillows, and blankets, but no sheets or pillowcases. this fact wasn ’ t a problem because most third - class passengers, who were leaving their native lands forever to start over in america, had all their belongings with them, including their sheets and pillowcases. for these passengers, anything that the ship provided was a bonus that made the voyage more pleasant. titanic ’ s third - class dining room … third - class passengers ate three meals a day in two common dining rooms called the dining saloons. these rooms were located on f deck between the second and third funnels, exactly two decks below the first - class dining room. third - class passengers did not get individual tables ; they ate on rows of tables lined up next to each other. combined, the two third - class dining saloons


second and third funnels, exactly two decks below the first - class dining room. third - class passengers did not get individual tables ; they ate on rows of tables lined up next to each other. combined, the two third - class dining saloons could hold only around 475 people, so diners were served in two seatings. titanic ’ s third - class entertainment options ( general room left ) the titanic provided the general room, where steerage passengers could sit, read, play cards, and otherwise pass the time. steerage passengers weren ’ t allowed into the areas of the ship boasting other entertainments, like the gymnasium or the pool, but they could have their own parties and dances. the party scene in james cameron ’ s 1997 movie titanic offers a perfect example of the spontaneous gatherings in third class, complete with fiddle players and plenty of beer. interestingly, all the sitting surfaces in the general room were made of wood. ( lice can ’ t find a home on slatted benches the way they can in fabric and upholstered surfaces. ) third - class men also had access to a smoking room complete with spittoons. the rms titanic was build in belfast as the second in a trio of sister - ships for the white star line, to operate the lucrative transatlantic run between southampton and new york ( via cherbourg in france and queenstown in ireland ). the rms titanic was the largest ship in the world at the time, eclipsing her 1 - year - old sister ship rms olympic by just over 1, 000 - tons. ( the cause of the weight gain between the two sisters had been extending one of the 1st class restaurants, enclosing the front half of the a - deck promenade, adding two larger suites with their own private verandas in 1st class on b - deck, adding a parisian cafe for 1st class passengers and making various adjustments to the 1st class bathrooms, such as installing extra marble baths and cigar holders next to the sinks. ) had she remained afloat, however, the titanic would only have held the honor until may 1913, when a 52, 000 - ton german liner, ss imperator, was launched into service for the hamburg - amerika line. third class passengers on deck – they provided strong revenue for the white star liner … although white star realized that enormous sums of money could be made from providing the most luxurious 1st class accommodation onboard its flagships, as with all the transatlantic companies, a huge percentage of their profits would came from the booming immigrant trade


the white star liner … although white star realized that enormous sums of money could be made from providing the most luxurious 1st class accommodation onboard its flagships, as with all the transatlantic companies, a huge percentage of their profits would came from the booming immigrant trade between europe and america, with most of the immigrants traveling in 3rd class – sometimes known as “ steerage. ” europe was already over - populated by 1912, particularly in its cities, and it was a place that had not altered much since the congress of vienna. to many it seemed that to triumph and become a man of enormous wealth when one was not born into it was the exception in belle epoque europe, not the rule. but america, on the other hand, was a vast continent, under - populated, new in comparison to the “ old countries ” and brimming with opportunities – either real or imagined. so, like the olympic, the titanic was designed to capitalize on the surge in transatlantic migration with room for 1, 134 3rd - class passengers. unlike the slightly melodramatic view of impoverished but inexplicably cheery 3rd class passengers offered in james cameron ’ s titanic, the olympic and titanic ’ s steerage accommodation was both of a higher standard and therefore a higher cost than most other 3rd class cabins on smaller ships or upon white star ’ s german rivals. ( the cheapest 3rd class ticket cost as much as 3 - 4 weeks ’ wages for a skilled labourer. ) the result was that the white star line ’ s 3rd class clientele was usually upper working - class or lower middle class. a typical passenger would have been the likes of frank dean, who had purchased 3rd class tickets for himself, his wife and their two young children, when he decided to emigrate to join relatives in kansas, where he could open a tobacco shop, much like he had in london. the theory behind providing higher levels of comfort for its 3rd class passengers was, predictably, a commercial one for the white star line. whilst many shipping companies showed no real interest in making provision for genuine comfort for its steerage passengers, since they were emigrating and were therefore unlikely to be “ return ” customers, white star line knew that many immigrants were later joined by their family and friends from the homeland and so by making sure their journey to the united states was as enjoyable as possible, white star line hoped they would recommend travelling on the olympic or titanic to their acquaintances, thus increasing the company ’ s future profits. captain smith with officers aboard the rms titanic … third


making sure their journey to the united states was as enjoyable as possible, white star line hoped they would recommend travelling on the olympic or titanic to their acquaintances, thus increasing the company ’ s future profits. captain smith with officers aboard the rms titanic … third class passengers onboard the titanic had access to a smoking room ( male only ), two dining rooms ( above, divided in two by one of the ship ’ s bulkheads ) and a general room, which functioned as a cross between a lounge and a nursery, although in the evening it became the recreational area. ( it is there in the movie titanic that jack and rose dance at the ceilidh – although in reality, 1st class passengers were no more allowed to wander down to 3rd class than 3rd class were free to walk about 1st class. ) cabins in 3rd class consisted of bunk beds for between 4 and 6 people, with a sink at the far end of the room and some small wardrobe space. an excellent reconstruction is pictured left from the titanic museum in branson, missouri. private toilets in the ship ’ s cabins were unheard of and not even available in 2nd class and so large, clean, public toilets similar to what we might find in restaurants were provided, along with showers and baths. food onboard the ship was simple but plentiful. the dinner served to 3rd class passengers on sunday april 14th, destined to be the ship ’ s last day afloat, consisted of rice soup, fresh bread, biscuits, and roast beef with gravy, sweet corn, and boiled potatoes, followed by plum pudding, sweet sauce and fruit. at the time of her maiden voyage, which began on wednesday, april 10th 1912 in southampton and after a collection of irish passengers on the following day, the titanic set out for new york with 708 3rd class passengers. three days later, twenty minutes before midnight, the ship was involved in a side - on collision with an iceberg, which opened 300ft of the 882ft liner to the sea beneath the waterline. two hours and forty minutes later, the ship disappeared beneath the waves with the loss of approximately 1, 500 lives. as everybody knows, the percentage of 3rd class passengers saved, compared to those in 1st and 2nd class was appalling – of the 462 men in steerage, 75 survived ; 76 of the 165 women escaped, along with only 27 of the 76 children. the enormously high percentage of 3rd - class casualties led to the myth that they had been deliberately detained below deck until 1st - and 2nd - class


far short of the proportion of the first and second class, but this is accounted for by the greater reluctance of the third - class passengers to leave the ship, by their unwillingness to part with their baggage, by the difficulty in getting them up from their quarters, which were at the extreme ends of the ship, and by other similar causes. ” when news of the titanic disaster broke in belfast, i can vividly remember my great - grandfather telling me when i was younger that in the protestant working - class areas of the city, he could see grown men who worked in the harland & wolff shipyards, standing in the street crying at the loss of the “ great ship. ” he could still remember the song they sang to commemorate the loss and, at the distance of eighty years, the pride he took in his family having worked on the titanic and her sisters was palpable. the titanic ’ s sister ship, olympic, continued in service for the white star line for the next twenty years, continuing to turn great profits and eventually being joined in the 1920s by two new running mates for the transatlantic run – the 56, 000 - ton majestic and the 34, 000 - ton homeric. on most of her sailings between 1911 and 1934, when the great depression began to strangle the luxury liner trade, the olympic regularly sailed with most of the cabins – in all three of her classes – booked.


tuesday, august 10, 2010 survival of the fittest or altruistic suicide? the answer is that suicide at the cellular level doesn ’ t kill the whole organism. such self destruction serves a range of purposes, from guiding development to keeping cancer at bay. in short, cell death in a multicellular organism can be a good thing. but if cell suicide in multicellular organisms passes the evolutionary test, what about recent findings of suicide in unicellular organisms? new genome data from the great barrier reef demosponge ( amphimedon queenslandica ) reveals high levels of unexpected complexity, for this lowly sponge has an impressive complement of genes. as one evolutionist put it, “ this flies in the face of what we think of early metazoan evolution. ” another evolutionist asked perhaps an even more telling question. “ what i want to know now, ” he asked, “ is what were all these genes doing prior to the advent of sponge? ” that ’ s a good question because some of those genes are for programmed suicide. what this sponge genome apparently tells us is that programmed cell death would have to have arisen in single - cell organisms. suicide at the cellular level did kill the whole organism — and that doesn ’ t make evolutionary sense. with evolution what we must believe is that programmed cell death did not arise in multicellular species, but in unicellular species. in other words, an intricate, highly complex, set of tools and signals somehow arose and, rather than leading to enhanced survival as evolution calls for, they led to destruction. evolutionists will need yet another one of their just - so stories to rationalize this.


“ hell, ” wrote jean - paul sartre in his play no exit, “ is other people ”. but satan, in milton ’ s paradise lost, utters this anguished cry : “ which way i flie is hell ; my self am hell. ” he goes on : “ the mind is its own place, and in itself / can make a heav ’ n of hell, a hell of heav ’ n. ” both quotes are drawn from the recent christmas edition of the economist ; this is my favourite end of the year read, containing as it does an eclectic collection of long articles on a variety of subjects. one such piece, ‘ into everlasting fire ’, examines the evolution of the concept of hell across time and in different faiths. i remember reading dante ’ s divine comedy in my late teens. the classic work contains probably the most gruesome and vivid description of hell in literature. the section titled ‘ the inferno ’ gives a detailed account of the nine circles of hell, ranging from the outer circle for unbaptised babies to the innermost one where satan is frozen up till his neck. there was no concept of hell in early judaism, and it only made an appearance due to hellenic influence. but even then the jewish gehenna is more of a purgatory where souls are cleansed ; whatever their deeds in life, they don ’ t stay in this waiting room for more than 12 months. in medieval christianity, the vatican authorised the sale of ‘ indulgences ’ that helped to offset the buyer ’ s sins after he died. this device raised a lot of money for the church, but was subject to much abuse as the rich used it as a licence to sin. in fact, this was one of the major aberrations that martin luther wanted to cleanse christianity of. having read of this practice at university, i was delighted to learn recently that it is still possible to buy indulgences online. in a sense, this is not unlike our custom of asking the local mosque to send a group of students to recite from the holy book. we hope that after a relative ’ s death, this will help the dear departed to clear up some of his or her sins. we have all seen these young aspiring clerics racing through the sacred verses at funerals. note also the similarity between the jewish gehenna and our jahannum. the latter, of course, is quite detailed in its description of everlasting torments, while in the new testament


per cent go to hell after they die? it would certainly make for overcrowding … incidentally, out of the 59 per cent who declared they subscribed to a faith, many thousands put down jedi knights in the religion column. if they go over to the dark side in this life, will they be condemned to serve the evil sith lord forever? some fundamentalist christians in the united states run ‘ hell houses ’ to introduce teenagers to the tortures of the damned. these contain sights and sounds from an imaginary hell intended to scare the young into believing in the real thing, thereby — in theory at least — bringing them closer to the faith. at one famous buddhist temple i have visited in sri lanka, images of demons and the damned are painted on the walls. this, again, is intended to frighten those of feeble belief into accepting the gospel without questioning it. the location of hell differs from faith to faith. the general consensus is that it is deep underground, near the hottest part of the earth ’ s core. some speculate that as the sun generates the most intense heat known to us, that ’ s where hell is. for the greeks, underground rivers like the styx provided the entrance to hell. but wherever it is, it ’ s not a very pleasant place. reward and punishment are woven into the fabric of most religions : be good and go to heaven ; sin, and it ’ s off to hell you go. in this manichean view, there is little room for morality and ethics for their own sake. our maker clearly views us as too weak and fallible to do good simply because it ’ s the right thing. and while many around the world have discarded the notion of a literal hell, others believe in hellfire and brimstone. my personal vision of hell is being locked up with crowds of shoppers in a mall in dubai for all eternity. the writer is the author of fatal faultlines : pakistan, islam and the west.


bat whatever the correct explanations i * * * *, * « ° facte stand out la any survey ofiyrijtoday. one is th. hostility to the french mandate which i. a ^ n stronger than it was in 1919. at that tl. e the pro -? reneh minority was vigorous and oat - spoken. in the spribgpfp * * j except far a few office holders of dubious character who are subsidised by high salaries, the syrians seemed almost unanimously opposed to any dealings, official or otherwise, with the french. the pro - french minority had alaost completely disappeared. in 1919, for example, the maronites were so dewotedly in sympathy with thecji ' rench that they were scarcely courteous to the british and americans. in 1922 the maronite patriarch sad his associates stated to americans that they regretted deeply the grave mistake they had made in asking for the french. syrian opposition to the french mandate is intensified by the assurance given in the mandate resolutions adopted by the allies on january 30th, 1919, that " the wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the mandatory power • • according to the syrians their wishes have been considered only in the sense that they have bean completely frustrated. the second outstanding fact is the persistence of syrian nationalisa and thorough - going opposition to colonization by any power. there are three planks in their present notionalist platform. the first j is the unity of syria including palestine and the trans - jordan districts now under british nandate. this is urged for economic even more than for political reasons. the separation of palestine and trana - jordania, sndsthe areas north and east of syria as now constituted, with the easterns barriers that have been erected on these frontiers, is, it is said, disastrous to the industriss asd commerce of damascus, aleppo. offi™vxs1 tmh - y be protected by copyri9ht law reproduced or distributed without the specific " ssz? ra ^ t h°over lns « t » « on archives, stanford, ca 94305 - 6010.


remember how you felt after your last trip to the mexican restaurant? if your first thought is of an upset stomach, consider taking digestive enzymes. because your body ' s enzyme production drops off after you hit age 30, foods high in fat and carbohydrates become more difficult to digest — potentially leaving you with bloating, constipation, or diarrhea. taking enzyme supplements regularly ( or eating enzyme - rich foods like pineapple ) helps break down foods so that nutrients can be absorbed. they can also help ease symptoms of lactose or gluten intolerance. never take enzymes, though, if you have open stomach ulcers — the results can be painful. when buying supplements for digestion, look for plant - based products that combine several enzymes — they are more likely to work across the gastrointestinal tracts ' broad range of ph levels. and be sure to take the pills with food ; try them with two meals a day for at least three months ; after that, you may be able to go with your gut and cut back. | cellulase | | → cellulose from plant foods | | lactase | | → lactose in dairy | | phytase | | → grains and legumes | | protease ( bromelain ) | | → protein | | sucrase and maltase | | → complex sugars |


you can use the foil method to multiply out binomials of the form. foil stands for first - outer - inner - last. first means multiply the first terms ; outer means multiply ; inner gives the term ; and finally last gives the term the wolfram demonstrations project embed interactive demonstration more details » download demonstration as cdf » download author code » more by author squaring a binomial binomial theorem ( step - by - step ) eric w. weisstein ed pegg jr location of complex roots of a real quadratic parameters for plotting a quartic thomas mueller and r. w. d. nickalls the structure of the real roots of a quintic polynomial the number of distinct real roots of a real polynomial multiplying a monomial and a linear polynomial high school algebra i high school mathematics browse all topics related curriculum standards common core state standards for mathematics the # 1 tool for creating demonstrations and anything technical. explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine. the web ' s most extensive course assistant apps » an app for every course — right in the palm of your hand. wolfram blog » read our views on math, science, and technology. computable document format » the format that makes demonstrations ( and any information ) easy to share and interact with. stem initiative » programs & resources for educators, schools & students. join the initiative for modernizing note : your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific demonstration for which you give feedback. © 2013 wolfram demonstrations project & contributors | note : to run this demonstration you need mathematica 7 + or the free mathematica player 7ex download or upgrade to mathematica player 7ex i already have


you should always externalize resources such as images and strings from your application code, so that you can maintain them independently. externalizing your resources also allows you to provide alternative resources that support specific device configurations such as different languages or screen sizes, which becomes increasingly important as more android - powered devices become available with different configurations. in order to provide compatibility with different configurations, you must organize resources in your res / directory, using various sub - directories that group resources by type and for any type of resource, you can specify default and multiple alternative resources for your application : - default resources are those that should be used regardless of the device configuration or when there are no alternative resources that match the current configuration. - alternative resources are those that you ' ve designed for use with a specific configuration. to specify that a group of resources are for a specific configuration, append an appropriate configuration qualifier to the directory name. for example, while your default ui layout is saved in the res / layout / directory, you might specify a different layout to be used when the screen is in landscape orientation, by saving it in the directory. android automatically applies the appropriate resources by matching the device ' s current configuration to your resource directory names. figure 1 illustrates how the system applies the same layout for two different devices when there are no alternative resources available. figure 2 shows the same application when it adds an alternative layout resource for larger screens. the following documents provide a complete guide to how you can organize your application resources, specify alternative resources, access them in your application, and more : - providing resources - what kinds of resources you can provide in your app, where to save them, and how to create alternative resources for specific device configurations. - accessing resources - how to use the resources you ' ve provided, either by referencing them from your application code or from other xml resources. - handling runtime changes - how to manage configuration changes that occur while your activity is running. - a bottom - up guide to localizing your application using alternative resources. while this is just one specific use of alternative resources, it is very important in order to reach more users. - resource types - a reference of various resource types you can provide, describing their xml elements, attributes, and syntax. for example, this reference shows you how to create a resource for application menus, drawables, animations, and more.


date of award : master of science ( ms ) terry a. messmer columbian sharp - tailed grouse ( tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus : hereafter sharp - tailed grouse ) populations have been declining. these declines have been attributed to a number of factors, including habitat loss due to agriculture, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing by livestock, and the loss to fire. to gather information about their status in northern utah, i radio - marked sharp - tailed grouse in 2003 ( n = 15 ) and 2004 ( n = 20 ) in two research areas. the study areas were located on the south end of cache county and in eastern box elder county. in the cache study area, i monitored 7 males and 1 female in 2003, and 6 males and 3 females in 2004. in the box elder study area, i monitored 6 males in 2003 and 6 males and 5 females in 2004. i then located the radio - marked sharp - tailed grouse using telemetry and collected visual obstruction readings ( vor ) and vegetation data on each flush site and on a randomly selected paired point. i completed an unsupervised classification of the two study areas to determine if habitats were used more than would be expected based on availability. i then used a paired point linear regression to determine if vegetation parameters were correlated with sharp - tailed grouse on the landscape. sagebrush in the box elder county study area and forbs in the cache county study area were significantly correlated with habitat use by sharp - tailed grouse. the vor readings were higher at the flush sites than at the paired points. the unsupervised classification showed that in box elder county, sagebrush was used in greater proportion than is available, while in the cache county study area there were no habitat types that were used in greater proportion than was available on the landscape. i collected information on nest sites, nest success, broods, and mortality of these 2 populations. nest success was 75 % combined over the 2 - year study, and mortality was 72 % for both populations over the 2 years. seasonal habitat use and distance travelled were determined using global positioning system points collected at every flush point. the distance traveled ranged from 0. 9 km to 14. 7 km, with the longest distance being travelled in the winter. greer, ron d., " ecology and seasonal habitat use patterns of columbian sharp - tailed grouse in northern utah " ( 2010 ). all graduate theses and dissertations. paper 611. copyright for this work is retained by


coal in the ferron sandstone member of the mancos shale of cretaceous age has traditionally been mined by underground techniques in the emery coal field in the southern end of castle valley in east - central utah. however, approximately 99 million tons are recoverable by surface mining. ground water in the ferron is the sole source of supply for the town of emery, but the aquifer is essentially untapped outside the emery area. the ferron sandstone member crops out along the eastern edge of castle valley and generally dips 2 " to 10 " to the northwest beneath the surface. sandstones in the ferron are enclosed between relatively impermeable shale in the tununk and blue gate members of the mancos shale. along the outcrop, the ferron ranges in thickness from about 80 feet in the northern part of castle valley to 850 feet in the southern part. the ferron also generally thickens in the subsurface downdip from the outcrop. records from wells and test holes indicate that the full thickness of the ferron is saturated with water in most areas downdip from the outcrop area. tests in the emery area indicate that transmissivity of the ferron sandstone aquifer ranges from about 200 to 700 feet squared per day where the ferron is fully saturated. aquifer transmissivity is greatest near the paradise valley - - joes valley fault system where permeability has been increased by fracturing. storage coefficient ranges from about 10 ^ - 6 to 10 ^ - 3 where the ferron sandstone aquifer is confined and probably averages 5 x 10 ^ - 2 where in is unconfined. lines, gregory c. ; morrissey, daniel j. ; ryer, thomas a. ; fuller, richard h. ; and u. s. geological survey, " hydrology of the ferron sandstone aquifer and effects of proposed surface - coal mining in castle valley, utah " ( 1981 ). all u. s. government documents ( utah regional depository ). paper 567.


the dakota house, jamestown, n. d. | title | | the dakota house, jamestown, n. d. | | date of original | | 1878? | | creator | | haynes, f. jay ( frank jay ), 1853 - 1921 | | creator role | | photographer | | description | | a three story wooden building with two chimneys on the roof, and the sign " dakota house, " on the front. there are a few people on the second floor balcony over the main first floor entrance. other people stand outside the main entrance, and three men sit upon horses. there is a sidewalk and some small trees in wooden supports in the foreground. three windows at the very left on the second floor are circled marking the rooms that were occupied by e. p. wells and his family when they arrived in jamestown, n. d. | | general subject | | city & town life | business & industry | personal name | | wells, edward p. ( edward payson ), 1846 - 1936 | | organization name | | dakota house ( jamestown, n. d. ) | stutsman county ( n. d. ) | item number | | st285 | | format of original | | stereographs | | dimensions of original | | 10 x 18 cm. | | transcription | | " no. 3 the dakato ( dakota ) house. rooms occupied by wells family on arrival in jamestown. ( shown circled ) arrived in 1879 " - - printed on sheet of paper underneath stereograph. | " f. jay haynes, fargo, d. t., official photographer northern pacific railway " - - printed on front of stereograph. " room occupied by wells family on arrival in jamestown " - - handwritten on front of stereograph, along with three windows circled in pen. | biography / history | | edward payson wells was born november 9, 1847 at troy, wisconsin, the son of rev. milton and melissa ( smith ) wells. on march 8, 1871 he married nellie m. johnson, the daughter of joseph s. and ann ( jewett ) johnson of minneapolis. they had four children. in 1872 mr. wells moved to milwaukee. in april 1878, mr. wells moved to jamestown, dakota territory and founded the land company, wells - dickey company. the next year he began to publish the northwestern land journal. that same year his family moved to jamestown and he built the first permanent house in jamestown. in 1881 at its founding, he became president of the james river valley national bank


the prehistoric cave paintings of chauvet in southeastern france show the work of deft hands : hundreds of animals appear in lifelike posesstanding, stalking, running, or roaming in packson surfaces specially scraped to make the sketches stand out. many archaeologists assumed that such sophistication required thousands of years of cultural development and artistic experimentation. yet a new, improved dating analysis suggests that the chauvet paintings were made between 32, 000 and 29, 000 years ago, placing them among the most ancient artworks known. | well - rendered animals in france ' s chauvet cave show an early period of artistic development. | photograph courtesy of helene valladas / jean clottes archaeologist helene valladas of the national center for scientific research in gif - sur - yvette used a precision form of carbon dating to analyze the animal drawings and various charcoal remains in the cave. her results confirm that the chauvet cave paintings are 10, 000 to 15, 000 years older than those at lascaux, even though the art in the two locations is similarly fine. the finding implies that prehistoric art did not evolve steadily from crude beginnings to complex representations, as was previously thought, but " in spurts, with lots of apogees and lots of declines, " says archaeologist jean clottes, who is in charge of the research at chauvet. if so, there may be earlier cycles of artistic development as yet unknown. " i would be very surprised if much older art was not discovered in the next few years, not only in europe but mostly in asia, australia, and africa. the big problem is one of preservation and dating, " says clottes.


in this essay, the individualist anarchist writer charles johnson offers an analysis of the concrete mechanisms of capitalism, and of how the revolutionary potential of free economic relationships is diverted and deformed when markets are constrained to labor under bosses, monopoly and government. johnson revisits, and updates, benjamin tucker ’ s classic “ four monopolies ” analysis of state capitalism, arguing that the case for tucker ’ s free - market anticapitalism is stronger than ever, as we take into account not only the growth and retrenchment of the land monopoly, money monopoly, patent monopoly, and protectionist monopoly, but also the metastatic spread of state - capitalist monopolies into agribusiness, infrastructure, utilities, health care, and regulatory protectionism. for most of the twentieth century, american libertarians saw themselves, and were seen as, defenders of “ capitalism. ” until nearly the end of the 20th century, anticapitalist anarchism was sidelined in political debate, and most simply ceased to be treat it as a live option ; meanwhile, most american libertarians, and nearly all of their opponents, seemed to agree that opposing state control of the economy meant defending business against the attacks of “ big government. ” the purpose and effect of laissez faire was simply to unleash existing forms of commerce from political restraints, and to produce something which would look, more or less, like business as usual, only more so : bigger, faster, stronger, and no longer held back by government from pushing the corporate business model to the hilt. this was almost a complete reversal from the attitude of traditional libertarians like benjamin tucker, an attitude which we might call ‘ free - market anti - capitalism. ’ tucker was one of the best - known defenders of free markets in nineteenth - century america... yet he repeatedly described his views as a form of “ anarchistic socialism. ”... what could “ socialism ” mean for a radical, free - market individualist like tucker? certainly not government control of industry. rather, what tucker was pointing out was his opposition to actually - existing capitalist business practices, and his support for workers ’ control over the conditions of their own labor – the control denied by the four monopolies and the artificial inequalities of wealth and bargaining power they fostered. for tucker, then, a libertarian politics meant an attack on economic privilege – by removing the political privileges that propped it up, and dismantling monopolies by exposing them to competition from below


[ date prev ] [ date next ] [ thread prev ] [ thread next ] [ date index ] [ thread index ] [ subject index ] [ author index ] re : the permo - triassic extinction killed the dinosaurs, according to fox news what an excellent example of sloppy journalism. the sad thing is that the paper could have made a very interesting news story in the right hands. the authors found exceptionally high concentrations of nano - scale silica dust in the end - permian coals, which they suggest combines with organic pollutants from the coal to cause elevated rates of lung cancer. they think the acidic fallout from the siberian traps eruptions accelerated erosion to produce the silica dust, which washed into the peat bogs. by the way, read that first sentence carefully, and you discover that plants were walking the earth along with the dinosaurs 250 million years ago. maybe give it to your students and say " spot the errors. " at 9 : 32 am - 0500 1 / 8 / 10, thomas r. holtz, jr. wrote : > " the tremendous volcanic eruption thought to be responsible for earth ' s > largest mass extinction - which killed more than 70 percent of plants and > dinosaurs walking the planet 250 million years ago - is still taking lives > well, to be fair, 0 of the dinosaur individuals present in the latest > permian survived into the earliest triassic. of course, 0 of the human > individuals present in the latest permian survived into the earliest > but it gets... er... better (? ) : > " scientists investigating the high incidence of lung cancer in china ' s xuan > wei county in yunnan province conclude that the problem lies with the coal > residents use to heat their homes. that coal was formed by the same > 250 - million - year - old giant volcanic eruption - termed a supervolcano - that > was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. the high silica content > of that coal is interacting with volatile organic matter in the soil to > cause the unusually high rates of lung cancer. " > coal. formed by a basaltic eruption. > ( okay, in the paper itself, it states that the coal formed at the p / tr > boundary, but not that it was produced by volcanic action as such. the > particular coal seam seems to be comparable to the z coal in the hell > thomas r. holtz, jr. > email : firstname. lastname @ example. org phone : 301 - 405 - 4084 >


- fda approves novartis drug for high blood pressure treatment - adherence among chronic disease patients can lead to big savings - new cardiovascular risk calculator now available online - pfizer forms licensing agreement with seattle genetics - walgreens puts its money where its mouth is with world aids day campaign chicago — in a study involving more than 16, 000 u. s. children and adolescents, there has been a decrease in average total cholesterol levels over the past two decades, although almost 1 - in - 10 subjects had elevated total cholesterol in the 2007 - 2010 period, according to a study published in the aug. 8 issue of the journal of the american medical association. " the process of [ hardening of the arteries ] begins during childhood and is associated with … high concentrations of low - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ldl - c ), non - high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( non - hdl - c ), and triglycerides, and low concentrations of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ), " according to background information in the article. " for more than 20 years, primary prevention of coronary heart disease has included strategies intended to improve overall serum lipid concentrations among youths. " researchers found that among youths ages 6 to 19 years between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, there was a decrease in average total cholesterol from 165 mg / dl to 160 mg / dl. between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, there also was a decrease in prevalence among youths ages 6 to 19 years of elevated total cholesterol from 11. 3 % to 8. 1 %. in 2007 - 2010, 22 % of youths had either a low hdl - c level or high non - hdl - c, which was lower than the 27. 2 % in 1988 - 1994. " between 1988 - 1994 and 2007 - 2010, a favorable trend in serum lipid concentrations was observed among youths in the united states but adverse lipid profiles continue to be observed among youths, " noted brian kit of the centers for disease control and prevention and lead researcher. " for example, in 2007 - 2010, slightly more than 20 % of children aged 9 to 11 years had either a low hdl - c or high non - hdl - c concentration, which, according to the most recent cardiovascular health guidelines for children and adolescents, indicates a need for additional clinical evaluation. "


economic growth in china has led to significant increases in fossil fuel consumption © stock. xchng ( frederic dupont, patator ) per capita co2 emissions in china reach eu levels global emissions of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) – the main cause of global warming – increased by 3 % last year. in china, the world ’ s most populous country, average emissions of co2 increased by 9 % to 7. 2 tonnes per capita, bringing china within the range of 6 to 19 tonnes per capita emissions of the major industrialised countries. in the european union, co2 emissions dropped by 3 % to 7. 5 tonnes per capita. the united states remain one of the largest emitters of co2, with 17. 3 tonnes per capita, despite a decline due to the recession in 2008 - 2009, high oil prices and an increased share of natural gas. according to the annual report ‘ trends in global co2 emissions ’, released today by the jrc and the netherlands environmental assessment agency ( pbl ), the top emitters contributing to the global 34 billion tonnes of co2 in 2011 are : china ( 29 % ), the united states ( 16 % ), the european union ( 11 % ), india ( 6 % ), the russian federation ( 5 % ) and japan ( 4 % ). with 3 %, the 2011 increase in global co2 emissions is above the past decade ' s average annual increase of 2. 7 %. an estimated cumulative global total of 420 billion tonnes of co2 has been emitted between 2000 and 2011 due to human activities, including deforestation. scientific literature suggests that limiting the rise in average global temperature to 2°c above pre - industrial levels – the target internationally adopted in un climate negotiations – is possible only if cumulative co2 emissions in the period 2000 – 2050 do not exceed 1 000 to 1 500 billion tonnes. if the current global trend of increasing co2 emissions continues, cumulative emissions will surpass this limit within the next two decades


although some may consider the practice old school, electrical taping is a valuable skill you shouldn ' t let slip away with all of the new products and electrical insulation kits currently on the market, the use of conventional electrical tapes has gone down. as a result, electricians today may not possess the taping skills that once were such an important part of their predecessors ' work. nevertheless, there is still good reason to master this craft — especially for those times when repairs are needed quickly and other products are simply not available. according to steve anderson, a national joint apprenticeship and training committee ( njatc ) director, the njatc believes strongly in the importance of splice and termination taping skills for electricians and linemen. “ taping is the first thing covered in our cable splice training course, and we spend a lot of time in this area, ” anderson says. anderson points out that repair situations can arise in the field where a splicer does not have access to a particular kit for the job. however, knowing how to make proper use of tape can save the day, getting the customer back online quickly. “ it ' s far more economical to complete a job on the spot with tape than to go in search of a kit, ” anderson maintains. the primary tapes used in electrical applications are vinyl, rubber, mastic, and varnished cambric. these products have been used in electrical work for many years, are code approved, and conform to key industry standards, including ul 520, astm d1000, and csa 22. 2. the table below lists the primary uses for each of these types of tape. the function of moisture - sealing tapes such as vinyl, rubber, and mastic products is to exclude moisture from the insulation assembly and provide electrical insulation. one of these tapes — or alternately a mastic pad — generally forms the second layer of the insulation assembly. rubber, mastic, and filler tapes are also used to pad the underlying surface by covering sharp edges. rubber tapes are generally non - adhesive, and are either equipped with a liner or are linerless. stretched and overlapped layers will fuse or bond together to form an effective electrical insulation and moisture barrier. for low - voltage ( 1000v or less ) applications, rubber tapes should be stretched during wrapping so that tape width is reduced to approximately 75 %. for high - and medium - voltage applications — where the electrical stresses are high ( e. g. connector areas, lug areas, and cable shield cut - back areas


should be stretched during wrapping so that tape width is reduced to approximately 75 %. for high - and medium - voltage applications — where the electrical stresses are high ( e. g. connector areas, lug areas, and cable shield cut - back areas ) — tape should be stretched just short of its breaking point. vinyl tape forms the final outer layer and serves several important functions in addition to electrical insulation, including abrasion protection, corrosion resistance, uv resistance, and protection from chemicals including alkalis and acids. conformable vinyl tape is tougher than the softer, stickier surfaces of rubber, mastic, and putty tapes it protects. several grades of vinyl electrical tape are available — all of which differ in conformability, ease of unwinding, resistance of the adhesive to heat and cold, and loosening ( flagging ). while general - use vinyl tapes are appropriate for bundling, wire pulling, and other ancillary tasks, premium - grade vinyl tape is the best choice for permanent insulation work as it handles the broadest range of environmental factors and functions, such as cold weather. you should use a minimum of two half - lapped layers of vinyl tape to insulate and jacket low - voltage components. a half - lap ( see figure above ) consists of overlaying each turn by one - half the width of the tape. the general rule of thumb calls for a tape thickness of 1. 5 times the thickness of existing wire or cable insulation. in every case, tension on the tape should be sufficient to conform the tape evenly to the surface. a slight reduction in tension is encouraged for the final wrap. trim the tape end and allow it to return to shape before pressing down with the thumb to avoid lifting or flagging. when properly applied, quality tapes can serve as valuable standby resources for jobs such as insulating motor lead connections, inline splices, and split bolt and bus bar connections. let ' s take a look at some guidelines for each. motor lead insulation. in the case of low - voltage motor lead connections, the tape insulating process consists of connecting feeder cables to motor leads and arranging the conductors for easy wrapping. you should begin by wrapping two layers of varnished cambric tape, which is available with or without adhesive. for the adhesive type, apply with the adhesive side out for clean re - entry. follow up this first step by wrapping four half - lapped layers of rubber insulating tape over the cambric tape, which creates a moisture barrier


. for the adhesive type, apply with the adhesive side out for clean re - entry. follow up this first step by wrapping four half - lapped layers of rubber insulating tape over the cambric tape, which creates a moisture barrier and provides the primary insulation in the connection. finally, over - wrap the assembly with a minimum of two half - lapped layers of vinyl electrical tape. this should extend approximately two tape widths beyond the ends of the rubber tape. stretch this tape as you wrap it so you get good conformance to the underlying structure. this also helps complete the moisture seal. inline splice insulation. you can protect a low - voltage inline splice in a similar manner by wrapping the installed connector with four half - lapped layers of rubber mastic tape or rubber splicing tape, and then over - wrapping it with two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl electrical tape. split bolt connection. protection of a split bolt connection begins with installing the connector and wrapping it with two layers of varnished cambric tape. next, wrap the splice with four half - lapped layers of rubber or rubber mastic tape. complete the job by over - wrapping with at least two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl electrical tape. bus bar. a common method of insulating a bus bar connection is to first wrap it with two layers of varnished cambric. the subsequent steps consist of four half - lapped layers of rubber or rubber mastic followed by two half - lapped layers of premium vinyl tape. electrical tapes are versatile, suited to a multitude of tasks, and when installed properly provide a long - term, effective insulation. according to anderson, both the njatc headquarters and local training efforts are strongly supported by industry suppliers, which provide sample products and assist with course development and hands - on instruction. in addition, manufacturers of electrical - grade tapes are generally willing to provide technical support and instruction on proper taping techniques. “ there are many kits and products available to electricians today that simplify their work and help increase productivity, ” anderson says. “ the properties of electrical tapes have also been steadily improved over the years. these proven products can be adapted to many important electrical insulation tasks, and they continue to be valuable assets for our industry. for that reason, we continue to stress the importance of taping skills and strong product and application knowledge. ” goodman is a technical service engineer and brown is a technical service senior engineer with 3m in austin, texas.


the distribution of wealth : a theory of wages, interest and profits the place of distribution within the traditional divisions of economics we have undertaken to solve a test problem of distribution — to ascertain whether the division of the social income into wages, interest and profits is, in principle, honest. we have seen that this compels us to enter the realm of production, in order to find whether these incomes are earned. is each of them specifically created by the agent that gets it? if it is, the entire science of distribution is nothing more than a science of the process of specific production. in any case, the relation of the wealth - creating process to the wealth - dividing process needs a most searching examination. the terms, production, distribution, exchange and consumption, have been used to designate four divisions of economic science. these, however, are not distinct divisions ; for one of them includes two of the others. the production of wealth, as it is carried on by an organized society, is a process that embraces within itself both exchange and distribution. this fact makes it necessary completely to rearrange economic theory, for purposes of study, and to divide it according to a new principle. the old landmarks of the science will not entirely disappear, for it will still be necessary to speak of production, distribution, etc., as processes that are going on, and that can be defined and understood. as divisions of the science, however, they will vanish ; for the demarcations that have been made between them correspond to nothing in actual life. they are forced distinctions, made for the sake of resolving into smaller areas a field that is too large to be dealt with as a whole. as we throw them away, the economic field takes on an entirely new appearance, and it will soon be seen that this is its true and natural appearance. this field will still, however, have its divisions ; and it is a striking fact that the study which shows how hopelessly blended are exchange, distribution and production has also the effect of revealing three divisions of economics that are natural and clear. we attain the true divisions, in fact, by perceiving why we may not use the old ones. production is the bringing of commodities into existence ; and in any state except a primitive one it is accomplished by a division of labor. the producer is a specialist, selling one article, or a part of an article, and buying what he needs with the proceeds. only society in its entirety is an all - around creator of goods. this is equivalent to


by a division of labor. the producer is a specialist, selling one article, or a part of an article, and buying what he needs with the proceeds. only society in its entirety is an all - around creator of goods. this is equivalent to saying that social production is now accomplished by means of exchanges. the passing of goods from man to man enables all society to make all goods ; and the two expressions, " division of labor, " on the one hand, and " exchange, " on the other, merely describe in different ways the organized process of creating wealth, as contrasted with the method of isolated and independent production. where a thing stays in one man ' s hands until it is finished and in use, production is not yet socialized. * 3 society in its entirety is the one producer of wealth. exchange is, then, the socializing element in production. it is a characteristic part of the comprehensive process. the relation of man to nature in the productive operation remains unchanged, however much society may be organized. the earth still gives matter, and man transforms it. the making of a steel tool in a modern shop is, in this respect, akin to the fashioning of a stone hatchet by a prehistoric man. what is new in social production is the relation of man to man. interdependence has supplanted independence : a great organization has taken the place of a mass of unconnected producers. specializing and exchanging have made this difference. production by society as a whole, moreover, involves a fixing of values. if we part with our own products, something must decide how much we are to get in return for them. the ratios of exchange that a market establishes have, not unnaturally, been treated in that division of the science which is customarily entitled exchange. is that, however, the proper place for them? there is a kind of distribution that does not fix the rates of wages and interest, but determines how much one industry, as a whole, including its laborers, its capitalists and its entrepreneurs, shall get, as compared with other industries. it determines whether one whole branch of business shall be more prosperous than another. this is an intermediate part of the general distributing operation. and it is accomplished by means of prices. when wheat, for example, is high in price, the farming industry is well paid, as compared with others ; and when wheat is cheap, that industry is ill paid. if what we have in mind is the so - called " market price " of an article,


example, is high in price, the farming industry is well paid, as compared with others ; and when wheat is cheap, that industry is ill paid. if what we have in mind is the so - called " market price " of an article, — the immediate price of any given supply of an article, — this kind of value governs what we may call group distribution. if steel, for example, sells at a high rate, a large income goes to the group that produces it. this income distributes itself somewhere in the group ; but how much of it laborers get, and how much capitalists and employers get, is a question that we do not now raise. this is determined by an ultimate distribution taking place within the groups. group distribution is a preliminary division of the social income, and it deals with branches of industry in their entirety. the terms of this primary division of the social income depend on the prices of different kinds of goods. farmers want wheat to be dear, as miners want ore to be dear, etc. prices, then, fix the incomes of these groups. the great income of all society — that which is to be distributed — really consists of concrete articles, all for some use, most of them are goods for consumption ; and they serve to stock retailers ' shops, while waiting for purchasers. in some way this promiscuous stock of consumers ' goods gets divided into shares, of which every man, whether he be a laborer or a capitalist, gets a part. there is no way in which the fixing of the terms of this division can be begun and completed after the goods are finished and exposed for sale. if, before the stock of goods was ready to be taken by consumers, nothing had been done to decide how much each laborer and each a capitalist might have, the distribution would have to be made according to some arbitrary rule and by some officer of the state. the terms of the division that is actually made, however, are fixed as the production of the goods goes on : the goods are really apportioned in the making. the creation of such a general stock of commodities for use is a great synthesis, which goes on in a systematic way. one group of producers makes the article a, another group makes b, another c, etc. as a is sold, the sum that is paid for it is apportioned among the entire group that makes it ; and as b is sold, the returns from this sale are divided, in the same way, among all who have helped to


. as a is sold, the sum that is paid for it is apportioned among the entire group that makes it ; and as b is sold, the returns from this sale are divided, in the same way, among all who have helped to make this article. the prices of completed articles thus fix the incomes of groups in their entirety, these sub - groups are, in an equally exact way, divided into sub - groups. thus it takes farmers, wool merchants, manufacturers, dyers, cloth merchants and tailors to make a coat. each of these classes constitutes a sub - group ; and each gets a share of the returns of the general group — a share in every case dependent on prices. if wool is dear, farmers thrive ; and if the difference between the price of wool and the price of cloth is large, manufacturers thrive. it is market values that fix the incomes of sub - groups, as well as those of groups. neither of those price - adjusting operations, however, directly fixes wages and interest. this is the final and critical part of distribution. it takes place within the sub - groups, and it constitutes the third and final division that has to be made. the portions of income that fall to farmers, manufacturers, etc., as such, have to be further subdivided ; for a share must be paid to every laborer and to every capitalist. this last division is not made, however, as the mere general divisions are made, by a mere sale of finished goods : finer and more difficult adjustments are involved. we need now to have clearly in mind the systematic way in which the division of the grand stock of usable goods proceeds, the manner in which it follows the stages of production and the part that the fixing of exchange values has in it. this distribution goes on in three distinct stages. there are to be made a division, a subdivision and a final subdivision of the social income. the first division fixes the income of industrial groups ; the second fixes that of sub - groups, and the final division adjusts wages and interest within each of the innumerable sub - groups in the system. the shares of the groups and those of the sub - groups depend entirely on the prices of goods, and therefore the fixing of market values results in the adjustment of the terms of group distribution, thus, let a ' ' ' represent some one completed product, any bread ; and let a represent raw material, the standing wheat of which it is mode. a ' may then represent the wheat as threshed and


the terms of group distribution, thus, let a ' ' ' represent some one completed product, any bread ; and let a represent raw material, the standing wheat of which it is mode. a ' may then represent the wheat as threshed and conveyed to the elevator of a milling company, a ' ' ' may represent it as it is ground into flour, and a ' ' ' may represent it baked into loaves. in like manner b, b ', etc., represent another commodity — say, woollen clothing — in its several stages of advancement, and the series of c ' s represent still another commodity. all the a ' s constitute the product of one general group ; and the price of a ' ' ' fixes the size of its entire group income. the prices of b ' ' ' and c ' ' ' likewise fix the general incomes of the two groups that make them. similarly, the difference between the price of a ' ' and that of a ' ' ' fixes the income of the sub - group that transforms the one article into the other. in this case the difference is the gross income of the baking industry. in the same way, the difference between the price of a ' and that of a ' ' determines the income of the flouring industry, etc. the income of each sub - group in the whole series, then, depends directly on prices. a philosophy that goes behind such market prices, however, brings us to what are called " natural " or " normal " prices. these are the values, expressed in terms of money, to which, in the long run, market values tend to conform. these normal values are also in another way, phenomena of distribution ; for a certain force that operates within the sphere of group distribution establishes the normal standards to which market values tend to conform. we have just seen that market prices fix the incomes of the different groups, as such, and so control distribution in its early stages. we have now to see that a deeper force, and one that also acts in distribution, controls normal prices. market prices are the cause of group distribution ; normal prices are the effect of a certain phenomenon of distribution. the adjustment of natural or normal prices is a part of the distributive process. the movements that make prices " natural " are, in fact, efforts on the part of different men to get their natural shares of income. prices are at their natural level when labor and capital in one industry produce as much and get as much as they do in any other


prices " natural " are, in fact, efforts on the part of different men to get their natural shares of income. prices are at their natural level when labor and capital in one industry produce as much and get as much as they do in any other. normal prices mean equalized wages and equalized interest. if the prices of wheat, wool, iron, lumber, etc., were such that no laborer and no capitalist could acquire an enlarged producing power by leaving the industry that creates one of these commodities, and betaking himself to one that makes another, the price of each of the commodities would be normal. the familiar definition of natural price is : that which conforms to the cost of production. the economist has been in the habit of putting himself, in imagination, in the business man ' s position, and of considering the money that he pays out in producing an article as the cost and what he gets by selling the article as the return. the tendency of competition, according to this conception, is to bring the price down to the point at which the return equals the cost. this is, however, an individualistic and limited view of the law of normal prices. it presents that law as it appears to a man who is performing his one particular part of the social operation of creating wealth. the broad view, on the other hand, presents the law as it appears to a student who has all society within the range of his vision. it is, indeed, true that the normal price of each article is its cost. the cause of this, however, is not local in the industry ; it is not anything that takes place within the one group that makes the commodity. the influence that brings, let us say, cotton cloth to a natural price is one that works throughout the productive system. a broadly social tendency it is, in fact, that makes any one price normal. the traditional statement of the law of normal price is not incorrect ; but it is misleading, because it is partial and inadequate. it presents things from an entrepreneur ' s point of view, instead of from a social point of view. it will be seen, when we make a fuller study of this subject, that a condition in which all things sell for the amount of money that they have cost — including interest and wages of management, as elements of cost — is a state in which the gross gains of the different industrial groups are brought to pro rata equality, that is, to a condition in which the returns of all groups yield the same amounts per unit of capital