the 3 most important lifesaving commands every dog should know - provided by vetstreet. com i love it when people ask me about the most important commands a dog should know. although there are many behaviors that promote safety, there are three basic commands that are especially critical : " down stay, " " drop it " and " come. " not only should every dog be familiar with these behaviors, but dogs should be trained to perform them anywhere, anytime. a dog who immediately drops his body into a down, regardless of distance from his owner, will be better able to avoid danger. i work as an evaluator for the national disaster search dog foundation, which teaches search - and - rescue dogs to respond to this command even if they are running at top speed toward a victim or are on top of a pile of rubble. a search dog needs to respond to this command promptly and stay in place until the potential hazard passes or the handler can safely reach the dog. pet dogs see similar safety benefits from this training. there are occasions when dogs need to be directed out of danger, but calling them to us could actually put them in more danger. for instance, imagine that your dog is running toward a fast - moving car. depending on the distance and timing, calling him over could put him directly in the path of the oncoming car, but directing him into a down stay will keep him out of the way and safe. dogs manage to get their teeth on all sorts of things that are unsafe for them, which is why the drop it command is so important. the number - one poison hazard for dogs is human prescription medication ; even a single pill can have devastating effects on a dog. everyday household items can be dangerous for dogs as well — ladies ' underwear is a common choking hazard for dogs, but other typical offenders are chicken bones and apple cores. chewing on and swallowing items that can get stuck in their throats or intestinal tracts can lead to death or, in some cases, a very expensive surgery. unless a dog has been taught to drop whatever is in his mouth, he may play keep away or swallow the item before the owner can retrieve it. a dog that understands “ drop it ” will let go of the item, which can then be taken away. dogs are often happily oblivious to dangers around them, and unless they can be depended upon to always come when they are called, they may easily run right into a deadly situation. as a child, i had a dog named scooter who had a habit of dash


that ’ s why we ’ ve created this list of summer supplies to keep on hand to help your skin stay healthy and to treat various summertime skin conditions. sunscreen – “ broad spectrum ” sunscreen protects you from both uva and uvb rays. apply it under your makeup and at least 15 minutes before going outdoors, to allow the chemicals to work at protecting your skin. it ’ s best to use a sunscreen with an spf factor of 30 or higher. use at least 1 ounce and reapply every 2 hours or less, especially during physical or water activities. moisturizer – keep your skin hydrated, especially if pools are part of your summer play. chlorine is very drying to the skin. scrubs – exfoliating the day of sunless tanning will help get rid of dead skin so your tan goes on even and lasts longer. you ’ ll need separate scrubs for your face and for your body. don ’ t exfoliate more than once a week. ibuprofen – use as an anti - inflammatory against rashes, burns, insect bites and the pain and swelling of sunburns. follow recommended dosage amounts for children and adults. insect repellent – a repellent with deet can help minimize the risk of mosquito and other insect bites. repellents formulated for children will contain a lower percentage of deet than adult formulas. topical protection cream – when venturing in areas with possible poisonous or other plants that can cause adverse skin reactions, apply a barrier cream or lotion containing at least 5 percent quaternium - 18 bentonite. antihistamines – use to counter minor itching, irritation or rashes from bug bites or plant reactions. don ’ t give to a child unless checking with your physician first. steroid cream or calamine lotion – calamine lotion or 1 percent hydrocortisone cream may help relieve itching and redness from bug bites and sunburns. don ’ t use on children younger than 2 unless directed by a physician.


" porphyria ' s lover " by robert browning is a poem that narrates the shift of power in a relationship, as the initially passive lover suddenly strangles porphyria with her own hair so that " her darling one wish would be heard " — that is, her desire to " give herself to me [ the lover ] forever. " the poem begins with the lover sitting around in his cottage listening to a storm outside, perhaps in self - pity. he seems to be rather helpless, as he does nothing as porphyria enters, makes a fire in the hearth, and subsequently goes to his side and confesses her affections : and, last, she sat down by my side and called me. when no voice replied, she put my arm about her waist, and made her smooth white shoulder bare, and all her yellow hair displaced, and, stooping, made my cheek lie there, and spread, o ' er all, her yellow hair, murmuring how she loved me — she too weak, for all her heart ' s endeavor, to set its struggling passion free from pride, and vainer ties dissever, and give herself to me forever. the lover did not reply to porphyria when she spoke to him, nor did he make any effort to get closer to her ; porphyria had to put her arm around him and " stoop " to place his head on her shoulder, perhaps indicating that he will not or can not return her advances ( perhaps due to either an inhibiting mental issue, or a physical disability ). porphyria ' s confession of love then seems to indicate that, although she does truly love him, she cannot remove herself from some other ties in her life, and thus cannot be with him. at this point, the lover is overwhelmed to know that she loves him, and greedily tries to think of what to do to preserve the moment — " that moment she was mine, mine. " the action suddenly shifts to the previously inactive lover, as he wraps porphyria ' s hair around her neck and strangles her. now, he has fulfilled her wish and placed himself in the more powerful position in the relationship, telling us : i propped her head up as before, only, this time my shoulder bore. 1. what is the significance of the lover ' s initially unreliabile statements in his subsequent strangling of porphyria? 2. does the lover simply have some sort of psychotic disorder, or does he have a legitimate


by w. blake gray one of the main characteristics of japanese is its vagueness. language is culture, and japanese helps people get along in crowded, resource - poor cities by preventing hard feelings in conversation. here ' s a good example of how this works : in a business meeting, everyone sits around the table vaguely feeling out each others ' position until eventually everyone realizes what they ' re expected to say. thus the first and only vote is almost always unanimous. here ' s a more frustrating example : i think this sake is named " 140 " ( hyakuyonju ) because it ' s the 140th attempt at crossing aomori ' s native hanafubuki rice with the more famous yamada nishiki, which doesn ' t usually grow so far north. however, i can ' t confirm that ; the japanese describing it is just too vague. all i know is that in the crossing experiments, somehow this rice got the number " 140. " maybe that ' s the number of wins aomori native daisuke matsuzaka expects to pile up in boston. maybe it ' s just a mellifluous number. as a journalist, i hate that vagueness - - it makes reporting anything from japan a challenge, as you get notebooks full of quotes that, translated, essentially mean, " maybe so. " i can ' t help but wonder, as i struggled to get information on this product, how much japanese exports would benefit from a trade export organization with english skills. oh wait - - there is one. i went to jetro, the japan external trade organization, where i learned the following about aomori rice : " the value that is delicious by the security that only the person who ate understands. please enjoy it in your mouth. " ok, at least we know where to put it. let me tell you what i do know. aomori prefecture is the snowiest in japan - - even more so than hokkaido. aomori is at the very tip of honshu, and even in summer it ' s foggy and windy. the prefecture is 66 % covered by forest, and the rest mostly by farmland, such that a visiting english teacher posted somewhere on the web, " there ' s nothing but rice paddies here. " aomori is fairly poor and has been losing population since it peaked in 1983, because young people don ' t want to pursue the number one industry - - agriculture. when they get to tokyo, they have to relearn how to speak, because aomori is famous in


and has been losing population since it peaked in 1983, because young people don ' t want to pursue the number one industry - - agriculture. when they get to tokyo, they have to relearn how to speak, because aomori is famous in japan for its unfashionable rural dialect. they also have to learn to have fun, because all there is to do in aomori at night is carve artwork in the rice paddies - - which they ' ve gotten quite good at. aomori grows 75 % of the garlic in japan and 52 % of the apples. it also grows more yam and burdock root than any other prefecture. but we didn ' t come here to talk about garlic or burdock root ( though we can talk about calvados if you like ). nowadays we believe that the best wines come from marginal growing areas - - areas that are too cold to guarantee a crop every year. could it be true for sake as well? there are so many factors in creating great sake that it ' s hard to tease out the influence of cool climate. but aomori prefecture, with only 1. 5 million people, has 45 sake producers. nishida, maker of this sake, likes the area so much that it uses the denshu brand just for junmais, and has a second brewery in aomori where it makes its more famous brand kikuizumi. and it ' s not the only famous name from aomori, because momokawa, which has an outpost in oregon, has its home base there. nishida ' s denshu junmai is one of the most popular junmai sakes in japan, regularly making local lists of top 10 junmais. the 140 is a more recent product, created in 2003. nishida claims over and over that all their denshu sakes are " handmade. " here we get back to vagueness - - what does that mean? the rice can ' t possibly be polished by hand ( down to 40 %, hence daiginjo ) in this day and age. but what the heck, it ' s good sake. when it comes my turn, i might prepare to possibly express an opinion in the direction of approval. in any case, remember to follow the official instructions, and please enjoy it in your mouth. aromas of fresh cream, peach, white chocolate and orange pith. there ' s plenty of fresh fruit ( peach and apricot ) up front. you taste a jolt of alcohol (


official instructions, and please enjoy it in your mouth. aromas of fresh cream, peach, white chocolate and orange pith. there ' s plenty of fresh fruit ( peach and apricot ) up front. you taste a jolt of alcohol ( it ' s a hefty 17. 0 % ) in your first sip, but then it turns quite smooth, with a long creamy finish. it ' s not the most complex daiginjo ever, but it ' s rich and smooth and crowd - pleasing. in aomori they would drink this with seafood stew, but i think it ' s fine with miso - glazed cod or other dishes where the creaminess would match the food ' s texture. overall score : between 9 and 9. 5 how much? : $ 45 for 720ml this sake is difficult to find online. look for it at your nearest specialty sake retailer. w. blake gray is a former japan resident whose first wine book in japanese will be published in august. please enjoy other writing from him at wblakegray. blogspot. com. the seven percent solution tasting : may 11, healdsburg, ca vinography images : green but getting there churton wines, marlborough, new zealand : recent releases a dark day for wine lovers how to love italian wine or die trying : a first timer ' s guide to vinitaly stella di campalto, castelnuovo dell ' abate, italy : current releases 2013 anderson valley pinot noir festival : may 17 - 19, philo, ca vinography images : cover crop grape pickings for us lawyers when it comes to rose, italy gives france a run for the money masuizumi junmai daiginjo, toyama prefecture wine. com gives retailers ( and consumers ) the finger 1961 hospices de beaune emile chandesais, burgundy wine over time the better half of my palate 1999 kira ¡ lyudvar " lapis " tokaji furmint, hungary what ' s allowed in your wine and winemaking why community tasting notes sites will fail appreciating wine in context the soul vs. the market 1989 fiorano botte 48 semillion, italy


the tri - county health department in northern colorado has confirmed a case of rabies in a skunk. the rabid skunk was found on a private property in brighton, and collected for testing by a veterinarian who identified cues that meant the animal could be infected. now the health department is warning that an increase in rabid skunks has increased the risk for people and unvaccinated animals. " this rabid skunk in adams county, along with several others identified over the last few years, confirms that rabies is endemic in skunks in the front range and eastern pplains, " said the department ' s director richard l. vogt in a news release. in adams county, this is the second rabid skunk identified since 2007, when skunk rabies emerged. the first was identified in may 2010 in a rural part of the county just south of morgan county. in the recent case, officials are not aware of any exposure the skunk may have had with humans or other animals. but the department has renewed a call for rabies vaccinations for pets and livestock in addition to taking other precautions to prevent exposure to any rabid animal in the future. people are warned not to feed wild animals or leave pet food or livestock feed accessible outdoors. junk piles that could provide nesting areas for animals should be removed, and pets should not be allowed to roam freely, since this increases the risk that they become exposed to the virus without the owner ' s knowledge. the rabies virus affects the animal ' s nervous system and is nearly always fatal. the virus is shed in the saliva of infected animals, and spread through the bite of a rabid animal or through saliva if it comes into contact with eyes, nose, mouth or open wounds of a person or another mammal. immediate medical treatment is required after exposure. anyone with questions can call cohelp, the statewide public health information line at 1 - 877 - 462 - 2911 or go online at www. tchd. org / rabies. htm


tskhouk - karckar vulkantskhouk - karckar volcano is a group of 8 holocene cinder cones in the central siunik volcanic ridge along the armenia / azerbaijan border about 60 km se of lake sevan. the last activity took place about 5000 years ago, and built a cone which erupted lava flows. these flows overly older human settlement traces and were used for gravesites in the first half of the 3rd millennium bc. beschreibung : the tskhouk - karckar volcano group was constructed within offset segments of the major pambak - sevan strike - slip fault trending se from lake sevan. 8 pyroclastic cones produced 3 generations of holocene lava flows. human traces dated are found on the 2 older generation lava flows, including many petroglyphs, burial kurgans, and masonry walls. no such traces have been found on the youngest flows, suggesting they erupted later than these early settlements and human activities. some lava flows overlie petroglyphs dated to the end of the 4th millennium and beginning of the 3rd millennium bc and were themselves used in gravesites dated at 4720 + / - 140 yrs ago. following these eruptions, the area was not repopulated until the middle ages. ( adapted from : gvp / smithsonian institution ) karakhanian, a et al ( 2002 ) " holocene - historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for armenia and adjacent countries ", j volc geotherm res, v. 113, pp. 319 - 344


what is a bubble? today ’ s economies often experience large movements in asset prices that have significant macroeconomic effects. given that many of these movements in asset prices seem unrelated to economic conditions or fundamentals, they have come to be called bubbles, whether swelling or bursting. typically, these bubbles are unpredictable and generate substantial macroeconomic effects. consumption, the capital stock, and output all tend to surge when a bubble arises and then collapse or stagnate when the bubble bursts. despite the recurrent nature of bubbles and their macroeconomic implications, however, we still lack a stylised model to answer the basic questions : - what is the origin of bubbly episodes? - why are they unpredictable? - how do bubbles affect consumption, the capital stock, and output? of course, economists have long thought about asset bubbles. to do so, they have found it useful to think of an economy with two idealised asset classes : productive assets or “ capital ” and pyramid schemes or “ bubbles ”. both assets are used as a store of value or savings vehicle, but they have different characteristics. capital is costly to produce but it is then useful in production. bubbles play no role in production, but initiating them is costless. a successful theory of bubbles should then explain why rational and informed agents optimally choose to hold bubbles in their portfolios, and it should also characterise the macroeconomic consequences of their choice. samuelson ( 1958 ) and tirole ( 1985 ) laid the foundations for such a theory by portraying bubbles as a remedy to the problem of dynamic inefficiency. their argument is based on the dual role of capital as a productive asset and a store of value. to satisfy the need for a store of value, economies sometimes accumulate so much capital that the investment required to sustain it exceeds the income that it produces. this investment is inefficient and lowers the resources available for consumption. in this situation, bubbles can be both attractive to investors and feasible from a macroeconomic perspective. for instance, a pyramid scheme that absorbs all inefficient investments in each period is feasible and its return exceeds that of the investments it replaces. the samuelson - tirole model provides an elegant and powerful framework to think about bubbles. however, the picture that emerges from this theory is hard to reconcile with historical evidence. - first, the model features deterministic bubbles that exist from the very beginning of time and never burst. this is contrary to the observation that, in real economies, bubbles pop - up and burst


this theory is hard to reconcile with historical evidence. - first, the model features deterministic bubbles that exist from the very beginning of time and never burst. this is contrary to the observation that, in real economies, bubbles pop - up and burst. we therefore need a model in which bubbles are transient, that is, a model of bubbly episodes. - second, and most importantly, in the samuelson - tirole model bubbles raise consumption by reducing inefficient investments. as a result, bubbles slow down capital accumulation and lower output. in the real world, bubbly episodes tend to be associated with consumption booms indeed. but they also tend to be associated with expansions in the capital stock and output. a successful model of bubbles must come to grips with these correlations. towards a realistic theory of bubbles in recent research ( martin and ventura 2011a and 2011b ), we build such a model by introducing investor sentiment shocks and imperfect financial markets into the theory of rational bubbles. since bubbles have no intrinsic value, their current size depends on market expectations regarding their future size, i. e. on " investor sentiment ". introducing shocks to investor sentiment is therefore crucial to generate realistic bubble dynamics in the model. introducing financial frictions is also crucial because these create rate - of - return differentials and allow efficient and inefficient investments to coexist. our key observation is then quite simple. bubbles not only reduce inefficient investments, but also increase efficient ones. in our model, bubbly episodes are booms in consumption and efficient investments financed by a reduction in inefficient investments. if efficient investments increase enough, bubbly episodes expand the capital stock and output. this turns out to be the case under a wide range of parameter values. to understand these effects of bubbly episodes, it is useful to analyse the set of transfers that bubbles implement. in the theory, a bubble is nothing but a pyramid scheme by which the buyer surrenders resources today expecting that future buyers will surrender resources to him / her. the economy enters each period with an initial distribution of current and future bubble owners. some of these owners bought their bubbles in earlier periods, while others just created them or are expected to do so in the future. in this setup, there are two natural channels through which bubbles may transfer resources from inefficient to efficient investment. - first, they do so directly through the market for bubbles. on the demand side of this market we find investors who cannot obtain


this setup, there are two natural channels through which bubbles may transfer resources from inefficient to efficient investment. - first, they do so directly through the market for bubbles. on the demand side of this market we find investors who cannot obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles ; while on the supply side we find consumers and investors who can obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles. when the market for bubbles closes, resources have thus been transferred from inefficient investors to consumers and efficient investors, leading to an increase in consumption and efficient investments at the expense of inefficient investments ( martin and ventura 2011a ). - second, bubbles may also transfer resources towards efficient investments through the credit market. this happens when the prospect of a future bubble raises the net worth of efficient investors, therefore allowing them to expand their borrowing and investment ( martin and ventura 2011b ). introducing financial frictions can thus explain how bubbles can lead to expansions in the capital stock and in output. it also solves a nagging problem of the theory of rational bubbles, which was first pointed out by abel et al. ( 1989 ). in the samuelson - tirole model, bubbles can only exist if the investment required to sustain the capital stock exceeds the income that it produces. abel et al. ( 1989 ) examined a group of developed economies and found that, in all of them, investment falls short of capital income. this finding has often been considered evidence that rational bubbles cannot exist in real economies. introducing financial frictions into the theory shows that this conclusion is unwarranted. the observation that capital income exceeds investment only implies that, on average, investments are dynamically efficient. but this does not exclude the possibility that the economy contains “ pockets ” of dynamically inefficient investments that could support a bubble. nor does it exclude the possibility that an expansionary bubble, by lowering the return to investment, creates itself the pockets of dynamically inefficient investments that support it. in such situations, the test of abel et al. would wrongly conclude that bubbles are not possible. our research is part of a growing body of work that studies the effects of bubbles in the presence of financial frictions : - caballero and krishnamurthy ( 2006 ) and farhi and tirole ( 2011 ) show that bubbles can be a useful source of liquidity ; - kocherlakota ( 2009 ) shows that bubbles can also raise collateral or net worth ; and - ventura ( 2011


millions of us have ' pre - diabetes ' by jeffrey bramnick, pure matters almost 24 million americans have diabetes according to the center for disease control ( cdc ). millions of more americans have a condition that puts them at high risk for developing diabetes. the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) estimates that almost 57 million american adults have pre - diabetes. pre - diabetes, also known as impaired glucose tolerance, means having a blood sugar level that is higher than normal, but not yet persistently high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes. there ' s good news, though. if you have pre - diabetes, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by losing weight and getting regular exercise. risks of pre - diabetes if you have pre - diabetes, you are at 50 percent higher risk for developing heart disease and stroke, according to the american diabetes association ( ada ). these are risk factors for pre - diabetes : - overweight or obesity ; a body mass index ( bmi ) of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight, and a bmi of 30 or higher is obese - a family history of type 2 diabetes - being an african american, american indian, hispanic american or asian american - low hdl cholesterol and high triglycerides ( abnormal lipid profile ) - high blood pressure - a history of gestational diabetes what to do if you have pre - diabetes, work with your health care provider on lifestyle changes you can make. if you ' re overweight, losing weight can reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes. losing even eight to 10 pounds can make a difference, the niddk says. ultimately, you should aim for a bmi of 27 ; ideally, less than 25. to lose weight, maintain the loss and live a healthier life, get regular moderate - intensity exercise. the u. s. department of agriculture ' s 2005 guidelines on nutrition and exercise recommend 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily. this amount can be broken up into several 20 - minute sessions each day. be sure to check with your health care provider before beginning an exercise program. by the numbers two types of tests can determine whether you have pre - diabetes : fasting plasma glucose test ( fpg ) or the oral glucose tolerance test ( ogtt ). if your blood sugar level is abnormally high with the fpg, you have impaired fasting glucose, according to the ada. if your blood sugar levels are abnormally high with the ogtt, you


i am one of those people who love to travel. it doesn ' t matter if i ' m driving for a few minutes or several hours, i just relax and enjoy the drive. during my journeys i have observed odd tasks that drivers try to perform while simultaneously operating their vehicle. i have observed people text messaging, talking on the phone, putting on makeup, reading, and putting in contact lenses. secondary activities have become an everyday occurrence for american motorists. a growing shift in focus from the roadway to a multitude of other tasks impairs the ability of modern drivers. even though research shows that certain influences ( such as drowsiness or conversation ) cause greater impairment than driving drunk, over 7 million people believe that their focus is unaffected by these behaviors. over the last several years, technology has imbedded itself into our everyday lives. can you remember the last time you forgot your cell phone at home and left for work? did it cause you distress, wondering how you could ever make it through the day without your phone? fifteen to 20 years ago, this was unheard of. today, it is the norm. the younger generation has grown up in this ever - advancing technological era and has never experienced a time without cell phones. because cell phones have become such a part of our everyday lives, distracted driving is now the number one killer of american teens and young adults. distracted driving among motorists has become an epidemic. in the state of missouri alone, in 2011, distracted driving killed 153 people and injured 10, 017. distraction affected crashes are preventable. distracted driving does not just happen, it is a choice. sending or receiving a text takes a driver ' s eyes from the road for an average of 4. 6 seconds. an equivalent is driving 55 mph for the length of an entire football field, blind. text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse than driving while not distracted. as generations age and technology advances, the number of americans using electronic devices while driving will continue to grow, as will the number of vehicle crashes caused by distracted driving. working together, all of us can help reduce driver distraction, and save lives and prevent injuries. while some progress has been made to educate the youth in the fight to end distracted driving, they aren ' t the only drivers who are distracted. there is much more to be done to help end this dangerous practice. itas clear the problem is complex and the solution requires parents, teens, educators, employers, and the government to get involved. still, the first line of defense against


yoga for a healthy back and neck back problems are very common among adults : some estimates say that over 20 % of adults have some chronic back pain. among the many causes of back pain are poor posture, back strain from poorly designed furniture, weak back and stomach muscles from lack of exercise, and injuries. many physicians recommend yoga exercise as a way to gently stretch and strengthen back muscles. in fact, if you ’ ve had physical therapy, you ’ ll probably recognize several yoga movements. in yoga, a strong, flexible back is very important for maintaining posture, for insuring that the nervous system pathways are strong and clear, for improving circulation to the brain, and for maintaining the erect posture necessary for seated meditation in intermediate practice. yoga exercises can be helpful both in preventing and in healing from an injury. many yoga exercises gently stretch and strengthen the muscles in the hips, back, and legs ; others improve muscle strength in the abdomen, which supports the lower back. in most people, muscles on one side of the body are stronger than those on the other ; yoga exercises stretch and strengthen both sides equally. if you practice every day, you will soon notice more relaxed posture and a more fluid carriage, and your back muscles won ’ t tire as easily. you ’ ll also learn how to recognize tension in your back and neck muscles more quickly so that you can release it before the muscles become tight and sore. if you have suffered an injury to your back or neck, begin with extremely gentle movements that do not hyperextend the neck or back in either direction. in a class, your instructor will modify the yoga exercises for you to be sure you don ’ t strain. even if you have had back surgery, there will always be some movements you can do. be sure to consult your physician before beginning any new exercise routine. breathing techniques and meditation training will teach you how to relax your body and mind at will and to recover faster from stress reactions. for beginning meditation, which is done lying flat so the spine can remain straight without strain, place a few cushions under your thighs and knees to release any pressure on your lower back. by exercising carefully, and by practicing a simple routine of exercise, breathing, and meditation every day, you can help your back and neck become as strong and healthy as possible. courtesy of the american yoga association


what is health law? there are many ways to conceptualize health law. the health law & justice program views health law as encompassing not only the law of health care delivery and financing but all areas of study that focus on the intersection between law and health : from the ethics of embryonic stem cell research, to the role of government in preventing child maltreatment, to occupational health and safety regulations, to the laws governing elder care and death. we have grouped our health law courses into four overlapping but distinct areas of study : health care law, public and population health law, bioethics, and global health law. although these are not the only categories into which health law may be divided, we think these groupings provide a helpful lens for understanding the field ’ s multifaceted nature. health care law health care law focuses on the legislative, executive, and judicial rules and regulations that govern the health care industry. the health care industry includes hospitals and hospital systems, public and private insurers, pharmaceutical and device manufacturers, and the individual practitioners who treat patients. each of these entities functions within a vast complex of laws and regulations, and our curriculum reflects this complexity by offering a variety of courses that focus on specific aspects of health care law, such as fraud and abuse, food and drug law, medical malpractice, and healthcare mergers and acquisitions. public and population health law public health law has deep historical roots, but it has only recently emerged as a distinct area of legal study. part of what distinguishes public health law is its focus on prevention and populations : whereas healthcare law generally focuses on the delivery of treatment to individual patients, public health law generally focuses on preventing injury and disease by lowering health risks among populations. thus, a public health intervention, such as requiring cars to have airbags, may not decrease any particular individual ’ s risk of death as much as an expensive surgical procedure could, but when spread across a population, such interventions can make a huge difference in morbidity and mortality rates. because of public health ’ s focus on populations, we group public health law together with those areas of study that focus on the health of particular populations, such as children and the elderly. our curriculum includes several courses devoted to public health law and the law governing the health of specific populations. health law raises unique ethical challenges. even the question of how to define “ health ” is contested : it was only in the 1970s, for example, that the american psychiatric association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. beyond the difficulty of defining health


health law raises unique ethical challenges. even the question of how to define “ health ” is contested : it was only in the 1970s, for example, that the american psychiatric association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. beyond the difficulty of defining health is figuring out how to value it. because good health is a prerequisite for so much of what we do, it has a special value to many of us and cannot easily be balanced against other public or private goods. people also have conflicting intuitions about how to weigh the health of a single, identified person against the health of many, unidentified people. finally, advances in health technologies introduce new and difficult questions, including : do our genes belong to us? how can we protect patient privacy while maximizing patient health? and how should we define life and death? our bioethics courses encourage students to grapple with these and other difficult questions. global health law global health law is an emerging field that addresses the health challenges associated with globalization and population growth. global health law encompasses “ international health law ” but also extends beyond it in three important ways. first, whereas international health law focuses primarily on health - specific agreements, global health law examines a wider array of laws that affect but are not necessarily focused on health, such as laws governing trade, intellectual property, national security, human rights, and environmental protection. second, whereas international health law focuses on agreements among nation - states that attempt to influence governmental behavior, global health law also addresses the legal rights and obligations of nongovernmental actors such as corporations, nonprofit organizations, and private individuals. finally, whereas international health law focuses on international agreements, global health law also considers the impact that countries ’ national and local laws have on global health. thus, global health law breaks down many of the traditional distinctions that define international health law and, thereby, reflects the complexity of the health threats the world faces today. the washington college of law curriculum includes several courses designed to help students understand these threats and the unique legal and policy challenges they present.


sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ) are spread by sexual contact involving the genitals, mouth, or rectum, and can also be spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus before or during delivery. stds, which affect both men and women, are a worldwide public health concern. by laura beil christen childs woke up on september 12, 2009, in the pitch dark of early morning with what she thought was a pulled muscle in her leg. she reached down to massage the cramp, trying to fathom how her left calf could be so achingly sore when she hadn ' t made it to the gym in weeks. this was a saturday — by monday, her leg was swollen and hot, and when she tried to stand, jolts of pain shot up to her spine. she consulted her brother - in - law, a doctor, and he told her to go to the er immediately... some stds, such as hiv, can take up to 6 months before they can be detected in the blood. genital herpes and the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) can be spread when symptoms are not present. even if you and your partner have been tested, use condoms for all sex until you and your partner haven ' t had sex with another person for 6 months. then get symptoms of stds, such as unusual discharge, sores, redness, or growths in your and your partner ' s genital area, or pain while don ' t have more than one sex partner at a time. the safest sex is with one partner who has sex only with you. every time you add a new sex partner, you are being exposed to all of the diseases that all of their partners may have. your risk for an std increases if you have several sex partners at the same time. use a condom every time you have sex. a condom is the best way to protect yourself from stds. latex and polyurethane condoms do not let std viruses pass through, so they offer good protection from stds. condoms made from sheep intestines do not protect against stds. water - based lubricant such as k - y jelly or astroglide to help prevent tearing of the skin if there is a lack of lubrication during sexual intercourse. small tears in the vagina during vaginal sex or in the rectum during anal sex allow stds to get into your blood. avoid douching if you are a woman, because it


what ’ s that jungle insect?! december 31, 2009 i was walking through the jungles in peru this summer when i noticed these insects on a small plant. their long, white, fuzzy antennae - like protrusions could move independently of one another, and moved quite a bit when i moved quickly toward them or made a loud noise. there appeared to be a bead of some sort of fluid at the point where these strange “ antennae ” connected to the insects ’ heads. also, these white antennae - like things also seemed to be growing from the bottoms of the leaves of the plant, as if the insects were harvesting them and carrying them on their head like antennae. i also have a short video showing the way in which they move, if that would be any help. thanks! the monkey whisperer manu national reserve, peru dear monkey whisperer, we wish your photo was more detailed, revealing the anatomy of an individual, but alas, it is not so. we are guessing that this is some species of free living hemipteran, perhaps a treehopper, leafhopper, or aphid, but we are uncertain as to the family, much less the genus or species. perhaps one of our readers has more information. we believe they are immature specimens which could mean the adult looks quite different. we also believe the antennae you describe are wax filaments which are produced by many hemipterans.


elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material ( e. g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds ) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition. elemental analysis can be qualitative ( determining what elements are present ), and it can be quantitative ( determining how much of each are present ). elemental analysis falls within the ambit of analytical chemistry, the set of instruments involved in decyphering the chemical nature of our world. for synthetic chemists, elemental analysis or " ea " almost always refers to chnx analysis — the determination of the percentage weights of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and heteroatoms ( x ) ( halogens, sulfur ) of a sample. this information is important to help determine the structure of an unknown compound, as well as to help prove the structure and purity of a synthesized compound. the most common form of elemental analysis, chn analysis, is accomplished by combustion analysis. in this technique, a sample is burned in an excess of oxygen, and various traps collect the combustion products — carbon dioxide, water, and nitric oxide. the weights of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. other quantitative methods include : - gravimetry, where the sample is dissolved and then the element of interest is precipitated and its mass measured or the element of interest is volatilized and the mass loss is measured. - optical atomic spectroscopy, such as flame atomic absorption, graphite furnace atomic absorption, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, which probe the outer electronic structure of atoms. to qualitatively determine which elements exist in a sample, methods include : - mass spectrometric atomic spectroscopy, such as inductively coupled mass spectrometry, which probes the mass of atoms. - other spectroscopy which probes the inner electronic structure of atoms such as x - ray fluorescence, particle induced x - ray emission, x - ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and auger electron spectroscopy. - electrochemical methods there is no pharmaceutical or device industry support for this site and we need your viewer supported donations | editorial board | governance | licensing | disclaimers | avoid plagiarism | policies


the government national mortgage association ( ginnie mae ) is a wholly owned federal corporation within the u. s. department of [ housing and urban development ( hud ). it was created in 1968 through an amendment to title iii of the national housing act. the president of ginnie mae is appointed by the president of the united states, and serves as a key member of the secretary of housing and urban development ' s principal staff. ginnie mae is credited with creating the mortgage - backed security ( mbs ) program in 1968. the purpose of the mortgage - backed security program is to attract new sources of capital for residential mortgage loans by increasing liquidity in the secondary mortgage market. through the program, ginnie mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities backed by pools of mortgages issued by private mortgage institutions. a ginnie mae mortgage - backed security is the only mbs guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the united states government. ginnie mae can make this guarantee because mortgages in the underlying security are insured or guaranteed by the federal housing administration ( fha ), the rural housing service ( rhs ), ( formerly farmers home administration ), the department of veterans affairs ( va ), or hud ’ s office of public and indian housing ( pih ). the original mbs concept, as well as new variations developed in the past four decades, remains ginnie mae ’ s primary activity. ginnie mae does not assemble or issue securities : instead, it assesses a small fee on banks and other mortgage lenders to evaluate, and then guarantee the pool of mortgages to be sold by this private entity. the fee collected by ginnie mae is, if necessary, used as an advance against mbs pools which experience defaults. when homeowners do not make a mortgage payment, ginnie mae uses these fees to fulfill its guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest payment to the mbs security holders. should the mortgage - holder lose the home to foreclosure, ginnie mae ’ s full - faith and credit guarantee comes into play because all of the underlying mortgages are insured or guaranteed by fha, va, rhs and others.


richard branson is well on his way to space. now he plans to explore the deepest parts of the ocean as well. announced his undersea exploration venture, virgin oceanic, on tuesday. unlike his suborbital - space - flight company, virgin galactic, the new venture is not accepting paying passengers. instead, it will comprise only five deep - sea dives, each one carrying just one person, to the deepest points in each of the five oceans. to make the dives, virgin has built a custom submarine and a flashy promotional video. the sub ' s cockpit has a bubble - like dome made of quartz, which can withstand 6 million kilos of pressure across its surface, overall, the sub looks a bit like an aeroplane, the better to " fly " to its underwater destinations. it weighs 3, 600 kilos, is made of carbon fibre and titanium, and is rated to withstand pressure up to 37, 000 feet below the surface. it ' s not fast, though, with a maximum speed of just 3 knots and the ability to dive at 1. 8 metres per second, so its life - support systems are meant to last up to 24 hours. in addition to its one human, the sub will have a water sampling system that can filter microbes and viruses from the water for later study. it will also be able to deploy unmanned probes. so far, the sub has only gone for a dip in san francisco bay. virgin oceanic notes that sub was originally the brainchild of aviator and adventurer steve fossett, a friend of branson ' s, who crashed during a solo plane flight in 2007 but whose remains weren ' t found until 2008. to support and transport the sub, virgin has retrofitted carbon - fiber racing catamaran with a crane, generators and lots of electronics. the first dive will be to the bottom of the mariana trench, a 36, 201 - foot canyon deep in the western pacific. humans have made it to the bottom of the mariana trench just once before, in 1960. the commander of that expedition, jacques piccard, later recounted the experience of that the second dive will be to the bottom of the puerto rico trench, which at 8, 600 metres below the surface is the deepest trench in the atlantic ocean. branson himself plans to pilot the sub for this journey. branson will be the backup pilot for the mariana dive too, if his designated pilot is unable to do it. three other dives are planned, each to the deepest point of other three


wisconsin soldiers who served in the black hawk war ( 1832 ) wisconsin muster rolls from the black hawk war, 1832 during the black hawk war against the sauk and fox indians, residents of wisconsin were assembled into local militia, regular u. s. army troops were deployed from st. louis, and fighting units of menominee and potawatomi warriors were organized under white leadership. the lists linked below show the names of all soldiers in the 18 companies of " iowa " militia [ i. e., iowa co, michigan territory ; present - day southwestern wisconsin ], plus the menominee and potawatomie units and one militia company raised at green bay. not included here are soldiers from the militia of other states or in the regular u. s. army ; the illinois state archives lists soldiers from that state. the rosters of 18 companies of iowa co. volunteers are listed first, followed by three menominee and two potawatomi companies, and finally by the single company of green bay militia. altogether they total about 600 names on 67 pages. the original muster rolls from which these typed versions were made are in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c., misfiled under " iowa. " these lists were created as soldiers mustered out at the end of the conflict ; occasional footnotes contain supplemental information from a parallel set of payroll records for each unit. the originals have not been microfilmed, and are published here for the first time. these transcriptions were made by wisconsin historical society genealogical librarian james l. hansen in 1980. they may be browsed in the left - hand frame of the viewer, and individual names may be searched in the box directly above it. territory to statehood | the black hawk war treaty councils, from prairie du chien to madeline island | creator : | | u. s. general accounting office. | pub data : | | unpublished typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c. | citation : | | " wisconsin muster rolls from the black hawk war, 1832. " typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the general accounting office ( record group 217 ) at the national archives in washington, d. c. online facsimile at : visited on : 5 / 18 / 2013


learn something new every day more info... by email a jog dial is a controller that can step through options or regulate the speed of media playback. it consists of a wheel or disc that spins freely or can move through a series of individual stops, known as detents or clicks, depending on the design. electronics like cameras may have jog dials, and they can be attached to mice or external controls for a computer to control programs. for example, transcriptionists, video editors, and audio mixers may use an external jog dial to work more efficiently with media. the design of the dial can depend on the device. some are aligned vertically to create a spinning wheel, while others are horizontal. textured edges are common to make a jog dial easier to grip and these may have markings to allow the user to see the appropriate setting. on a digital camera, for example, a dial can allow the user to select from several detents, each representing a different shooting mode. another dial may control aperture or shutter speed when the user is on a manual or semi - manual mode. for controlling media playback, a jog dial spins freely. it can be activated to fast forward or reverse, pause, and slow media. this can be critical for editing and transcribing, where one - touch control increase efficiency. disc jockeys can use jog dials for fades, record skips, and other effects both in recordings and live performances. jog dials also provide a quick method for reviewing footage in the field, useful for sound technicians and videographers. some computer mice come with a jog dial, sometimes known as a scroll wheel, which can be used for scrolling, clicking, and other functions. external jog dials can also be connected separately. these are usually designed for quick installation ; some come with compact discs loaded with software for full feature functionality. they may be designed to coordinate with specific software programs to add features and make the software easy to use. in addition to responding to spinning, some jog dials also respond to pressure. the user can push down to click or select, and may be able to selectively exert pressure on either end of the jog dial to access additional features. this increases the capacity of the device, although the learning curve can be steeper as people learn to control it effectively. accidentally putting pressure on one end while operating the device, for instance, may inadvertently trigger an unwanted function.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to draw off ( a liquid ) by a gradual process : drained water from the sink. - v. to cause liquid to go out from ; empty : drained the bathtub ; drain the pond. - v. to draw off the surface water of : the mississippi river drains a vast area. - v. to drink all the contents of : drained the cup. - v. to deplete gradually, especially to the point of complete exhaustion. see synonyms at deplete. - v. to fatigue or spend emotionally or physically : the day ' s events completely drained me of all strength. - v. to flow off or out : gasoline drained slowly from the tilted can. - v. to become empty by the drawing off of liquid : watched the tub slowly drain. - v. to discharge surface or excess water : the niagara river drains into lake ontario. when flooded, the swamp drains northward. - v. to become gradually depleted ; dwindle : felt his enthusiasm draining. - n. a pipe or channel by which liquid is drawn off. - n. medicine a device, such as a tube, inserted into the opening of a wound or body cavity to facilitate discharge of fluid or purulent material. - n. the act or process of draining. - n. a gradual outflow or loss ; consumption or depletion : the drain of young talent by emigration. - n. something that causes a gradual loss : interruptions that are a drain on my patience. - idiom. down the drain to or into the condition of being wasted or lost : all of our best laid plans are down the drain. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to draw off gradually, as a liquid ; remove or convey away by degrees, as through conduits, by filtration, or by any comparable process : as, to drain water from land, wine from the lees, or blood from the body ; to drain away the specie of a country. - to free, clear, or deprive by degrees, as of a liquid ; empty or exhaust gradually : as, to drain land of water ( the most familiar use of the word ) ; to drain a vessel of its contents ; to drain a country of its resources. - to flow off gradually. - to be gradually emptied, as of a liquid : as, the cask slowly drains. - n. the act of draining or drawing off, or of emptying by


; to drain a country of its resources. - to flow off gradually. - to be gradually emptied, as of a liquid : as, the cask slowly drains. - n. the act of draining or drawing off, or of emptying by drawing off ; gradual or continuous outflow, withdrawal, or expenditure. - n. that which drains, or by means of which draining is immediately effected. - n. specifically — a passage, pipe, or open channel for the removal of water or other liquid ; especially, a pipe or channel for removing the surplus water from soils. drains may be open ditches or sunken pipes or conduits. those for wet lands are so made as to permit the percolation into them of water from the adjacent soil, as by the use in a covered conduit of porous earthen pipes or tiles, or of a filling of small stones, of an open cut where there is a sufficient slope, etc. see sewer. - n. the trench in which the melted metal flows from a furnace to the molds - n. in surgery, a hollow sound or canula used to draw off purulent matter from a deep seated abscess. - n. pl. the grain from the mash - tub : distinctively called brewers ' drains. - n. in ship - building, a large pipe which runs through or above the double bottom of a war - ship and is connected with the principal pumps to remove water from the various compartments. the main drain is from 12 to 15 inches in diameter, has openings into the large compartments controlled by valves, and is intended to pump out the water in case of damage by grounding, collision, etc. the secondary or auxiliary drain is also connected with all the large compartments and is used for all ordinary pumping. - n. a conduit allowing liquid to flow out of an otherwise contained volume. - n. something consuming resources and providing nothing in return. - n. vulgar an act of urination. - n. electronics the name of one terminal of a field effect transistor ( fet ). - v. intransitive to lose liquid. - v. transitive, ergative to cause liquid to flow out of. - v. transitive, ergative to convert a perennially wet place into a dry one. - v. transitive to deplete of energy or resources. - v. intransitive, pinball to fall off the bottom of the playfield. gnu webster ' s 1913


to convert a perennially wet place into a dry one. - v. transitive to deplete of energy or resources. - v. intransitive, pinball to fall off the bottom of the playfield. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. to draw off by degrees ; to cause to flow gradually out or off ; hence, to cause the exhaustion of. - v. to exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off ; to make gradually dry or empty ; to remove surface water, as from streets, by gutters, etc. ; to deprive of moisture ; hence, to exhaust ; to empty of wealth, resources, or the like. - v. to filter. - v. to flow gradually. - v. to become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping. - n. the act of draining, or of drawing off ; gradual and continuous outflow or withdrawal. - n. that means of which anything is drained ; a channel ; a trench ; a water course ; a sewer ; a sink. - n. engraving the grain from the mashing tub. - v. empty of liquid ; drain the liquid from - v. flow off gradually - n. a pipe through which liquid is carried away - n. emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it - v. deplete of resources - v. make weak - n. tube inserted into a body cavity ( as during surgery ) to remove unwanted material - n. a gradual depletion of energy or resources - middle english dreinen ( verb ) from old english dreahnian ( " to drain, strain, filter " ), from proto - germanic * draug - ( “ dry ” ), akin to old english drugian ( " to dry up " ), drugaþ ( " dryness, drought " ), old english dryge ( " dry " ). more at dry ( wiktionary ) - middle english dreinen, to strain, drain, from old english dreahnian. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ brain drain is still claiming canadian doctors, but not our doctorals. ” “ she noted that the more typical " brain drain " is to the us, as canadian professionals leave for greater income potential. ” “ if there is brain drain from a particular country, it can scarcely develop. ” “ that a slip - slide into banality leads to forum brain drain is a sort of catch - 22 given. ” “ the


leave for greater income potential. ” “ if there is brain drain from a particular country, it can scarcely develop. ” “ that a slip - slide into banality leads to forum brain drain is a sort of catch - 22 given. ” “ the brain drain is not the consequence of some sort of collective despair. ” “ hong kong ' s brain drain is both a myth and a reality - - a myth in that its proportions tend to be wildly exaggerated, and in that its existence is attributed to a largely imaginary state of panic supposedly to be found in hong kong. ” “ highly educated women ’ s abandonment of the workplace is not an extension of the centuries of upper - class arm candy ; it ’ s a sex - specific brain drain from the future rulers of the society.... ” “ ainalem puts it this way : one potential solution to africa ’ s brain drain is virtual participation. ” “ america ' s loss may be india ' s gain, analysts say, pointing to a ' reverse brain drain ' that may see india reaping benefits for years to come. ” “ watch the water drain from the roof of the greenhouses. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ drain ’. the path of least resistance, watercourses, plumbing.... words describing slow action or movement ( open list, randomness, descriptive ) includes words of the " prodcom list " words that make me think of vampire : the requiem grateful credit to http : / / reocities. com / soho / studios / 9783 / phond1. html. very basic words for esl students. words from 2009 ' watchmen ' film. words that mean drink. looking for tweets for drain.


frequently asked questions about pancreatic cancer by pure matters these are some answers to frequently asked questions about pancreatic cancer. q : what is the pancreas? a : the pancreas is a glandular organ, located deep in the abdomen. it is behind the stomach and in front of the spine. the pancreas is about 6 inches long and has a wide head with a body that tapers to a narrow tail. the pancreas makes enzymes and hormones. the enzymes mix with bile to help with the digestion of food, especially fats, sugars, and proteins. the pancreas makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. these hormones help the body control the level of sugar in the blood. both of these hormones help the body use and store the energy it gets from food. q : what is cancer of the pancreas? a : pancreatic cancer is cancer that starts in the pancreas. no one is entirely sure why people get this type of cancer. it is thought that normal cells undergo a series of changes, leading to permanent cell changes, and eventually cancer. q : what are the different types of pancreatic cancer? a : most cancers of the pancreas start in the ducts that carry pancreatic juices. they are called adenocarcinomas. these are less common types of pancreatic cancer. - mucinous cystadenocarcinomas - acinar cell carcinomas - large cell carcinomas these types are named after the way they look under the microscope. a rare type of pancreatic cancer starts in the cells of the pancreas that make insulin and other hormones. these cells are called islet cells. cancers that begin in these cells are called islet cell cancers, or endocrine tumors of the pancreas. q : what are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? a : pancreatic cancer can grow inside a person ' s body for a long time before symptoms appear. these are the most common symptoms. - yellow eyes, skin, or nails ( jaundice ) - pain in the abdomen or back - weight loss over several months that is unexpected - an enlarged abdomen, from a swollen gallbladder digestive problems often happen if the tumor blocks the release of pancreatic juices into the intestines. if this happens, people can have problems digesting fatty foods. this can cause stools to be pale, greasy, bulky, and foul smelling. the


happen if the tumor blocks the release of pancreatic juices into the intestines. if this happens, people can have problems digesting fatty foods. this can cause stools to be pale, greasy, bulky, and foul smelling. the stools may also float in the toilet. q : what is the treatment for pancreatic cancer? a : doctors treat pancreatic cancer in these three ways. - radiation therapy people may have these treatments alone or combined. q : what is a pancreaticoduodenectomy? a : this is the most common type of surgery used to remove tumors from the pancreas. it is also called the whipple procedure. the surgeon removes all of these during the procedure. - the head of the pancreas ( the body of the pancreas may also be removed ) - distal common bile duct - part of the stomach ( possibly ) - lymph nodes near the pancreas after surgery, bile from the liver, food from the stomach, and digestive juices from the remaining part of the pancreas all enter the small intestine. q : should everyone get a second opinion for a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer? a : many people with cancer get a second opinion from another doctor. there are many reasons to get a second opinion. these are some of the reasons. - the person is not comfortable with the treatment decision. - the type of cancer is rare. - there are different ways to treat the cancer. - the person is not able to see a cancer expert. q : how can someone get a second opinion? a : these are some ways to get a second opinion. - talk with a primary doctor. he or she may be able to recommend a specialist. this might include a surgeon, medical oncologist, or radiation oncologist. sometimes these doctors work together at cancer centers or programs. - ask the cancer information service ( 800 - 4 - cancer ) for help. it can provide treatment facilities, cancer centers, and other programs supported by the national cancer institute. - get names of doctors from other sources. check with a local medical society, a nearby hospital, a medical school, local cancer advocacy groups, or other people who have had pancreatic cancer. - consult the official abms directory of board certified medical specialists. this book from the american board of medical specialists lists doctors by state. it gives their specialty, background, and training. it is available at most public libraries or on the internet at www. ab


since the inception of waste discharge regulations in california ( both by the regional water quality control boards and the u. s. epa ), the self monitoring of waste streams has been a standard practice. compliance with effluent standards has been mainly, if not solely, determined by enforcement agencies through the review of the reports submitted by the dischargers. occasionally, staffs of the state agencies collect samples of various discharge streams to verify the validity of monitoring reports provided by the dischargers to the state. according to the water code, regional boards may require the submittal of monitoring reports as necessary. the burden, including costs, of these reports shall bear a reasonable relationship to the need for the report and the benefits obtained from the report. there is a provision in the water code that specifies reports of confidential nature be treated differently. when these reports are requested by the person furnishing a report, the portions of a report that might disclose proprietary processes shall not be made available for inspection by the public, but shall be made available to governmental agencies for use in making studies. however, these portions of a report are available for use by the state or any state agency in the judicial review for enforcement practices. waste discharge permits in california there are two types of waste discharge permits that govern the discharge of waste in california. these permits are the national pollutant discharge elimination system and the waste discharge requirements. national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) : npdes permits are issued to regulate discharges of waste to navigable waters of the nation, including discharges of storm water from urban separate storm water systems and certain categories of industrial activity. " waters of the nation " encompass surface waters such as rivers, lakes, bays, estuaries, oceans, etc. the permits are authorized by section 402 of the federal clean water act and section 13370 of the california water code. the permit content and the issuance process are contained in the code of federal regulations. npdes permits are required to dictate conditions of discharge that will ensure protection of beneficial uses of the receiving water as in regional water quality control plans adopted by the state water board. the u. s. environmental protection agency has approved the state ' s program to regulate discharges of waste water to " waters of the nation. " the state, through the regional water boards, issues the npdes permits, reviews discharger self - monitoring reports, performs independent compliance checking and takes enforcement actions as needed. waste discharge requirements ( wdrs ) : the california water code authorizes regional water boards to


through the regional water boards, issues the npdes permits, reviews discharger self - monitoring reports, performs independent compliance checking and takes enforcement actions as needed. waste discharge requirements ( wdrs ) : the california water code authorizes regional water boards to regulate discharges of waste to land to protect water quality. water boards issue wdrs in accordance with section 13263 of the california water code. regional boards issue wdrs, review self - monitoring reports submitted by the discharger, perform independent compliance checking, and take the necessary enforcement action. self monitoring program both the wdrs and the npdes permits contain extensive discharge specifications, prohibitions, effluent standards, mass loadings, receiving water standards, general provisions and the " self monitoring and reporting program. " this program is truly the cornerstone of both the wdrs and the npdes program. in california, monitoring of discharges and receiving waters is carried out by the permittee. the ideal situation would be where the regulatory agency and / or an independent laboratory collected and analyzed samples from the permittee ' s waste stream. however, since this process is not logically or financially possible, the burden falls on the permittee. potential problems resulting from a self - monitoring system include improper sample collection, poor analytical technique, falsification of records and other abuses of the system. the regulatory agency has several tools available to prevent or minimize these problems. facility inspections are routinely performed by regulatory agency personnel and should consist of a thorough inspection of the treatment facility. this visual observation should allow the inspector to determine whether the facility is capable of producing an effluent that will meet its permit limits. the facility inspection should also include an inspection of the laboratory facilities, including a review of the laboratory and sampling techniques used and the appropriate supporting records. additionally, the regulatory agency also conducts compliance monitoring consisting of periodic sampling of a permittee discharge. if the compliance monitoring results differ significantly from those reported by the permittee, then the reason for the discrepancy should be discovered and corrected. types of monitoring reports both the wdrs and the npdes permits require a plethora of monitoring reports ( including daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi - annually and yearly information on various parameters that are expected to be found in the discharge streams ). in addition, the permittee is required to sample receiving waters for back groundwater quality as well as source water supply quality. in many cases, the permittee is required to perform toxicity bioassays to characterize the toxicity potential


the discharge streams ). in addition, the permittee is required to sample receiving waters for back groundwater quality as well as source water supply quality. in many cases, the permittee is required to perform toxicity bioassays to characterize the toxicity potential of the discharge. these monitoring reports are submitted both to the state and u. s. epa for npdes discharges. considerations for selecting monitoring requirements an integral part of the monitoring conditions for a particular facility is the monitoring points. the point at which a sample is collected can have a dramatic effect on the monitoring results for that facility. for example, a facility may have several waste streams from different plant processes. the waste stream from a particular process may contain extremely high amounts of a particular pollutant, that may reflect poor housekeeping, inadequate treatment facilities or other problems. however, when this stream is diluted with other waste streams from other parts of the plant, the resulting constituent concentrations may be below detectable levels. thus, it may be necessary to require internal monitoring points in order to detect these problem areas. ultimately, the permittee is responsible for providing a safe and accessible sampling point that is representative of the discharge. the state permit writer is responsible for determining the most appropriate monitoring location and explicitly specifying this in the permit. some factors that need to be considered when determining monitoring frequency include - frequency of discharge - design capacity of treatment facility - type of treatment method used - significance of pollutants with regard to post - compliance record / history - cost of monitoring relative to discharger ' s capabilities. the monitoring frequency is normally based on the design capacity of the treatment facility and complexity of the discharge. if the cost of monitoring is significant in considering the capability of the discharger, the frequency of some or all of the parameters can be decreased. types of sampling in addition to establishing monitoring frequencies, the permit writer will need to determine the type of sample required. there are two types of samples : grabs and composite. where the quality and flow of the waste stream being sampled is not likely to change over time, a grab sample is appropriate and specified in the permit. when the material being sampled varies significantly over time either as a result of flow or quality changes, a composite sample is desirable. as these reports are received by the regional water quality control board staff, they are generally logged to show when they were received versus when they were due. staff checks compliance with permit specified effluent limitations, conditions, types of samples required and frequency of samples specified in the permit. this information is then


board staff, they are generally logged to show when they were received versus when they were due. staff checks compliance with permit specified effluent limitations, conditions, types of samples required and frequency of samples specified in the permit. this information is then entered into a computer tracking system. if the nature of a violation is significant, an enforcement procedure is implemented. first, a staff member will contact the discharger to find out the cause of the violations. if a satisfactory explanation is obtained, a note of the confirmation is put in the file. however, if the nature of violation is significant, a formal letter of violation is sent to the discharger confirming violations noted and the discharger is requested to submit information on actions that have been implemented to bring the discharge into compliance or actions that are proposed along with the time schedule to bring the discharge into compliance as soon as possible. both the u. s. epa and the state have guidance for their staff to determine if violations are significant and what level of enforcement is appropriate to address these violations. the enforcement process is based on incremental escalation of enforcement ( i. e., from a phone call to a formal enforcement hearing before the regional board ). a discharger can be issued a cease and desist action by the regional board in accordance with the due process as outlined in the california water code and the federal regulations. is self monitoring working? in general, the self monitoring system used to monitor waste discharge systems in california is working. dischargers sample their discharge streams in accordance with their permit terms and conditions and follow a chain of custody procedures for transporting samples to state certified laboratories for analyses. the laboratory results are tabulated by the discharger and / or its consultants and sent to the state and to u. s. epa where appropriate. in some cases, dischargers forget to sample for the parameters outlined in their waste discharge requirements and monitoring reports are submitted. staff of the regulatory agencies ( at least once a month ) review non - submittal of these reports and tag those dischargers that are delinquent in the submittal of their reports. a follow up letter is sent to these dischargers to remind them that the required monitoring reports need to be submitted in a timely manner. constant violators are prioritized for enforcement action as appropriate. there have been a few instances of falsification of monitoring reports in the state and these types of cases are considered to be very serious and companies and / or persons involved are dealt severely to the maximum extent allowed by law. such exemplary enforcement actions


bribery, corruption, intrigue, rotten boroughs and riots … oh dear, that will be wiltshire ’ s parliamentary elections in eighteenth and nineteenth century! present events always give us an opportunity to take the long - view and here at the history centre we have a range of resources on the political history of the county and borough, from excellent accounts published in the victoria county history for wiltshire to election squibs, poll books and original documents. wiltshire ’ s early claim to political fame was the impressive size of its parliamentary representation. until 1832 it elected two knights of the shire ( representing the whole county ), two mps for salisbury, and two burgesses for each of its 15 boroughs, a grand total of 34 seats. only cornwall had higher. this was especially impressive given that many of the boroughs were the size of a village, and few of their residents could vote. the most notable, of course, was old sarum, which retuned two mps and in 1768, it is claimed, had an electorate of, er … one, though usually could count on seven. other small boroughs included great bedwyn, cricklade, downton, heytesbury, hindon, ludgershall and wootton bassett. yet other towns like bradford on avon, corsham, trowbridge, and warminster could not send representatives to parliament. the remaining boroughs electing two mp ’ s were calne, chippenham, devizes, marlborough, malmesbury, marlborough, westbury and wilton. but don ’ t think for one minute that the larger towns necessarily had a bigger electorate. malmesbury weighed in with a total electorate of 13, and if this was not enough it was notable for being one of the most corrupt boroughs in england. cricklade, on the other hand, through the act of 1782, had its franchise extended to all freeholders in the surrounding area, numbering 1, 200. this made bribery and corruption more difficult, but unfortunately fewer than fifty voters actually lived in the borough itself.


one area that is particularly ripe for opportunity is in the stem fields ( science, technology, engineering and mathematics ). in august, u. s. news & world report reported that there will be a need to fill over 1. 2 million stem jobs in the u. s. by 2018. stem careers offer lucrative and stable opportunities ; for example, pharmacist jobs boast median salaries of $ 105, 000, with a projected 25 percent job growth rate between 2010 and 2020. stem fields are also drivers of innovation : experts note that those working in stem are overwhelmingly responsible for creating breakthrough inventions compared with non - stem counterparts. despite the promise these career paths offer, less than one - third of eighth graders in this country are proficient in mathematics and science and fewer than 15 percent of u. s. undergraduates receive science or engineering degrees. this academic lag has resulted in the country ’ s stem workforce hovering under 3 percent of the total working population. “ it is important to close these gaps because stem fields have an enormous impact on our country ’ s growth and also provide rich opportunities for our youth, ” says john jones, r. ph., j. d., who is a senior vice president at optumrx and the chair of the pharmacy is right for me educational initiative. “ we should reach students early in their education to get them thinking about the opportunities the sector has to offer, and begin taking those first steps toward building careers in the diverse stem arena. ” so how can parents and caretakers help kids embark upon successful professional journeys in stem and related fields? jones recommends taking the following steps : 1. engage young students early on and provide them with an educational roadmap. students may not consider careers in stem fields because they simply do not know about what those pathways can offer. help expose kids as early as elementary and middle school to the types of unique and exciting options found through stem. work with your children to build a strong foundation in math and science skills, which are essential to pursuing stem opportunities at every level – from technical positions to those requiring advanced degrees. 2. encourage hands - on learning. gaining real - world stem experience through internships, summer jobs, or even participation in student innovation competitions can help kids get excited about future possibilities and apply their science and math education in creative ways. shadowing stem professionals in the local community can also provide a deeper understanding of what stem professions involve on a day - to - day basis. 3. seek out additional support both in your local community and online. preparing


children love to hear their grandparents and parents recount the details of whence their family came, the genealogy of who they are, how they came about and why they are. indeed, our heritage depends on the continuous retelling of such important events. this is why we take pleasure each year at this time recounting some of the lesser discussed details surrounding the birth of jesus christ. we all know what happened on “ christmas ” — as st. luke masterfully wrote in his gospel ( see below ). but having some of the context that led up to this holy, remarkable day adds to its richness. in truth, jesus ’ birth is a story for jews and christians alike. after all, jesus ’ parents, mary and joseph, were jews. and the setting for this momentous, monumental event was in the heart of the land that god promised to abraham and moses — israel. the main characters leading up to jesus ’ birth — mary, joseph, mary ’ s cousin, elizabeth, and her husband, zacharias — were anything but celebrities in their day. they were as common as iowa farmers. and yet, in reality, mary and joseph were indeed connected to royalty. biblical scholars write they actually were cousins, both descendants from the lineage of king david, the longtime king of israel. but at that time — which was around 4 b. c. — the jews of judea ( central israel ), were anything but a privileged, royal class. they were living under the rule of julius ceasar augustus and his vast roman empire and under the unpredictability of the maniac, king herod, an arab - jew who ruled over jerusalem and bethlehem as a “ client ” king for caesar. “ herod inflicted such outrages upon ( the jews ) as not even a beast could have done if it possessed the power to rule over men, ” wrote the biblical historian josephus. what ’ s more, herod became infamous for murdering his wife, his wife ’ s father, her brother, three of his own sons and 300 of his military leaders. nonetheless, under herod, the jews managed to live with what biblical historian james edward talmadge called “ some semblance of national autonomy. ” they could practice their religion without much interference. but there was no doubt the jews did not relish their domination. the jews kept to themselves and held particular dislike for the samaritans, a racially mixed people. “ the enmity between jew and samaritan was so intense that travelers


there was no doubt the jews did not relish their domination. the jews kept to themselves and held particular dislike for the samaritans, a racially mixed people. “ the enmity between jew and samaritan was so intense that travelers between judea and galilee would make long detours rather than pass through samaria, ” talmadge wrote. this is what mary and joseph would encounter after they received word of julius caesar ’ s order for a census. caesar demanded that everyone register in his hometown. for mary and joseph, this meant traveling from nazareth in galilee in the north to bethlehem in judea — an 80 - mile journey. that would have taken them right through samaria. and let ’ s not forget : mary was nine months pregnant. in his gospel on the birth of christ, st. luke was sparing on the details of mary and joseph ’ s trip. the fact there are few details must mean it was mostly uneventful. but you could imagine it otherwise : any woman in her ninth month of pregnancy is physically miserable — can ’ t sit for long stretches, can ’ t sleep. so imagine mary and joseph traveling in a caravan or with mary riding on a donkey. it was cold at night. the trip would have taken about four days. on this very day, dec. 22, they would have had two days to go before reaching bethlehem. and at this point in the trip, they would just be passing through samaria. jewish travelers were marks for bandits. god was watching over mary and joseph, of course. they made it, but only to find out that bethlehem, normally a sleepy little town, was bustling with jews who had returned to register for the census. there was no room at the inn. mary and joseph, we know, found a stable. but this wasn ’ t the stable we see on the hallmark christmas cards. the stables in those days often were dark, cold caves with “ mangers ” — animal - feeding troughs carved into the stone walls ; they were not wooden cribs padded with dry, neatly arranged hay. with nowhere else to go, mary gave birth … under the stars, amid the manure and muck, among the sheep, cows and chickens, no doctors present to administer an epidural, with joseph, her carpenter husband, assisting as best he could. those who have witnessed birth know its difficulty in a hospital bed. imagine the scene in a smelly, cold barn. yet, this lowly, humble setting was the way


were accomplished that she should be delivered. and she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger ; because there was no room for them in the inn. and there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. and, lo, the angel of the lord came upon them, and the glory of the lord shone round about them : and they were sore afraid. and the angel said unto them, fear not : for, behold, i bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. for unto you is born this day in the city of david a saviour, which is christ the lord. and this shall be a sign unto you ; ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. and suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising god, and saying, glory to god in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. and it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, let us now go even unto bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the lord hath made known unto us. and they came with haste, and found mary, and joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. — st. luke, 2 : 1 - 16, king james bible currently 0 responses 18 author event laura lee smith : heart of palm 18 an island affaire 6 : 00 pm - 11 : 00 pm 18 chef ' s cooking for kids 6 : 00 pm - 9 : 00 pm 18 movie and discussion - history channel ' s ancient alien series 7 : 00 pm - 8 : 00 pm trevor kunk is the chef de cuisine at blue hill in new york city ’ s greenwich village, which the james beard foundation just named " most outstanding restaurant. " sarasota native and resident bri oliva made her tv debut may 7, on the " rachael ray show. " oliva was selected to participate in a segment called " hidden dangers on the playground. " key to the city more than 100 community members and leaders, friends and family surprised paul thorpe, one of the founding members of the downtown association of sarasota, april 25, at the gator club, to show their appreciation and celebrate the strides he ’ s made for sarasota over the past four decades.


in this episode ( in order of appearance ) : [ upbeat electronic music ] ( jennifer ) : hello, there. i ' m jennifer pulley, and welcome to another edition of nasa 360. today we ' ve got so many things lined up for you. we ' re going to talk about technology. we ' re going to talk about exploration. and we ' re going to talk about dinosaurs and how they ' re all related. but first, let ' s talk about where i ' m standing. get this : i ' m standing inside a fort. that ' s right, and it ' s not just any fort. this is jamestown fort. it ' s the site of the first permanent english colony in what was then called the new world. today, of course, we know it as america. now think about this : from this starting point, people spread out all across the country and eventually populated the entire united states. so i guess we have to say that this landing ' s spot ' s a pretty big deal in american history. over time, though, the original fort that the english settlers built fell into disrepair. and believe it or not, for many years, it was lost to history. that all changed in 1996 when archaeologist dr. bill kelso rediscovered the original fort. it began a whole new era of understanding what life was like for those first jamestown settlers. for the first time, they had proof. using old writings, drawings, and now a handy trowel for digging, dr. kelso and his team discovered where the old fort was. and they began excavating the artifacts. to date, he and his team have found over 1 million artifacts from the original fort. and they expect to find many more in the next few years. in a little while, we ' ll catch up with dr. kelso and dig a little deeper into the history of jamestown. but first, do you know the difference between an archaeologist and a paleontologist? well, let ' s see. they both dig in the ground looking for things in the past, right? well, it ' s the type of things they ' re looking for that make them different. you see, archaeology is the science of understanding human cultures, while paleontology is the study of prehistoric life - forms. so basically, then, archaeologists spends their time trying to understand human history, while paleontologists generally look for fossils from before human history, like dinosaur bones. got it? luckily for archaeologists and paleontologists,


study of prehistoric life - forms. so basically, then, archaeologists spends their time trying to understand human history, while paleontologists generally look for fossils from before human history, like dinosaur bones. got it? luckily for archaeologists and paleontologists, tons of help is now coming from nasa. how? well, one of the ways is through the use of remote sensing techniques. remote sensing? well, in the broadest sense, it ' s the use of a device to collect information without actually physically touching the object. now, a great example of a remote sensing device we use every single day? our eyes. think about it. you can detect objects around you without physically touching them. you simply use your detectors, or your eyes, to see the object, gather information about it. you ' re using remote sensing. there are many forms of nasa - sponsored remote sensing devices that are being used to help in archaeology and paleontology. like, for example, there ' s something called ground - penetrating radar. this unique type of radar system can actually see objects in the ground without anyone having to dig them up. by using this in combination with aerial photography and historical documents, nasa can help give researchers a much better indication of where to dig, what to preserve, and what areas to avoid. satellites are another type of remote sensing tool being used by nasa researchers to help archaeologists and paleontologists. in fact, nasa archaeologist dr. tom sever has been using satellite data to help us understand why the mayan civilization in guatemala collapsed and how current populations may be able to prevent future disaster. let me try to break it down for you. between the third and ninth century, the mayan civilization in central america flourished. but after about the ninth century, they collapsed, leaving archaeologists few clues as to why this once - mighty civilization disappeared. this is where nasa comes in. our remote sensing satellites can detect even small changes within the electromagnetic spectrum. so sand, cultivated soil, vegetation, and rocks, each have distinctive spectral signatures which are easily distinguished from each other. so archaeologists can use info from the remote sensing satellites to quickly target specific areas of interest then send teams to that area to validate the findings. dr. sever and his team have already found several previously undiscovered sites and feel confident that they know where others are, thanks to nasa ' s remote sensing satellites. that is how nasa is helping researchers find old ruins. but remote sensing satellites are also helping us understand why the mayan civilization may have disappeared. today


sites and feel confident that they know where others are, thanks to nasa ' s remote sensing satellites. that is how nasa is helping researchers find old ruins. but remote sensing satellites are also helping us understand why the mayan civilization may have disappeared. today, the peten rain forest in guatemala is covered with trees and is not heavily populated. but it was not like this during the peak of the mayan civilization. in fact, during that time, this region had a population of about 2, 000 people per square mile, which is about the same as current - day los angeles. with a population that large, the mayans had to farm huge areas of land. to do this, they employed a technique called slash and burn, which eventually destroyed virtually every tree for hundreds of miles. computer models show that as the trees disappeared, so did the rain, which caused temperatures to increase by five to six degrees. all of these shifts may have caused malnutrition and disease, which, in turn, contributed to its collapse. this information is especially important for us today because slash - and - burn techniques are once again being used in the areas that were once mayan strongholds. understanding what happened to the mayans may dissuade current generations of farmers from following the same destructive path. so as you can see, nasa technology is being used for a lot more than just to help us in space. it ' s being used to help save lives back here on earth too. hey, in a little bit, we ' ll swing back out here to jamestown to talk with dr. kelso. but first, let ' s head to north dakota. johnny alonso ' s there to see what a mummified dinosaur and nasa have in common. hang on tight. you ' re watching nasa 360. ( johnny ) : hey, how ' s it going? let me ask you something. have you ever seen a real dinosaur? and i ' m not talking about one of those dinosaurs you might see in the movies or even the skeletons in the museums. i ' m talking about a real dinosaur with skin, muscle, and bones. yeah, it might be hard nowadays, considering the fact that dinosaurs lived, what, hundreds of millions of years ago. but what if i told you that researchers found a dinosaur just like that? would you believe it? well, if you said no, you ' d better start believing, because a few years ago, researchers found an actual mummified dinosaur that was still intact, from the skin


that researchers found a dinosaur just like that? would you believe it? well, if you said no, you ' d better start believing, because a few years ago, researchers found an actual mummified dinosaur that was still intact, from the skin to cartilage to muscle. a mummified hadrosaur named dakota is so unique in its discovery that it ' s changing what researchers thought they knew about dinosaurs. i rolled out to bismarck, north dakota, to speak with my buddy dr. john hoganson about this amazing discovery and to find out how nasa is helping unearth more clues. oh, wow, are you kidding me? yeah, this is... oh, this is so cool! ( dr. john hoganson ) : this is the tail section of the duckbilled dinosaur called dakota. and it ' s being prepared here at the north dakota geological survey preparation laboratory here at the heritage center here in bismarck. ( johnny ) : this is something else. wow! so, doc, how was this dinosaur found? ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, this fossil was found in 1999 by tyler lyson down in marmarth, north dakota, which is in the southwest corner of the state. he was only a sophomore in high school at the time but was out exploring for fossils, actually, on his uncle ' s property down in the badlands. now, this is a hadrosaur called edmontosaurus. that ' s the scientific name for this particular species of dinosaur. hadrosaurs were duckbilled dinosaurs. they ' re a group of dinosaurs that were referred to as duckbilled dinosaurs because their snouts were compressed very similar to a modern duck. ( johnny ) : so what is so unique about this fossil? ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, you know, generally, paleontologists, when we ' re out exploring for fossils, will only find individual bones or fragments of jaws or things like that. this particular dinosaur, called dakota, is not only a complete skeleton but it ' s very unique, because the skin is actually preserved on this animal. so the entire skeleton appears to be wrapped in the skin that it was enclosed in. this is called a mummified dinosaur, but it ' s not a mummy in the sense of what we generally think about, like an egyptian mummy that has been embalmed for preservation. the skin on this animal is actually preserved because it ' s been replaced by a mineral called siderite, which is an


not a mummy in the sense of what we generally think about, like an egyptian mummy that has been embalmed for preservation. the skin on this animal is actually preserved because it ' s been replaced by a mineral called siderite, which is an iron carbonate kind of mineral which is very hard and has preserved the skin. ( johnny ) : all right, so how did nasa get involved with this dinosaur discovery? well, researchers needed a way to scan through all the layers of rock to see all the dinosaur. and since this thing weighs about ten tons, they needed a really, really big scanner. ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, you know, when we usually find these fossils in the field, we generally just find the bones, the skeletons. and it was determined early on during the excavation process that this particular dinosaur was covered in skin. so it was decided to take these skeleton blocks out still entombed in the rock. so big blocks of rocks were removed. and at that point, it was decided that the best technology to use to determine the position of the bones in the rock and the completeness of the skeleton was to use c. a. t. scan technologies. and that ' s where nasa was asked if they could help with this. and it ' s been a very good approach, because with this tail block that we ' re working on right now, we, through the c. a. t. scan technology, are able to know where the bones are before we actually start digging through the rock matrix. ( johnny ) : luckily for these guys, nasa operates the largest ct scanner in the world. located at a boeing facility in canoga park, california, this scanner ' s first priority is to inspect large space shuttle parts. well, the task for dakota was not all that different. so they loaded dakota on a truck and shipped it off to california. when it arrived, the scanner was able to penetrate the dense iron carbonate that surrounded the dinosaur ' s tail section. and right away, researchers saw bones, tissue, and cartilage. ( dr. john hoganson ) : well, since i ' ve been a paleontologist, which has been a few years, there ' s been a lot of technological changes and advancements that have really helped the science. in addition to the c. a. t. scan technology that we ' ve been talking about here, there ' s a lot of remote sensing types of technologies that are available to us now. global position systems, mapping,