a combine harvests rice near tucker, ark., as consumer groups pressure the fda to set federal standards on arsenic in rice. a combine harvests rice near tucker, ark., as consumer groups pressure the fda to set federal standards on arsenic in rice. danny johnston / ap scientists have known for a long time that rice — often babies ' first food and the staple of much of the world ' s diet — is good at absorbing inorganic arsenic from soil during the growing process. two separate analyses, one by consumer reports and one by the food and drug administration, have raised concerns that we might be getting too much of this known human carcinogen in our diets. based on its findings, consumer reports is calling on the fda to set federal standards of arsenic in rice. and the agency is weighing its options. one of the issues is that there are no federal standards for arsenic in food, although the federal government does impose a 10 parts per billion ( ppb ) limit for arsenic in drinking water. consumer reports found varying levels of arsenic in more than 200 samples of rice products, from cold cereals like rice krispies, where researchers found 85 to 90 ppb, to crackers, to rice - based beverages and infant rice cereals, where traces of arsenic were in the 150 - 250 ppb range. " there ' s no question that one serving of a lot of the rice products that we looked at would give you 50 percent to 90 percent of what you would get from drinking a liter of water at the 10 ppb drinking water limit, " explains urvashi rangan, director of consumer safety and sustainability at consumer reports. so what ' s a concerned consumer to do? based on the available data, the fda says consumers don ' t need to change their consumption of rice and rice products right now. " we believe it would be premature for the fda to recommend modifying diets because of arsenic levels until a more thorough analysis is completed, " fda spokesperson carla daniels told us in an email. the usa rice federation, which represents growers, says it supports the federal government ' s effort to look at this issue. but, according to stacy fitzgerald - redd, senior communications director, there is not enough scientific information to form the basis for a standard. " at this point, we need to gather more scientific evidence in order to determine what the standard should be, " she says. the rice federation points out that there is no documented evidence of health problems from exposure to arsenic in u. s. - grown rice. but


, we need to gather more scientific evidence in order to determine what the standard should be, " she says. the rice federation points out that there is no documented evidence of health problems from exposure to arsenic in u. s. - grown rice. but this does not negate concerns about long - term exposure to inorganic arsenic. studies in other countries, including chile and argentina, found links between high levels of arsenic in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer. researchers at dartmouth children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center have begun looking into possible health effects. as my colleague nancy shute reported earlier this year, dartmouth researchers found particularly high amounts of arsenic in brown rice syrup — a sugar substitute used in foods aimed at young children and vegans. so, as the fda suggests, don ' t stop eating rice or rice - based products. it may be wise to mix up your diet, though, and if you ' re concerned, you can change the way you cook rice. consumer reports says you may be able to cut exposure to inorganic arsenic by using lots of water when you cook it. it recommends six parts water to one part rice, and draining the excess water off. the environmental working group suggests trying different grains and introducing babies to foods like sweet potatoes and squash instead of rice cereals. some governments are going even further. in the united kingdom, the parents of toddlers and preschool children are advised to limit rice milk due to the levels of arsenic.


survey of historic sites and buildings situated in the ruggedly beautiful nez perce country, which encompasses 12, 000 square miles of northern idaho, this new and unique park allows today ' s traveler to see the land almost as lewis and clark described it well over a century and a half ago. scene of many colorful and significant events in the history of the rocky mountain frontier, the park interprets the prehistory, history, and culture of the nez perce indians, including their religion ; missionary efforts among them ; the lewis and clark expedition ; the invasion of fur traders, miners, and settlers ; and the nez perce war ( 1877 ). meriwether lewis and william clark, on their westward journey in 1805, were the first white men to contact the hospitable nez perces. in 1811 they also aided a small group of astorians, a section of the overland party, who passed through the area on their way to found a fur post near the mouth of the columbia river. the next year, personnel from fort astoria established trade relations with the nez perces, and other american and british traders soon visited them. in 1836 the reverend and mrs. henry h. ( eliza ) spalding, the first u. s. missionaries to the nez perces, arrived. on lapwai creek they founded a sister mission to the whitman ( waiilatpu ) mission. the latter had been established the same year among the cayuse indians, about 110 miles farther west, in present washington, by their fellow american board missionaries marcus and narcissa whitman. two years later the spaldings moved their mission about 2 miles down the creek to its juncture with the clearwater river. the spaldings made only limited progress in converting their charges to christianity and persuading them to abandon nomadic hunting in favor of sedentary farming. jeopardizing their efforts was spaldings defensively critical attitude toward the other missionaries, especially the whitmans. the personalities of the two men clashed, and spalding ' s philosophy of missionary work resulted in arguments with his fellow workers. spalding nevertheless built the first white home, church, school, flour mill, sawmill, blacksmith shop, and loom in idaho. in 1839 the mission received the first printing press in the pacific northwest, donated by american board missionaries in honolulu. this press, today in the museum of the oregon historical society, printed the first books in the nez perce language, as well as one in the spoka


the first printing press in the pacific northwest, donated by american board missionaries in honolulu. this press, today in the museum of the oregon historical society, printed the first books in the nez perce language, as well as one in the spokan tongue. for this purpose, the missionaries devised phonetic renderings of the languages. at the time of the massacre at the whitman mission, in november 1847, spalding closed his mission and he and his wife moved to the willamette valley. in later years they returned to the nez perce country, where he taught school and preached until he died in 1874. despite the cayuse animosity, relations between the americans and the nez perces remained good until the 1860 ' s, when miners and settlers poured into their ancestral homeland of north - central idaho, northeastern oregon, and southeastern washington. in 1863 most of them reluctantly agreed to a major reduction in their reservation, to north - central idaho. but for years several bands, known as the nontreaty nez perces, lived outside the reservation and resisted army and indian bureau attempts to confine them with their acquiescent brethren. in 1876 a committee appointed by the secretary of the interior met with representatives of the two factions at the lapwai agency, idaho, and later recommended to the government the use of force if necessary to move the recalcitrants onto the reservation. finally, under duress, in 1877 they began to migrate there. en route in june a few revengeful warriors murdered some settlers along the salmon river south of the reservation. brig. gen. oliver o. howard, in charge of the relocation, sent two companies of cavalry under capt. david perry, from fort lapwai, idaho, to restore order. the warriors who had committed the murders belonged to a group camped on camas prairie, who subsequently moved to white bird canyon. as the troops rode down the canyon on june 17 toward the camp, about 60 or 70 of the indians took cover at a point between the camp and the approaching soldiers, and the battle of white bird canyon broke out. assaulted vigorously on the flanks, perry ' s men retreated in disorder up the canyon. thirty - four of them died, but not a single one of their opponents. the victory here proved to be the indians ' undoing, for it emboldened them to follow a course of defiance that eventually resulted in the destruction of their power. a series of skirmishes ensued between troopers and various nez perce bands that culminated in


here proved to be the indians ' undoing, for it emboldened them to follow a course of defiance that eventually resulted in the destruction of their power. a series of skirmishes ensued between troopers and various nez perce bands that culminated in the battle of the clearwater, on july 11 - 12. that battle was indecisive, but it marked the beginning of an epic fighting retreat by the indians in an effort to find a haven in montana or, as they knew sitting bull had done, in canada. the episode is one of the more dramatic in the long struggle of the u. s. government to force the indians off lands coveted by white settlers and confine them to ever - diminishing reservations. the leaders of the march were chief joseph, later the statesman - diplomat of his people ; frog ( ollokot ), his brother ; chief white bird ; chief looking glass ; chief sound ( toohoolhoolzote ) ; and chief rainbow. they guided 700 people with their possessions, transported by thousands of horses, across the bitterroot mountains over the lolo trail, the route of their past annual treks to the buffalo range in montana. in 2 - 1 / 2 months they were to travel 1, 700 miles, trying to avoid conflict whenever possible, either dodging or fending off the 2, 000 troops trying to catch them. although impeded by many women and children, they evaded general howard ' s pursuing party of cavalry and hopelessly outdistanced his slow - moving infantry and artillery. once across the trail, the indians headed southward and then slightly eastward. losing men and resources at the battle of the big hole, mont., they passed through yellowstone national park and turned northward but met disaster at the battle of bear paw mountains, mont., in the fall of 1877. during the campaign about 120 indians had died and 88 had been wounded. they killed about 180 whites and wounded 150. confined at fort leavenworth, kans., between november 1877 and july 1878 and enduring much suffering because of the abysmal conditions, the nez perces were then exiled to a reservation in indian territory and not allowed to return to the pacific northwest until 1885. nez perce national historical park, authorized by congress in 1965 and in the initial phase of development when this volume went to press, represents a new concept in a national park. it is a joint venture of the national park service, other governmental agencies, the state of idaho, the nez perce


in 1965 and in the initial phase of development when this volume went to press, represents a new concept in a national park. it is a joint venture of the national park service, other governmental agencies, the state of idaho, the nez perce tribal executive committee, private organizations, and individuals. of the 24 sites involved, 20 will remain in the hands of their present owners or under a protective scenic easement. folders available to visitors at national park service units give exact locations of all sites and routing information. the national park service administers four major sites : spalding, east kamiah, white bird battlefield, and canoe camp. at spalding are a nez perce campsite of archeological significance ; the remains of the spalding ( lapwai ) mission ( 1838 - 47 ), consisting of traces of the millrace and ruins of two chimneys ; site of the original lapwai indian agency ( 1855 - 84 ) for the nez perces ; a nez perce cemetery, where a large tombstone marks the graves of henry and eliza spalding ; and watson ' s store, a typical general store of the 1910 - 15 period that served the nez perces until only a few years ago. extensive archeological excavation is planned at spalding. in 1992 an additional 14 sites were added in the adjoining states of oregon, washington, and montana. the 38 sites of nez perce national historical park have been designated to commemorate the stories and history of the nimiipuu ( nez perce ) and their interaction with explorers, fur traders, missionaries, soldiers, settlers, gold miners, and farmers who moved through or into the area. a prominent feature at east kamiah is the " heart of the monster, " a rocky hump protruding from the level valley to a height of 50 to 60 feet that figures strongly in nez perce mythology. also situated at east kamiah is the mcbeth house, a small framehouse that was the residence of missionaries susan and kate mcbeth in the 1870 ' s. white bird battlefield was the site of the first battle of the nez perce war, on june 17, 1877. canoe camp, a 3 - acre roadside park along the bank of the clearwater river, was the location of a lewis and clark campsite in 1805. many of the 20 sites ( expanded to 38 sites in 1992 ) among the non - park service group are related to the phases of history treated in this volume. fort lapwai, the army ' s major post in ne


clark campsite in 1805. many of the 20 sites ( expanded to 38 sites in 1992 ) among the non - park service group are related to the phases of history treated in this volume. fort lapwai, the army ' s major post in nez perce country, was founded by volunteers in 1862 about 3 miles south of the clearwater river in the lapwai valley. the post prevented clashes between indians and whites on the nez perce reservation, and played a prominent role in the nez perce war. made a subpost of fort walla walla. wash., in 1884, fort lapwai was abandoned the following year and became the headquarters of the nez perce indian agency. in recent years this agency was replaced by the northern idaho indian agency, which serves all the northern idaho tribes. the parade ground may still be seen, as well as a frame officers ' quarters on its southwestern corner, now used by the indian agency staff, and the stables. two natural formations east of lewiston, coyote ' s fishnet and ant and yellow jacket, are associated with nez perce legend and mythology. weippe prairie, a national historic landmark because of its relationship with the lewis and clark expedition, was a favorite place for the nez perces to gather camas roots, an important part of their food supply. at this place lewis and clark, descending the bitterroots in 1805, first encountered the tribe. at the site of the city of pierce, a prospecting party headed by e. d. pierce made the first significant gold discovery in idaho in 1860. the ensuing gold rush brought thousands of miners and settlers onto nez perce lands and within 3 years resulted in the creation of idaho territory. two engagements of the nez perce war are commemorated at other cooperative park units ; the site of the cottonwood skirmishes and clearwater battlefield. on the steep bluffs overlooking the clearwater river are remains of stone breastworks used by indians and soldiers during the battle of the clearwater. also associated with the nez perce war and nez perce culture is camas prairie, a plateau - valley in the heart of the nez perce country, indicated by a highway marker. once a sea of blue - flowered camas and grass, it was the place where the warriors who murdered the settlers on the salmon river were camped with their group before it moved to white bird canyon. the lolo trail, idaho - montana, a national historic landmark described separately in this volume, was the


historic hudson river cleanup to begin after years of delay, but will ge finish the job? under the epa ' s unusual agreement with general electric, the company could escape full responsibility for cleaning up the toxic mess it made in the hudson river. after 30 years of struggle, it seemed that the concerns of local people had finally triumphed over corporate interests in one of the signature battles of the modern environmental movement - - the fight to remove toxic pcbs from new york ' s hudson river. in 2002 a landmark epa decision spurred general electric, the company that had dumped as many as 1. 3 million pounds of cancer - causing pcbs into the hudson, to create a plan to remove its toxic mess from the river. this historic victory is now tinged with uncertainty, as the epa and ge have reached a settlement that allows the company to back out after removing only 10 percent of the contaminated sediment targeted for removal, leaving the remainder of the cleanup in doubt. pcbs are still leaching into the hudson from ge ' s hudson falls plant. polychlorinated biphenyls, the cancer - causing chemicals commonly known as pcbs, were used in a number of industrial processes until the federal government banned them in 1977. pcbs have been linked to reproductive problems and developmental disorders as well as cancer. humans are exposed to pcbs primarily through eating contaminated fish. once consumed, pcbs remain in the body, accumulating in fatty tissues. from 1947 to 1977, ge dumped as many as 1. 3 million pounds of pcbs into the hudson, turning a 197 - mile stretch of the river into the nation ' s largest superfund site. even today, pcbs still leak into the river from ge ' s hudson falls plant. under superfund law, polluters are responsible for cleaning up the messes they make. yet for years, ge fought the development of a cleanup plan with every tool it could buy, lobbying congress, attacking the superfund law in court, and launching a media blitz to spread disinformation about the usefulness of the cleanup, claiming that dredging the river would actually stir up pcbs. but advocates for the hudson river stood firm, exposing the scientific holes in ge ' s claims ; the public relations campaign failed to sway residents of the valley, and ge ' s lobbying efforts failed to move the epa. the 2002 decision, which spurred ge to design a plan to remove 800 olympic swimming pools worth of toxic muck from the river, was a landmark victory for the environment, and a


valley, and ge ' s lobbying efforts failed to move the epa. the 2002 decision, which spurred ge to design a plan to remove 800 olympic swimming pools worth of toxic muck from the river, was a landmark victory for the environment, and a blow to corporate polluters hoping to evade their cleanup responsibilities. ge, however, has been dragging its feet on carrying out the cleanup. dredging was slated to begin in 2005, but ge has repeatedly requested delays, pushing the start back to 2009. and in october of 2005, the epa changed tack, rewarding ge ' s foot - dragging by striking a backroom deal that allowed ge to commit only to completing the first phase of cleanup - - a mere 10 percent of the job. environmental advocates and government scientists expressed concerns that the agreement would not even ensure adequate performance of that initial phase of the cleanup. under the freedom of information act, nrdc obtained records spelling out the detailed bases for these scientists ' concerns, and filed suit against the epa and the department of justice to compel them to release additional records they had refused to provide. despite the controversy, top federal officials pressed ahead with the agreement and, at their request, a federal court formally signed off on the epa - ge settlement in late 2006. although ge has now begun some of the preparatory work for the cleanup, it continues to challenge the epa over important details, and to press a federal lawsuit challenging the epa ' s authority to require ge in the future to complete the second phase of the cleanup. if ge ultimately backs out of phase 2, taxpayers would have to foot the bill to clean up ge ' s mess, face protracted legal battles with ge to require the company to complete the job ( delaying any eventual cleanup by many years ), or else be forced to live with a polluted river indefinitely. much of the upper hudson is already closed to fishing, and south of troy, new york, women of childbearing age and children are advised not to eat fish at all. and the pollution is spreading, continually moving downriver from albany. nrdc and its coalition partners continue to track the situation, and remain prepared to take all available steps to ensure that ge conducts a full and thorough cleanup of the river it polluted. last revised 3 / 23 / 2007 sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter water on switchboard nrdc experts write about water efficiency, green infrastructure and climate on the nrdc blog. recent water posts - new draft fracking rules give industry a free pass - posted by frances beinecke


| national weather service | contents : about, graph, status maps, history button, credits to use this website, click on the appropriate region. this will update the list of stations and show a " status map " for that region. click on your desired station, either on the map or in the list of stations. this will bring up a graph of the total water level, as well as a text file that contains the numbers used in the graph. the graph combines several sources of data to produce a total water level prediction. to do so, it graphs the observed water levels in comparison to the predicted tide and predicted surge before the current time. this allows it to compute the " anomaly ". the " anomaly " is the amount of water that was not predicted by either the tide or the storm surge model. this " anomaly " is averaged over 5 days, and is then added to the future predictions of the tide and storm surge to predict the total water level. example : the first thing one notices is that there are two magenta vertical lines. the earlier one is when the storm surge model was run. it is run at 0z and 12z every day and the text form is available at : http : / / www. nws. noaa. gov / mdl / marine / etsurge. htm. the later magenta line is when the graph was generated. it is currently being generated 15 minutes after the top of every hour. ( this is also the date that follows the label. ) the next thing one notices are the horizontal lines labeled mllw, msl, mhhw, and mat. these stand for the mean lower low water, mean sea level, mean higher high water, and maximum astronomical tide. mat was computed using our tide model, by computing the maximum of the predicted value for every hour ( on the hour ) for 19 years. the thought is that there is probably flooding if the total water level crosses mat. the other datums came from http : / / www. co - ops. nos. noaa. gov / data _ res. html. one might next notice the red observation line. this is based on data attained from tides online. please see their disclaimer for information as to the quality of these observations. if there is no red line, then either tides online does not have data for that station, or there has been a communications break down. in this case, the graph computes an anomaly based on what data it has, or sets it to 0.


there is no red line, then either tides online does not have data for that station, or there has been a communications break down. in this case, the graph computes an anomaly based on what data it has, or sets it to 0. then it predicts the total water level for all hours, or after the last of any observations it does have. the next thing of interest is the blue tide line. this is the astronomical tide at every hour. the harmonic constants used were obtained from http : / / www. co - ops. nos. noaa. gov / data _ res. html. we then note the gold storm surge curve, which is created by " pasting " one 48 hour prediction to the next 48 hour prediction. that is, using 12 hours from each prediction until the last prediction where we use 48 hours. the result is that we may generate kinks in the curve every 12 hours, where the model adjusted its prediction based on new data from the gfs wind model. next we note the green curve, which is the " anomaly " referred to above. this is simply the observation - ( tide + storm surge ). preferably it is constant. the amount of deviation from a constant is an approximation of our error. since we add the 5 day average of this value to our prediction, the perfect forecast does not have to have a zero anomaly. finally we see the black forecast curve. this is what we are really interested in, which is the total water level created by adding the 5 day average anomaly to the predicted tide, and the predicted storm surge. the history button allows one to see how the model has done over the last day or so. it displays 3 graphs. the first one is the current graph based on the current model run, and the current observations. the second graph is the last graph generated using the last model run. the third graph is the last graph generated using the next to last model run. this gives a view of the model over the last 24 to 36 hours depending on when the current time is. to print this page out ( netscape instructions ) it is recommended that you right click on the history frame and choose " open frame in new window ". then choose page setup, and set the top and bottom margins to 0. then choose print, and preferably send it to a color printer, ( although a black and white does work ). the result should be 3 graphs on the same page. we would like to thank the following people / organizations :


historical events were always very important in tintin ’ s stories. during his first adventure, tintin in the land of the soviets ( 1929 ), tintin travels to russia. after the october revolution in 1917 and a five - year civil war, stalin had succeeded lenin in 1924. he accelerated industrialization and his political police terrified the population. moreover, the country was ravaged by famine. at that time, westerners were frightened of “ bolsheviks ” and herge worked for a right - wing catholic anticommunist newspaper, le xxe siecle. tintin in the land of the soviets only reflected people ’ s mentality of that time. herge denounced fake factories that misled western journalists, arbitrary arrests, false elections, 1 torture in prison, abandoned children, and so on. five years later, in 1934, tintin went to china which was the victim of japanese imperialism. since 1931, japanese troops had occupied parts of the chinese mainland. herge based his story upon the events of the time. for example, in the blue lotus, he found his inspiration in the blowing - up of the south manchurian railway, which brought about the japanese invasion of china and ultimately japan ’ s resignation from the league of nations in 1933. herge reproduced all these events in the blue lotus. he had been made aware of china ’ s situation by chang and he opposed japan, which was in opposition to the pro - japanese western position. it was the first time he has taken so much interest in international events. less partisan, the presentation of palestine is different in the three versions of tintin in the land of black gold. herge never finished the first which takes place entirely in palestine, because the second world war broke out. in the second version, published in 1949, he referred to the struggle of jewish organizations against the british occupier. but in 1969, british editors put pressure on herge and he removed these allusions. this last version thereby lost its historical aspect. thanks to his narrative techniques, herge referred to events that are normally not treated in comic strips. his method was complex, nevertheless one of his favorite tools was the imaginary country. tintin travels twice to the first imaginary country created by herge, san theodoros. here, in the broken ear, the political context was inspired by the gran chaco war, a bloody conflict - resulting in 100, 000 deaths - between bolivia and paraguay, which began in 1932, 2 then in tintin and the picaros, herge illustrated the


ear, the political context was inspired by the gran chaco war, a bloody conflict - resulting in 100, 000 deaths - between bolivia and paraguay, which began in 1932, 2 then in tintin and the picaros, herge illustrated the economic and political situation in south america. syldavia and borduria are the most successful of herge ’ s imaginary countries. these “ east european metaphors ” recall two critical periods of the twentieth century. 3 the two countries first appeared in king ottokar ’ s sceptre, in 1938. since 1933, germany had threatened austria, and on march 11, 1938, german troops had invaded the little country. these events were recent when the serialization of king ottokar ’ s sceptre began. in fact, syldavia is the synthesis of three real countries. first, the conspiracy and the “ fifth column ” infiltrated into syldavia represent the conspiracy against austria. second, its old conflict with borduria, its architecture and its language have polish characteristics. and third, geography and history resemble these of romania. likewise, borduria is similar to germany. for example, they both invaded their neighbour, syldavia and poland on several occasions. moreover, the name of the pro - bordurian party ’ s leader, “ musstler ”, seems to be a synthesis of mussolini and hitler. 4 uniforms that look like ss uniforms, and planes that are very similar to messerschmit 109e fighters, 5 are other signs of herge ’ s aim : to describe and denounce an anschluss. sixteen years later, syldavia and borduria were back in the calculus affair ( 1954 - 1956 ) during the cold war. in europe, the situation had been very tense since 1946, a situation worsened by the berlin blockade, the korean war and the warsaw pact. the arms race speeded up and the first h - bomb was exploded in 1953. spying was intense. in the calculus affair, many elements refer to the events of the period. tensions between the two countries appear to have been inspired by the situation between the two germanys. moreover, the personality cult of plekszy - gladz, the bordurian president, resembled stalin ’ s personality cult. 6 finally, with its architecture and the methods of its police, borduria is similar to a country of the eastern bloc. syldavia and borduria could easily represent the confrontation between the two blocs, as they represented in the


. 6 finally, with its architecture and the methods of its police, borduria is similar to a country of the eastern bloc. syldavia and borduria could easily represent the confrontation between the two blocs, as they represented in the past the conflict between western democracies and germany. 7 through imaginary countries, like syldavia and san theodoros, and direct allusion to real events, herge showed a concern for accurate explanations that had consequences in the perception of tintin stories. many adults read tintin a long time after they discover his adventures, maybe because they did not completely understand the historical context during their childhood. but some questions about the perception of tintin stories still exist. how would a child who does not know anything about history interpret the context of king ottokar ’ s sceptre, for example? how would a young japanese interpret the political situation in the blue lotus? nevertheless, enormous sales of tintin ’ s stories - more than 120 million copies in 40 languages8 - show that allusions to historical events do not affect the success. events were seen through belgian eyes, but the hero travels the whole world and he is extremely open - minded. nationality, language and religion have little significance, because a reader of tintin ’ s adventures can always identify with the reporter. herge said “ there are clearly reasons for this success since it has lasted so long and continues to grow. well then? … it ’ s like a flowing stream, but what is its nature? … i receive, for example, a lot of mail from india. here in the office are two letters from calcutta. now, what can there be in common between a boy in calcutta and myself? … that ’ s something i am still asking myself without finding an answer. ” 9 his allusions to historical events may be one of the explanations.


| antiques digest | | browse auctions | | appraisal | | antiques and arts news | | home | the art of conversation : introduction to conversation principles of conversation if you can talk well culture by conversation rules for conversation reflections on conversation happiness through conversation conversation and courtesy ( originally published 1913 ) several epochs in modern history have been productive of brilliant conversationalists. in shakespeare ' s time, for example, we know that congenial spirits found greatest pleasure in conversing and it may be taken for granted that a keen wit and ready response characterized the sparkling flow of language. dr. johnson and his coterie of friends passed many delightful hours in interchange of ideas at the coffee houses ; if it be said that it happened frequently that johnson talked and the rest listened, it must be remembered that good conversation presupposes sympathetic listeners as well as clever talkers. johnson ' s expression for having spent a pleasant evening invariably was : " we had a good talk. " to a friend who would lead him away to inviting country scenes, this lover of men had an answer ready : " when you have seen one lane, you ' ve seen all lanes. i like men. come, let us walk down piccadilly. " this profound interest in humanity doubtless accounts for the delight he found in mingling with them and extracting their differences and similarities of thought. during the empire in france, the salons were filled with men and women who talked well. madame de stael, although never looked upon favorably by napoleon, was always the center of brilliant conversation. it is frequently said that this art is passing away. one who scans the prevalent articles written to advise debutantes upon entrance into society would think it might. their bur den is : " talk, talk, talk - no matter whether you say anything or not. " the cynic might well observe that one generation of adherence to such counsel would bring to all conversational efforts a well deserved end. but not so ; the old maxim about not being able to mislead all the people all of the time prevails ; there are those remaining who have matters to talk about and who can talk of them acceptably on any occasion. however, it must be admitted that the profusion of light literature and circulating journals have removed the necessity of finding easiest diversion in discussions and in chat. selfishness lies at the bottom of present day disinclination to enter often into converse with others ; intent upon personal concerns, each has less desire to make himself agreeable than


lara bonner millar, md the abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania? last modified : january 13, 2011 surgery as a medical field has been changing rapidly since the late 1800s, in large part thanks to the development of safe and effective anesthesia. surgical oncology is a specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of a variety of tumors. ephraim mcdowell did the first reported resection of an ovarian tumor in 1809, but as early as the 7th century, ancient egyptians described techniques for removing breast tumors. today, general surgeons can pursue additional training after their residency in the form of a surgical oncology fellowship. however, a surgeon does not have to do a surgical oncology fellowship in order to be a surgical oncologist. what is more common is that a surgeon who is trained in a particular body site may develop expertise in cancers of that site, and thus have experience in the multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of those cancers. for example, a thoracic surgeon who is a surgical oncologist may devote most of his practice to lung cancer, while a head and neck surgical oncologist would be involved in treatment of cancers specific to her training, such as cancer of the larynx. surgery is the oldest form of cancer treatment, and for most patients, part of the curative plan includes surgery. the most important part of the consultation with the surgeon is a complete history and physical exam. before surgical resection, diagnostic and staging studies should be performed. this helps the surgeon determine if the cancer is resectable ( removable with surgery ), and allows him or her to plan the surgical approach. due to improved screening techniques, many patients have disease that is curable with surgery alone at diagnosis. in such cases, after surgery, the patient ' s follow - up care includes close observation and / or radiology and lab tests. the goals of the surgical oncologist are to remove the cancer and an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision, in order to prevent the cancer from recurring in that area ( which is called a local recurrence ). sometimes it is not possible to remove the whole tumor, and a surgery known as " debulking " may be done to remove as much of the tumor as possible and to relieve symptoms such as pain, airway obstruction, or bleeding. however, the contribution of the surgical oncologist goes beyond what is done on the day of surgery itself


by dr. veronesi in italy, who performed quadrantectomy ( removing one quadrant of breast tissue ) starting in the 1970s, although it took decades of follow - up to demonstrate that this less extensive surgery was acceptable. nowadays, breast surgeons tend to do even smaller and more cosmetically pleasing surgeries called lumpectomies ( which should be followed with breast radiation ), while still maintaining excellent cancer control. additionally, all women used to have surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the underarm, called an axillary dissection. the dissection left some women with arm swelling, pain, and / or limited range of motion. now, for diagnostic staging of the axilla, sentinel lymph node dissection ( removing only the first draining node ) is done. axillary dissection is reserved for situations where the sentinel node is positive for tumor, or if a sentinel node cannot be found. sometimes, after removal of the tumor, there is a defect left behind that could be physically devastating or impact on function. to remedy this, reconstructive techniques are increasingly being used for certain cancers and are important because of the impact on the patient ' s quality of life. reconstruction can take place at the same time that the cancer is removed, ( " immediate reconstruction " ), or weeks to months later, " delayed reconstruction. " when a surgical oncologist operates in conjunction with a plastic surgeon - for example, a breast surgeon performing a mastectomy with immediate reconstruction done by the plastic surgeon - the combined surgical approach is described as " oncoplastic surgery. " like radiation therapy, the precise details of surgical technique are dictated by patient anatomy, tumor location, and cancer cell biology. therefore, there is not always one exact way of doing things. experience and evidence continue to shape the field of surgical oncology. pollock, raphael e. advanced therapy in surgical oncology. 2008, bc decker, hamilton, ontario, canada. bland, kirby i., daly, john m, and karakousis, constantine p. surgical oncology : contemporary principles & practice. 2001, mcgraw - hill, new york. feig, barry w., berger, david h., and fuhrman, the m. d. anderson surgical oncology handbook, fourth edition. 2006, lippincott, williams, and wilkins.


unix power tools by jerry peek trapping exits caused by interrupts if you ' re running a shell script and you press your interrupt key ( like ctrl - c ), the shell quits right away. that can be a problem if you use temporary files in your script because the sudden exit might leave the temporary files there. the trap command lets you tell the shell what to do before it exits. a trap can be used for a normal exit, too. see table 1. here ' s a script named zpg that uses a temporary file named / tmp / zpg $ $ in a system temporary - file directory. the shell will replace $ $ with its process id number. because no other process will have the same id number, that file should have a unique name. the script uncompresses the file named on its command line, then starts the pg file viewer. the script uses traps - - so it will clean up the temporary files, even if the user presses ctrl - c. the script also sets a default exit status of 1 that ' s reset to 0 if pg quits on its own ( without an interrupt ). there are two traps in the script : the first trap, ending with the number 0, is executed for all shell exits - - normal or interrupted. it runs the command line between the single quotes. in this example, there are two commands separated with a semicolon ( ; ). the first command removes the temporary file ( using the - f option, so rm won ' t give an error message if the file doesn ' t exist yet ). the second command exits with the value stored in the stat shell variable. look ahead at the rest of the script - $ stat will always be 1 unless the pg command quit on its own, in which case stat will be reset to 0. therefore, this shell script will always return the right exit status - - if it ' s interrupted before it finishes, it ' ll return 1 ; otherwise, 0. the second trap has the numbers 1 2 15 at the end. these are signal numbers that correspond to different kinds of interrupts. on newer shells, you can use signal names instead of the numbers. there ' s a short list in table 1. for a list of all signals, type kill - l ( lowercase " l " ) or see your online signal ( 3 ) reference page. this trap is done on an abnormal exit ( like ctrl - c ). it prints a message, but it could run any list of commands


kill - l ( lowercase " l " ) or see your online signal ( 3 ) reference page. this trap is done on an abnormal exit ( like ctrl - c ). it prints a message, but it could run any list of commands. table 1 : some unix signal numbers for trap commands | signal number | | signal name | | explanation | | 1 | | hup | | when session disconnected | | 2 | | int | | interrupt - - often ctrl - c | | 3 | | quit | | quit - - often ctrl - \ | | 15 | | term | | from kill command | shell scripts don ' t always have two traps. look at the nom script for an example. i usually don ' t trap signal 3 ( quit ) in scripts that i use myself. that gives me an easy way to abort the script without springing the trap ( removing temporary files, etc. ). in scripts for general use, though, i usually do trap it. also, notice that the echo commands in the script have 1 > & 2 at the end. that tells the bourne shell to put the output of the echo command on the standard error instead of the standard output. this is a good idea because it helps to make sure that errors come to your screen instead of being redirected to a file or down a pipe with the other standard output text. ( in this particular script, that doesn ' t matter much because the script is used interactively. but it ' s a good habit to get into for all of your scripts. ) if your trap runs a series of commands, it ' s probably neater to call a shell function than a list of commands :


a new study by the telethon institute for child health research has uncovered a significant decline in the risk of birth defects amongst wa children born using assisted reproductive technology ( art ). the study, published in the journal obstetrics & gynecology, showed a large decrease in the rate of birth defects between a similar telethon institute study carried out using data from the mid - 90 ′ s and that of the updated study which looked at a larger collection of data. the more recent study, which included data up until 2002, showed the risk of birth defects amongst single babies born using assisted reproductive technology in wa dropped from 10. 9 % between 1994 and 1998 to 7. 5 % in the four years following ( 1998 - 2002 ), compared with a rate of 5. 2 % in the naturally conceived group. twins born via assisted pregnancies also showed a similar pattern of decreasing risk from the first time period to the second. “ our study suggests an encouraging decline in major birth defect prevalence in children born as a result of assisted pregnancies in western australia, ” said telethon institute researcher michele hansen. “ changes to clinical practice may be largely responsible with improved culture media and better culture and storage conditions leading to the transfer of ‘ healthier ’ embryos. “ whilst our study does still show that babies born using assisted reproductive technology remain at a higher risk of birth defects, couples seeking to use these treatments can be reassured that the vast majority of infants are born healthy and do not have a birth defect. ” ms hansen said. “ we believe that providing parents with as much information as possible so that they can make informed decisions is important and we would encourage them to talk to their specialist about the prevalence of birth defects in art pregnancies. ” the telethon institute research team hope to continue monitoring birth defects to evaluate the impact of more recent changes to art laboratory practice such as extended blastocyst culture and vitrification ( rapid freezing of eggs and embryos ). date created : october 5, 2012


fetuses, infants, and toddlers, as well as older children and teens are particularly susceptible to environmental insults due to their rapid rate of growth, development and reproduction of cells. this vulnerability makes children a specific focus of environmental health research on the effects of lead, chemical dump sites, pesticides, pcbs, benzene, environmental estrogens, and outdoor and indoor air contaminants. scientists want to know which substances pose significant health risks, how to identify susceptible children, and how to intervene to prevent illness. the following are some of the studies conducted or financed by the national institute of environmental health sciences, one of the national institutes of health, which focus on children : lead ( commonly found in old paint, household dust, soil, pipe solder and some ceramics ) has long been known to cause severe health problems at high doses, including muscle and abdominal pain, mental impairment, paralysis, and even death. recent studies supported by the niehs suggest that a young person ' s lead exposure is linked not only to lower iqs and lower high school graduation rates but to increased delinquency. preliminary data from two other grantees ' studies indicate that young girls exposed to lead store the metal in their bones. this lead can be released when they become pregnant years later, exposing their fetuses. until recently, however, we have not appreciated the devastating effect of low exposures early in life. basic research financed by the niehs has shown the adverse effects of lead on children ' s iq and physical development at levels previously considered safe. based on these and other findings, public health officials declared lead the number one environmental hazard to american children and the federal centers for disease control and prevention lowered the acceptable blood lead level. research by the niehs grantees has helped identify sources of lead in the environment, design public health prevention efforts, and develop treatment to remove lead from exposed children, a process called chelation. to help improve treatments, the niehs supported the study of dimercaptosuccinic acid ( dmsa ) as a chelating agent. known generically as succimer and the trade - name chemet, dmsa binds with the lead, hastening its removal from the body and can be administered orally without hospitalization, an improvement over previous intravenous therapies. succimer is approved by the food and drug administration to treat lead levels that exceed 45 micrograms per deciliter of blood. however, adverse effects of lead are evident at levels


for a new and different perception of pivotal soviet events, read on... propaganda in the propaganda state hen the bolshevik party came to power in the october 1917 revolution it immediately began creating the world ' s first modern propaganda state. this is not at all surprising. before 1917 many bolsheviks lived the life of underground agitators. as underground men they devoted their days and nights to propaganda. they operated by avoiding the tsar ' s secret police and by stirring up factory workers with leaflets, slogans, songs, and speeches. bolshevik leaders toiled as journalists, pamphleteers, and lettered instigators long before they seized state power. as revolutionaries, making messages gave their lives meaning. as human beings hackwork gave them the means to buy bread i. e. to live. many a professional revolutionary who lived outside of russia, most in european cities ( paris, geneva, warsaw, london, berlin, krakow ) wrote about revolution long before he or she dirtied their hands making one - - - let alone running the new state born of revolutionary upheaval. in a series of newspapers, lenin hammered out party doctrine. political debates, challenges to his ideas and emerging cannon filled the papers. swift and savage ideas flew like sharp arrows. newspapers written abroad, away from the heavy hand of tsarist censorship substituted for free exchange in a common civic space. revolutionaries printed illegal newspapers on thin almost tissue paper for easy smuggling across poorly guarded borders into mother russia. in cities and towns those who reported back on local events and those who distributed papers, iskra, pravda, became party organizers. readers became party members. factory workers paid attention to party papers. at the front in world war i trench newspapers - highly illegal and highly prized ( once read they could be ripped up and rolled into cigarettes ) cleverly fomented dissent, disobedience of officers and demoralized discontent with the ' overlong imperialist war. ' a repressive regime made an easy target. the acid pens of the properly dressed bolshevik gentlemen ( lenin preferred a three piece suit, tie - even if it was stained and stale ) promoted a popular strategy : overthrow the old lords of the old order. the best party pressmen ( and a few women ) developed a keen sense of how turn a tactic into an effective slogan. to find the lowest common denominator was a mission, not a mistake. if a rival radical group coined a catchy phrase, the bolshevik took the highroad of their revolutionary creed - highway robbery. steal it and spread


an effective slogan. to find the lowest common denominator was a mission, not a mistake. if a rival radical group coined a catchy phrase, the bolshevik took the highroad of their revolutionary creed - highway robbery. steal it and spread it, make it the bolshevik ' s own operated as the operative unprincipled principle. the end justified the means. the bolshevik banners read simply : bread, peace & land. all power to the soviets. as they rode waves of radical spirit and popular support, notably in petrograd, lenin pushed for bolder action. impatient, unwilling to wait out the polite democratic discussion he marshaled his words to put nerve and backbone into the bolsheviks leadership. lenin wanted determined, violent action to seize power. he avowed himself a scientific socialist. yet at crunch time he felt the moment. succinct when it counted he explained, " the government is tottering. we must deal it the deathblow at any cost. to delay action is the same as death. " the means of communication - the telegraph office, the telephone exchange, and the radio gear on the cruiser aurora, the telephones at the winter palace - were ordered seized as a priority. the military - revolutionary committee moved swiftly to take over printing plants, too. to hold the means of communication denied them to enemies. public opinion mattered ; making sure rivals could not get their message out mattered more. the only fairness doctrine was the bolsheviks retaining state power. the bolsheviks understood the power of the mass media. their problem would not be the media, but the masses. communism, whose by - word was " workers of the world unite! ", surprised itself by coming to power in a backward, peasant - dominated country. the scientific plan of karl marx and its endless elucidation by marxists envisioned the proletariat taking power in an advanced capitalist country. even its workers had the stench of peasant mud on their boots. ties to village life, the village way to find a wife, and not so sober vices remained strong. soldiers who went bolshevik at the front to get away from the frozen hell that was wwi largely were just peasants in uniform. those who did not vote with their feet against the status quo ( fleeing home as soon as discipline broke down ) soon wanted to leave their red leaders for the joys of raiding manor houses near their native village, too. 1917 was, the bolsheviks soon realized just an incredible year ; in the heat of revolution they forged amazing partnership with workers, with peasants


down ) soon wanted to leave their red leaders for the joys of raiding manor houses near their native village, too. 1917 was, the bolsheviks soon realized just an incredible year ; in the heat of revolution they forged amazing partnership with workers, with peasants - turned soldiers. but in their heart of hearts the bolsheviks knew it just was not supposed to happen this way in this country. yes, russia had pockets of advanced industry concentrated in a few dense cities. indeed the most technologically sophisticated metalworking plants, perhaps because of their scale and alienating organization produced some of the most revolutionary working class men. the peasants simply outnumbered everyone else. the people in whose name the bolsheviks took over needed - well to put it bluntly they needed culture ; they needed to overcome ignorance, superstition, stupefying traditionalism. the marxist handbooks may have said otherwise, but the men atop the one country where revolution had triumphed looked out at a land tired, drained by five years of wwi. they could only realize their propaganda challenge in overthrowing the old order was the easy part. propagandizing the citizen of the would - be socialist society, winning over the people of the people ' s republic would require a massive effort. the utopian streak in marxist thought impelled the founders of the world ' s first socialist state to create a new kind of society, a new kind of country inhabited by new kinds of people. this first - ever kind of social order would need new kinds of glue, new myths, new gods, and new beliefs to hold it together. because they wanted to realize a radiant future on earth, the bolsheviks really were future oriented. they wanted to do new things in new ways. cutting edge technology in and of itself spoke of progress. so they were eager to show off whatever glimpses of a future world that they could. cutting edge in 1918 was edison ' s invention the gramophone. newer yet was film. movie houses had sprung up in moscow and other cities before wwi. the vast majority in the countryside hadn ' t even heard about movies. so the bolsheviks, who knew they had to win a broader base of support, marshaled their few technical resources to take their message to the people. as practiced propagandists the bolsheviks had mastered the notion - kiss - keep it simple stupid. they believed most ordinary russians thought in images. exposure to european culture forced them to recognize that russian lives were drab. communist visionaries were willing to experiment with bold artists. graphic masters of new kinds of art embraced


kiss - keep it simple stupid. they believed most ordinary russians thought in images. exposure to european culture forced them to recognize that russian lives were drab. communist visionaries were willing to experiment with bold artists. graphic masters of new kinds of art embraced the liberation revolution brought. art enlisted in the cause. brightly colored propaganda trains carried the city based idea that " the times they were achangin ' " across the land. stark contrasts served the bolsheviks well. new = good ; old = bad. reds meant progress - most anything else equaled a return to a hellish existence. in the civil war that quickly followed lenin ' s rise to power, the bolsheviks did reach the masses. the idea of the fighters for human justice and equality, the bolsheviks, were battling against all odds, against all the world ' s armies that had come to destroy them received widespread attention. the theme of the new kind of socialist life form doing anything it could to survive in a hostile encirclement of enemies was created during the civil war. this theme would be revived periodically as a leitmotif. to survive a civil war the bolsheviks acted ruthlessly. again, the end justified the mean. equally important, their enemies, former tsarist admirals, generals, counts and liberal politicians ( backed by british, french, american, and japanese troops ) refused to court public opinion with any kind of effective attempt to persuade mass groupings to side with them. white disdain proved fatal. the bolsheviks with the propaganda field to themselves got a message out that opposition armies, the whites, wanted to return the country to the old order. most who would decide, decided to risk the promise of the unknown over a return to the past. ( some of course exhibited total cynicism : a well - know civil war anecdote relates that in a village one peasant shouts : " hurray for the incoming troops. " then a neighbor asks the question " whose side are you on? " he answers : " the ones riding in. " ) the propaganda campaign, plus of course some brilliant military leadership and absolute ruthlessness in dealing with any perceived enemy won the bolsheviks an against all odds victory. the civil war created the idea that bolshevism could do the impossible. it gave rise to a slogan " there is no fortress bolshevism cannot storm ", that embodied a ' can do ' mentality like that of the u. s. marines. also as a formative experience the civil war ( 1918 - 1921 ) provided the seed bed


there is no fortress bolshevism cannot storm ", that embodied a ' can do ' mentality like that of the u. s. marines. also as a formative experience the civil war ( 1918 - 1921 ) provided the seed bed for new images of heroes and all the metaphors of war campaigns, fronts, volunteers, even vanguards issuing commands, dictating what was needed to stave off destruction by the hostile bad guys. the incredible result of the civil war validated for masses of people, the bolshevik ' s political power grab in 1917. moreover, it created a matrix for how propaganda makers shake and shape attitudes. it reinforced the idea, if it needed any reinforcing, that propaganda was a powerful tool for protecting the newborn proletarian state in an aggressively anti - soviet russia world. another trait the propagandists called on was a pre - revolutionary role that the well educated had played with the masses : as teachers, enlightenment - providers. well before marxism marched east, russian radicals had a long established a tradition of " going to the people ", the peasants as volunteer teachers. latter in cities how did believing marxist intellectuals make friends with real workers? factory hands, after all, lived in different parts of town, worked long hours, and enjoyed different habits of life from those whose heads swam with a sea of abstract ideas. before the revolution it was not easy ; the tsar ' s secret police, street police, and factory police kept keen eyes out for agitators, especially those trying to incite the masses. they met first in adult education classes for workers. after the revolution the empowered bolshevik wanted to repeat their role as enlightenment - providers on a grand scale. equally important, propagandists realized that if they wanted to build a new society, one imbued with new myths, new rituals, new icon communists had to do away with the old. to make room for the new they had to tear down the old. sometimes this entailed the most literal meaning of the word : iconoclasm - old icons were torn down. churches lost their bells. to change the very soundscape of moscow ( think of the 1812 overture - the piece of music played on 4th of july and other times when fireworks are displayed - - tchaikovsky wrote it to include the sound of moscow ' s many church bells ) radicals tore down church bells ; later some would try to create a new ' proletarian orchestra ' sound by setting off factory whistles everywhere. the church was a prime target for the


it to include the sound of moscow ' s many church bells ) radicals tore down church bells ; later some would try to create a new ' proletarian orchestra ' sound by setting off factory whistles everywhere. the church was a prime target for the ' tear down the old ' campaign. it offered an alternative faith to bolshevism. communists brooked no competition in the struggle for hearts and minds. the new officially atheistic state hated the orthodox church for its long subservience to the tsars. russian radicalism, long before lenin and company had a strong atheistic streak. from the mid - nineteenth century on radicals embraced science against faith. there was a practical side to be considered, too. churches had gold in a country racked by wwi, then a revolution, and then a civil war. plus going after church buildings could be construed as a ' new campaign ', a heroic battle like the civil war. this ' religious front ' approach gave those too young to have a role in the earlier battles a chance for glory... not to mention an outlet for youthful energies harnessed by propagandists. at the very same time that the new regime began pulling down longstanding institution, it co - opted fundamental elements of the way russians believed the world was ordered. a concept of political authority seen in personal terms, a wise tsar taking care of his little people transmuted easily. popular sayings held : " without the tsar, the country is a widow " or " the people are the body, the tsar is the head. " after the revolution trust in the wisdom of the party became paramount. seven decades of soviet socialism only changed the forms of how fundamental ideas are expressed. in his interview, boris efimov said, " we simple people, we didn ' t do politics. those who sat at the very top did politics. " those on top drew authority from the sacred symbol of the new faith, lenin. he became the center of a cult, not only as a replacement for the tsar but as a selfless communist, one who exhausted himself to bring the revolution into being. lenin died in 1924. his passing gave a new kind of regime a chance to create new rituals. following all those traumatic years, the passing of the man who guided " ten days that shook the world " was a cathartic experience. mass mourning created as well as vented extreme emotions. organized ceremonies took place across the land - the first mass mobilization in peacetime of ordinary citizens. by


the man who guided " ten days that shook the world " was a cathartic experience. mass mourning created as well as vented extreme emotions. organized ceremonies took place across the land - the first mass mobilization in peacetime of ordinary citizens. by preserving lenin ' s body for veneration soviet science created a sign that it could overcome nature, the decay of death. lenin ' s resting - place became the central showplace, ground zero for the communist movement uniting workers of the world. lenin lived as the man who brought the future into backward russian homes. before he died the revolutionary decided a great symbol for what communism could deliver would be creation of a nationwide electrical system. naturally, the propagandist in him made a slogan out of his techno - idea : " communism = soviet power + electrification of the whole country. " when the soviet union became wired up with light bulbs, called by one his nicknames - " ilych lamps " enlightened and changed millions of peasants ' lives. it was a change and a propaganda coup that won many over as loyalist of a new state, one that drastically changed things. lenin ' s idea transformed lives and became a foundation myth of the scientific regime. parts of a 1924 poem by the blue blouse workers ' theater gloried : we, the workers and the peasants in the hut of the widow natalka electricity and steam teachers of new generations built on the cult of lenin as a tool for shaping the minds to a new soviet way of thinking. indoctrination came in the guise of school age " young pioneer " organizations. pioneers pledged to fulfill his legacy. that legacy proved very malleable. lenin slogans, praise of the proletariat, love for the red socialist - cause were memorized. sugary poems about his pure spirit and dedication to communist revolution go adorned classroom walls, community centers, even the toy stores. lenin ' s ruthless critical approach to thinking quickly passed into the dustbin of history. just as many american school children know just a formula about their founding father george washington ( wooden teeth, could not tell a lie, chopped down a cherry tree, fought the british, maybe owned slaves ) soviet children internalized limited notions of how the ' revolutionary genius " behaved. a lenin code of conduct became the model to be copied. potted histories of the communist party where lenin always played the lead role served as primers for understanding history. lenin associated rituals regulated daily behavior. children pinned on badges depicting an angelic " baby lenin. " boys and girls


model to be copied. potted histories of the communist party where lenin always played the lead role served as primers for understanding history. lenin associated rituals regulated daily behavior. children pinned on badges depicting an angelic " baby lenin. " boys and girls raised their hands above their faces vowing to be " always ready " as lenin had been ( as heroes in the civil war, too had been ) to defend and to extend the revolution. lenin - centric pioneer activities organized children ' s lives. the best emulators of the best lenin earned a summer at the best - equipped, most prestigious summer camps. of course, as a socialist country summer camp, like many things for kids, including medical care was free. still prestige counted : so did a sense of belonging, a sense of place among peers, a sense ' you had made it '... you were normal and accepted. the social and development psychology played a very important part in the lives of soviet school children. pioneer rituals marked important turning points in the lives of generations of youngsters who did believe that they were building a new kind of society, a socialist society. receiving the pioneer ' s symbol the red tie, mixed joy in growing up and pride in joining the ranks of patriots of the new kind of state - the communist state. tatiana vorontsova explained the pride : " once you had the tie you had well, pride, it was like a flag. it is like when the flag flies. when you see the olympics and they start to raise your flag, you feel proud. and that pride is what we felt as children. you felt, " you ' ve got the tie! " in the massive social experiment that was the soviet union raising a new kind of person, soviet man ( homo sovieticus ), remained of paramount importance. new generations held the key to realizing ' a radiant communist future. ' for those marxists who insisted on creating the world ' s first classless society children meant everything. adults would repeat, " under communism there is only one privileged class - the children. " collective responsibility to a party ( comparative ) elder was learned from more senior classmates, the best teachers of lenin dogma proud to assert correct - thinking leadership that would keep others in line and bring them privileges. well - indoctrinated kids brimming full of propaganda could be mustered to help the bolshevik leaders deal with their fundamental problem - that the masses, the older generations, remained backwards. pioneers and members of the more select older young communists league ( koms


indoctrinated kids brimming full of propaganda could be mustered to help the bolshevik leaders deal with their fundamental problem - that the masses, the older generations, remained backwards. pioneers and members of the more select older young communists league ( komsomol ) became agents of change. propaganda put images of the glorious fight for revolution and against the enemies of the state in the heroic period, the civil war in many heads. when stalin, having consolidated power in the 1920 ' s decided to launch a ' revolution from above ' to mark a new decade, to collectivize agriculture, he tapped the energies of young ' true believers ' as well as those who went along simply with the well - organized pressure of their peers. agriculture represented the worst hang - overs from the old regime. inefficient, tradition - bound, manpower intensive, the peasant agrarian world represented the drag of the russian past on the soviet present. stalin and his circle declared a war ( as in the civil war ) against the counter - revolutionary forces, traditional peasants, and called the young to the front lines. often pioneers confronted a familiar enemy : their parents. as during the civil war, the communist party decreed, in effect : desperate times require desperate measures - - - the ends justify the means. the evilness of the means shifted the soviet propaganda and mythmaking apparatus into overdrive. the result was a new cult especially created for pioneers. propagandists knew they needed a simple story, something bold, stark and memorable. they conjured up the legend of a soviet secular saint for kids - pavlik morozov the story of little pavlik morozov ( or affectionate versions of his name pasha, pavlushka, pash ) or more precisely the legend of morozov is emblematic of stalinist times in the soviet union. the pioneers taught generations of soviet school children about pavlik, the boy who informed on his father, a rich peasant. pavlik denounced his dad to the nkvd, the secret police for hoarding grain ( most likely next year ' s seed for crops ). the rich ( read : bad, counter - revolutionary ) endured a quick show trial, then disappeared into the gulag. soon there after, all this is in 1932, his uncles murdered pavlik in an act of revenge for squealing. propagandists for party newspapers reported the tale. a cult of the maniac denouncer received the top culture stamp of approval in a speech by maxim


1932, his uncles murdered pavlik in an act of revenge for squealing. propagandists for party newspapers reported the tale. a cult of the maniac denouncer received the top culture stamp of approval in a speech by maxim gorky ( 1868 - 1938 ) at the 1934 soviet writers congress. gorky, the one - time foe of bolshevik excesses cited pavlik as a paragon of soviet virtue. he became t. h. e. model of correct orthodox behavior. school children adulated him, adults especially those inclined to stray from prescribed party orthodoxy feared his very name. part of " a poem about hate " that pioneer ' s pravda published in 1933 conveys a flavor of the morozov cult : pavlushka won ' t be going portraits, statues, and badges of morozov became omnipresent. under the sly smile of treacherous pasha a psychosis of denunciation took firm hold in stalinist ussr. propagandists built the cult on a base of distortions and lies. recent research shows that pavlik, who was not a pioneer by the way, did not report on his father for hoarding grain as the story went. reality was rooted in the quarreling morozov family. pasha had got back on his dad for abandoning his family. pavlik lived with his mother. he ratted on his dad, who was chairman of the village soviet for taking a bribe so as not to deport a family as rich peasants!! pavlik may have been put up to the classical denunciation by his uncles who couldn ' t stand their brother - in - law and wanted to be chairman themselves. pavlik ' s father was arrested in late 1931 and disappeared into the gulag. a few months later in ' 32 someone found pavlik and his brother murdered in the forest. exactly who dispatched the two lovely little devils isn ' t clear. those accused included his paternal grandfather and grandmother, a young morozov cousin and two of his uncles. nice soviet family values. until the fall of the soviet union almost no one knew this. generations venerated the model young communist who did his duty, turned in an enemy of the state and became a soviet martyr. by the way some young pioneers in the 30s were attacked by orthodox ( believing children ) for wearing red scarves ( devil ' s whiskers ) and ( less often ) for violating the commandment to honor thy father and mother. the more stalinism


way some young pioneers in the 30s were attacked by orthodox ( believing children ) for wearing red scarves ( devil ' s whiskers ) and ( less often ) for violating the commandment to honor thy father and mother. the more stalinism took hold, the fewer such cases of suspect behavior are known. to survive people conformed. they kept silent. and the continuous propaganda worked. as a schoolgirl in the 1950s tatiana vorontsova remembers she learned the morozov lesson in the fourth grade. " so he died like a hero. we, of course, would also have liked to be heroes and at that time if i had been in the same situation, and my father had done something against the soviet state, of course, i would simply have gone and reported him, just like that. " in the terror filled days of his most ruthless rule stalin kept his own cult going. as he signed the death warrants for uncounted large numbers of his comrades and countrymen, the newspaper writers hailed him as the gentle wise leader. stalin ordered the party purged. professionals and leaders from all walks of life, army officers, astronomers, engineers, rocket scientists, writers, painters, were exiled to the gulag if they were not shot. terror filled whole apartment buildings, whole streets, whole towns as the nkvd suddenly appeared to drag people away to unknown fates. the very irrationality, unpredictability, and illogic of arrests, beatings, executions and exile made people feel the terror pervasively. state violence defined the stalinist state. denunciation or the possibility of denunciation even by one ' s own children plus the suspicion that devices such as radios could listen as well as transmit through wired speakers were daily reminders of the possibility of terror visiting a family, a neighbor, a friend. of course, by plucking off so many top leaders and lieutenants in most every field of endeavor stalin created a huge number of job openings. the new generation of people coming of age and education since the revolution seized ( and loved! ) the chance for upward mobility. yet through it all stalin encouraged worshipful respect of his portrait - it was everywhere - as lenin ' s heir and wise interpreter of scientific socialism. stalin had himself depicted by artists, writers, and propagandists as the knowing caring lover of soviet children and virtual equal of the soviet deity, lenin. those who knew about the terror, even prisoners themselves as true believer took comfort in thinking that stalin couldn ' t know.


, writers, and propagandists as the knowing caring lover of soviet children and virtual equal of the soviet deity, lenin. those who knew about the terror, even prisoners themselves as true believer took comfort in thinking that stalin couldn ' t know. the arrests, the gulag, the shots at knvd headquarters were deemed an aberration. makers of mass media messages faced special problems. individuals praised one day, were in lubyanka, the dreaded secret police headquarters the next. one brilliant bolshevik who lenin had once praised as the party ' s fair - haired boy went from being editor of government newspaper izvestiya, to being branded an " enemy of the people ", then put on display in a elaborate show trial and executed. the campaign to hunt out " enemies of the people " signaled a time of communist party cannibalism. stalin ' s communist party killed off the communist elite. old bolsheviks lauded as righteous fighters in the underground struggle against tsarism suddenly were listed as foreign spies. communists lauded on the front pages of pravda and bedecked with prestigious medals for exceptional work in building that key to a workers ' state, heavy industrial plants, suddenly landed on page one accused of " treason, wrecking, and preparation of terrorist acts against industry. " everyone everywhere, in pioneer meetings, in neighborhood organization, in work - place gatherings, began searching out " hidden enemies. " " a pillar of socialism one day, an exposed evil agent the next " mania swept the ussr. to survive propagandists, especially those engaged in providing news to the masses of the mass media, the big newspapers, the newsreels, and the radio learned to tack and to jibe quickly in the stalinist wind. pravda ' s masterful cartoonist, boris efimov, who had a long career as the soviet equivalent of herb block, understood the capriciousness of terror. his brother, the newspaper ' s editor, had been purged - i. e. dragged from communist party ' s top press organization, accused, and shot. boris efimov survived by not questioning, by following orders, " … my job as a political cartoonist was also to expose or make fun of or brand as a disgrace whichever of our enemies the given occasion demanded. " historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people ; people made unpersons - made unmentionable in public after being purged. because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted


enemies the given occasion demanded. " historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people ; people made unpersons - made unmentionable in public after being purged. because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted itself in history, the past had to be rewritten frequently. the suppression of unpleasant truths - - such as lenin ' s 1923 ' testament ' where he said, " stalin is too rude " and should be shifted to a less essential position in the leadership - became a major industry. george orwell based his idea of " the memory hole, " in the novel 1984 on this quintessential feature of stalinism. stalinism forced photographers to master retouching skills. image manipulation became as important to camera totting journalists as picture taking. falsification by airbrushing ( a pre - digital age technique for deleting ) is a hallmark of stalin era photography. other simple methods, including taking a scissors to a negative helped erase visual memories of stalin ' s victims. a photograph of leaders might appear in a newspaper one day and then when one of people was purged, a photographer ' s trick would erase him from visual memory - he was quite literally put out of the picture. and it wasn ' t just a stalinist art form to change representations of those engaged in current events. in a land where intellectuals bitterly noted, " you cannot predict the past " retrospective retouching was equally, if not more important. as the two photographs below show how comrades could be removed from the pantheon of lenin ' s closest collaborators. soviet school children grew up with schoolbooks filled with photographs of lenin. many of the most famous and familiar depictions were falsified photographs. stalin ' s archrival, lev trotsky was taken out of the picture. generations of soviet pioneers for whom this photograph is as familiar as gilbert stuart ' s portrait of george washington, never knew that a man they had been taught was an ' enemy of the state ' in fact had stood by lenin in this shot as lenin ' s left - hand man. in painting, of course, it was even easier to make representational art lie. a few deft brush strokes and in the phrase of david king, the great expert on this stalinist phenomenon, the commissar vanishes. this stalinist retouching of reality had a long half - life. the author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in moscow during 1977 - 78


the commissar vanishes. this stalinist retouching of reality had a long half - life. the author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in moscow during 1977 - 78. a week after intrigues forced a veteran member of the politburo to " retire ", the same painting showed freshly dried paint where more background covered the old comrade. note too, that in the first few years after the last general secretary of the communist party, mikhail gorbachev, came to power his official photographs - hung throughout the country - - lacked any trace of his trademark birthmarks that are prominent on his bald head. during the forty odd years before mikhail gorbachev together with president ronald reagan ended the cold war, the view from red square promoted by the kremlin ' s propagandists emphasized the evil image of america as a aggressive capitalist enemy of mankind and the soviet union. psychological warfare may have compelled communists always fighting off a bad rival, but the " bade " was not always the united states. true, the infant bolshevik government resented the actively hostile policies the us government took against the new revolutionary regime. american soldiers landed in russian ports, as one of the foreign armies that tried and failed to overthrow the bolsheviks. more irritating, washington played ' ostrich ' for 16 years ( 1917 - 1932 ) refusing to recognize the new soviet government. during the formative years of the soviet union there was no american embassy, no ambassador, no american consulate in moscow. most other industrialized nations already had busy official relations with the kremlin. nevertheless there were americans in the country. during the horrific famine of 1921 and for the next two years american relief administration under herbert hoover brought in enough food to feed some 11 million starving socialist citizens. absent an official us presence until 1933, americans still made a showing in the soviet union. even as soviet filmmakers grew into world famous cinema pioneers, inventing techniques such as montage ( sergei eisenstein ) american movies and movie stars dominated soviet screens. mary pickford, douglas fairbanks, and buster keaton were incredibly popular. lenin called film, " the most important art, " but until 1928 the most popular movies in his country were made in the u. s. a. many captains of industry, finance, and business ( henry ford, w. averell harriman, armand hammer ) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. capitalists endured


a. many captains of industry, finance, and business ( henry ford, w. averell harriman, armand hammer ) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. capitalists endured ridicule in the press. yet, americans often represented efficient ways of working, modernity, and technological progress. russians, especially those in the cities greatly admired american inventiveness - thomas edison, george eastman, alexander graham bell were held up as paragons of applied creative virtue. american made cars and trucks were copied and cherished. energetic factory workers sometimes got written up in local papers as our russian - americans. these propaganda terms of praise encouraged others to copy the " americanisms " : speedy, efficient work skills and willingness to adapt to new ways of doing things. pravda, long the written propaganda bellwether noted in 1935, " comrade stalin teaches us to combine the broad scope of the russian revolution with american efficiency … for us america ought to be that standard according to which we can constantly test our technical attainments. " by communist conviction soviet citizens believed that their nation ' s approach which stressed equality and social justice always overshadowed morally america ' s selfish, exploitative capitalist system. after the wall street collapse of 1929 and the great depression of the 1930 ' s, those in the rapidly growing land of the soviet union ' s economic miracle believed they were well on their way to catching up and overtaking oppressive america. to many disillusioned americans - - including unemployed automobile workers, black sharecroppers, leftwing activists who moved to the soviet to find jobs - the soviet union represented a better way of organizing an economy and a society. however mixed the message about american achievements and inherent evils ( especially racism and capitalism ) before world war ii, on the propaganda front, the news front, and in the mass media the far off us was merely a sideshow. propaganda focused on problems at home and essential foreign issues in the soviet backyards, europe and to a lesser extent china. the atomic bomb that destroyed hiroshima also shook the kremlin. propagandists who had lauded the soviet union ' s great ally in the battle against hitler - - its helping hand with lend lease, its talented general dwight d. eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess - - - changed course quickly with the cold war changing party line. soviet propagandists emphasized the soviet union ' s encirclement in and by a hostile world. rapacious america that had tried overthrow


d. eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess - - - changed course quickly with the cold war changing party line. soviet propagandists emphasized the soviet union ' s encirclement in and by a hostile world. rapacious america that had tried overthrowing the bolsheviks after the 1917 revolution, the propagandists reminded their people as well as foreign audiences. america, they stressed was at it again. under the " petty shopkeeper " president harry truman the us was trying to roll back the post wwii spread of socialism. the former ally america quickly became the warmonger of the world. dollar signs came to represent death signals. stalin banned that very american music form jazz. censors curtailed showing of american films ( even though stalin loved cowboy movies ) ; contact with foreigners was outlawed. in the last years of stalin ' s life a soviet citizen could be arrested for talking to the few american citizens left in that land. more than ever under the autarky, the economic isolation of the 1930s, late stalinist soviet society was cut off by the iron curtain and by its iron fisted " man of steel " leader ( that is the translation of stalin ' s name ) from the rest of the world. instead of admiring american inventiveness the propaganda apparatus cranked up immense lies. moscow reporters claimed that baseball, the electric light, telephones, television and submarines had all been invented in the soviet union. as a typical teenager in the 1950s tatiana vorontsova remembered going to the movies as a school girl where she watched a newsreel before the main feature, " you would see this big globe, on the globe appeared the words, soviet union... the narrator said, "... there was a lot of milk [ here ] … always the best was told, the best always.... everything was good... and then suddenly [ the narrator ] would say, ' in the united states, for example, people are starving ' and there was a strike somewhere, and something else somewhere else - but it was all bad. so there everything was bad, but we had it all good. so we went to the movies and i watched it... and was proud that in my country, my homeland everything was good and everything was great. " in the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. the facts of real achievement helped. propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves : the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the nazis. the mass media bragg


" in the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. the facts of real achievement helped. propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves : the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the nazis. the mass media bragged of a soviet atomic bomb, an h - bomb, sputnik, the fact that the first man in space was a soviet man, and that the first man to do the amazing - walk or float in space as alexei leonov did in march 1965 - was another cosmonaut. these accomplishments buttressed political pride in the spread of socialism to china, vietnam, cuba and not to mention eastern europe. in the 1950s and 1960 ' s soviet citizens felt, " the future is ours comrades! " however, sometime in the late 1960s or early 1970 ' s the " new soviet man ", more urban than his father or grandfather, more likely to catch some western propaganda more eager for things instead of promises, turned pessimistic. the soviet state started by lenin was running out of gas. new generations, the grandchildren and great grandchildren of those who made the revolution did not want to wait for " the dictatorship of the proletariat " to deliver the radiant future of communism. what they wanted brezhnev ' s soviet union could not deliver. no amount of bombast, lies, or distortions could mask failings. those trying to reform the propaganda state brought about its destruction. © 1999 abamedia, unless otherwise indicated.


overview - basic english teacher ' s edition emphasize skills students need every day. basic english builds and reinforces basic language skills. the high - interest, easy - to - read lessons keep students involved as they learn parts of speech and sentence construction. frequent examples and activities throughout offer abundant basic english is ideal for students who need extra help with language concepts, or those who are learning english as a second language. the program provides clear instruction with the building - blocks of english usage. clearly written explanations and relevant examples make learning easy. plenty of skills practice reinforce lessons on parts of speech, writing skills, and advanced skills such as developing themes and ideas. colorful pages, high - interest graphics, and life - relevant examples and exercises keep students engaged. short lessons, along with goals for learning and chapter reviews, reinforce and link new concepts. easy - to - read text and engaging content holds students attention aligns with state and national standards goals for learning helps students focus on major chapter objectives writing practice activities reinforce skills and focus on practical applications chapter reviews and test - taking tips reinforce lessons and offer advice on applying knowledge in testing formats key vocabulary terms defined in page margins offer immediate reinforcement and build language skills over 300 additional activities on the teachers resource library cd - rom writing sentences, using nouns in sentences, using pronouns in sentences, using adjectives in sentences, using action verbs in sentences, using state - of - being verbs in sentences, using adverbs in sentences, using prepositional phrases, using conjunctions and interjections, recognizing sentence patterns, identifying verbs and verbal phrases, writing compound and complex sentences, repairing sentence problems, understanding paragraph basics, writing better paragraphs, preparing to write a report, includes a special section on the writing process. wraparound teacher ' s edition includes the full student text plus teaching strategies, lesson overviews, application activities, ideas for classroom projects, and tips on learning styles teacher ' s resource library on cd - rom contains the student workbook offering dozens of reinforcement activities ( also available in print ), self - study guide for students who want to work at their own pace, two forms of chapter tests, plus midterm and final tests. just select and print out the materials as needed. everything is reproducible. for windows and macintosh. teaching strategies in english transparencies stimulate learning and discussion in the classroom. graphic organizers present concepts in a meaningful, visual way and help you teach students how to manage information. comes with instruction book and blackline masters. curriculum class set includes 10 student texts, 1 teacher '


what is a disciplined life®? well before the value of social emotional learning became widely recognized in 2003, perspectives co - founders diana shulla - cose and kim day had already realized how critical this kind of learning was to their students ' success. fifteen years ago, they embraced the idea that social emotional learning would be an integral part of the perspectives education model. they understood that the right foundation would help them provide children with safe, caring and well - managed learning environments. believing that character development and academic achievement are interdependent, they began brainstorming ideas for creating a school culture of both personal and academic excellence. they knew that providing their students with instruction in life skills, such as self - discipline, perseverance and good communication, would help them succeed. together, they identified a set of principles that would guide perspectives and called them a disciplined life®. social emotional learning standards have since been developed in accordance with section 15 ( a ) of public act 93 - 0495. this act calls upon the illinois state board of education to " develop and implement a plan to incorporate social and emotional development standards as part of the illinois learning standards. " since the day perspectives opened the doors to its first school, a disciplined life® has been in place, helping our students to succeed. today, the 26 principles of a disciplined life form the foundation of our culture at perspectives charter schools and help prepare our students for success in college, the workplace and in life. over time, a disciplined life has become integral to every aspect of perspectives, informing our behavior, communication and productivity, while being cornerstone for our curriculum and professional development. it serves as a common language for our students, staff and parents as we work to achieve a culture of success. a disciplined life translates into success for our students. of our 2010 graduates, 97 percent were accepted to college. they have learned what it takes to succeed and understand that character, self - discipline and personal responsibility can change what the future holds for them. we integrate the principles of a disciplined life in all aspects of our school community. from the classroom to the playground, from the front office to staff meetings – it is our common language and practice. a disciplined life ensures that we are focused and intentional about creating a culture of success for our students and we have recently begun developing assessments to measure impact. how do we measure a disciplined life?


this year, more than 12, 000 u. s. women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer. and more than 4, 210 will die. now, take the pearl pledge and help protect yourself and other women from this preventable disease! cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, which is the opening from the vagina to the uterus. cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. in the united states, 12, 200 women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2010, and 4, 210 women will die of the disease, according to the american cancer society. cervical cancer is caused by " high - risk " types of the human papillomavirus ( hpv ). hpv is a very common sexually transmitted infection. in fact, about 3 of every 4 adults will have had hpv at some time in their lives. most hpv infections go away without treatment. infections that do not go away can cause cells on the cervix to change and become abnormal. over time, abnormal cells can slowly develop into cervical cancer. the good news is with proper screening and vaccination, almost every case of cervical cancer can be prevented. cervical cancer does not cause any symptoms until it has advanced to a very late stage. that ’ s why it ’ s important to get screened regularly even if you feel healthy. there are 2 tests used for cervical cancer screening : the pap test looks for abnormal cells that can develop into cervical cancer. if the pap test finds abnormal cells, your healthcare provider will probably recommend a colposcopy, an exam in which your cervix is viewed more closely. if necessary, the abnormal cells can be treated. keep in mind : abnormal cells are not yet cancer. if abnormal cells are effectively treated at an early stage, they will not develop into cervical cancer. when to have the pap test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend women have their first pap test at age 21. the hpv test looks for the high - risk types of hpv that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer. if your hpv test is positive, it does not mean you have abnormal cells or cervical cancer. it just means that you have hpv and that your healthcare provider will want to follow - up more closely. when to have the hpv test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend that women who are 30 or older get an hpv test along with their pap test. ( hpv testing is not recommended for women under


- up more closely. when to have the hpv test : current u. s. screening guidelines recommend that women who are 30 or older get an hpv test along with their pap test. ( hpv testing is not recommended for women under the age of 30 because hpv infections in younger women are very common and usually disappear on their own. ) if both the hpv test and pap test are normal, women can wait 3 years before their next screening. hpv vaccination protects against the two most common types of high - risk hpv – 16 and 18 – that cause about 70 % percent of all cervical cancers. when to have the hpv vaccine : hpv vaccines are most effective when given to girls and young women who are not yet sexually active. the hpv vaccines are recommended for girls 11 and 12 years old, and are approved for girls and young women up to age 26. because hpv vaccines do not protect against all high - risk hpv types, they do not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer. even women who have been vaccinated must still be screened to prevent cancer developing from hpv types not covered by vaccination. speak with your healthcare provider about what cervical cancer prevention methods are right for you and how often to get screened.